Spring 2004

THOMAS JEFFERSON NATIONAL ACCELERATOR FACILITY • A DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY FACILITY

12 GeV on the horizon Department of Energy approves ‘mission need’ for upgrading CEBAF eputy Secretary of Energy Kyle CEBAF electron beam from its current DMcSlarrow traveled to Jefferson level near 6 GeV to 12 GeV (billion Lab April 19 to announce that the electron volts), build a fourth experi- Department of Energy had established mental hall, and upgrade detector capa- a “mission need” for upgrading the bilities in the three existing experimen- Lab’s Continuous Electron Beam tal halls. Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) and its “Approval of CD-0 for the CEBAF experimental capabilities. During an Upgrade is an important and critical All Staff Meeting that morning, step in building Jefferson Lab’s future,” McSlarrow told Lab employees, visit- said Lab Director Christoph Leemann. Anthony (Tony) W. Thomas ing officials and members of the news “With the 12 GeV Upgrade, Jefferson JLab Chief Scientist and media that DOE had approved the Lab will be firmly anchored as a world Theory Group Head Critical Decision Zero — or CD-0 — leader in the field of hadronic document for the proposed CEBAF for many years to come.” 12 GeV Upgrade. Anthony Thomas is “Today marks a special day for all The proposed Upgrade at Jefferson of those within the Lab, among our sci- JLab’s new Chief Lab would double the energy of the entists, at our universities and in our Scientist, Theory head Continued on page 4 nthony (Tony) W. Thomas has Aassumed the mantle of Jefferson Lab Chief Scientist, bringing his 30+ years of experience in nuclear and par- ticle physics to the Lab. "Tony's interests and expertise in nuclear theory make him an ideal choice for Jefferson Lab's Chief Scientist. He deeply understands the vital connections between experiment, theory, and advanced computation and simulation, and he will be instrumen- tal in bringing this vision to its full development,” says Christoph Leemann, Jefferson Lab Director. Jefferson Lab has been without a Chief Scientist since Nathan Isgur’s death in 2001. Dr. Thomas has held positions at Deputy Secretary of Energy Kyle McSlarrow announced the Department of Energy’s approval of Jefferson Lab’s Accelerator Upgrade at an All Staff meeting CERN, TRIUMF and the University held April 19 at the Lab. Listening as Deputy Secretary McSlarrow makes his of British Columbia. In his most announcement is (left to right) Congresswoman Jo Ann Davis, Congressman Continued on page 2 Robert C. “Bobby” Scott, Senator John Warner, and Lab Director Christoph Leemann. Continued from page 1 recent position, at the University of dance of and inside Adelaide, he was the Elder Professor atoms constitutes nucleons; establish- of Physics in the Department of ing the existence of the pentaquark, its Physics and Mathematical Physics, properties, and other possible pen- where he also served as Director of the taquark states; searching for hints of Special Research Centre for the changes in the structure of bound pro- JLab welcomes Subatomic Structure of Matter, tons and neutrons, a precursor to the Director of the Australia National “melting” of protons and neutrons into Institute for Theoretical Physics, a - plasma at high densities; Tony Thomas Physics Department Chair and and searching for exotic . Associate Dean of the Faculty of Another of Thomas’ top priorities is as new Chief Science. laying the groundwork for the experi- “If you ask where we are getting mental program that will be made pos- Scientist... new information on the structure of sible by the 12 GeV Upgrade. matter, this is the key place. Jefferson "Amongst the many exciting possibili- Lab is elucidating the structure of ties, we are looking for new insights hadronic matter using the electromag- into proton structure through the mea- netic interaction — this is experimen- surement of virtual Compton scattering tal science at its best. Especially with and generalized parton distributions,” the opportunity to move to higher he says. energies, it's an exciting time to be Thomas also acknowledged the here,” he says. practical benefits in applied science As Chief Scientist, Thomas will that have been made possible by the guide JLab’s experimental program, basic science program. “The Lab also providing guidance on the direction of has a broader program in applied sci- the Lab’s experimental and theoretical ence. And part of my job is to encour- programs. “I’m working with the user age the things that are really first rate community and theorists to make the in applications of deep ultraviolet light scientific program the very best it can at the FEL or Terahertz radiation, in be. In these times, even this lab has biology and condensed matter physics, limited resources, and so they have to and other programs. So it's not just be devoted to the science that's really nuclear physics, though that's clearly cutting edge,” he notes. the main mission of the Lab,” he Some of the topics Thomas thinks explains. are most important to the Lab include Thomas is also Jefferson Lab’s new further research on how the complex Theory Group Leader. “The theory group at a lab like this is very impor- tant. It provides intellectual leadership for the experimental program. When it comes to judging a Lab’s scientific program, it's a balance between tech- nology, the questions that interest the experimenters, and what is best able to be interpreted theoretically — what will give theory the next kick forward. So the theory group has many roles,” Thomas notes. One major goal Thomas has for the Theory Group is the establishment of the Excited Analysis Center (EBAC). The Center will study the many states of the pentaquark, and other , that the quark model predicts are possible. “The Center was one of the things that was proposed just before I arrived, and I hope to see Continued on page 16

