DOCSLIB.ORG

Hadjivayanis 3346.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hadjivayanis 3346.Pdf Hadjivayanis, Ida (2011) Norms of Swahili Translations in Tanzania: An Analysis of Selected Translated Prose . PhD Thesis, SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies) http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13602 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Norms of Swahili Translations in Tanzania: An Analysis of Selected Translated Prose By Ida HADJIVAYANIS School of Oriental and African Studies University of London Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2011 i DECLARATION FOR PhD THESIS I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the School of Oriental and African Studies concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: _____Ida Hadjivayanis__________ Date: ___21st March 2012__________ ii DEDICATION To my Life, my little Children, Aaliyah, My first Love, my Constant, my Baby; Aalim, the one whom the Heart remembers most for it had Loved best; Aamal Hannah, My little bundle of Hope, my Soul! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of a number of year’s worth of work whereby I have been supported by a number of people. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my parents, Mrs Salha Hadjivayanis Hamdani and Dr Georgios Hadjivayanis for their love, blessings, support, sacrifices and continued inspiration. I could never thank them enough. I am particularly indebted to my supervisor, Dr Chege Githiora who provided me with unlimited intellectual support. He has been patient and supportive, going over the various drafts of the thesis, even when on holiday, and supplying me with constructive criticisms. He also gave me the opportunity to lecture in Swahili translation which has been beneficial to the development of this thesis. He has left a deep impression on me. I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to Dr Farouk Topan who, prior to his retirement, was my initial supervisor. He kept an eye on me and was available whenever I needed him. I thank him for the thought provoking discussions that he engaged me in. I wish to also extend my gratitude to Dr Martin Orwin who was part of my supervisory committee, for reading my thesis and offering some extremely helpful comments. Similarly, I wish to thank Dr Phillip Jaggar and Dr Alena Rettova for their clear and concise comments on the thesis. They have all, in important ways, shaped the final version of my thesis. I also owe a great debt of gratitude to many people who facilitated my research. These include the translators, Mr Hassan Adam and Deogratius Simba; publishers including Walter Bgoya, Ms Demere Kitunga and Mr. Isiador Karugendo. Also from the Ministry of Education, Dr Hermans Mwansoko and the former Minister of Finance, Mrs Zakia Hamdani Meghji, all of whom made great input to this thesis. Many people also gave their precious time for me to interview and these include Mariam Hamdani, Rabia Hamdani, Prof Mulokozi, Prof Issa Shivji and Maalim Idris Saleh. In the same breath, I wish to thank my sister, Inessa Hadjivayanis who provided me with immense support and encouragement throughout this period. This thesis would never ‘be’ had it not been for the great support extended to me by my husband, Abshir Hersi Warsame, with whom I have lived one of the greatest experiences through this period: the birth of our babies, Aaliyah, Aalim and Aamal Hannah and the tragic experience of the loss of our son, Aalim, whose memory will remain forever engraved in our heart. We miss him so much! To them all I say, Asanteni. iv ABSTRACT This study is about the Norms of Swahili translations as analysed through a selection of translated prose. The selection comprises Alfu lela ulela (The thousand and one Nights) and Mabepari wa Venisi which is a translation of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice. These two canonical Swahili translations have been done in conjunction with a more modern translation of Naguib Mahfouz’s The Search, translated as Msako in Swahili. For comparative purposes a number of translated prose and some narratives that are part of Swahili children literature have been included. I have set forth the argument that there are a number of Swahili translation norms operating within the polysystem. These norms have been influenced by a number of active agents including patronage and the interference of English which led to translation occupying a central position within the Swahili polysystem for a number of decades. This is why translation has been crucial in the formation of Swahili literature although this situation was reversed in the 1970s from whence translation has occupied a marginal position in Tanzania. A number of translation strategies have also become the norm and these include appropriation, omission and the use of an unmistakable form of ideological and cultural manipulation. Similarly, there has been extensive use of situational equivalence where what is Swahili substitutes the foreign contexts. Nevertheless one of my arguments is that this trend is being re-defined. Despite the ambiguous status of some of these strategies. and their perceived marginalized position in the West, to the Swahili, these have been regarded and accepted as part of the entire Swahili translation system. To a large extent, I have used a target oriented approach since the translations themselves have largely prioritized the target Swahili language and culture. The analysis has been undertaken through a comparative depiction of the processes and strategies that were undertaken by translators. This was done at a macro as well as micro level. At the macro level, I have examined the extra-textual materials in relation v to the socio-cultural and political context of Tanzania while at micro level I have investigated the textual sources which are the translations themselves. The thesis concludes with the presentation of translation norms that range from the ready acceptance of indirect translations being embraced as Swahili literature to the practise of translator’s self-commissioning. I have argued that factors that have led to the categorization of norms are often inter-dependent. I sought to categorise Swahili norms broadly into norms that domesticate and those that foreignize translation literature. The future of Swahili translations in Tanzania will emerge through the struggle between what is alien and what is familiar, which can also be portrayed as the global and the local. vi Table of Contents Declaration for PhD thesis............................................................................................ii Dedication....................