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Home , Anders Behring Breivik, Attila Hildmann, KenFM, Ken Jebsen, Martin Sellner, Oliver Janich

ANTISEMITIC MYTHS NOVEMBER 2020 A WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS PUBLICATION The World Jewish Congress is the internationally recognized representative body of Jewish communities in more than 100 countries across six continents, working on their behalf with foreign governments, international organizations, law enforcement agencies, and at the grassroots level to: combat , bigotry, , and extremism; support Israel and advance Middle East peace; safeguard Jewish security; advocate on issues of international human rights; preserve and perpetuate the memory of ; promote and enhance Jewish unity and interfaith relations; and nurture future generations of Jewish leadership. Antisemitic Conspiracy Myths

Contents

1 Executive Summary 2 5.3.8 15 2 Conspiracies and the Emerging Threat 2 6 Conspiracy Myths in Recent Terrorist Attacks 15 3 Historical Background 3 7 Appendices 16 3.1 Disease 4 7.1 Appendix 1: Examples of Antisemitism 3.2 4 and Holocaust Trivialisation 16 3.3 World Domination 5 7.1.1 16 3.3.1 The 5 7.1.2 Belgium 17 4 Coronavirus-related Antisemitism 5 7.1.3 17 4.1 Antisemitic Conspiracy Myths 6 7.1.4 17 4.1.1 Influencers 8 7.1.5 Greece 18 4.1.2 Demonstrations 9 7.1.6 The 19 4.2 Violence 9 7.1.7 19 4.3 Holocaust trivialisation 10 7.1.8 Romania 20 4.4 Calls to Spread the coronavirus to 11 7.1.9 International Examples 20 4.5 Zoombombing 11 7.1.10 Online 23 5 Conspiracy Myths in Politics 12 7.1.11 Zoombombing and Antisemitic 5.1 QAnon 12 Threats 25 5.2 Demonstrations 12 7.2 Appendix 2: Influencers 25 5.2.1 Israel blamed for brutality 12 7.2.1 Eva Herman 25 5.2.2 responsible for protests 12 7.2.2 - KenFM 26 5.3 Europe 13 7.2.3 Attila Hildmann 26 5.3.1 Austria 13 7.2.4 Xavier Naidoo 30 5.3.2 Croatia 13 7.2.5 32 5.3.3 France 13 7.3 Appendix 3: XRW attendance 5.3.4 Germany 13 at Demonstrations 32 5.3.5 Greece 14 7.4 Appendix 4: Google Trends Graphs 35 5.3.6 Italy 14 7.5 Appendix 5: Abbreviations 37 5.3.7 Poland 14 8 Sources |1 1. Executive Summary Antisemitic conspiracy myths are not a new phenomenon; they have existed for centuries. In times of uncertainty and economic hardship, such myths flourish and gain increased popularity and support.1 In the past, violence resulting from conspiratorial beliefs has resulted in , death, and destruction. However, one does not need to look far into the past, as several recent terror attacks were influenced, in part, by such conspiratorial beliefs. During the current global coronavirus pandemic, conspiracy myths in general, and those related to antisemitism in particular, are becoming increasingly widespread.

This report aims to provide an overview of antisemitic phenomena related to conspiracy myths, and of antisemitic conspiracies, their historical background, and their current relevance. It also aims to highlight the growing threat emerging from the increasingly mainstream belief in such conspiracy myths as well as their role in encouraging and motivating terrorists.

2| 2. CONSPIRACIES AND THE EMERGING THREAT

Conspiracists are not limited to one political view and can be found on various sides of the political spectrum. Moreover, they are becoming more popular among the mainstream, as people turn to conspiracy myths to help them make sense of difficult situations that cannot be fully grasped or explained.2

The Handbook,3 published in March 2020 by cognitive science and conspiracy experts Dr. and Dr. John Cook, lists seven traits of conspiratorial thinking (CONSPIR):

Contradictory: conspiracy theorists can simultaneously believe in ideas that are mutually contradictory. The commitment is to disbelieve the ‘official’ account; Overriding suspicion: extreme degree of suspicion against anything that doesn’t fit into the conspiracy; Nefarious Intent: motivations behind any presumed conspiracy are invariably assumed to be nefarious; Something Must Be Wrong: even on the occasion, that the conspiracists abandon specific ideas, their overall conclusion remains that the official account is based on ; Persecuted Victim: the theorists consider themselves to be persecuted and see themselves as brave antagonists taking on villainous conspirators; Immune to Evidence: evidence that counters a theory is re-interpreted as originating from the conspiracy; Re-interpreting Randomness: conspiratorial thinking often results in a belief that nothing occurs by accident. Thus, small random events are woven into a broader interconnected pattern;4 A 2019 study from Germany demonstrated that almost 50% of all Germans believe in secret organisations that influence political decisions.5 In Germany, the XRW (extreme right wing) have utilised recent conspiratorial demonstrations for recruitment purposes and to normalise their own beliefs.6 In recent years support for the ‘Reichsbürger’ (Citizens of the ) Movement has increased in Germany. These conspiracists believe that Germany is not a sovereign state but continues to be occupied by the Allied armies post World War II and is being run as a company rather than a country.7 These beliefs have often resulted in violence against the state.8

As shown above, once people are influenced by conspiracy myths, it becomes increasingly difficult to break this type of thinking as they disregard evidence and re-interpret random occurrences. This results in deep mistrust of the state, government, police, doctors, and others in positions of power.

|3 As this mindset becomes more mainstream, it becomes easier for extremists to convince people to join their cause, as conspiracy myths often act as a gateway to extreme right-wing views.9 As this report will further demonstrate, conspiracy myths use antisemitic dog whistles and subtle antisemitic tropes to influence their followers. Additionally, Holocaust trivialisation becomes the norm. As these beliefs become more common among the mainstream, an increase in antisemitic incidents and terrorist violence could occur.

While this report focuses on antisemitic components of conspiracies, it is important to note that not all those involved in the various protests can be immediately subsumed under the category of antisemitic extremists.

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Antisemitic conspiracy myths related to Jews have existed for centuries and many remain popular antisemitic canards until the present day. The three main categories of antisemitic conspiracy myths can be classified as: spreaders of disease, blood libel and world domination.

3.1 Disease The first major instances in Europe date back to the th14 century in the south of France. In 1341, Jews were accused of using people affected by leprosy to spread the disease and kill Christians. Both Jews and leprosy patients were murdered in riots that ensued.10 In 1348, Jews were openly accused of purposely spreading The Plague by poisoning well water, as they were perceived to be less affected by it than surrounding non-Jewish populations – possibly due to hygienic regulations required by Jewish law (frequent hand-washing and ritual baths).11 This conspiracy theory led to pogroms, the murder of Jews and even the expulsion of the entire Jewish communities of Strasburg (February 1349)12 and (1492).13

Later, after the rise of , German described typhus, which is spread by lice, as a “disease characteristic of parasitic, subhuman people – the Jews,”14 and blamed them for its spread. The Nazis used this to justify the isolation of Jews in ghettos, which in fact only increased the proliferation of the disease. This was one of the major motifs of the A Nazi poster circulated in German-occupied Poland. Source: Holocaust notorious film Der ewige Jude [The Eternal Jew], in which Jews were depicted as disease- Memorial Museum bearing rats.

