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Pali Grammar Cover CHARLESTON BUDDHIST FELLOWSHIP An Introductory Grammar of the Pāḷi Language Prepared by Allan R. Bomhard Pāḷi Language Series An Introductory Grammar of the Pāḷi Language PREPARED BY Allan R. Bomhard Cඁൺඋඅൾඌඍඈඇ Bඎൽൽඁංඌඍ Fൾඅඅඈඐඌඁංඉ Charleston, SC USA 2012 (2556) The doctrinal positions expressed in this book are those of Theravādin Buddhism. The Charleston Buddhist Fellowship edition of this work is intended exclusively for use in private study and is not intended for publication or resale. It is printed for free distribution and may be copied or reprinted for free distribution, in total or in part, without written permission. Table of Contents Preface …………………………………………………………………………………....…… v References …………………………………………………………………………………….. vii 1. Phonology …..……………………………………………………………………….…….. 1 1.1. Alphabets ………………………………………………………………….…………. 1 1.2. Phonological System ……………………………………………….………………… 1 1.3. Pronunciation ………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.4. Vowels ……………………………………………………………………………….. 3 1.5. Consonants …………………………………………………………………………… 3 1.6. Sandhi ………………………………………………………………………………… 4 1.7. Accent ………………………………………………………………………………… 7 2. Declension …………………………………………………………....…………………… 9 2.1. Introduction ………………..………………………………….………..…………… 9 2.2. Vowels Stems ……………………………………………..………………………... 10 2.2.1. Case Endings — First Declension ………………………………..………... 10 2.2.2. Masculines and Neuters in -a …………………….…………..……………. 11 2.2.3. Feminines in -ā ………………………………………….…….…………… 13 2.2.4. Adjectives in -a ………………………………………..…………………... 13 2.2.5. Case Endings — Second Declension ……………………..……………….. 14 2.2.6. Masculines and Neuters in -i ……………………………………..………... 15 2.2.7. Masculines in -ī ……………………………………………………..……... 16 2.2.8. Feminines in -i ……………………………………………..………………. 17 2.2.9. Feminines in -ī …………………………………………..…………………. 18 2.2.10. Adjectives in -i and -ī ………………………………………..…………….. 18 2.2.11. Case Endings — Third Declension ………………………..………………. 20 2.2.12. Masculines and Neuters in -u and -ū .……………..……………………….. 21 2.2.13. Feminines in -u and -ū ……………………………..……….……………… 22 2.2.14. Adjectives in -u and -ū ……………………………………..……………… 23 2.2.15. Special Nouns …………………………………………………..………….. 25 2.3. Consonant Stems ……………………………………………..…………………….. 26 2.3.1. Stems Ending in Nasals …………………………………..………………… 26 2.3.2. Stems in -ant …………………………………………………..…………… 29 ii An Introductory Grammar of the Pāḷi Language 2.3.3. Adjectives in -at and -ant …………………………………….…..………… 29 2.3.4. Stems in -r ………………………………………………….………….…… 32 2.3.5. Stems in -s ……………………………………………….…….…………… 33 2.4. Comparison of Adjectives ……………………………………..…………………… 34 2.5. Word Formation …………………………………..………………………………... 35 3. Pronouns …………………..……………………………………………………….…..… 37 3.1. First and Second Person Personal Pronouns …………………..…………………… 37 3.2. Demonstrative Pronouns ……………………………………………..…………….. 38 3.3. Relative Pronoun …………………………………………………………..………. 40 3.4. Interrogative Pronouns ……………………………………………………..…….… 40 3.5. Indefinite Pronouns …………………………….……………..……………………. 41 3.6. Other Pronouns ………………………………………………………..……………. 42 3.7. Pronominals ……………………………………………………..…………………. 42 3.8. Adverbial Derivatives ……………………………………..…………………….…. 44 4. Numerals ………………………………………………………..……………………….. 47 4.1. Cardinals …………………………………..…..……………..…………………….. 47 4.2. Ordinals ………………………………………………………..…………………… 50 5. Conjugation ……………………………………..……………….…………………..…… 53 5.1. Structure of the Pāḷi Verb ………………………………………….………………. 53 5.1.1. General Structure ………………………………………..………………….. 53 5.1.2. The Present System ……………………………………………..………….. 56 5.1.3. The Remaining Systems ……………………………………..……………... 59 5.2. Personal Endings ……………………………………………..…………………….. 59 5.2.1. Endings of the Present System ……………………..………………………. 59 5.2.2. Endgins of the Aorist System ……………………..……………………….. 61 5.2.3. Endings of the Perfect System ………………………..……………………. 61 5.2.4. Endings of the Future System …………………..………………………….. 62 5.2.5. Non-Finite Forms ……………………………………………..…………..... 63 5.3. Conjugational Paradigms …………………………………..………………………. 63 5.4. Defective Verbs …………………………………………………..….………..….... 70 5.5. Secondary Verbs …………………………………………..……………………..… 73 5.6. Compound Verbs ………………………………………………..………………..... 76 5.7. Past Passive Participle ……………………………………………..………..……... 76 5.7.1. Past Passive Participle -ta ………………………………..………..……….. 77 Table of Contents iii 5.7.2. Past Passive Participle -na ………………………………….…....…………. 79 5.7.3. Two Forms of the Past Passive Participle ……………………..…..……….. 80 5.8. Perfect Participle Active …………………………..……………………………….. 81 5.9. Infinitives ………………………………………………………………..…………. 81 5.9.1. The Suffix -tuṁ ………………………………………………..…………… 81 5.9.2. The Suffixes -tave, -tuye, -tāye …………………………………………….. 82 5.10. Gerunds …………………………………………………………..……………….. 83 5.10.1. The Suffixes -tvā, -tvāna, -tūna …………………………..