2 ON TARGET • Spring 2004 Dear Colleagues: Building on the significant scientif- user facility “overwhelming national ic accomplishments in the Nuclear user interest and program need” must be Physics program, our unique core com- demonstrated. petencies and the advances we have During a lengthy discussion on the made in areas such as superconducting Lab’s safety performance, Dr. Orbach radiofrequency (SRF), the Spallation expressed his concern over the Lab’s Neutron Source (SNS) and the Free- safety record, which is among the poor- Electron Laser (FEL) we are beginning est of all the national labs. He and an exciting new chapter in the life of other DOE managers view the Lab’s Jefferson Lab. A large part of preparing high number of safety incidents and for the future is developing a vision near-misses as indicators of inattention that is consistent with the Office of that could lead to potential serious Science and Department of Energy’s injury. Lab management is working goals, and putting the people and sys- with specialized teams to assess the tems in place to attain that vision. We issues, identify causes and develop have made progress in several of those approaches that will improve safety per- areas and I want to use this column to formance. Reports on these initiatives update you on these developments. will be the subject of future columns as Jefferson Lab’s Institutional Plan, we progress in these efforts. the document that describes long range Another noteworthy event in the plans for the Lab and its programs, is context of Jefferson Lab’s future was reviewed by DOE to ensure alignment the April 19 signing of the CD-0 for our with DOE’s mission. Dr. Ray Orbach, 12 GeV Upgrade, attended by DOE Christoph Leemann Director of the Office of Science, dur- Deputy Secretary Kyle McSlarrow, Jefferson Lab Director ing a recent visit to Jefferson Lab Senator John Warner and expressed support for the Lab’s vision Representatives Jo Ann Davis and of the future and complimented the Lab Bobby Scott. This is the critical mile- on its alignment of program plans with stone needed for the Lab to proceed in the 20-year plan for the Office of preparing a Conceptual Design Report Major events set Science. He recognized the Lab’s (CDR) for the project. The 12 GeV excellent relationships with our local Upgrade will extend the scientific reach stage for Lab’s and regional communities and the of Jefferson Lab, allowing us to contin- Virginia delegation and noted the posi- ue producing world-class scientific future; highlight tive influence these relationships have research well into the third decade of had in securing Jefferson Lab’s future. this century. We have assembled an ini- areas needing Dr. Orbach was very upbeat about tial project team, with Dr. Allison Lung Jefferson Lab’s future, stating that the 6 serving as Interim Project Director. work GeV experimental program will posi- Another important milestone has tion the Lab at the forefront of nuclear been the recent hiring of a Chief physics for several more years and the Scientist. Dr. Anthony W. Thomas, 12 GeV Upgrade will address key sci- from the University of Adelaide, has entific questions in the coming decades joined us at Jefferson Lab and his beyond the reach of the current enthusiasm for our programs and strong From machine. Orbach also recognized leadership will play a critical role in Jefferson Lab’s SRF capability and the shaping the scientific future of Jefferson Lattice Lab. Working with the scientific leader- the (QCD) collaboration as critical enablers ship team, Tony will help to ensure that for the future of science in our nation. we are pursuing and delivering the best He reiterated the important contribution science and taking full advantage of our Director Jefferson Lab is making to the SNS unique capabilities and facilities. We are project and emphasized that the sched- indeed fortunate to have attracted a sci- ule must be held, given the high profile entist of his international reputation. the project has both with the scientific With these recent developments, community and in Congress. Pat and the talented and dedicated staff we Dehmer, Program Manager for Basic have here, Jefferson Lab is well-posi- Energy Sciences, was impressed with tioned to provide leadership in science the scientific and technical accomplish- and technology to our nation and the ments of the FEL facility, but stated world for decades to come. that for the Lab to become a DOE/BES