4| In Nazi propaganda, the notion of the “Jews” as synonymous with poison appeared in many forms, including a children’s book published by of the notorious Der Stürmer, who likened the Jewish race to a “poisonous mushroom” that is nearly impossible to contain. The Poisonous Mushroom remained available for sale on Amazon, accessible to all extremists looking to nourish themselves with hateful content, until earlier this year, when it was removed in response to WJC outrage.

This demonstrates that conspiracy myths blaming Jews for the spread of disease are nothing new in the antisemitic playbook. On the contrary, they are rooted in longstanding traditions. This paradox of portraying Jews as responsible for the creation and engineering of disease as a potent weapon against non-Jewish populations while they themselves are immune, and on the other hand, blaming Jews for being “dirty,” “subhuman” and for infecting others, is also visible regarding the current coronavirus pandemic. It has also evolved into calls for the deliberate infection of Jews and other minority populations.

3.2 Blood Libel One of the earliest recorded anti-Jewish conspiracy myths claims that the Jews kidnapped a Greek, held him captive in the Temple in Jerusalem, sacrificed him, and ate him. This was the forerunner of the blood libel, one of the major strains of antisemitic conspiracy myths.16 The ADL describes the blood libel claim as the belief that Jews murder Christians, especially Christian children, to use their blood for ritual purposes (such as an ingredient in matzah).17 The claim originated in the English town of Norwich in the year 1140 with the death of a young boy, William, whose mother blamed the Jews.

A little over 100 years after William’s death, more than 90 Jews in Lincoln, a cathedral city in the English Midlands, were arrested when the body of a young boy was found in a well;18 of them were hanged. Centuries later, magistrates in the northern Italian town of Trent alleged that Jews had killed a 2-year-old named Simon and used his blood to make matzah. Members of Trent’s Jewish community were tortured to force their confessions. Some were burned at the stake; two converted to and were then beheaded. In Spain, Jews were criticised by the Inquisition for allegedly forcing a child to relive the trials of Christ’s Passion. On 4 July 1946, a 9-year-old boy in Poland falsely claimed that Jews had dumped him into a sack and then carried him to a basement where he witnessed the murder of 15 Christian children for their blood. 75 Jews were injured and 41 killed in the resulting violence.19

This antisemitic conspiracy is often seen today in propaganda targeting Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict – such as recently in January 2020 when a Palestinian child died, and Jewish neighbours were initially blamed.20

| 5 3.3 World Domination Another popular antisemitic conspiracy myth is the idea that Jews (want to) control the world. This myth has been particularly popularised by the Protocols of the Elders of Zion – a fictional forgery popularised in 1903 describing a secret plan by Jews to rule the world by manipulating the economy, controlling the media, and fostering religious conflict.21 Although the Protocols have repeatedly proved to be a , they remain popular amongst antisemites and continue to be shared in print and online. This antisemitic myth comes in several variations22 such as:

• Jews control the media • Jews control the economy • Jews control the government (ZOG – Zionist Occupied Government) • Jews profit from catastrophes / Jews create catastrophes

An interesting dichotomy can be observed within the conspiracy of world domination, in which Jews are simultaneously responsible for capitalism and communism.23 Jews are blamed both for inventing communism in order to rule the world by implementing the global socialist movement and for using their status as members of the global elite – as bankers, media moguls and owners of multinational companies – to enslave the impoverished masses.24 This dichotomy also leads to a situation in which both those criticizing communism and those criticizing capitalism can subscribe to antisemitic tropes and conspiracies.

3.3.1 The Great Replacement The Great Replacement is a right-wing conspiracy myth that has become increasingly mainstream in Europe over the last few years and has two main components. First, it maintains that “Western” identity is under siege by massive waves of immigration from non-European/non-white countries, resulting in a replacement of white European individuals via demographics. Second, it claims that this replacement has been orchestrated by a shadowy group as part of their grand plan to rule the world – which they will do by creating a completely racially homogenous society. This group is often overtly identified as being Jews, but sometimes the antisemitism is more implicit.25

6| 4 CORONAVIRUS-RELATED ANTISEMITISM

The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in global economic instability, stock market crashes, and high unemployment rates internationally.26 This kind of uncertainty can lead to an increase in the amount of people falling for conspiracy myths in general, and antisemitic conspiracies specifically. This can lead to an uptick in antisemitism, both online and offline.

Since the start of the near global coronavirus shutdown in March 2020, there has been a sharp rise in online antisemitic activity, often – but not exclusively – linked to the pandemic, as social practices moved into the digital sphere. Phrases such as “Jewish virus” proliferate across platforms, along with an increased renewal in the use of epithets such as “kike,” “dirty Jew,” and other derogatory terms, in comparison to the year before social distancing restrictions.

Using data provided by Google as part of its Google Trends tool, it is possible to compare the popularity of various antisemitic search terms across a global scale. This very clearly demonstrates the sharp increase and continued popularity of search terms relating Jews with the coronavirus during the pandemic – including phrases such as “Jewish virus” and “Jewish coronavirus”.

Additional graphs showing the popularity of antisemitic search terms are set forth in Appendix 4.

|7 4.1 Antisemitic Conspiracy Myths Many conspiracy myths flourished during the 2020 global coronavirus pandemic. Several of these include antisemitic sentiments and blame Jews for various aspects of the disease.27 Alongside these myths, general conspiracy myths related to ‘anti-vaccination’, ‘5G’ and other aspects of control and financial profit often include either blatant antisemitism content or antisemitic dog whistles related to ‘secret ’ the ‘NWO – New World Order’ or ‘financial and/or Hollywood elites’.

According to a March 2020 report by Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Germany is third in the list of countries with the most content on antisemitic conspiracy myths in relation to the coronavirus crisis posted online.28 A May 2020 survey by Oxford University found that one in five Britons believe that Jews created the virus to ruin the economy for financial gain.29

The antisemitic conspiracies related to coronavirus can be broadly classified into two categories: • Conspiracies related to the disease These conspiracies assume that the threat of the disease is real and place blame for the spread and/or creation on the Jews/Israel. They also claim that the current situation is being used for financial gain.

• Conspiracies related to the measures taken These conspiracies assume that the disease is either fake or not as dangerous as reported and that it is instead an excuse to control the population and take away rights.

While these myths do not all necessarily directly blame Jews, they include dog whistles and antisemitic imagery.

• Jews created the coronavirus From French: “An Israeli technology/ Jews have created/engineered the coronavirus as a biological weapon to enhance their power or security company run by a former to control the world. The claim that Israel has invented a coronavirus vaccine is often cited as Mossad agent with the participation of Jeffrey Epstein is using the coronavirus proof. Conspiracists also continue to use the Protocols of the Elders of Zion as proof of the plans crisis to increase profits.” of the Jews to control the world. , March 22nd, 2020 https://t.me/wfox14/692 • Jews spread coronavirus Jews spread the coronavirus, either because they are inherently dirty or because they refuse to adhere to the coronavirus restrictions imposed on the wider society.

8| • Jews are using coronavirus for profit The current crisis is being exploited by the Jews as a lucrative business opportunity. Some versions of this myth are combined with the notion that Jews created the virus so that Israel could profit by marketing a vaccine. Other versions speak only of using the crisis for financial profit. A further hoax claims that the decision to spread the coronavirus pandemic was taken at the Davos forum by the Rothschilds and the Gates in order to increase the need for vaccinations.

