Analogical Classification in Formal Grammar
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Third Declension, That Is, Consonant-Stem Nouns; Patterns I
Chapter 7: Third-Declension Nouns Chapter 7 covers the following: third declension, that is, consonant-stem nouns; patterns in the formation of the nominative singular of third declension; and the agreement between third- declension nouns and first/second-declension adjectives. At the end of the lesson, we’ll review the vocabulary which you should memorize in this chapter. There is only one important rule to remember here: the genitive singular ending in third declension is -is . We’ve already encountered first- and second-declension nouns. Now we’ll address the third. A fair question to ask, and one which some of you may be asking, is why is there a third declension at all? Third declension is Latin’s “catch-all” category for nouns. Into it have been put all nouns whose bases end with consonants ─ any consonant! That makes third declension very different from first and second declension. First declension, as you’ll remember, is dominated by a-stem nouns like femina and cura . Second declension is dominated by o- or u-stem nouns like amicus or oculus . Those vowels give those declensions a certain consistency, but the same is not true of third declension where one form, the nominative singular, is affected by the fact that its ending -s runs into the wide variety of consonants found at the ends of the bases of third-declension nouns, and the collision of those consonants causes irregular forms to appear in the nominative singular. That’s the bad news. The good news is that only one case and number is affected by this, the nominative singular. -
Language Group Specific Informational Reports
Rhode Island College M.Ed. In TESL Program Language Group Specific Informational Reports Produced by Graduate Students in the M.Ed. In TESL Program In the Feinstein School of Education and Human Development Language Group: Romanian Author: Jean Civil Program Contact Person: Nancy Cloud ([email protected]) RHODE ISLAND COLLEGE TESL 539-01: ROMANIAN LANGUAGE Student: Jean Ocelin Civil Prof: Nancy Cloud Spring 2010 Introduction Thousands of languages, dialects, creoles and pidgins are spoken worldwide. Some people, endowed by either an integrative or extrinsic motivation, want to be bilingual, trilingual or multilingual. So, the interlanguage interference becomes unavoidable. Those bilingual individuals are omnipresent in the State of Rhode Island. As prospective ESL teachers, our job requirement is to help them to achieve English proficiency. Knowing the interference problems attributable to their native language is the sine qua none pre- condition to helping them. However, you may have trouble understanding Romanian native speakers due to communication barriers here in the State of Rhode Island. The nature of our research is to use a Contrastive Analysis Approach to the Romanian language, so we can inquire about their predicted errors. In the following PowerPoint presentation, we will put emphasis specifically on phonology, grammar, communication style, and semantic problems. Romanian History 1. Before 106 AD, the Dacians lived in Romanian territory. They spoke Thracian tongue. 2. 106 AD, the defeat of the Dacians, (an indo-European people), led to a period of intense Romanization. A vulgar Latin became the language of commerce and administration. Thracian and Latin combined gave birth to Romanian Language. 3. -
Nouns the Third Declension Is Generally Considered to Be A
CHAPTER 7 Third Declension : Nouns The third declension is generally considered to be a "pons asinorum" of Latin grammar. But I disagree. The third declension, aside for presenting you a new list of case endings to memorize, really involves no new grammatical principles you've haven't already been working with. I'll take you through it slowly, but most of this guide is actually going to be review. CASE ENDINGS The third declension has nouns of all three genders in it. Unlike the first and second declensions, where the majority of nouns are either feminine or masculine, the genders of the third declension are equally divided. So you really must pay attention to the gender markings in the dictionary entries for third declension nouns. The case endings for masculine and feminine nouns are identical. The case endings for neuter nouns are also of the same type as the feminine and masculine nouns, except for where neuter nouns follow their peculiar rules: (1) the nominative and the accusative forms are always the same, and (2) the nominative and accusative plural case endings are short "-a-". You may remember that the second declension neuter nouns have forms that are almost the same as the masculine nouns - except for these two rules. In other words, there is really only one pattern of endings for third declension nouns, whether the nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter. It's just that neuter nouns have a peculiarity about them. So here are the third declension case endings. Notice that the separate column for neuter nouns is not really necessary, if you remember the rules of neuter nouns. -