Spring 2004 • ON TARGET 3

Continued from page 1 state and local community, who have acceptance of the Lab’s plan, it does worked so diligently toward this point,” allow Lab managers to proceed with DOE approves he continued. “I am confident that with conceptual design of the Upgrade and the 12 GeV Upgrade, this facility will to submit an acquisition plan and pro- continue to produce ever more fascinat- ject execution plan with a projected mission need for ing science.” budget. The Upgrade will allow Jefferson A CD-0 for a DOE scientific user JLab’s 12 GeV Lab to pursue with even greater preci- facility construction project is only sion its primary mission of studying the authorized following a rigorous Upgrade... basic building blocks of matter: quarks review of the justification for a mis- and gluons. In simplest terms, these sion need for the facility and a man- elementary particles combine to form agement strategy for acquiring it. The protons and neutrons, which, together purpose of the phased critical deci- with electrons, make up all the atoms in sion process is to provide structured the universe. By studying the properties management review of project readi- of these fundamental particles, how ness prior to each major step in pro- they interact to form matter and what ject acquisition. forces mediate these interactions, future If JLab receives final approval 12 GeV experiments will make signifi- from DOE, the Upgrade would repre- cant contributions to the fundamental sent an investment of more than $200 understanding of matter beyond current million and would bring 40 perma- theory. nent jobs to the Lab. During his announcement, Deputy Then, on May 7, Lab Director Secretary McSlarrow called Jefferson Christoph Leemann announced his Lab “superb.” He said, “You have appointment of Assistant Director every reason to be extremely proud of Allison Lung as the 12 GeV Upgrade what has been built here… and the peo- Interim Project Director. “With the ple who work here, as innovators and April signing of CD-0 for the 12 GeV leaders in fundamental nuclear physics Upgrade, the Lab can officially research without parallel.” launch this exciting project,” he said. He discussed DOE’s 20-year facili- “I am delighted that Allison Lung has ty plan, unveiled in November 2003 by agreed to serve as Interim Project Near the end of their tour on April 19, Secretary Spencer Abraham and the Director. She has full authority and Deputy Secretary of Energy Kyle need for future U.S. scientific-research responsibility to develop and imple- McSlarrow (left to right), converses facilities. Then on behalf of Secretary ment the Lab strategy for successful- with Lab Director Christoph Leemann Abraham, McSlarrow announced that ly meeting the scientific and technical and Senator John Warner. DOE had approved the formal mission goals of the Upgrade.” need for the upgrade of the “The 12 GeV Upgrade presents a Continuous Electron Beam tremendous opportunity for Jefferson Accelerator Facility. “CEBAF Lab to continue producing world- will be in the future — as it is class scientific research well into the today — one of the premier third decade of this century. nuclear physics machines in the Achieving this goal, while maintain- world,” he said. ing our high standards for the present DOE’s facilities plan, research program, will require the Facilities for the Future of focused dedication and commitment Science: A Twenty-Year of every member of our staff and user Outlook, identified the CEBAF community. I have every confidence 12 GeV Upgrade as a near-term that under Allison’s leadership, the priority and listed it seventh in Jefferson Lab community will rise to a field of 28 projects. the challenge required for success.” CD-0 is the first of five Visit Jefferson Lab’s web site for “critical decisions” that govern additional information: construction of DOE facilities http://www.jlab.org/div_dept/dir_off/ and projects. While this level of public_affairs/news_releases/2004/ approval does not guarantee 04upgrade.html.

4 ON TARGET • Spring 2004 D add 5 add accelerating experimental modules hall existing ith the 12 GeV Upgrade, scientists plan to linear accelerator Waddress one of the great mysteries of modern physics — the mechanism that "confines" quarks together. According to a fundamental theory of , the force that binds quarks together — the strong force — is so powerful that no quark can ever be found alone. Until recently, quarks had only been seen in pairs existing linear (particles called mesons) and in triplets accelerator (particles called baryons: protons A add 5 and neutrons are baryons). But upgrade B accelerating other quark combinations are existing C add modules theoretically possible. For experimental bending instance, recent experiments halls magnets have shown evidence of a five- quark particle (dubbed the pentaquark). The new experimental hall (Hall D) aims to produce exotic or hybrid More about mesons. These exotic mesons are produced by exciting the gluons, the strong force or “glue” that binds quarks together. Though predicted by theory, many of these exotic mesons have never been seen before, and the science identifying them and their properties will provide information on the strong force and how it confines quarks. The Upgrade will also enable scientists to research the fundamental behind structure of protons and neutrons (collectively called nucleons). By the mid-1970s, scientists knew that nucleons were made up of three quarks held together by gluons. We now know that a more complex system the 12 GeV exists, with both quarks and gluons moving at nearly light speed and quarks and anti-quarks popping in and out of existence. The higher Upgrade energy and new detectors of the 12 GeV Upgrade will allow scientists to probe how all of these particles interact to determine a nucleon’s basic properties — its mass, spin and how it interacts with other particles around it. Another physics puzzle of the atomic nucleus is how protons and neutrons bind together to form the nucleus. One idea is that, when nucleons are close together, the strong force binding quarks together inside a nucleon is so strong that it can leak out, binding it to other nucleons. Another idea is that protons and neutrons swap quarks, and this exchange binds nucleons together. The Upgrade will allow scientists to further study how nucleons interact and determine the mechanism that binds them together. An upgraded CEBAF will also allow physicists to study the limits of the “Standard Model,” a theory that describes fundamental particles and their interactions. So far, tests of this model have shown that it’s accu- rate. The Upgrade will open new opportunities for probing the model’s limits. Discovering where it fails will allow physicists to develop ever more accurate and inclusive theories of matter, giving them insights into the fundamental particles that comprise the world around us. These experiments, and others, contribute to Jefferson Lab’s goal to push the knowledge of nuclear physics beyond current theory by study- ing the properties of fundamental particles, how these particles interact to form matter and what forces mediate these interactions. Upgrade plans call for a continuation of the research programs in the Lab’s three existing experimental halls (Hall A, Hall B and Hall C), as well as the building of a fourth hall (Hall D).