• NWO and Vaccination The conspiracists maintain that the current situation is the final stage in the implementation of the NWO aiming to enslave humanity by way of mass vaccination, removal of paper money, and the infringement of personal liberties. While this myth is not always antisemitic, in many cases the claim is that either Jews or Israel (or both) are secretly to blame.31

Several popular myths32 connect Bill Gates33 and his charitable foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, to the spread of the coronavirus34 in one way or another. One claims that the coronavirus is a hoax35 and that the goal is to control the world’s population36 so that the ‘elites’ (Gates, Rothschilds, Rockefellers, etc.) can live better lives using the limited resources. In connection with this myth is the claim that the vaccinations will be used to hide the implantation of a nano-chip, which will enslave the population.37

An analysis of Google search trends also demonstrates that the question “Is Jewish?” has increased during the coronavirus pandemic. This indicates that antisemitic conspiracies can also target non-Jewish individuals.

| 9 An meme related to the Adrenochrome conspiracy - the meme includes a typo, referring to Andrenochrome (sic) rather than Adrenochrome.

From German: The true reason for the face masks. In the past slaves had to wear a mask. Now we have to wear masks. It is meant to symbolise that we are slaves.

• Facemasks In connection with previously mentioned conspiracies related to world domination, profit, and the establishment of the NWO, the measure taken to implement the wearing of facemasks in public spaces is criticised by conspiracists. The myth states that facemasks are a symbol of slavery and thus this rule aims to enslave the population.

• Adrenochrome A further conspiracy circulating in connection with the current pandemic is about the drug Adrenochrome. Conspiracists claim that it is used by ‘the global elite’ and requires the ritualistic murder of children to harvest the necessary chemicals.38 One myth suggests that the coronavirus was manufactured in a laboratory that also manufactured Adrenochrome. The suggestion is also often made that Jewish billionaire George Soros is involved.39 This conspiracy echoes the historic antisemitic blood libel trope.

10| 4.1.1 Influencers In times of uncertainty, people are more susceptible to unfounded myths that provide scapegoats. With celebrities sharing and lending credibility to the conspiracies,40 these myths are no longer remaining a fringe issue but are uniting several parts of society, specifically the far left, XRW, and ‘regular’ people that fall for them. The campaigns in relation to the coronavirus have flourished on social media, with tech companies struggling to appropriately address the issues. One such example is ,41 a video created by a discredited scientist promoting a hodgepodge of conspiracy myths about the coronavirus, which went viral across every social media platform42 and brought the conspiracies further to the mainstream.43 Overnight the topic was trending on , with 30,000 tweets generated; the video received more than 6 million views and interactions on before its removal.44 Although social media companies including Facebook, YouTube , Twitter, and Vimeo have launched anti- campaigns, the video or versions of it, continue to be available online.44 Celebrities such as the rapper Sido and TV dance trainer Detlef D have also shared conspiratorial statements, with Sido connecting ‘Rothschild’ to the disappearance of From German: A dictionary article explaining children and claiming that alternative media is needed to uncover facts.45 the word ‘’ and mentioning that the etymolygy originates from the Hebrew word Particularly disturbing is the fact that several influential figures (for details seeAppendix ‘kabala’. Attila Hildman shared it adding “Only who knows their Enemy will be able to defeat Influencers) within these circles have called for followers to take up arms against ‘those them” and Xavier Naidoo commented “Jews? Is responsible’. An image shared by popular vegan chef and conspiracist Attila Hildmann it the Judaens?” referenced cabals and mentioned Judaism and the Kabbalah. Beneath it he wrote “only those who know their enemy will be able to defeat them”. His conspiratorial colleague, R&B singer Xavier Naidoo, shared the image adding, “Jews? Is it the Judaens?”.

4.1.2 Demonstrations Resistance is growing to government measures enacted to stop the spread of the coronavirus. Critics say that the restrictions on basic rights go too far . Demonstrations against government measures began taking place in Germany and Austria in April 2020. While the demonstrations in were initiated by a left-wing organisation against the infringement of the basic law (Grundgesetz), they were quickly co-opted by conspiracists and the XRW (For details see Appendix XRW attendance at Demonstrations). Early demonstrations took place in several German cities including Berlin, Stuttgart, , as well as in , Austria. |11 On 1 May 2020, there were demonstrations across Germany, with some protests having several hundred attendees. On 9 May 2020, further demonstrations against the measures took place across Germany and Austria. In Munich, more than 3,000 protestors participated in the demonstrations; in Berlin, demonstrations took place at various locations with up to 1,000 protestors on site. On 1 August 2020, a large demonstration was organised in Berlin supported by various XRW and Neo-Nazi organisations.48 At another rally in Berlin on 29 August 2020, with 40,000 attendees49, several demonstrators associated with the XRW attempted to storm the Reichstag building.50

It is important to note that not all those involved in the protests should be subsumed under the category of extremist (antisemitic) conspiracists.

4.2 Violence The protestors’ ire has led to violence against those targeted in conspiracies. As several conspiracies blame official media51 and refer to it as the ‘lying press’ that is spreading the ‘official account’, protestors‘ mistrust of reporters has increased and has led to several violent incidents against reporters. Similarly, altercations between demonstrators and the police attempting to enforce government regulations regarding physical distancing have taken place. The protesters organise online, mainly via Telegram groups, where they often refer to themselves as ‘Corona rebels’.

On 20 May 2020, an antisemitic violent incident occurred in Munich, Germany. A man, identified as Jewish by a Maccabi jacket, was verbally abused by a passer-by, who wore a t-shirt that stated his conspiracist beliefs (“Corona-denier” and “Anti-Vaxx”). The belligerent man blamed the Jews for the coronavirus. and stated, “You Jewish pigs are at fault! You Jews made this Corona situations! You dirty Jew!”52 Such incidents indicate the shift from an antisemitic narrative over demonstrations to violent incidents and can increase the threat to Jewish communities and individuals.

4.3 Holocaust Trivialisation Several antisemitic incidents as well as incidents of and/or trivialization in the form of posters and slogans have been recorded at the demonstrations in Germany and Austria. These include, but are not limited to, comparing the current situation to http://boards.4chan.org/pol/10/23/thread/ Nazi Germany, protestors wearing yellow stars (as Jews were forced to wear during the thread/249309338/9 Nazi-period) with the slogan ‘unvaccinated’ or referring to themselves as ‘Jews’ because they feel they are being discriminated against.54 Other examples include blaming Jews and ‘Zion’ for supposed forced vaccinations or comparing Bill Gates and German 12| virologist Christian Drosten55 to the SS physician Dr. Josef Mengele who was known for committing torturous atrocities against Jews and other victims of the Holocaust at Auschwitz.56 The lockdown is also often referred to as a “social Holocaust.”57

Video footage shows a protestor at one of the Berlin demonstrations being asked by a reporter who is supposedly responsible for installing the New World Order. The protestor replies that “they have been trying it since 1945…the Jews of course, who else?”58 In Vienna, the memorial for the victims of Nazi military justice was vandalised with conspiracy myth (Gates NO and Stop the Quarantyranny).59

Reports stating that ‘Italy’s coronavirus death toll is so high that one city’s crematorium can’t keep up’60 gave rise to the idea that reports about the 6 million killed during the Shoah are exaggerated. Hard Copy Newspaper: Far-right Greek newspaper In a front-page story on 26 March 2020, it was claimed that the antisemitic book Eleftheri Ora March 26th 2020 the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, predicted the coronavirus outbreak as a way of imposing the “New World Order.”