Rules Vs. Analogy in English Past Tenses: a Computational/Experimental Study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,*
Cognition 90 (2003) 119–161 www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: a computational/experimental study Adam Albrighta,*, Bruce Hayesb,* aDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077, USA bDepartment of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1543, USA Received 7 December 2001; revised 11 November 2002; accepted 30 June 2003 Abstract Are morphological patterns learned in the form of rules? Some models deny this, attributing all morphology to analogical mechanisms. The dual mechanism model (Pinker, S., & Prince, A. (1998). On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition, 28, 73–193) posits that speakers do internalize rules, but that these rules are few and cover only regular processes; the remaining patterns are attributed to analogy. This article advocates a third approach, which uses multiple stochastic rules and no analogy. We propose a model that employs inductive learning to discover multiple rules, and assigns them confidence scores based on their performance in the lexicon. Our model is supported over the two alternatives by new “wug test” data on English past tenses, which show that participant ratings of novel pasts depend on the phonological shape of the stem, both for irregulars and, surprisingly, also for regulars. The latter observation cannot be explained under the dual mechanism approach, which derives all regulars with a single rule. To evaluate the alternative hypothesis that all morphology is analogical, we implemented a purely analogical model, which evaluates novel pasts based solely on their similarity to existing verbs. -
Olga Tribulato Ancient Greek Verb-Initial Compounds
Olga Tribulato Ancient Greek Verb-Initial Compounds Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS Olga Tribulato Ancient Greek Verb-Initial Compounds Their Diachronic Development Within the Greek Compound System Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS ISBN 978-3-11-041576-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-041582-7 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-041586-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Umschlagabbildung: Paul Klee: Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht …, 1918, 17. Aquarell, Feder und Bleistit auf Papier auf Karton. 22,6 x 15,8 cm. Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern. Typesetting: Dr. Rainer Ostermann, München Printing: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS This book is for Arturo, who has waited so long. Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS Olga Tribulato - 9783110415827 Downloaded from PubFactory at 08/03/2016 10:10:53AM via De Gruyter / TCS Preface and Acknowledgements Preface and Acknowledgements I have always been ὀψιανθής, a ‘late-bloomer’, and this book is a testament to it. -
Analogical Modeling: an Exemplar-Based Approach to Language"
<DOCINFO AUTHOR "" TITLE "Analogical Modeling: An exemplar-based approach to language" SUBJECT "HCP, Volume 10" KEYWORDS "" SIZE HEIGHT "220" WIDTH "150" VOFFSET "4"> Analogical Modeling human cognitive processing is a forum for interdisciplinary research on the nature and organization of the cognitive systems and processes involved in speaking and understanding natural language (including sign language), and their relationship to other domains of human cognition, including general conceptual or knowledge systems and processes (the language and thought issue), and other perceptual or behavioral systems such as vision and non- verbal behavior (e.g. gesture). ‘Cognition’ should be taken broadly, not only including the domain of rationality, but also dimensions such as emotion and the unconscious. The series is open to any type of approach to the above questions (methodologically and theoretically) and to research from any discipline, including (but not restricted to) different branches of psychology, artificial intelligence and computer science, cognitive anthropology, linguistics, philosophy and neuroscience. It takes a special interest in research crossing the boundaries of these disciplines. Editors