Spring 2004 • ON TARGET 5

efferson Lab management received managers including: Dennis Kovar, Jvery positive feedback on the Lab’s Associate Director of Nuclear Physics; long-range vision, research program, Robin Staffin, Associate Director of effective use of SciDAC (Scientific High Energy Physics; Ed Oliver, Discovery through Advanced Advanced Scientific Computing Computing) funding, and its strong Research; and Pat Dehmer, Associate relationships with partner universities Director of Basic Energy Sciences. On-Site and the local and regional communi- Briefings and topics of discussion ties, during the Department of included JLab’s nuclear physics vision Energy’s On-Site Review held here for research at 6 GeV (billion electron Review April 2. There were also frank com- volts), the 12 GeV Upgrade and sci- ments about JLab’s poor worker safety ence at the higher energy, and the record. research JLab could potentially move Presiding over the review was Dr. into with an electron ion collider in the Ray Orbach, Director of the Office of more distant future. Orbach and Kovar Science. He and other DOE officials encouraged Lab leadership to actively DOE visits and visiting review panel members pursue a strong international user col- were impressed with JLab and its sci- laboration for the 12 GeV science pro- JLab; discusses entific research program and Long gram. Range Plan. At the outset of the The Lattice QCD (Quantum range of activities review, Orbach announced that Chomodynamics) efforts earned praise, Deputy Energy Secretary Kyle with Staffin saying he “greatly appreci- from scientific McSlarrow would come to the Lab ates the work JLab is doing in LQCD.” later in April to sign Critical Decision The Lab’s vision for its core com- program to long- Zero for the 12 GeV Upgrade “to give petencies were discussed, including JLab the attention and respect it superconducting radiofrequency tech- deserves.” (See CD-0 event story nology and the upgraded Free-Electron range planning beginning on page 1.) Laser. The review team strongly The review agenda included ses- encouraged the Lab to continue build- sions for senior Lab management to ing on its core competencies in order discuss a wide range of topics with to ensure that these capabilities will be Orbach, and senior Office of Science available for future DOE projects. At the request of Orbach, JLab presented a proposal for the Lab to become the U.S. Center of Excellence for SRF capabilities. The phased approach would allow the Lab to develop the technical capabilities needed to suc- cessfully realize DOE’s 20-year facili- ties plan. Dehmer described JLab’s phased approach to developing the SRF tech- nology as “a good approach that looks reasonable.” Kovar commented that Jefferson Lab is a primary center for SRF and should coordinate a national effort to develop the technology. He also spoke of the need to continue building on the nation’s investment in SRF technology. The panel complimented the Lab’s work in support of the Spallation Neutron Source. They emphasized the Ray Orbach, Director of DOE’s Office of Lab’s need to hold to its SNS cry- Science (left to right), comments during omodule production schedule. The pro- the recent On-Site Review. Office of ject is highly visible to stakeholders Science managers Dennis Kovar, around the nation and its success in Associate Director of Nuclear Physics, delivering performance on cost and and Robin Staffin, Associate Director of schedule will impact future DOE projects. High Energy Physics, also participated in the review. Continued on next page 6 ON TARGET • Spring 2004