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgement........................................................................................................iv Abstract.......................................................................................................................v Table of Contents.......................................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION Swahili Translations in Tanzania....................................................1 1. CHAPTER ONE Situating Swahili Literary Translation 1.1 Translation during the Pre-Colonial period....................................................15 1.2 Translation during the Colonial period..........................................................21 1.3 Translation during the Post-Colonial Period...................................................32 1.4 Language and Translation Policies in Tanzania..............................................45 1.5 Summary..........................................................................................................54 2. CHAPTER TWO Theoretical framework and Literature Review 2.1 Background Information………………………………………………….....56 2.2 Overview of Translation Theories…………………………………...............61 2.3 Polysystem Theory……………………………………………………….......67 2.3.1 Translation Norms………………................................................................74 vii 2.3.2 Types of Norms .........………………………………............……...............84 2.4 The Domesticating and Foreignizing Strategies………………………..........88 2.5 Literature Review ……………………………………………………............91 2.6 Summary ……..………………………………………………………...........99 3. CHAPTER THREE Research Methodology 3.1 Background Information: Brief overview of Methodology .........................100 3.2 Publishing in Tanzania …......………………….………………...................104 3.3 Instruments of Data Collection......................................................................108
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Cotton and Textiles Sector in Tanzania: Issues and Opportunities
    THE COTTON AND TEXTILES SECTOR IN TANZANIA: ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES Report to the Government of Tanzania supported by the Tanzania Gatsby Trust and the Gatsby Charitable Foundation Tanzania Gatsby Trust Samora/Morogoro Rd 3rd Floor PPF House P. O. Box 8695 Dar es Salaam Tanzania September 2007 i Preface and Acknowledgements This study originates from discussions between the Honourable Juma Ngasongwa, Minister of Planning, Economy and Empowerment and the Honourable Basil Mramba, Minister for Trade and Industry, and Lord David Sainsbury, settlor of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation (GCF), in January 2007. In discussions held in Dar es Salaam, it was agreed that GCF and its associated trust, the Tanzania Gatsby Trust (TGT), would fund an exploratory study of the cotton and textile sectors with a view to identifying issues, constraints and investment opportunities. The focus of the study would be on the long-term potential for a major increase in the output of Tanzania’s cotton and textile sector with a view to maximising its potential contribution to the generation of increased GDP, exports, farmer incomes and manufacturing employment. Terms of Reference were finalised in February and the report was completed by the end of June 2007. It was reviewed at a Stakeholders’ Forum held in Dar es Salaam on September 19th chaired by the Honourable S Wassira, Minister of Agriculture and Lord David Sainsbury. This edition of the report reflects comments and changes agreed at that Forum, in relation to both statistics and institutional arrangements. This report represents the findings of a team comprising of consultants from Golder Associates of South Africa, the University of Manchester in the UK and Oxford Policy Management.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE TEXTS IN TANZANIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS. Elizabeth Kilines Sekwiha Gwajima PhD The University of Edinburgh October 2011 Content…………………………………………………………..…i Declaration………………………………………………………………vii Acknowledgment………………………………………………………..viii Dedication……………………………………………………………… i x Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………x List of Tables, Figures and photographs……………………………………………xi Index of Appendices……………………………………………………xii Abstract………………………………………………………………………xiii CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Introduction.............................................................................................1 Background to the topic............................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging the Woman Through Tanzanian Women's Maxims
