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3025986.PDF (8.798Mb) INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and beaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI" UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE DISSENT: DETROIT AND THE UNDERGROUND PRESS, 1965-69 A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree o f Doctor of Philosophy By MATTHEW T. PIFER Norman, Oklahoma 2001 UMi Number: 3025986 UMI^ UMI Microform 3025986 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 © Copyright by MATTHEW T. PIFER 2001 Ali Rights Reserved DISSENT: DETROIT AND THE UNDERGROUND PRESS, 1965-69 A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH BY IV Table of Contents List of Dlustrations ..................................................................................................................vi Abstract ................................................................................................................................. viii Preface: Coming H om e ........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction: Toward a Historical Poetics ........................................................................... 27 Chapter 1 The Framework: Journalism of Dissent .............................................................39 The R i o t ..................................................................................................................... 39 Press Coverage ...........................................................................................................52 The Marxist Foundation ............................................................................................ 62 Discourse of Dissent .................................................................................................74 Underground Presses .................................................................................................82 A Radical Education ................................................................................................ 98 Chapter 2 Poetics of D issent ................................................................................................... 108 The Making of a Postmodern Verse ..................................................................... 110 A Convergent Form: Jazz ...................................................................................... 132 The Neighborhood: M otown .................................................................................. 148 Sub-Suburb: Rock M usic .........................................................................................154 The Poetry of Detroit’s Underground Presses .......................................................163 Occasional Poetry ................................................................................................... 166 Consciousness ......................................................................................................... 177 Chapter 3 W aiting in Detroit: Work and the Underground P ress .................................208 W o rk in g ................................................................................................................... 209 What Work Is ...........................................................................................................221 Automation and Decentralization ........................................................................ 231 The Dividing Freeway ............................................................................................ 241 The Social Body: Relationship and Redemption ..................................................246 The Underground Presses’ Response ..................................................................... 255 Dropping O ut ...........................................................................................................256 Supporting the Unions ............................................................................................ 265 Conclusion: ..........................................................................................................................275 Why Write? .............................................................................................................275 Photographing Urban Space .................................................................................... 279 Works C ited ......................................................................................................................... 286 VI List of Illustrations Figure 1. An illustration &om A Piece, a high school newspaper pubUshed in ML Clemens. It illustrate the generational gap that is the source of much youthful disinterest and “boredom.” .........................................................................................98 Figure 2. This poster, created by the prolific graphic artist and member of Sinclair’s Trans-Love Energies, Gary Grimshaw, advertises the October 7-8,1966 shows (Show List) ................................................................................................................. 154 Figure 3. This is Gary Grimshaw’s artistic rendition of The White Panther Party’s ten- part program. The absurdist quality of Grimshaw’s rendition seems particularly appropriate .................................................................................................................. 189 Figure 4. This cover was designed by Pun Plamondon and Genie Johnson, members of what was then the White Panther Party (1) ..............................................................191 Figure 5. From the November 1969 issue of Inner City Voice ..........................................198 Figure 6. A panel of Diego Rivera’s mural “Detroit Industry or Man and Machine,” covering the south wall of the Detroit Institute of Art {Virtual Web Museum) .............................................................................................. 214 Figure 7. African-American children playing in inner-city neighborhoods during the late 1960s (Bailey 10) .......................................................................................................239 Figure 8. “1-75 (Fisher Freeway) from Cass Avenue overpass facing east, Detroit, June 18,1985" (Bukowczyk and Aikenhead 217). 1-75 was built over Hastings Avenue, which was once a cultural center of Detroit’s black community 242 Figure 9. Cover design for the March 1968 issue of the Warren Forest Sun vu (Guitar 66)..................................................................................................................262 Figure 10. Show poster designed by Gary Grimshaw and published in the May 15-31, 1967 issue of The Fifth Estate (unpaginated) ..........................................................263 Figure 11. “East comer of Tombly and Orleans, looking northwest, 1986" (Bukowczyk 252) ...........................................................................................................................282 vm Abstract Dissent: Detroit and the Underground Press, 1965-69 The relationship between Detroit’s underground presses-which included The Fifth Estate, Creem, Sun, the Artists ’ Workshop Press, the Inner City Voice, the South End Press, The Broadside Press, and Guerrilla-aad the cultural realities of late 1960s Detroit is revealed in these presses’ editorial policies and artistic content. A critical understanding o f this relationships is framed by Henri Levebre’s and Raymond Williams notions of place as a social and cultural construct. Their social theories inform an understanding of how social space and cultural texts interact to shape the political realities of a specific time and place, composing, as Williams describes, a “sociology of culture.” From this conceptual foundation, it is possible to view the underground presses’ artistic discourses, such as journalism, poetry, fiction, and visual art, as politically motivated modes of social and cultural critique, which were central to the kinds of dissent emerging in Detroit and elsewhere at the time. These discourses, ofien
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