For further examples please see Appendix 1: Examples of Antisemitism and Holocaust Trivialisation

4.4 Calls to Spread the coronavirus to Jews and Bill Gates directing the masses into Extremists have published calls encouraging their followers to contaminate Jewish a concentration camp61 venues with coronavirus if infected.

From Spanish: “They say that in synagogues they serve those infected with COVID-19 for free. If you think you are infected, you could visit your local rabbis” Telegram, March 14th, 2020 From French: “ am impatiently waiting for my Corona so that https://t.me/dinupa/9540 I can go and give ‘free hugs’ in synagogues”. Telegram, March 26th, 2020 https://t.me/wfox14/495

|13 4.5 Zoombombing Another phenomenon worth mentioning is the new “Zoombombing” trend, namely, joining online Zoom meetings (often organized by Jewish organizations) and taking over the controls while sharing antisemitic and pornographic content.62 Hackers have taken advantage of security flaws and a lack of knowledge among users in order to take over and disrupt calls63. Several Jewish institutions were among those affected by this phenomenon, which often featured shown on the screen.64 Online messaging boards and social media channels were used to coordinate antisemitic ‘Zoombombing’ attacks.65 Meeting codes of Jewish organisations and events were published online along with instructions and tutorials on how to effectively disrupt such gatherings and harass attendees. A tool initially developed by cybersecurity experts to check the security standards of the Zoom- application has been replicated and misappropriated by others to identify Zoom meetings to enter.66

In late March 2020, five far-right extremists infiltrated a Friday night prayer service conducted by the North Western Reform Synagogue (Alyth) in Golders Green, , and posted antisemitic and racist messages on the official group chat space. The chat was shut down and the incident was reported. A Yeshiva University class was subsequently infiltrated with messages including “IMMA GAS YALL’, ‘hail hitler,’ and ‘Nazi.’

14| 5 CONSPIRACY MYTHS IN POLITICS

5.1 QAnon QAnon is a conspiracy myth that started to gain influence in 2017 online, mainly in the USA. at the core of the myth lies the assertion that an individual ‘Q’, with a high-level US intelligence security clearing, is leaking intelligence about Trump’s top-secret war with a cabal of criminals run by politicians and the Hollywood elite67 funded by Soros and Rothschild68. The myth suggests that these cabals are pedophile rings that kidnap children to extract Adrenochrome. Over the past three years, the QAnon myth has rapidly gained support internationally and that support has continued to grow amid the coronavirus pandemic. Demonstrations against the measures to counter the coronavirus pandemic have seen QAnon supporters joining with other conspirators as well as members of the XRW, in Germany even attempting to storm the Reichstag.

QAnon supporters drive and coordinate the online abuse of perceived enemies. Several QAnon supporters have been arrested after making threats or taking offline action. In 2018 a heavily armed man blocked a bridge over the and engaged in a standoff with police.69 In 2019, following an innocent tweet by former FBI director , which was interpreted by QAnon supporters as a secret message, a school festival was shut down over concerns of possible violence.70 A man arrested in connection with a devastating wildfire was also a QAnon supporter71. Also in 2019, bomb-making materials were found in the car of a man planning to bomb the Illinois capitol to “make Americans aware of Pizzagate and the New World Order”72.

5.2 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations Several antisemitic conspiracy myths have arisen in conjunction with the Black Lives Matter protests and public discourse.

|15 5.2.1 Israel blamed for police brutality One of the most popular such myths blames Israel for teaching US police forces techniques of brutality.73 The myth is often based on the fact that counter- training programs and police exchanges as well as joint training exercises between Israel and the US exist, often sponsored by the ADL and other Jewish organisations. This myth also echoes aspects of other myths related to Jewish power, money, and influence.

5.2.2 George Soros responsible for protests Similar to coronavirus-related antisemitism, anti-Jewish sentiment related to the Black Lives Matter demonstrations echoes the notion that George Soros is the orchestrator of the protests. The myth states that George Soros hires protesters and rents buses to transport them to demonstrations.74

5.3 Europe

As this report shows, conspiracy myths are becoming increasingly mainstream across Europe, to the extent that politics are being affected.

5.3.1 Austria Several conspiracy myths including ones related to the coronavirus and a ‘One World Power’ can be found published on the website of the far-right ‘Bündnis ZukunftÖsterreich ’ (BZÖ) party, active in Carinthia.75 The party has also been involved in the demonstrations organised in Carinthia.

On 20 May 2020, the far-right Freedom Party (FPÖ) held a demonstration against the Austrian governments measures against the coronavirus 76 While previous demonstrations have taken place in Austria, this was the first organised directly by the political party. XRW influencer and leader of the Identity Movement, , was also in attendance

5.3.2 Croatia On 18 May 2020, a Croatian member of parliament, Ivan Pernar, delivered an antisemitic speech describing the

Jews as “master behind Communism” and stating that they “rule the world media”.77 16| 5.3.3 France In March 2020, Alain Modino, the head of the National Rally (Rassemblement National) list in Villepinte, shared an antisemitic video entitled “Corona Virus pour Goy” (coronavirus for Goy) on his social media.78

5.3.4 Germany In Germany, XRW political parties such as Die Rechte, Der Dritte Weg, and the NPD have shown involvement in the protests against the measures to stop the spread of the coronavirus and called for their supporters to join the demonstrations.79

Udo Voigt, member of the XRW NPD and former member of the European Parliament, and Gunnar Lindemann, a German politician belonging to the far-right AFD (Alternative für Deutschland), also took part in the demonstrations against the measures to stop the spread of coronavirus.80

On 13 June 2020, the US Embassy in Berlin, following protests in connection with the death of George Floyd, posted a twitter message81 stating that all comments would be read. This message was shared widely in conspiracist circles, including the Telegram channel of Attila Hildman, and calls were made for their supporters to comment. Consequently, many messages related to conspiracy myths were posted. Many of the comments included the #WWG1WGA (Where we go one, we go all), which refers to the motto of the far-right QAnon conspiracy theory.82

5.3.5 Greece On 18 March 2020, the newspaper published an article claiming that the virus frenzy was a tool to save the Zionist-capitalist order.

On 13 May 2020 an article in a Golden Dawn publication by G. Linardis, on the repercussions of the pandemic to the global economy, claimed that “the handling of the coronavirus pandemic has left people all over the world with no illusions about the role of Zionist capitalism”. Hard Copy Newspaper: Chrysi Avgi, Golden Dawn Greek neo-Nazi party) newspaper

|17 5.3.6 Italy In May 2020, an Italian member of parliament, Sara Cunial, deliverd a speech rife with various conspiracy myths in which she called for the arrest of Bill Gates for his alleged ‘crimes against humanity’ related to vaccination.83 She compared the measures against the spread of the coronavirus to “a virtual concentration camp.”84

5.3.7 Poland In February 2020, a Polish member of parliament, Janusz Korwin-Mikke, made several comments claiming that pogroms benefited Jews, as natural selection made them more powerful. He also claimed that the coronavirus would similarly benefit the population.85

In April, the same member of parliament appeared in a video on YouTube voicing conspiracy myths related to the coronavirus. 86