Marcelo Dascal, Tel Aviv University Raymond W. Gibbs, University of California at Santa Cruz Jan Nuyts, University of Antwerp Editorial address Jan Nuyts, University of Antwerp, Dept. of Linguistics (GER), Universiteitsplein 1, B 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board Melissa Bowerman, Nijmegen; Wallace Chafe, Santa Barbara, CA; Philip R. Cohen, Portland, OR; Antonio Damasio, Iowa City, IA; Morton Ann Gernsbacher, Madison, WI; David McNeill, Chicago, IL; Eric Pederson, Eugene, OR; François Recanati, Paris; Sally Rice, Edmonton, Alberta; Benny Shanon, Jerusalem; Lokendra Shastri, Berkeley, CA; Dan Slobin, Berkeley, CA; Paul Thagard, Waterloo, Ontario Volume 10 Analogical Modeling: An exemplar-based approach to language Edited by Royal Skousen, Deryle Lonsdale and Dilworth B. -
Romanian Timebank: an Annotated Parallel Corpus for Temporal Information
Romanian TimeBank: An Annotated Parallel Corpus for Temporal Information Corina Forăscu1,2, Dan Tufiş1 1 Research Institute in Artificial Intelligence, Romanian Academy, Bucharest 1,2 Faculty of Computer Science, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, Romania 16, General Berthelot, Iasi 700483, Romania E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The paper describes the main steps for the construction, annotation and validation of the Romanian version of the TimeBank corpus. Starting from the English TimeBank corpus – the reference annotated corpus in the temporal domain, we have translated all the 183 English news texts into Romanian and mapped the English annotations onto Romanian, with a success rate of 96.53%. Based on ISO-Time - the emerging standard for representing temporal information, which includes many of the previous annotations schemes -, we have evaluated the automatic transfer onto Romanian and, and, when necessary, corrected the Romanian annotations so that in the end we obtained a 99.18% transfer rate for the TimeML annotations. In very few cases, due to language peculiarities, some original annotations could not be transferred. For the portability of the temporal annotation standard to Romanian, we suggested some additions for the ISO-Time standard, concerning especially the EVENT tag, based on linguistic evidence, the Romanian grammar, and also on the localisations of TimeML to other Romance languages. Future improvements to the Ro-TimeBank will take into consideration all temporal expressions, signals and events in texts, even those with a not very clear temporal anchoring. Keywords: temporal information, annotation standards, Romanian language expressions – references to a calendar or clock system, 1. -
Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition
Analogy in Grammar: Form and Acquisition Department of Linguistics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig, $$ –$% September $##& Workshop programme Friday, September 22 W I ": –": Jim Blevins (Cambridge) & Juliette Blevins ( <=;-:A6 ) A L C T V ": –: Andrew Garrett (Berkeley) Paradigmatic heterogeneity : –: : –: Andrew Wedel (Arizona) Multi-level selection and the tension between phonological and morphological regularity : –: Greg Stump & Rafael Finkel (Kentucky) Principal parts and degrees of paradigmatic transparency : –: Moderated discussion: Juliette Blevins ( <=;-:A6 ) : –: A S G : –: Keith Johnson (Berkeley) Analogy as exemplar resonance: Extension of a view of sensory memory to higher linguistic categories : –: John Goldsmith (Chicago) Learning morphological patterns in language : –: : –: Susanne Gahl (Chicago) The sound of syntax: Probabilities and structure in pronunciation variation : – : Farrell Ackerman ( @8?9 ), Sharon Rose ( @8?9 ) & Rob Malouf ( ?9?@ ) Patterns of relatedness in complex morphological systems : –!: Moderated discussion: Colin Bannard ( <=;-:A6 ) ": – B Saturday, September 23 A L A ": –": LouAnn Gerken (Arizona) Linguistic generalization by human infants ": –: Andrea Krott (Birmingham) Banana shoes and bear tables: Children’s processing and interpretation of noun-noun compounds : –: : –: Mike Tomasello ( - ) Analogy in the acquisition of constructions : –: Rens Bod (St. Andrews) Acquisition of syntax by analogy: Computation of new utterances out -
A Pedagogical Perspective on the Definite and the Indefinite Article in the Romanian Language
