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La Campana-Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve in Central Chile: Threats and Challenges in a Peri-Urban Transition Zone

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La Campana-Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve in Central Chile: Threats and Challenges in a Peri-Urban Transition Zone Management & Policy Issues eco.mont - Volume 7, Number 1, January 2015 66 ISSN 2073-106X print version ISSN 2073-1558 online version: http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/eco.mont La Campana-Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve in Central Chile: threats and challenges in a peri-urban transition zone Alejandro Salazar, Andrés Moreira-Muñoz & Camilo del Río Keywords: regional planning, sustainability science, ecosystem services, priority conservation sites, environmental threats Abstract Profile UNESCO biosphere reserves are territories especially suited as laboratories for Protected area sustainability. They form a network of more than 600 units worldwide, intended to be key sites for harmonization of the nature-culture interface in the wide diversity La Campana-Peñuelas of ecosystems existing on Earth. This mission is especially challenging in territories with high levels of land transformation and urbanization. The La Campana-Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve (BR) is one of these units: located in one of the world’s conserva- BR tion priority ecosystems, the Central Chilean Mediterranean ecoregion, it is at the same time one of the globally highly threatened spaces since the biota in this terri- Mountain range tory coexist with the most densely populated Chilean regions. This report deals with the main threats and land-use changes currently happening in the transition zone of Andes La Campana-Peñuelas BR, which pose several challenges for the unit as an effective model of sustainability on a regional scale. Country Chile Introduction local endemic species (Luebert et al. 2009; Hauenstein et al. 2009), see Figure 1. UNESCO biosphere reserves (BRs) can be consid- Recognizing that Central Chile possesses great spe- ered laboratories for sustainability (Bridgewater 2002; cies richness and endemism, which are under immi- Hadley 2011; Moreira-Muñoz & Borsdorf 2014). This nent risk of extinction due to ecosystem fragmentation is explicitly recognized in the second main aim of (Pliscoff & Fuentes-Castillo 2011; Moreira-Muñoz the Seville Strategy for BRs: “utilize biosphere reserves as 2014), regional strategies for biodiversity conservation models of land management and of approaches to sustainable have proposed a number of priority conservation sites development” (UNESCO 1996). The idea is to generate for the protection of biological diversity that coin- such conditions that BRs become drivers of sustaina- cide within the zonation of the BR (Moreira-Muñoz ble regional development. This requires implementing & Salazar 2014) (Figure 1). These sites usually come well-designed strategies, in areas with multiple stake- in conflict with the urban sprawl and the agriculture holders (public and private) on a medium to long-term expansion capabilities (e. g. Nori et al. 2013), and La time scale, since implementation of sustainability con- Campana-Peñuelas BR is no exception. Due to their ditions is extremely complex and depends on social, precarious administration and management, these political and natural conditions (Batisse 2003; German sanctuaries and priority sites are exposed to all sorts MAB National Committee 2005; Marchant & Bors- of threats, including large-scale forest fires (Figure 2). dorf 2013). This is especially relevant for ecoregions The current threats to biodiversity and ecosystem with high levels of biotic richness, highly fragile due services gives the La Campana-Peñuelas BR great im- to their location in the vicinity of urban or peri-urban portance on a global scale (as UNESCO reserve), na- areas. La Campana-Peñuelas BR is one such unit: lo- tional scale (including national parks, reserves, sanctu- cated in one of the most relevant regions for biodiver- aries and priority sites) and regional scale, and poses sity conservation on the planet, the Central Chilean major challenges for management and governance, Mediterranean ecoregion (Moreira-Muñoz 2014), it taking into account the various levels of decision-mak- finds itself at the same time between the two most ing and actions that occur in such a relevant territory. populated regions of Chile, the Metropolitan and Val- paraíso regions. Together these regions are home to The peri-urban space and the transition almost 7 million people, nearly half of Chile’s popu- zone in La-Campana-Peñuelas BR lation. The outer transition zone of the BR includes several human settlements and touches on the peri- The peri-urban spaces may be the dominant set- urban zone of the Valparaíso-Quilpué agglomeration tlements’ areas of the 21st century and constitute one (Figure 1). In contrast, the BR cores – La Campana of the highest spatial planning challenges (Ravetz et National Park, Lago Peñuelas National Reserve and al. 2013). The peri-urban ring, also called the urban Cerro el Roble Natural Sanctuary – are the last areas fringe (Scott et al. 2013), is a low-density settlement for the protection of regional ecosystems diversity and zone, usually with large open spaces, situated between Alejandro Salazar, Andrés Moreira-Muñoz & Camilo´ del Río 67 71°40' 71°30' !