reating a productive, yet safe, Cwork environment is one of JLab’s highest priorities. But accord- ing to JLab’s safety statistics, TRC and DART, the Lab has a long way to go before realizing this goal. What are TRC and DART? TRC (Total Recordable Case Rate) is the number of recordable TRC and accidents per 200,000 hours worked. A recordable accident is one that requires more than basic first aide DART: treatment (this is defined by OSHA and includes a list of 14 measures). Tracking JLab’s Two hundred thousand hours is the average work-time per year put in by 100 people working 40 hours a week, safety 50 weeks a year. DART (Days Away, Restricted or performance Transferred Case Rate) is the number of incidents per 200,000 hours worked that result in lost work days, TRC was 1.8, and the Lab’s DART restricted work days (the worker can- was 1.2, placing Jefferson Lab next to not perform all of his/her normal last among Office of Science facilities duties) or days in which the worker is in safety performance. transferred to alternate duties to The DOE Office of Science goal accommodate an injury. is for all of its laboratories to have DOE’s Office of Science uses TRC and DART numbers that fall into these statistics to rate the safety per- its “outstanding” rating level. TRC and formance of its facilities. In the first DART rating categories are presented quarter of fiscal year 2004, JLab's in detail on JLab’s Intranet Insider page.

On-Site Review. . . Continued from previous page The FEL earned praise from for safety of the 10 Office of Science Dehmer, “The facility is superb,” she laboratories. said. “JLab talent and Department of Safety is a Defense funding resulted in a wonder- high-priority issue ful partnership.” She added that ener- for DOE and the gy-recovery linac technology is critical national labs, and for future-generation lasers. She hopes plans are underway to invest in a small program to devel- within the Office op ERL technology across agencies. of Science to begin While impressed with the scientific weighting laborato- and technical accomplishments of the ry safety metrics FEL, she said that in order to receive within the laborato- BES funding, the Lab would need to ries’ annual perfor- “demonstrate enormous national user mance rating system. Ray Orbach Jefferson Lab’s senior leadership par- ticipated in the On-Site Review brief- interest and program need.” emphasized that “cutting corners ings and discussions. Pictured here Safety was the significant topic results in safety problems and impacts are (right to left): Lab Director discussed during the session on man- performance,” and that small events — Christoph Leemann, Assistant agement challenges and operational/ such as what JLab has been experienc- Director Allison Lung, Chief Scientist business issues. Jefferson Lab has ing — if left unresolved, eventually Tony Thomas, Chief Financial Officer recorded a number of minor mishaps become serious events. Mary Erwin and Chief Technology and near misses over the last two Other topics during this session Officer Fred Dylla. years. Currently, Jefferson Lab’s safety included infrastructure, maintenance, numbers fall below DOE’s goals and information technology, human capital the Lab is ranked in the bottom third and security. Spring 2004 • ON TARGET 7 n December 2003, two JLab staff region between pion/nucleon and Congratulations Imembers and one user were quark/gluon degrees of freedom via informed that they were among the recoil proton polarization measure- 215 individuals newly elected to ments. to JLab’s newest Fellowship within the American This spring they received their Physical Society. Fellowship is consid- certificates from the APS unit recog- APS Fellows ered one of the highest peer honors in nizing their achievements. The the physics world. Fellowship program was created to Jean Delayen, Accelerator recognize members who have made Division, was recognized for his advances in knowledge through origi- numerous contributions to the physics nal research and publication or made and technology of superconducting significant and innovative contribu- radiofrequency (SRF) linear accelera- tions in the application of physics to tors. science and technology, or made a sig- Jay Wallace “Wally” Van Orden, nificant contribution to the teaching of jointly appointed physics professor at physics. Each year, no more than one- Old Dominion University and JLab half of one percent of the current Theory Group senior scientist, was membership is recognized by their cited for his contributions to the peers for election to the status of understanding of relativistic effects in Fellow in the Society. Each new few- and many-body nuclei with par- Fellow is elected after competitive ticular emphasis on covariant calcula- review and recommendation by a tions of the electromagnetic properties committee on the unit level, additional of the deuteron. review by the APS Fellowship com- And Ronald Gilman, Rutgers mittee and final approval by the full University and JLab Hall A user, was APS council. Fellowship has existed cited for his studies of the transition since the beginning of APS in 1899.

Van Orden: first to receive joint appointment at Jefferson Lab

ally Van Orden said he was hon- He received his Ph.D. in 1978 and Wored to join the other members went on to the University of Maryland of JLab’s Theory Group that are APS at College Park for three years as a Fellows. “I was quite pleased when I post-doc. At the end of that time, he was notified,” he said. “It’s always was appointed to the rank of assistant nice to be recognized by your peers.” professor. Van Orden grew up in Utah and Van Orden first came to the Lab in attended Utah State University for his 1988 as a visiting scientist on a one- undergraduate degree in physics, a year appointment; in 1989 he joined field he knew he’d pursue from the the staff and moved to Virginia. In the time he was a teenager. “I always read fall of 1990, he received a joint Wally Van Orden a lot,” he recalled, “and really enjoyed appointment with Old Dominion physics.” University, where he is now a full- He went to graduate school at time regular faculty member, and JLab Stanford, and decided to focus his purchases half of his time so he can efforts on theoretical and nuclear continue his work in the Theory physics. While at Stanford he met Dirk Group. Van Orden was the first person Walecka, who was a senior professor to receive such a joint appointment. there at the time. The two men now He made the career decision early share an office at JLab. on to be a theorist rather than an Continued on page 13 8 ON TARGET • Spring 2004 For Delayen, accelerators trump coal mines