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 19 Issue 3 Selected Papers of the Third World Conference Article 10 on Women’s Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka, May 2017 Apr-2018 Imaging the Woman through Tanzanian Women’s Maxims Shani Omari Fikeni E. M. K. Senkoro Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Omari, Shani and Senkoro, Fikeni E. M. K. (2018). Imaging the Woman through Tanzanian Women’s Maxims. Journal of International Women's Studies, 19(3), 119-134. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol19/iss3/10 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2018 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Imaging the Woman through Tanzanian Women’s Maxims By Shani Omari1 and Fikeni E. M. K. Senkoro2 Abstract Women’s maxims, as well as other forms of oral literature in Tanzania, are a popular genre. They are verbal arts that can be self-addressed or addressed to a fellow woman among womenfolk. This paper intends to examine the role of these maxims in imaging women in Tanzania. This study was prompted by the findings of previous studies regarding the portrayal of women in Kiswahili3 literature where, generally, women are depicted as inferior beings compared to men, partly due to the fact that most authors are men.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking at the Past and Current Status of Kenya's Clothing and Textiles
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 2018 Looking at the Past and Current Status of Kenya’s clothing and textiles Mercy V.W. Wanduara [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Materials Conservation Commons, Art Practice Commons, Fashion Design Commons, Fiber, Textile, and Weaving Arts Commons, Fine Arts Commons, and the Museum Studies Commons Wanduara, Mercy V.W., "Looking at the Past and Current Status of Kenya’s clothing and textiles" (2018). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 1118. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/1118 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings 2018 Presented at Vancouver, BC, Canada; September 19 – 23, 2018 https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/ Copyright © by the author(s). doi 10.32873/unl.dc.tsasp.0056 Looking at the Past and Current Status of Kenya’s clothing and textiles Mercy V. W. Wanduara [email protected] Abstract This paper analyzes and documents traditional textiles and clothing of the Kenyan people before and after independence in 1963. The paper is based on desk top research and face to face interviews from senior Kenyan citizens who are familiar with Kenyan traditions. An analysis of some of the available Kenya’s indigenous textile fiber plants is made and from which a textile craft basket is made.
    [Show full text]
  • By Martin Sturmer First Published by Ndanda Mission Press 1998 ISBN 9976 63 592 3 Revised Edition 2008 Document Provided by Afrika.Info
    THE MEDIA HISTORY OF TANZANIA by Martin Sturmer first published by Ndanda Mission Press 1998 ISBN 9976 63 592 3 revised edition 2008 document provided by afrika.info I Preface The media industry in Tanzania has gone through four major phases. There were the German colonial media established to serve communication interests (and needs) of the German administration. By the same time, missionaries tried to fulfil their tasks by editing a number of papers. There were the media of the British administration established as propaganda tool to support the colonial regime, and later the nationalists’ media established to agitate for self-governance and respect for human rights. There was the post colonial phase where the then socialist regime of independent Tanzania sought to „Tanzanianize“ the media - the aim being to curb opposition and foster development of socialistic principles. There was the transition phase where both economic and political changes world-wide had necessitated change in the operation of the media industry. This is the phase when a private and independent press was established in Tanzania. Martin Sturmer goes through all these phases and comprehensively brings together what we have not had in Tanzania before: A researched work of the whole media history in Tanzania. Understanding media history in any society is - in itself - understanding a society’s political, economic and social history. It is due to this fact then, that we in Tanzania - particularly in the media industry - find it plausible to have such a work at this material time. This publication will be very helpful especially to students of journalism, media organs, university scholars, various researchers and even the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Deaf Students' Language Ideologies Through English-To-ASL
    Languages, Literacies, and Translations: Examining Deaf Students’ Language Ideologies through English-to-ASL Translations of Literature by Ruth Anna Spooner A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (English and Education) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor Anne Leslie Curzan, Chair Professor John Anthony Albertini, National Technical Institute for the Deaf Professor Anne Ruggles Gere Professor Elizabeth Birr Moje © Ruth Anna Spooner 2016 Acknowledgements First of all, I must thank my brilliant and wonderfully supportive committee— particularly Anne Curzan and Anne Ruggles Gere, who were also the co-chairs of my program—who invested hours upon hours teaching me, reading my work, asking questions, talking through ideas, offering feedback, and challenging me to grow as a teacher-scholar. I am especially indebted to Anne Curzan, who in her capacity as committee chair, patiently and intrepidly mucked through all of the drafts for each chapter of this dissertation (including the earliest, messiest ones), always making the time to offer thorough, thoughtful feedback. Your encouragement and guidance has helped to shape this project into what it has become; I could not have done it without you. Also, the ongoing conversations that I have had over the past five years with Anne Curzan and Anne Gere about my research work, about composition and literacy, about all things teaching, and about what it means to be a teacher and a scholar—I cannot describe how valuable your guidance and wisdom have been for me. Thank you. Elizabeth Moje, you were one of the first professors I worked with here at Michigan, and right from the start, you were exuberantly enthusiastic about my ideas and my work, and I am deeply grateful for your unfailing encouragement and your willingness to make space for me in your schedule even as you took on the time- consuming responsibilities of being an Assistant Dean (and later Dean) of the School of Education.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications and Explications of Police Translation of Complainants' Sworn