On 14 March 2020, Teresa Garland, a Polish candidate in the 2020 presidential elections, shared her opinions on the coronavirus pandemic. Her thoughts concerned the situation both globally and in Poland and included radical recommendations for the government: “According to my knowledge, coronavirus is an extremely interesting move by globalists in the modern biological war, the aim of which I believe is to implement a New World Order. […] And if this happens it is clear that Russia with China will introduce communism in southern Europe... In the meantime in Poland, with the help of German-American troops, the Jew-Americans will make sure that is introduced in Poland...[…]Perhaps I will change my mind about the actions of the Morawiecki government if he issues an arrest warrant for anti-state elements and for the long arms of the globalists. in other words, I expect arrest warrants for all rectors of Polish universities (the majority of whom are apparently freemasons...), and arrest warrants for all members of the judiciary associations such as Iustitia or Themis, because it seems that the natural rights of Poles are being violated and the entire Polish nation is being exploited due to the laws created in Poland under the supervision of a number of legal or judicial associations, which in turn are controlled by Rothschild of Temple Bar in the City of London”.87

On 22 March 2020, a candidate in the upcoming presidential election, professor at the Catholic University of Lublin, and former member of the European Parliament, Mirosław Piotrowski, voiced doubts on his website as to the real threat posed by the coronavirus pandemic, and suggested that dishonesty was at play, consonant with conspiracy myths popular in the extreme-right community.88 18| On 14 April 2020, a Polish member of parliament, Grzegorz Braun, posted a recording to his YouTube channel in which he shared antisemitic conspiracy myths about the coronavirus.89

5.3.8 United Kingdom Local politicians from three of the UK’s largest parties have shared conspiracy myths about the coronavirus on social media, including those related to 5G.90

On 09 June 2020, ex-UK Labour member Jackie Walker, who was expelled previously due to antisemitism, tweeted, “Why is the Nazi holocaust more important? We all know the answer!! Because it’s white lives that matter duh!”

On 25 June 2020, shadow education secretary Rebecca Long-Bailey was asked to step down by Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer for sharing an article containing a conspiracy myth. The article was an interview with actor Maxine Peake in , in which Peake claimed that “the tactics used by the police in America, kneeling on George Floyd’s neck, that was learnt from seminars with Israeli secret services.”91

6 CONSPIRACY MYTHS IN RECENT TERRORIST ATTACKS Several attackers in recent years were influenced and motivated, at least in part, to carry out their atrocities by beliefs in conspiracy myths. Below is a short overview of some recent attackers’ beliefs in various conspiracy myths. While it is not always possible to isolate and identify just one motive for carrying out such attacks, conspiratorial thinking is one common link. It is important to note that while not all attackers target Jews and some claim not to be antisemitic, antisemitic conspiracy myths often form a basis of their beliefs.

In July 2011, Norwegian XRW terrorist Anders Behring Breivik carried out a two-part terror attack killing 77 and injuring hundreds. In his 1,500-page manifesto, he describes his fear of and belief in white ethnic replacement by migrants, and it contains a conglomerate of anti- multiculturalist, anti-, and anti-elitist positions held together by conspiracy thinking.92

On 27 October 2018, Robert Bowers opened fire in the Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburgh killing 11 people. An analysis of Bowers social media profile shows that he was heavily influenced by conspiracy myths and conspiratorial thinking, especially related to Jewish world domination and control of governments, economies,

|19 and the media.93 He believed that the migrant caravan working its way through to the USA at the time was a Jewish plot to destabilize America.94

In March 2019, Brenton Tarrant carried out an attack against Muslim worshippers in . In a manifesto entitled “the Great Replacement” posted to social media, the attacker outlined his motivation. That document cited, among other things, the Great

HIAS refers to the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, a Jewish Replacement Myth and Breivik’s ideology as motivators for his attack. organisation supporting refugees. This was Bowers final post before carrying out the attack on the synagogue in Pittsburgh.95 On 27 April 2019, John T. Earnest opened fire on a Chabad synagogue in Poway, San Diego, during Passover services. He was strongly influenced by Tarrant’s attack and manifesto as well as Bower’s Pittsburgh attacks. A letter detailing his motivations was published and included antisemitic conspiracy myths related to Jewish world domination and economic media control.96

On 9 October 2019, Yom Kippur, Stephan Balliet attempted to storm a synagogue in Halle, Germany, with homemade weapons. While his plan ultimately failed, he did manage to murder two people before his arrest. Balliet livestreamed his attack and published a manifesto prior to the incident, in which he mentions several aspects of conspiratorial thinking, including blaming a Jewish conspiracy for his social and economic failures and referring to Jewish-invented .97 He also refers to the ‘Zionist Occupied Government’ in his manifesto, further highlighting his beliefs in conspiracy myths related to Jewish world domination.

In February 2020, Tobias Rathjen carried out a shooting spree targeting Shisha bars in Hanau, Germany, killing three people. In videos and text published prior to the attack, Rathjen outlined his conspiratorial beliefs including his conviction that non-German immigration is a threat to the German people (a variant of the Great Replacement myth).98

While the examples above are mainly of attackers with a more XRW motivation, it is important to note that antisemitism is also a major influencer in religious terrorism with various organisations promoting antisemitic conspiracies. Most recently, the claim that Jews are responsible for the spread of the coronavirus has also been shared by Islamist terrorists including the Taliban.99

20| 7 APPENDICES

7.1 Appendix 1: Examples of Antisemitism and Holocaust Trivialisation Below is a collection of examples of antisemitism and Holocaust trivialisation from various regions

7.1.1 Austria Demonstrations in Austria against the measures to stop the spread of the coronavirus featured a variety of antisemitic and Holocaust trivialising posters and slogans.

One case in which a man held up a sign saying “Impfen macht frei” (comparing vaccinations to the Nazi-era slogan “Arbeit macht frei”) is being investigated by the police.100

During a demonstration in Vienna on April 24, 2020 the demonstrators chanted “We are the Jews”, comparing the measures to stop the spread of the coronavirus with the persecution of the Jews during Nazi Germany.103

101 102 103

7.1.2 Belgium On 7 August 2020, a Belgian newspaper ran a caricature by artist Pierre Kroll that referred to the Orthodox Jewish neighbourhood of Antwerp as “coronavirus village”. The caricature also features an Orthodox Jewish man.

Antisemitic caricature |21 7.1.3 France

On 16 March 2020, a far-right conspiracy channel called “Jean Monnaie” reposted a video of the Great Rabbi of Morocco David Pinto singing and claimed that he was saying that Jews celebrate the death of the Goyim due to coronavirus. Prior to its removal from YouTube, the video had 12K views and was shared on VK, Twitter, and Telegram Telegram, 16 March 2020, No available link, post was removed

Antisemitic caricatures featuring Agnes Buzyn, a Jewish former French Minister of Health, have circulated during the crisis. The caricatures featured her poisoning wells (a centuries-old antisemitic trope) or superimposed on the antisemitic ‘happy merchant’ caricature, which shows a smiling Jewish man rubbing his palms together. Additionally, a Youtube video accused her and her husband, Yves Levy, of withholding possible antidotes to the virus. This resulted in threats that require her to be under police protection.105

Antisemitic influencers Alain Soral and Dieudonné M’bala M’bala have published several videos with antisemitic content blaming Jews for the virus and claiming that they use it for profit.106

On 13 June 2020, participants were heard shouting “dirty Jews” at a demonstration against and police brutality in .

7.1.4 Germany In May, an image on a sticker in Munich compares Dr. Drosten and Dr. Mengele. Dr. Drosten is the head virologist at the Berlin Charité Hospital and is considered one of the most respected German-speaking experts on the topic. Dr. Drosten has been very vocal in his support and recommendation of measures to stop the spread of the coronavirus.