or Delayen, “Being elected an expertise and a determination to go FAPS fellow is very gratifying since beyond what he had accomplished in it is an acknowledgement by your California. As Argonne’s program peers that you have made significant manager for SRF and accelerator and original contributions to a particu- physics in the Technology lar field of physics,” said Jean Development Division from 1987 to Delayen, the Accelerator Division’s 1995, he did just that. newest APS Fellow. “All I had was a desk,” Delayen He still has the notebook in which, recalled. “I had to get funding to hire as a young man, he first took notes on people, buy equipment and do every- particle accelerators. Accelerator tech- thing from scratch. I was quite suc- nology, according to Delayen, requires cessful: after a year I had found about a broad range of skills: the “right $2 million, and several of the combination” of basic and applied sci- advances that we made during that ence, math and engineering. And, for time are now being incorporated in Delayen it was a ticket out of the coal accelerators that are under develop- mines of northern France, where he ment.” was the first in many generations not Jefferson Lab was Delayen’s next to have to go to work with a pickax professional step. As head of JLab’s and lantern. Accelerator Development Department Delayen has come a long way from through 2001, he oversaw the devel- his boyhood home of Auchel, near opment and refinement of next-gener- Calais. Today he is a Fellow in both ation cryomodules, the heart of the JLab’s Center for Advanced Studies of Lab’s superconducting accelerator Jean Delayen Accelerators (CASA) and its Institute technology. “I looked around. JLab for Superconducting Radiofrequency was the most interesting place,” Science and Technology, as well as a Delayen recollected. “It had very Principal Scientist, and leader of SRF good facilities — and very good peo- parameters on the work JLab is doing ple.” for the Spallation Neutron Source “A lot of the expertise needed for under construction in Oak Ridge, the future application of technology Tennessee. JLab is part of a team of for accelerators resides here,” he federal laboratories — including added. Argonne, Brookhaven, Lawrence As a senior Accelerator Division Berkeley, Los Alamos and Oak Ridge scientist, Delayen is active in both — assisting in the design, engineering CASA and the Institute for and construction of the $1 billion-plus Superconducting Radiofrequency for SNS, which will provide the most Science and Technology. Both centers intense pulsed-neutron beams in the were established in May 2001 with world for scientific research and the goal of enhancing Jefferson Lab's industrial development. core competencies in the science and Delayen first arrived in the United technology of particle accelerators States in 1970, as a graduate student at and physics of beams of charged par- the California Institute of Technology. ticles and photons by integrating the Seven years later he earned a Ph.D. in various disciplines. low-temperature physics. Nine years “At larger, more established insti- after that he headed for Argonne tutions, you may have less opportuni- National Laboratory outside Chicago, ty to make an impact,” Delayen said. after being in the CalTech supercon- “Because Jefferson Lab is small it is ducting radiofrequency (SRF) pro- specialized, a single-purpose lab. gram from its beginning until it was There was, and still is, an opportunity terminated. Delayen arrived at here to shape the future.” Argonne with little more than his