Ovidiu Ivancu Institute of Romanian Language, Bucharest, Caransebeș 1, Bucharest Vilnius University, University 5, Vilnius [email protected] Research interests: cultural studies, literature, linguistics, theory of literature A Pedagogical Perspective on the Definite and the Indefinite Article in the Romanian Language. Challenges for Foreign Learners Abstract All Romance languages have developed the definite and the indefinite article via the Vulgar Latin (Classical Latin did not use articles), the language of the Roman colonists. According to Joseph H. Greenberg (1978), the definite article predated the indefinite one by approximately two centuries, being developed from demonstratives through a complex process of grammaticalization. Many areas of nowadays` Romania were incorporated into the Roman Empire for about 170 years. After two military campaign, the Roman emperor Trajan conquered Dacia, east of Danube. The Romans imposed their own administration and inforced Latin as lingua franca. The language of the colonists, mixed with the native language and, later on, with various languages spoken by the many migrant populations that followed the Roman retreat resulted in a new language (Romanian), of Latin origins. The Romanian language, attested in the 16th Century, in documents written by foreign travellers, uses four different types of articles. Being a highly inflected language, Romanian changes the form of the articles according to the gender, the number and the case of the noun As compared to the other Romance languages, Romanian uses the definite article enclitically. Thus, the definite article and the noun constitute a single word. The present paper aims at discussing, analysing and providing an overview of the use of definite and indefinite articles. -
Romanian; an Essential Grammar
Romanian Now in its second edition, Romanian: An Essential Grammar is a concise, user- friendly guide to modern Romanian. It takes the student through the essentials of the language, explaining each concept clearly and providing many examples of contemporary Romanian usage. This fully revised second edition contains: • a chapter of each of the most common grammatical areas with Romanian and English examples • extensive examples of the more difficult areas of the grammar • a section with exercises to consolidate the learning and the answer key • a list of useful verbs • an appendix listing useful websites for further information • a glossary of grammatical terms used in the book • a useful bibliographical list Suitable for both classroom use and independent study, this book is ideal for beginner to intermediate students. Ramona Gönczöl is a lecturer in Romanian language at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London. She is co-author, with Dennis Deletant, of Colloquial Romanian, 4th edition, Routledge, 2012. Ramona’s research interests include language acquisition, learner experience, online learning, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cultural identities and language contact. Routledge Essential Grammars Essential Grammars describe clearly and succinctly the core rules of each language and are up-to-date and practical reference guides to the most important aspects of languages used by contemporary native speakers. They are designed for elementary to intermediate learners and present an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. Essential Grammars are a reference source for the learner and user of the language, irrespective of level, setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections that are clear and free from jargon. -
(Romanian) on L2/L3 Learning (Catalan/Spanish) Simona Popa
Nom/Logotip de la Universitat on s’ha llegit la tesi Language transfer in second language acquisition. Some effects of L1 instruction (Romanian) on L2/L3 learning (Catalan/Spanish) Simona Popa http://hdl.handle.net/10803/380548 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). -
Romanian Grammar
1 Cojocaru Romanian Grammar 0. INTRODUCTION 0.1. Romania and the Romanians 0.2. The Romanian language 1. ALPHABET AND PHONETICS 1.1. The Romanian alphabet 1.2. Potential difficulties related to pronunciation and reading 1.2.1. Pronunciation 1.2.1.1. Vowels [ ǝ ] and [y] 1.2.1.2. Consonants [r], [t] and [d] 1.2.2. Reading 1.2.2.1. Unique letters 1.2.2.2. The letter i in final position 1.2.2.3. The letter e in the initial position 1.2.2.4. The ce, ci, ge, gi, che, chi, ghe, ghi groups 1.2.2.5. Diphthongs and triphthongs 1.2.2.6. Vowels in hiatus 1.2.2.7. Stress 1.2.2.8. Liaison 2. MORPHOPHONEMICS 2.1. Inflection 2.1.1. Declension of nominals 2.1.2. Conjugation of verbs 2.1.3. Invariable parts of speech 2.2. Common morphophonemic alternations 2.2.1. Vowel mutations 2.2.1.1. the o/oa mutation 2.2.1.2. the e/ea mutation 2.2.1.3. the ă/e mutation 2.2.1.4. the a/e mutation 2.2.1.5. the a/ă mutation 2.2.1.6. the ea/e mutation 2.2.1.7. the oa/o mutation 2.2.1.8. the ie/ia mutation 2.2.1.9. the â/i mutation 2.2.1.10. the a/ă mutation 2.2.1.11. the u/o mutation 2.2.2. Consonant mutations 2.2.2.1. the c/ce or ci mutation 2.2.2.2.