107 108 22| The comparison with Dr. Josef Mengele, an SS doctor known for committing torturous atrocities against Jews and other victims of the Holocaust at Auschwitz, displays a disregard for the actual horrors of the Holocaust and trivialises its extent.

Several participants at the demonstrations took to wearing yellow stars with the word “unvaccinated”, drawing a parallel to the persecution of the Jews during Nazi Germany. It is worthwhile to note that this parallel is unfounded and trivialises the Holocaust.

7.1.5 Greece On 18 March, the Golden Dawn newspaper published an article claiming that the virus frenzy is a tool to save the Zionist-capitalist order.

On 25 March 2020, the web outlet “sfedona.gr” published an open letter signed by 172 Christian fundamentalists, in the region of Corinth, who opposed the measures to confine the spread of the virus, particularly the closing of churches. The letter called upon Bishops to oppose the “plans of the Zionists for world domination through the decrease of population and the implementation of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion”. The GreekHelsinki Monitor filed a report against them for antisemitic hate speech and dissemination.109

On 28 March 2020, an article by Aris Chatzistefanou in the mainstream media EFIMERIDA TON SYNTAKTON published Holocaust trivializing content: “The USA create ‘holocaust’ conditions with the coronavirus”. The article stated, “…Israel has created a chamber for the reproduction of the virus, which could at any moment lead to a holocaust not only of the Palestinians but of several neighboring countries as well, reaching Europe soon...”.

Hard Copy Newspaper: Greek newspaper Makeleio, March 18th, 2020

Hard Copy Newspaper: Chrysi Avgi, Golden Dawn Greek neo-Nazi party) newspaper

|23 Makeleio, a newspaper with a , published an article on 18 March claiming that the “Jew” Rockefeller killed 100 million people with the Spanish flu, implicitly drawing a parallel to the coronavirus and implying that Jews are responsible for the present calamity as well.

On 11 April 2020, Katanixi, a Christian news website, published an article regarding a video uploaded on its YouTube channel (with the same name), in which monk Gabriel (a Mount Athos monk) refers to “the reasons why we should avoid vaccine against coronavirus -control, decrease of the earth population- and reveals the role of the Jews and the Masons”. 110

Several antisemitic articles appeared in the Greek antisemitic newspapers Eleftheria Ora and Makeleio between March and May 2020. Some examples include:

26 March 2020, Eleftheria Ora (front page): “The Protocols of Zion ‘prophesied’ coronavirus – We reveal who and when planned to impose the New Order and the Antichrist on the pretext of the pandemic – Read what the 10th Protocol claims with regard to the control of the planet through hunger, diseases and vaccines”. (The GreekHelsinki Monitor filed a report against the newspaper for dissemination of fake news and antisemitic hate speech on 1 April 2020).111

2 May 2020, Makeleio: “…The Jews, the Israelis, apparently the allies of the Americans, who have the best intelligence in the world, most probably have the vaccine already ready…”

On 10 November 2020, Makeleio front page read “Fearful countdown for the mandatory vaccine in Greece the “poison” of the sinful Pfizer from today’s Mengele” (referring to Pfizer’s Chairman and CEO, Albert Bourla who is Jewish, Greek from Thessaloniki) and “A Jew vet will stick us the needle!” (Bourla is a veterinarian)112.

7.1.6 The Netherlands On 17 October 2020, about 200-300 protesters in the Dutch city of Den Bosch protesting coronavirus restrictions began shouting “Heil Hitler”.113

7.1.7 Poland On 5 March 2020, Adam Gurczyk, the leader of the extreme nationalist group Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski (National Rebirth of Poland) shared an image on Twitter encouraging his followers to greet one another using the Roman Salute, which involves raising arm in a similar fashion to the .114

24| On 9 March 2020, the Perła Hotel and Banquet Centre posted the following message on its Facebook profile: ‘In connection with the threat of the coronavirus pandemic, the Perła hotel has called off all single and group reservations for Hasids.’ One internet user brought to the hotel management’s attention that this post ‘is very awkward and smells of antisemitism. It suggests that it is the Hasids, and not all other guests, who are carriers of the virus’. A representative of the hotel defended the comment and did not delete the message from Facebook.115

On 21 March 2020, several antisemitic comments were posted on Twitter below a video that featured the Israeli ambassador in Poland, Alexander Ben Zwi. The ambassador was informing Israeli citizens travelling in Poland about how to return to their home country amidst the coronavirus pandemic. In response to his statement, delivered in Hebrew, internet users postedcomments (in Polish) such as: - ‘When you leave, Poland will be rid of the worst virus’ - ‘Oh yes… get the f-ck out of here!’ - ‘God speed, you f-cking kikes116’

On 27 March 2020, Dr Ewa Kurek, a controversial author and historian widely considered to be a Holocaust distorter, made antisemitic statements related to the coronavirus during an interview broadcast on YouTube117

On 4 April 2020, an article was posted online presenting an antisemitic vision of the effects of the pandemic in Poland.118

On 7 April 2020, Hanna Kazahari, founder of the Forum for Polish Expatriates in , voiced antisemitic sentiments during a talk hosted on the CEPolska Youtube channel.119

On 8 April 2020, Radio Wnet presented an antisemitic conspiracy myth related to the coronavirus, which is advocated by Holocaust denier .120

For a more comprehensive look at antisemitic and xenophobic incidents focusing on Poland, the Never Again Association has published a report detailing the events.121

7.1.8 Romania On 9 April 2020, Father Francis Dobos, a senior spokesperson for the archdiocese, delivered a filmed Easter greeting in which he spoke about how the disciples of Jesus “feared the Jews,” adding: “And here in the bracket we should read: feared the virus.”122

|25 7.1.9 International Examples In March 2020, ’s Press TV, a leading English-language media outlet backed by the regime, claimed that Zionists are behind the pandemic.123

On 2 February 2020, Saudia Arabia’s Al-Watan published that the coronavirus is a plot hatched by American and Israeli drug companies aimed at increasing their profits.124

On 11 March 2020, Turkish President Tayyip Recep Erdogan’s TV Network program asserted that Jews are to blame for the coronavirus.125

On 9 March 2020, after 30 George University students were quarantined following this year’s AIPAC Policy Conference, increased harassment of Jewish students was reported on campus and its social media feeds were flooded with antisemitic messages. The university subsequently reversed the forced quarantine.126

12 March 2020: a Jewish passenger who flew on the Jet Blue airline reported being harassed by a flight attendant who said that “dirty” Jews were spreading the coronavirus 127

In Goshen, New York, a Jewish man was allegedly denied service at a Toyota garage and told he was “spreading the virus”. A video of the incident, recorded by the victim was posted to The Yeshiva World website.128

On 28 March 2020, in Howell, New Jersey, Anthony Lodespoto was arrested for threatening to physically harm Orthodox Jews for flouting coronavirus restrictions. In a Facebook message to New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy and other officials, Lodespoto said he would travel to heavily Orthodox Lakewood to assault members of the Jewish community with a baseball bat.129

Tehreek-e-Taliban, Pakistan’s branch of the Taliban terrorists, published a “report” regarding the coronavirus. The document’s primary author, Mufti Abu Hisham Masoud, claimrf that Jewish people introduced the virus to rule the world and suggested that they must be stopped at all costs.