Spring 2004 • ON TARGET 9 decade after achieving first beam, ple picture of what happens when you AJefferson Lab has completed data do that.” collection on its 100th experiment. In this experiment, scientists CEBAF reaches The experiment, titled “Quark essentially slam an electron into a sin- Propagation through Cold QCD gle quark, knocking it out of the parti- major milestone Matter,” began its run in December cle it was bound up in. But it doesn’t 2003 and wrapped up in early March. come out alone — the energy the It probed Quantum Chromodynamics quark absorbs in the collision is trans- (QCD), a fundamental theory of parti- formed into new clusters of quarks cle physics that describes the interac- and gluons. tions of quarks and gluons — the basic “If you could pull a single quark, building blocks of matter. A property of the farther away you pull it, the force 100th experiment QCD, called confinement, states that remains the same, but the energy no quark can ever be found alone. you're putting into that system is get- completes data Instead, they combine in pairs ting bigger and bigger. So the more (mesons) or triplets (baryons) to make you pull, the more energy you're stuff- up larger particles. For instance, every ing in there. And you get so much collection proton and neutron contains three basic energy stored up, that a new particle quarks. could be produced, because according “You never find a quark by itself, in to Einstein’s E=mc2, energy can be isolation. That's really a very bizarre transformed into matter. And so a new thing and a huge mystery. So what hap- particle just mysteriously pops out of pens when you try to get one quark the vacuum. And now you've got a alone?” asks Will Brooks, JLab Staff brand new particle. And if you pull Scientist and experiment spokesperson. very hard for a very long distance, Jefferson Lab’s accelerator is help- you can have many of these new par- ing physicists answer that question. ticles appear.” The electron beam is one of the few Scientists hope that studying this tools on Earth that can separate quarks. process of creating new quark-based “You can't pull quarks apart with your particles, called hadronization, reveals fingers, but you can collide something new information about quark confine- very energetic with a quark and try to ment. And by studying the new quarks knock it out. And we have a rather sim- and gluons, experimenters seek to understand how they were created and what happened before they coalesced into new multi-quark particles. “Normally, all you measure are the particles that come out, long after that other process [hadronization] is done. So the idea is to use the nucleus as a laboratory. If you knew everything about the nucleus, and then you initi- ated some process inside one that you want to study, then you could use your understanding of the nucleus to understand what's going on.” To that end, the experiment used five different targets — composed of nuclei with different numbers of pro- tons and neutrons. Deuterium, which holds the simplest nucleus containing both a proton and a neutron, was fol- lowed by targets of carbon, iron, tin and lead. Will Brooks Brooks says now that data collec- tion is complete, the next step is to 10 ON TARGET • Spring 2004 Continued on next page Continued from previous page calibrate the data. “Once it's calibrated act with other particles. For instance, and processed, we’ll know whether this is how baryons like protons and 100th experiment there's something very unexpected. neutrons bind together to make up the And we’ll have preliminary results nucleus of an atom. completes data around 6 months after that. We might But it’s possible for the quarks in have publishable results one to two some particles to bind together so collection... years after that. It takes a long time.” tightly, and therefore be so small or In the meantime, the experimental compact compared to other particles, team, comprised of CEBAF Large that their color charge doesn’t leak Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) col- out. According to Kawtar Hafidi, laborators, is looking to the future. spokesperson for the experiment and Brooks says improved beam energies Assistant Scientist at Argonne should provide even better data. "The National Lab, QCD predicts that these CEBAF 12 GeV Upgrade would be a particles can coast along without inter- very fine place to do the ultimate acting with other particles. When this experiment of this kind, and it's in our happens, it’s said that the medium plans." these particles are traveling through is In the ideal experiment of this type, “color transparent.” experimenters would have an electron “It's like the particle beam with enough energy to hit quarks becomes invisible to the so hard that they fly completely out of medium. The medium the smallest nuclei (like deuterium) in doesn't see the particle, so which they reside before hadroniza- it flies through the medium tion. Performing the same experiment without any interaction” on ever larger nuclei until hadroniza- Hafidi says. tion once again takes place inside the In the experiment, scien- nucleus would reveal the time scale tists looked for rho mesons that that the process requires — a vital were created when the electrons piece of information in understanding slammed into quarks in the quark confinement. nuclei of the target. Some of Brooks says JLab’s 100th experi- these rho mesons should have ment was run concurrently with its been small enough for the par- 101st experiment: “Q2 Dependence of ticle to sail out of the nucleus Nuclear Transparency for Incoherent without interacting with other ρ0 Electroproduction,” a search for particles. color transparency, another prediction “If we see the signal that of QCD. “In Hall B, you can do more we’re looking for in these than one experiment at a time. For results, it will be the first evi- instance, the first Hall B run had 13 dence of color transparency experiments.” ever. It's very important. There According to QCD, quarks have a are no other theories that can special kind of extra charge called explain the results we’re antici- color. Color charge comes in three pating without color trans- varieties: red, blue and green. Quarks parency,” Hafidi notes. can only exist in combinations where While data collection is their color charges add up to no color. complete, the physicists have For instance, a baryon, which has just begun calibrating their three quarks, has a quark of each data, a necessary step before they can In the experimental run, the accelerator color, adding up to white (no color). A slammed electrons into the nuclei of a begin analysis. They expect to have contains a quark and an anti- target element. Pictured here is a preliminary results as early as quark, so if one quark is red, the other close-up view of a sample aluminum December. is anti-red, once again adding up to no target and the target apparatus. color. Jefferson Lab ran its first experi- ment in 1995 in Hall C. Titled “The While baryons and mesons have no Energy Dependence of Nucleon color, some of the color charge from Propagation in Nuclei as Measured in the individual quarks still leaks out, the (e, e'p) Reaction,” the experiment allowing baryons and mesons to inter- was completed in December 1995. Spring 2004 • ON TARGET 11 atthew Shepherd first came to to spend the summer at Jefferson Lab,” MJefferson Lab in 1997 as a Shepherd recalls. wide-eyed undergraduate physics Here for the summer of 1997, the intern. He returned on Jan. 30, 2004, young intern worked in the confident, calm and ready to present Experimental Equipment Lab on a a physics seminar titled "Charmless Cerenkov detector — optimizing the Semileptonic B Decays at CLEO," electronics for a phototube base on the Plugging in to the subject of his research work at detector. His group’s goal was to simu- Cornell University. late and improve phototube perfor- After the seminar, he comfortably mance on the unit. “It was probably my the professional fielded questions about the CLEO first connection to real research. I detector, uncertainty calculations and enjoyed it and had a great time. And world of physics his work at CESR (the Cornell even though, as an undergrad, I could- Electron Storage Ring), a high-lumi- n’t understand everything that was nosity electron-positron collider. going on, I could begin to appreciate Shepherd says he wasn’t always this the research.” JLab intern confident of his work and he attribut- In addition to the hands-on research es much of his professional develop- work, he also appreciated the personal experience gives ment to the mentoring he’s received attention the students received from the over the years. Science Education staff. He still Shepherd his first Shepherd met Alex Dzierba, a remembers Jan Tyler, Science physics professor at Indiana Education program manager, encourag- taste of real University and a JLab user, in the fall ing him to spend at least a little time of 1996 when he began his under- outside the Lab to take part in orga- research graduate studies at Indiana nized fun — volleyball games or movie University. “Professor Dzierba taught outings scheduled for the students. the first-year physics course at “These short breaks away from work Indiana. He strongly encouraged me were important, and after getting back from one, I found that I worked that much harder,” he notes. “After the JLab internship, Alex asked me to start working with his research group,” Shepherd adds. The next summer, he worked with other stu- dents in Dzierba’s group on data analy- sis from an experiment that had taken place at Brookhaven National Lab. “Alex was careful to make sure we were exposed to real physics. He makes it a practice to hire undergraduates for his group, which is to be strongly com- mended,” comments Shepherd. He stayed with Dzierba’s group for the rest of his undergraduate training. “It got me out of the classroom and plugged into the professional world of physics.” The work also led to the first paper that Shepherd coauthored, which appeared in Physical Review D in 2001. Though Dzierba kept his lab stu- dents busy, Shepherd found time to spend a summer at CERN in 1999. As part of a National Science Foundation sponsored program, he joined more than 150 students from Europe as part