    IMPLICATIONS AND EXPLICATIONS OF POLICE TRANSLATION OF COMPLAINANTS’ SWORN STATEMENTS: EVIDENCE LOST IN TRANSLATION? BY MONWABISI KNOWLEDGE RALARALA BA Hons, HDE (Arts) (UWC); PGD ALS (Ed) (UCT); MA, DLitt (Stell) Dissertation submitted in accordance with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): Publishable articles, in the Faculty of Humanities, for the Department of Linguistics and Language Practice, at the University of the Free State. Date of submission: 01 July 2015 Promoter :Professor Kobus Marais Co-Promoter: Professor Russell Kaschula ii DECLARATION “I declare that the dissertation hereby submitted by Monwabisi Knowledge Ralarala for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): Publishable articles at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me at another University/Faculty. I furthermore cede copyright of the thesis in favour of the University of the Free State.” Date: 01 July 2015 Copyright © (YEAR) University of the Free State All rights reserved iii ABSTRACT This interdisciplinary case study demonstrates that ‘retelling and rewriting’ of complainants’ legal narratives constitutes translation. The police officers’ (hereafter referred to as transpreters) exercise of translating such narratives from isiXhosa (ST) into English (TT) is quite essential in the administration of justice in a multilingual and multicultural environment such as South Africa, and specifically in the South African Police Service. The challenge (amongst others) in the current system is that traspreters are neither accredited nor posses the necessary credentials to perform this fundamental role and function. The key objectives of this study were investigated by means of scientific papers – both publishable and published as book chapters as well as journal articles in both international and accredited journals.
    [Show full text]
  • A Utopian Journey in Turkish: from Non-Translation to Retranslation Ceyda Elgül Boğaziçi University 2011
    A UTOPIAN JOURNEY IN TURKISH: FROM NON-TRANSLATION TO RETRANSLATION CEYDA ELGÜL BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY 2011 A UTOPIAN JOURNEY IN TURKISH: FROM NON-TRANSLATION TO RETRANSLATION Thesis submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Translation by Ceyda Elgül Boğaziçi University 2011 Thesis Abstract Ceyda Elgül, “A Utopian Journey in Turkish: From Non-Translation to Retranslation” This study explores the role of translation in the evolution of new contexts for foreign works. It classifies non-translation, initial translation and retranslation as the three existential forms in which translation appears and proposes that each of these forms attributes the foreign work a different translational context. Benefiting from the favorable grounds provided by the journey of Thomas More’s Utopia in the Turkish literary system, this diachronic study embraces the pre- and post-translation periods synchronously with the period in which the translation first appeared.The study firstly investigates Utopia in the Turkish literary system as a work that appeared in the form of non-translation in the period between the Tanzimat and 1964 and questions what type of a culture repertoire this non-translation contributed to. Then, it focuses on the initial translation and seeks a position for this first translation in the context of the 1960s, referring to the social dynamics of the period in which the translation first appeared after a long phase of resistance. Here, the study touches on the agency factor and explores the historical significance of the first translation in relation to the external factors that concern the agents of the translation.
    [Show full text]
  • Palaeoecology and Depositional Environments of the Tendaguru Beds (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, Tanzania)
    Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Geowiss. Reihe 5 (2002) 19-44 10.11.2002 Palaeoecology and depositional environments of the Tendaguru Beds (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, Tanzania) Martin Aberhan ', Robert Bussert2, Wolf-Dieter Heinrich', Eckhart Schrank2, Stephan Schultkal, Benjamin Sames3, Jiirgen =wet4 & Saidi Kapilima5 With 6 figures, 2 tables, and 2 plates Abstract The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania, East Africa) have been well known for nearly a century for their diverse dinosaur assemblages. Here, we present sedimentological and palaeontological data collected by the German- Tanzanian Tendaguru Expedition 2000 in an attempt to reconstruct the palaeo-ecosystems of the Tendaguru Beds at their type locality. Our reconstructions are based on sedimentological data and on a palaeoecological analysis of macroinverte- brates, microvertebrates, plant fossils and microfossils (ostracods, foraminifera, charophytes, palynomorphs). In addition, we included data from previous expeditions, particularly those on the dinosaur assemblages. The environmental model of the Tendaguru Beds presented herein comprises three broad palaeoenvironmental units in a marginal marine setting: (1) Lagoon-like, shallow marine environments above fair weather wave base and with evidence of tides and storms. These formed behind barriers such as ooid bar and siliciclastic sand bar complexes and were generally subject to minor salinity fluctuations. (2) Extended tidal flats and low-relief coastal plains. These include low-energy, brackish coastal lakes and ponds as well as pools and small fluvial channels of coastal plains in which the large dinosaurs were buried. Since these environments apparently were, at best, poorly vegetated, the main feeding grounds of giant sauropods must have been elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • Williams Dissertation