Masoud stated: “In the light of this introduction, I would like to argue that the coronavirus, too, is an important part of the war underway in the name of the New World Order. To comprehend this, it is necessary to understand a short background. Since it is a claim of the Jews that they are from among the descendants of the Prophet Sulaiman [Solomon] and Prophet Sulaiman ruled over the entire world, therefore the right to a global governance belongs to the Jews only.” He also claimed, “By bringing the world to a standstill through the virus war, [the Jews] are eager to have their existence accepted.”130

On 13 June 2020, Rapper, actor, and producer Ice Cube posted a series of antisemitic conspiracy theories on Twitter. 131 26| 7.1.9 International Examples In March 2020, Iran’s Press TV, a leading English-language media outlet backed by the regime, claimed that Zionists are behind the pandemic.123

On 2 February 2020, Saudia Arabia’s Al-Watan published that the coronavirus is a plot hatched by American and Israeli drug companies aimed at increasing their profits.124

On 11 March 2020, Turkish President Tayyip Recep Erdogan’s TV Network program asserted that Jews are to blame for the coronavirus.125

On 9 March 2020, after 30 George Washington University students were quarantined following this year’s AIPAC Policy Conference, increased harassment of Jewish students was reported on campus and its social media feeds were flooded with antisemitic messages. The university subsequently reversed the forced quarantine.126

12 March 2020: a Jewish passenger who flew on the Jet Blue airline reported being harassed by a flight attendant who said that “dirty” Jews were spreading the coronavirus 127

In Goshen, New York, a Jewish man was allegedly denied service at a Toyota garage and told he was “spreading the virus”. A video of the incident, recorded by the victim was posted to The Yeshiva World website.128

On 28 March 2020, in Howell, New Jersey, Anthony Lodespoto was arrested for threatening to physically harm Orthodox Jews for flouting coronavirus restrictions. In a Facebook message to New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy and other officials, Lodespoto said he would travel to heavily Orthodox Lakewood to assault members of the Jewish community with a baseball bat.129

Tehreek-e-Taliban, Pakistan’s branch of the Taliban terrorists, published a “report” regarding the coronavirus. The document’s primary author, Mufti Abu Hisham Masoud, claimrf that Jewish people introduced the virus to rule the world and suggested that they must be stopped at all costs.

Masoud stated: “In the light of this introduction, I would like to argue that the coronavirus, too, is an important part of the war underway in the name of the New World Order. To comprehend this, it is necessary to understand a short background. Since it is a claim of the Jews that they are from among the descendants of the Prophet Sulaiman [Solomon] and Prophet Sulaiman ruled over the entire world, therefore the right to a global governance belongs to the Jews only.” He also claimed, “By bringing the world to a standstill through the virus war, [the Jews] are eager to have their existence accepted.”130

On 13 June 2020, Rapper, actor, and producer Ice Cube posted a series of antisemitic conspiracy theories on Twitter. 131 |27 7.1.10 Online This section provides several examples posted online or in messaging groups.

From German: Through Corona to a World-State. It is a small rootless international clique that sets people against one another, that do not want them to come to peace, in order to set up their New World Order out of the chaos. Say yes to your people and to the people of this Earth 132

4chan, 5 April 2020 https://boards.4chan.org/pol/10/23/thread/ thread/249309338/9

From German: Through Corona to a World-State. It is a small rootless international clique that sets people against one another, that do not want them to come to peace, in order to set up their New World Order out of the chaos. Say yes to your people and to the people of this Earth132

From German: They want many dead! Everyone that wears a mask (partially in cars) are in danger of becoming sick or dying early, because they are constantly breathing in their own emissions. If you have to wear a mask for work, make holes in the folds. Take care of your health. That is the most important good!

28| From German: Attention: The whole world is talking about Kill Bill Gates and Adolf Merkel! But in truth it is not about Germany but world dominion! Actually, they just want to change the statutes! Because THEY have always had the world dominance, the beings behind the matrix! And their henchmen, the freemasons of this world, are now deciding on new house rules! We were all once in open slavery, now for a few centuries, not that long, in hidden slavery and now we are going back into an open slavery! The backers of Kill Bill have so much money- in comparison Kill Bill is a janitor! Behind Kill Pill Gates stand family dynasties like Rockefellers, Rothschilds, Warburgs, and other families whose names are unknown, they have several trillions! That means several 1000 billions! Note: Kill Bill / Kill Pill Gates refers to Bill Gates.

|29 7.1.11 Zoombombing and Antisemitic Threats The Greater Boston Chapter of the National Conference of Synagogue Youth, an Orthodox Jewish movement, was Zoombombed during a webinar it about antisemitism on 24 March 2020, with US Deputy Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating Antisemitism Ellie Cohanim. As the webinar concluded, notorious antisemite Andrew Alan Escher Auernheimer intruded into the session and pulled down his shirt collar to reveal a tattoo on his chest. The webinar was advertised on the NCSY chapter’s website and on Facebook and Twitter, which likely gave Auernheimer advance notice and access33.

https://t.me/politically_incorrect/9503

https://t.me/shitlords_inc/14

30| APPENDIX 2: INFLUENCERS

7.2.1 Eva Herman Eva Herman is a disgraced newsreader from the network ‘Tagesschau’ who has published increasingly extreme and conspiratorial views over the past years and as a result has seen an increase in followers. She originally lost her job following comments made in public praising the family policies during the Third Reich.134 Her Telegram channel has more than 105K subscribers135 and is filled with conspiracy myths and links to conspiratorial claims. Although she rarely shares her own comments on the topic or comments on the links she shares, several posts shared blame Jews. Due to her previous position as a popular news anchor, her propaganda against the media and claims targeting mainstream media are given more credence.136

15 February 2020: A link to a YouTube video with conspiratorial claims. The headline reads: “Biotech company ‘discovers’ Corona-vaccine: The Rothschild-Epstein-Gates- Darpa connection”

31 March 2020: A link to an article with the headline “Muslim preacher: Coronavirus spread by Jews.”

|31 7.2.2 Ken Jebsen - KenFM Ken Jebsen was a radio moderator for the German radio show ‘Radio Fritz’, which is a part of the ARD group, but lost his job in 2011 following antisemitic comments he made. Currently, he hosts a social media show called ‘KenFM’.137 His YouTube channel has 477K subscribers,138 while his Telegram account has 16.1K. A video blaming the current crisis on an American elite group of people shared on his YouTube channel on May 3 received more than 3 million views in ten days.139 He was one of the speakers at the demonstration in Stuttgart.

7.2.3 Attila Hildmann Attila Hildmann is a successful vegan chef and cookbook author. He has 130K likes on Facebook and had 65.6K followers on prior to his account being banned.140 His Telegram account has 119K subscribers.

During the coronavirus pandemic, he has published increasingly extreme conspiracy myths,141 claiming that he is willing to die in the fight for his freedom and including blame for the Jews on his channel.

Hildmann was also one of the individuals calling for demonstrations in front of the Reichstag and was one of 30 people arrested by police during the demonstration in Berlin on 9 May 2020 – he was released shortly afterwards.142

As a result of his extremist views, several stores have recently stopped carrying his product lines.143

From German: We are warriors with codex. The Satanists are afraid because we are better fighters. Thanks brother! All democrats collect your energy and 32| don’t get angry about their propaganda. You need all your energy for the fight! From German: They will try and murder me, it is part of their history. If they come too close to me, I will take a few of them with me and my fight was worth it and I will die with my head held high like a Samurai in war: An honourable death like the Bushido Code! I am not afraid of them! If they win, they will enslave you and murder many of you! Let us fight together, then we have a chance against them!