………………. 83 5.10.2. The Suffixes -ya and -tya ……………………………………..…………... 83 5.11. Participle of Necessity ……………………………..…………………..…………. 84 5.11.1. The Suffix -tabba ………………………………………..…………….… 85 5.11.2. The Suffix -ya …......................................................................................... 86 5.11.3. The Suffix -anīya ………………………………………..……………….. 87 5.12. Denominative Verbs …………………………..…………………………….…..... 87 5.13. Verbal Prefixes …………………………………………..…………….…………. 89 6. Indeclinables ……………………………..………………………………………………. 93 6.1. Introduction …………………………………………..……………………………. 93 6.2. Adverbs ………………………………………..…………………………………… 93 6.3. Prepositions and Postpositions ……………………..……………………………… 97 6.4. Conjunctions …………………………………………………..……..……………. 98 6.5. Interjections ……………………………………………………..………….……… 99 7. Compounds ………………………………..……………………………………………... 101 7.1. Introduction …………………………………………………..……………………. 101 7.2. Dvanda Compounds (Copulative Compounds) ……..………………..…………… 101 7.3. Tappurisa Compounds (Determinative Compounds) .…………..………………… 102 7.4. Upapada Compounds …………………………………………..………….………. 105 7.5. Kammadhāraya Compounds (Descriptive Compounds) .…………………..……... 105 7.6. Digu Compounds (Numeral Compounds) ….………………………..……………. 108 7.7. Abyayibhāva Compounds (Adverbial Compounds) …………..………………….. 109 7.8. Bahubbīhi Compounds (Relative, or Possessive, Compounds) ……………..…….. 110 7.9. Anomalous Compounds …………………………………..………………………. 112 7.10. Complex Compounds ……………………………..……………………………... 112 7.11. Changes of Certain Words in Compounds ………………………..……………... 113 7.12. Verbal Compounds …………………..…………………………………………... 115 iv An Introductory Grammar of the Pāḷi Language 8. Syntax ………………………………………………………………………………….… 117 8.1. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………….. 117 8.2. The Syntax of Nouns ……………………………………………………………… 118 8.2.1. Nominative Case ………………………………………………………….. 118 8.2.2. Vocative Case …………………………………………………………….. 119 8.2.3. Accusative Case ………………………………………………………….. 119 8.2.4. Genitive Case …………………………………………………………….. 119 8.2.5. Dative Case ………………………………………………………………. 120 8.2.6. Instrumental Case ………………………………………………………… 121 8.2.7. Ablative Case …………………………………………………………….. 122 8.2.8. Locative Case …………………………………………………………….. 122 8.2.9. The Genitive and Locative Absolute …………………………………….. 123 8.3. The Syntax of Adjectives ………………………………………………………… 124 8.4. The Syntax of Pronouns ……………………………………………….…………. 124 8.4.1. Personal Pronouns ………………………………………………………... 125 8.4.2. Demonstrative Pronouns …………………………………………………. 125 8.4.3. Relative Pronoun ………………………………………………..………... 125 8.4.4. Interrogative Pronoun ……………………………………………..……… 126 8.4.5. Indefinite Pronoun ………………………………………………….…...... 126 8.5. Repetition …………………………………………………………………………. 126 8.6. The Syntax of Verbs ……………………………………………………………… 127 8.6.1. Active Voice ……………………………………………………………… 127 8.6.2. Reflexive Voice …………………………………………………………... 127 8.6.3. Present Tense ……………………………………………………………... 127 8.6.4. Imperfect Tense …………………………………………………………... 128 8.6.5. Aorist Tense ………………………………………………………………. 128 8.6.6. Perfect Tense ……………………………………………………………… 128 8.6.7. Future Tense ……………………………………………………………… 128 8.6.8. Optative …………………………………………………………………... 129 8.6.9. Conditional ……………………………………………………………….. 129 8.6.10. Imperative ………………………………………………………………. 129 8.6.11. Participles ……………………………………………………………….. 130 8.6.12. Infinitive ………………………………………………………………… 130 8.6.13. Gerund …………………………………………………………………... 130 8.6.14. Participle of Necessity ……………………………………………..….... 131 8.7. The Syntax of Indeclinables ……………………………………………………… 131 Preface This book is intended to be an introduction to the grammatical structure of the Pāḷi language for those who have no prior knowledge of subject. As such, it has been designed to make the study of Pāḷi grammar as easy as possible, by presenting the basic principles of the language and its inflections in a clear and systematic format. Large portions of this book are based upon the third revised edition of A Practical Grammar of the Pāḷi Language (1997) by Charles Duroiselle. There are far too many typographical errors in that work, however, and I have endeavored to correct them in the current book, without, I hope, adding errors of my own. Moreover, many of the English translations given by Duroiselle are outdated, and I have tried to bring them into line with current interpretations. Though Chapter 1 gives only basic information about the various changes that the sounds of Pāḷi can undergo, enough has been included so that the most common of these changes can be easily recognized when they are encountered in reading the texts. Several of the works consulted in preparing this book contained numerous references to Sanskrit in an effort to explain and illustrate the permutations that have occurred in Pāḷi. In this book, references to Sanskrit
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