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Don't Show A Hyena How Well You Can Bite: Performance, Race and the Animal Subaltern in Eastern Africa Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jf3488f Author Williams, Joshua Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Don’t Show A Hyena How Well You Can Bite: Performance, Race and the Animal Subaltern in Eastern Africa by Joshua Drew Montgomery Williams A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies and the Designated Emphasis in Critical Theory in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Catherine Cole, Chair Professor Donna Jones Professor Samera Esmeir Professor Brandi Wilkins Catanese Spring 2017 Abstract Don’t Show A Hyena How Well You Can Bite: Performance, Race and the Animal Subaltern in Eastern Africa by Joshua Drew Montgomery Williams Doctor of Philosophy in Performance Studies Designated Emphasis in Critical Theory University of California, Berkeley Professor Catherine Cole, Chair This dissertation explores the mutual imbrication of race and animality in Kenyan and Tanzanian politics and performance from the 1910s through to the 1990s. It is a cultural history of the non- human under conditions of colonial governmentality and its afterlives. I argue that animal bodies, both actual and figural, were central to the cultural and
    [Show full text]
  • The Application of Functional Theory in Advertisement Translation
    Sino-US English Teaching, January 2021, Vol. 18, No. 1, 13-16 doi:10.17265/1539-8072/2021.01.003 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Application of Functional Theory in Advertisement Translation TAN Huining Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China Functional theory provides a theoretical basis for applied translation. In order to realize the inductive function of advertisement translation, this paper, based on the differences between Chinese and English advertisement texts in terms of genre conventions, puts forward some methods of advertisement translation from the perspective of function in view of cultural exclusive items and cultural default. As for the different genre conventions between English and Chinese advertisements and the phenomenon of cultural specific and cultural default, the author suggests strategies from the functionalist approach. Keywords: appellative function, genre convention, translation of advertisements The functionalist translation theory holds that the reference frame of the translator in the whole process of translation should not be the original text and its functions, but one or more communicative functions expected to be achieved by the target language in the cultural environment of the target language, and various translation strategies should be flexibly adopted according to the norms of the target language culture. Therefore, due to the objective language and cultural barriers, translation cannot be carried out smoothly (Zhang & Wang, 2005， p. 106). Skopos rule means that translation behavior depends on the purpose of translation, and the result determines the method. Because the occurrence of any behavior has a certain cultural background and different cultures have different customs and values, translation is not a one-to-one language conversion activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Teachers' Retention in Tanzanian Remote Secondary Schools
    Teachers’ Retention in Tanzanian Remote Secondary Schools - Exploring Perceived Challenges and Support Linnaeus University Dissertations No 240/2016 TEACHERS’ RETENTION IN TANZANIAN REMOTE SECONDARY SCHOOLS - Exploring Perceived Challenges and Support RAYMOND BONIFACE LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Teachers’ Retention in Tanzanian Remote Secondary Schools – Exploring Perceived Challenges and Support Doctoral dissertation, Department of Education, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden, 2016 ISBN: 978-91-87925-97-9 Published by: Linnaeus University Press, 351 95 Växjö Printed by: Elanders Sverige AB, 2016 Abstract Boniface, Raymond (2016). Teachers’ Retention in Tanzanian Remote Secondary Schools - Exploring Perceived Challenges and Support, Linnaeus University Dissertation No 240/2016, ISBN: 978-91-87925-97-9. Written in English Teacher retention is a global challenge, and many developed and developing countries are struggling to staff and retain teachers in schools, particularly in low-performing, remote, and less desirable areas. In most of these countries, Tanzania in particular, the efficacy of fiscally inclined teachers’ retention strategies continues to be dubious. The aim of this study is to explore teachers’ perceived school level challenges and the support of retaining teachers in remote secondary schools in Tanzania. The study is inspired by a supportive management theoretical framework, particularly Organizational Support, Leader-Member Exchange and Coworkers’ Exchange. It is motivated by a pragmatic knowledge claim. Data were sequentially collected in three phases using interviews and survey questionnaires. A sample included 258 secondary schools teachers from 28 remote schools in the Dodoma region in central Tanzania. Mixed methods data analysis techniques were used. The current study identifies younger males of a well-educated and experienced teaching workforce as being the chief staffing in remote Tanzanian secondary schools.
    [Show full text]