( 71°20' !( 71°10' 71° 70°50' Nogales !( Quintero !( Catemu La Calera ¯ !( !( Hijuelas 32°50' La Cruz!( 32°50' !(Llaillay Quillota !( Río Aconcagua !( La Campana Concón National Park Viña Olmué !( 33° del Mar !( 33° !( Limache Cerro El Roble Figure 2 Villa Alemana Nature Sanctuary !( !( Lliu lliu Valparaíso !( Quilpué !( !( !( Laguna Placilla Las Palmas Los Verde !( !( Quillaye!(s Colliguay Los Yuyos 33°10' !( 33°10' Lago Peñuelas !( !( National Reserve Quintay Cerro Viejo Legend Lo Vásquez !( Villages Zonation !( Tapihue Core zone !( Highway Bufferuer zzoneone River El Yeco!( !( Transition zone 33°20' Casablanca Estero 33°20' Others units Urban areas Nature sanctuaries Water reservoir !( El 0525 10 15 20 Priority sites Quisco km Lake !( 71°40' 71°30' 71°20' 71°10' 71° Laguna 70°50' a b Figure 1 – Conflicts in the zone where peri-urban space meets the transition zone of the BR. BR zonation including biodiversity conservation prior- ity sites and natural sanctuaries outside the BR cores, cartography by Francisco González; a) the Palmar El Salto Natural Sanctuary is affected almost every year by forest fire, in this case of February 2012. © Patricio Novoa; b) aspects of the advancing agricultural frontier in the Ocoa area. © A. Moreira-Muñoz a suburban area and an urban periphery, the whole governance issues have a significant impact on their ac- surrounded in turn by a rural hinterland (Ravetz et al. tual possibility of becoming models of sustainability. 2013). This empirically based model mirrors the BR In this regard, it is important to recognize, in the case model in a way: a natural semi-pristine core zone, sur- of Chile, the significant challenges and lack of coordi- rounded by a buffer zone and a transition zone where nation present in the governance of urban spaces, en- human activities gradually dominate. hanced by the complex rural-urban interface, in which Both centre–periphery models have a contact zone various stakeholders, social and political aspirations, that can be seen as a conflict zone or alternatively as land use, environmental services and associated inter- a zone of opportunities for sustainability. Particularly ests overlap, and where obvious conflicts arise at various in the BRs facing strong urban pressure, conflicts and levels as a product of their competition (Salazar 2008). Management & Policy Issues 68 Figure 2 – False colour composite (combination of the near-infrared, red and green bands) of the RapidEye Constellation (5 m pixel size) of Valparaíso shows the area affected by the big fire of 12 April 2014 in the La Pólvora sector in the hillsides of Valparaíso) aspects of the fire that affected around 1 000 ha of the BR contact zone, including forest plantations and around 3 000 houses of informal settlement. Source: Satellite image by BlackBridge (http://www.blackbridge.com/). © Paula Pérez Understanding and recognizing the emergent rural- las National Reserve has increased the urban space by urban dynamics (demographic, social, residential and around 440 ha for the Curauma area and by 2 230 ha productive) in the context of a bioregion beyond the in the Quilpué area (Figure 3a). Looking at the agricul- limits of the urban core (Brunckhorst 2000) is crucial tural boundaries a clear trend emerges: for example, in for long-term regional environmental planning, espe- the northern part of the transition zone, agricultural cially nowadays in the context of processes of urban use has been expanded by 2 905 ha in the same pe- sprawl related to a new mobility paradigm. This results riod (Figure 3b), similarly in the north-eastern sample in a unique displacement system, in terms of provid- window, with an increase of 3 100 ha in agricultural ing daily services to the surrounding territories of land use (Figure 3c). Also note the high variability significant environmental value, where environmental of the water resource in the outline of Lake Peñue- amenities play an important role, inhabited by an in- las, which provides drinking water to the main city of creasingly mobile urban-rural population (Borsdorf & Valparaíso. Hidalgo 2009). Thus the density of rural-urban peo- ple’s spatial activities, which include work, consump- Transforming the peri-urban ring as an op- tion, recreation and socializing, may account for the portunity for sustainability diversity of relations with space and with other inhab- itants. This is in addition to the complexity shaping The cities and populated settlements are part of the lifestyles in each territory,
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