Translation: If I die in the fight for our freedom, then only with a weapon in my hand and my head held high! But it will have been worth it, for the truth will have been shown! I would prefer to die in a fight for freedom than lose my freedom and be a slave forever. On the other hand: This fight can also provide us with political power if we do it cleverly.

Translation: Whoever knows that he truthfully fights for justice, democracy, and freedom cannot be broken! We are firm as a rock during these times of lies and propaganda! Walk the streets with your head held high and stand for our values PEACEFULLY! DON’T LET THEM TELL YOU ANYTHING ANYMORE! Focus all democratic powers! A small dirty elite will have no chance against us! If the politicians continue to spread their self-serving propaganda and want to bury democracy through quick laws, we will chase them out of the parliaments! If the media wants to continue to spread lies and faked statistics, we will ring the bell at their editorial offices! If the virologists continue to lie, we will visit their laboratories! If the pharma companies want to give you their eugenics-vaccinations under the cover of health, we will ensure that they must inject themselves first! 83 MILLION GERMANS WILL RISE UP LIKE A STORM OF JUSTICE!

| 33 On Sunday 7 June 2020, Hildmann published a series of polls on his Telegram channel. The polls asked questions such as “Who is behind Gates” (meaning Bill Gates) and give options such as “No one” and “the Zionists”. Another poses the question “Does a Jewish world conspiracy exist?” and gives two options: “Yes” or “No, it is more precise to call it a Zionist world conspiracy”. These blanket statements allow Hildmann to insinuate the antisemitic statement to his followers without directly making the statements himself.

He also often insinuates or states that Bill Gates is Jewish.

From German: “Who is behind the bad conscience that you have been given since 1945?” Option1: “Human rights people” Option 2: “Zionists like Soros” “Germany and the Germans are supposed to be destroyed! They have lied and cheated you since 45, all of this is a global agenda and it peaks with Gates injections, he is btw also a member of the Soros-Clique”

From German: Is it Antisemitism if I show that Zionists rule the UN? Option 1: Yes Option 2: No, it is not Antisemitism but fact 34| From German: The Zionists are financially responsible for everything and they own the World Bank, the UN and all UN authorities…the communists are only their helpers and are happy about the increase in power…the Transhumanists can test their technologies on humans and the Satanists celebrate because suffering, misery, and the end of the world is what they have always wanted!

From German: The Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Warburgs, and other Zionists are the top Corona-criminals! Hitler fought against them, but he generalized and referred to them as the ‘Finance Jewry’ although it is only a small group of rich Zionists that are also criticized by other Jews and consider other Jews as ‘lower Jews’. They financed Hitler to free themselves from the ‘lower Jews’. The cards in the concentration camps were from IBM and IBM is controlled by the Zionists! They always finance both sides of a war and when Hitler became too strong for them, they provided the Russians with tanks and weapons to defeat Hitler from the East. This is known as the two-front war. From the west came the allies and from the east came the Russians. They wrote the history and represented Hitler as personified evil while hiding their own involvement in the war!

| 35 7.2.4 Xavier Naidoo Naidoo is a successful German soul and R&B singer/songwriter, record producer, and occasional actor. He has been involved in several controversies, including for the use of antisemitic tropes in some of his songs. During the Coronavirus pandemic, he has been sharing mainly conspiracy myths on his Telegram account (109K subscribers), including recent mentions of the ‘Zentralrat der Juden’. He also shared an image, initially shared by Attila Hildmann, referencing cabals and mentioning Judaism and Kabbalah. Beneath the image is written, “only who knows their enemy will be able to defeat them.” Naidoo added ‘Jews? Is the Judaens?” below it.

Translation: An image of text defining the word ‘cabal’, explaining that the word originates from the Hebrew word ‘Kabbalah’ (a mythical secret teaching in Judaism). Attila Hildmann initially shared this, with the comment “Only who knows the enemy, can defeat them.” Xavier Naidoo shared this to his followers, adding several questions: “Judaism? Are they the Judaens? Who is King Bulan? Who is Professor Shlomo Sand? Who are the Judaens? Who is a semite? Identitytheft? There are no semites in the Zentralrat der Juden. B’nai Brith. Ashkenazi is a descendent of Japhet, not Shem. Kush is a descendent of Ham. Who are the people in Israel?”

On 24 May 2020, the state criminal police office of Baden- Württemberg opened an investigation into Xavier Naidoo for possible incitement of the masses including Holocaust denial, due to content shared on his Telegram channel144.

25 May 2020

36| 7.2.5 Oliver Janich Oliver Janich is a German journalist and right-wing conspiracist. His Telegram145 channel has 114K subscribers, and his YouTube146 account has 143K subscribers. His videos on YouTube almost all have several hundred thousand views and include antisemitic conspiracies blaming Rothschild, Soros, and Bloomberg for various aspects of the Coronavirus and linking them to the NWO.147

7.3 Appendix 3: XRW attendance at Demonstrations

PLACE XRW GROUP / INDIVIDUAL INVOLVEMENT DESCRIPTION Nuremberg Deutsche Patrioten (German Attending + arguing with police XRW / Neo-Nazi group Patriots) Die Rechte Attending + calls for supporters to Neo-Nazi Political Party attend Dortmund Unnamed Neo-Nazi Attack on reporter Düsseldorf Bruderschaft Deutschland Attending XRW / Neo-Nazi group (Brotherhood Germany)148 Stuttgart Nationaler Widerstand (National Steward Duty XRW / Neo-Nazi group Resistance) Stuttgart YouTubers: Antisemites / connections Ken Jebsen & Nikolai Nerling to XRW Berlin Hooligans Attending + chants such as ‘resistance’ and ‘Volksverräter’ (Traitor of the People – A common Nazi term) Berlin ‘Staatenlos’ (Stateless) Attending + organizers (unofficial) XRW ‘Reichsbürger’ (Citiziens of the Reich) movement149 Berlin Gerd Walther Attending + interview in which he Holocaust Denier explains that Jews are responsible for installing the NWO150 Munich Dritte Weg Attending + Speaker151 Neo-Nazi Political Party Munich Wodans Erben (Soldiers of Attending XRW Neighbourhood Odin) Watch (continued) |37 PLACE XRW GROUP / INDIVIDUAL INVOLVEMENT DESCRIPTION Hamm Die Rechte152 Attending Neo-Nazi Political Party Hamm Kameradschaft Hamm (ex-mem- Attending Banned Neo-Nazi bers)153 organization, members now mostly active in die Rechte Vienna, Austria Martin Sellner154 Attending + interviewing people XRW influencer and leader of the Identity Movement

156

158 38| 155 PLACE XRW GROUP / INDIVIDUAL INVOLVEMENT DESCRIPTION

156

157

|39 7.4 Appendix 4: Google Trends Graphs

40| |41 1. SOURCES

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48| Appendix 5: Abbreviations

XRW= extreme right wing

NWO = New World Order

ZOG = Zionist Occupied Government

AFD = Alternative für Deutschland (), a far-right political party in Germany

NPD = Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic Party of Germany) an XRW political party in Germany

FPÖ = Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (Freedom Party of Austria) a far- right political party in Austria

BZÖ = Bündnis ZukunftÖsterreichs (Alliance for the Future of Austria) a far-right political party in Austria