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Unpacking Ethno-Tourism: “Development with Identity”, Tourism, And UNPACKING ETHNO-TOURISM: “DEVELOPMENT WITH IDENTITY”, TOURISM, AND MAPUCHE STRUGGLES IN SOUTH-CENTRAL CHILE by IGNACIO A. KRELL RIVERA A THESIS Presented to the Environmental Studies Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts September 2012 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Ignacio A. Krell Rivera Title: Unpacking Ethno-tourism: “Development with Identity”, Tourism, and Mapuche Struggles in South-central Chile This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Environmental Studies Program by: Dr. Lise K. Nelson Chair Dr. Kathryn Lynch Member Dr. Dennis Galvan Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/ Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2012 ii © 2012 Ignacio A. Krell Rivera iii THESIS ABSTRACT Ignacio A. Krell Rivera Master of Arts Environmental Studies Program September 2012 Title: Unpacking Ethno-tourism: “Development with Identity", Tourism, and Mapuche Struggles in South-central Chile In Latin America, multicultural reforms came in the last three decades in response to regional indigenous empowerment that in turn coincided with processes of neoliberal re-democratization. In Chile, neoliberalization also meant for the indigenous Mapuche dramatic processes of indigenous proletarianization by de-territorialization and a new cycle of resistance and creative deployment of political, economic and cultural agencies bringing forth issues of sustainability, collective well-being, and democracy. Through qualitative methods, this thesis examines how multiple actors are shaping the landscapes of tourism development in south-central Chile. There, tourism practice and discourse in Mapuche rural communities reflect Mapuche responses to a recent phase of policies targeting them under the rubric of “Development with Identity”. I demonstrate through three case studies how both these policies and tourism markets are being engaged by Mapuche ethno-entrepreneurial leaders, who at the same time advance agendas of Mapuche re-territorialization through novel re-articulations of livelihoods, place, and identities. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Ignacio A. Krell Rivera GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts, Environmental Studies, 2012, University of Oregon Professional degree, Sociology, 2006, Universidad de Chile Bachelor of Arts, Sociology, 2004, Universidad de Chile AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Political Ecology Tourism and Rural Development PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Teaching assistant, Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon, Eugene, 2011-2012 Technical consultant on cultural management and sustainable tourism, Javier Adán Consultants, Valparaiso, Chile, 2007-2009 Director Trafkura Expediciones, Melipeuco, Chile, 2005-2008 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Graduate Teaching Fellowship, University of Oregon, 2011-2012 Summer Research Grant, Center for Latino and Latin American Studies of the University of Oregon, 2011 Bicentenario Scholarship for the Formation of Advanced Human Capital, National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) Chile, 2009-11 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Current Debates on Indigenous Development: Theoretical and Practical Reaches of This Study ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Neoliberalism in Chile and the Mapuche ........................................................................................ 9 Development with Identity ................................................................................................................ 12 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 Three Sites of Mapuche Engagement in Tourism ..................................................................... 19 a. Llaguepulli- Budi ................................................................................................................ 19 b. Curarrehue ........................................................................................................................... 21 c. Lake Icalma ........................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Summaries ............................................................................................................................... 28 II. ETHNO-DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN DISCIPLINARY GOVERNMENT AND SUBJECTS’ CREATIVE AGENCY ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 31 The Mapuche Situation in Chile ....................................................................................................... 33 a. Colonization and Early Identity Politics ................................................................... 33 b. The Mapuche Movement under Neo-liberalism ................................................... 36 c. Extractivism, Territory and the Autonomous Movement ................................. 40 Ethno-governmentality in Chile ....................................................................................................... 43 The IDB-Mideplan Origenes .............................................................................................................. 46 a. A Transnational Operation ............................................................................................ 50 b. A Scientific Social Reform .............................................................................................. 51 c. Community Development Projects: Forming the Subjects of Neoliberal Multiculturalism ..................................................................................................................... 53 The “Indigenous Problem” and Three Rationalities of “Development with Identity” ..................................................................................................................................................... 56 a. Culture in Development .................................................................................................. 58 b. Social Capital ....................................................................................................................... 60 c. Stretching Participation .................................................................................................. 62 Mapucheity, Inc.: De-politicization and Re-politicization ..................................................... 63 vi Chapter Page III. MAPUCHE CO-PRODUCTION OF ETHNO-TOURISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR LIVELIHOOD, PLACE AND IDENTITY .................................................................................................. 68 Llaguepulli-Budi: Tourism Development and the Politicization of Social Capital ............................................................................................................................................ 71 a. Presentation: Roots of a Project of Mapuche Economic Mobilization ......... 71 b. Harnessing Networks through Professionalization and Self-management.................................................................................................................... 74 c. The Re-politicization of Ethno-development I: Re-deploying Social Capital Discourse for Re-territorialization ..................................................... 80 Curarrehue: Re-signifying Culture in Development ................................................................ 86 a. Presentation: Cultural Production for Economic and Territorial Recomposition......................................................................................................................... 86 b. Harnessing Markets through Indigenous Cultural Enterprising, Innovation and Regulation ................................................................................................. 87 c. Re-signifying Culture in Development to Harness Touristic Commodification .................................................................................................................... 91 d. Culture, Asymmetric Relations and Self ................................................................... 92 e. Tourism, Culture, Nature, and Ways of Feeling Life ............................................ 95 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................................. 99 IV. COUNTER-ACTING INVASIVE TOURISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR PLACE, LIVELIHOODS, AND IDENTITIES........................................................................................................ 102 Lake Icalma: From Conflict Zone to Touristic Zone .............................................................. 102 a. The Lonquimay Highlands from 1883 to 1991:
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