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Democratic Disaster Risk Management and Pandemic Control Democratic Disaster Risk Management andTitel Pandemic Control Socio‐Political Debates on Civil Liberties during the SARS‐CoV‐2 Pandemic with Examples from Armenia and Germany Untertitel Academy of the Disaster Research Unit (ADRU) ADRU Report No. 10 SaraKFS Working T. Merkes Paper Nr. AutorŞermin 1, Titel Güven AutorMartin 2, TitelVoss , Prof. Dr. © 2021 ADRU ‐ All rights reserved The authors are solely responsible for the content of the document. Any commercial use of the documents, including parts and excerpts, is expressly prohibited without prior consultation and permission by the authors. Citation: Merkes, Sara T.; Güven, Şermin; Voss, Martin (2021). Democratic Disaster Risk Management and Pandemic Control: Socio‐Political Debates on Civil Liberties during the SARS‐CoV‐2 Pandemic with Examples from Armenia and Germany. AKFS Report Nr. 10. Berlin: AKFS. Akademie der Katastrophenforschungsstelle (AKFS) gGmbH c/o Katastrophenforschungsstelle Carl‐Heinrich‐Becker‐Weg 6‐10 12165 Berlin Academy of the Disaster Research Unit | AKFS Report | Nr. 10 | 2021 I Abstract In the year of 2020 and beyond, the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic both challenged and at times even overwhelmed health protection systems around the world. Choices by governments for containment and control strategies of the pandemic shaped political discourse and practices, public debates, as well as peoples’ daily lives. This report investigates the twofold manner in which societies and political systems address emergency situations, taking Armenia and Germany as two comparative examples. First, it presents the state of the art of research on democracy and disaster as well as pandemic management. This chapter closes with characteristics of democratic disaster management based on the literature review. Second, it analyses the issues of public discourse surrounding democracy and the pandemic, which were particularly prominent topics in Armenian and German media in the year of 2020. In concluding, a discussion provides insights on the similarities and differences between political, public, and media discourses in the two countries which significantly differ in their state of democracy and democratic history. Keywords: SARS‐CoV‐2, COVID‐19, pandemic control, disaster risk management, participation, democracy, civil liberties, protest, conflict, solidarity, cohesion, Armenia, Germany II Merkes, Sara T.; Güven, Şermin; Voss, Martin | Democratic Disaster Risk Management and Pandemic Control Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... I Lists of tables, figures and acronyms .............................................................................................. IV Executive summary ........................................................................................................................ VI 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 2 Research review: DRM and democracy ....................................................................................... 4 Characteristics of democratic pandemic control and disaster risk management .................. 5 Challenges and strengths .................................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Effectiveness and efficiency in loss reduction: Affectedness, test rates, death tolls, economic shock absorption ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 Choice and effectiveness of measures: State of emergency declarations, social distancing, restriction of individual freedoms, mobility reduction ....................................................... 13 2.2.3 Axioms of democratic disaster and risk management and pathways for overcoming authoritarian advantages .................................................................................................... 14 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 18 3 Debates in Armenia .................................................................................................................. 19 Methodology and sources ................................................................................................. 19 3.1.1 Armenian media landscape ................................................................................................. 19 3.1.2 Methodological approach ................................................................................................... 21 The pandemic in Armenia at a glance ................................................................................ 25 Media debates: Pandemic and democracy in Armenia ....................................................... 27 3.3.1 Restrictions under the state of emergency ......................................................................... 28 3.3.2 Limitations of the freedoms of information and press ....................................................... 40 3.3.3 Protest activities and bans under the emergency regime .................................................. 45 3.3.4 Penalties for the violation of pandemic measures .............................................................. 55 3.3.5 The constitutional court crisis and judicial investigations .................................................. 56 3.3.6 The constitutional referendum in Armenia and elections in the Republic of Artsakh ........ 59 3.3.7 Democratic system transitioning and challenges ................................................................ 59 3.3.8 Accountability for pandemic management ......................................................................... 61 3.3.9 International support and accountability for democracy ................................................... 61 3.3.10 Restrictions of individual freedoms via quarantine and self‐isolation measures ............... 63 3.3.11 Data protection versus pandemic management ................................................................. 64 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 68 Academy of the Disaster Research Unit | AKFS Report | Nr. 10 | 2021 III 4 Debates in Germany ................................................................................................................. 71 Methodology, sources and press landscape in Germany .................................................... 71 The pandemic in Germany ................................................................................................. 74 Media debates: Pandemic and democracy ........................................................................ 75 4.3.1 Pandemic restrictions: The example of Berlin .................................................................... 76 4.3.2 Debate on centralism vs. federalism ................................................................................... 80 4.3.3 Role of Parliament ............................................................................................................... 81 4.3.4 Infection Protection Act ...................................................................................................... 81 4.3.5 Acceptance of the measures ............................................................................................... 82 4.3.6 Vaccination .......................................................................................................................... 82 4.3.7 Practice of religion ............................................................................................................... 85 4.3.8 Protest activities and bans of demonstrations .................................................................... 85 4.3.9 Monitoring of the Querdenker movement by the intelligence service .............................. 88 4.3.10 State authority and restrictions of individual freedom ....................................................... 89 4.3.11 Data protection versus pandemic containment .................................................................. 91 4.3.12 Competition of political systems ......................................................................................... 92 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 93 5 Discussion and conclusion ........................................................................................................ 95 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 101 Impressum .................................................................................................................................. 127 IV Merkes, Sara T.; Güven, Şermin; Voss, Martin | Democratic Disaster Risk Management and Pandemic Control Lists of tables, figures and acronyms Tables Table 1: Pandemic control and potential interference with certain citizen rights, fundamental freedoms and societal norms (exemplary) .............................................................................................................. 2 Table 2: Authoritarian and democratic disaster management options ................................................ 15 Table 3: Sources consulted for media analysis .....................................................................................
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