Matthew Shepherd Continued on next page

12 ON TARGET • Spring 2004 New APS Fellow,Van Orden: first to receive JLab joint appointment... Continued from page 8 experimentalist, he said. For the past Our calculations have worked quite 15 years he has been working with rel- well.” He has also been applying some ativistic models of the deuteron, and of the same techniques for which he this is the work for which the was honored to simple quark models, American Physical Society recently and is working with collaborators at honored him. The results of his work Ohio State University and the have pleased him. University of Utrecht (The “I’ve been very gratified by the Netherlands) on simple quantum outcomes,” he said. “Some very nice mechanical models of duality and data has been taken here. It’s been of scaling. much higher quality than ever before.

Plugging in to the professional world of physics, intern experiences taste of real research... Continued from previous page of the CERN Summer Student and mentor young physicists. Program. He worked on a prototype of Shepherd, as part of a group of the hadron calorimeter for the Cornell researchers, took on a student Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), and from the Research Experience for other projects. Experiences like that Undergraduates program, which is help young scientists grow a lot cul- funded through the National Science turally, according to Shepherd. Foundation. The group helped the stu- — After graduating from Indiana dent reach his goal of gaining a better CLEO CESR, University with a bachelor’s degree in understanding of the electronics in a CESR — CLEO? physics and mathematics, he headed to sophisticated detector like CLEO. Cornell University. His work there has Shepherd says he learned a lot through What does CLEO stand for? “It focused on data from the CLEO detec- the experience, and plans to be a men- actually doesn't stand for any- tor. He expects to complete his Ph.D. tor again. thing at all. It is always written in the spring of 2005, and has accept- Reflecting on his education and in all capital letters but isn't an ed an offer to start work in August career, Shepherd is quick to credit his acronym for anything. The 2005 as an assistant professor in the mentors and the research experiences name comes more from the Physics Department at Indiana they exposed him to. “There’s no sub- accelerator, which is called the University. “I plan to spend a substan- stitute for a real research environ- Cornell Electron Storage Ring tial part of my research time working ment,” he emphasizes. “I think being — CESR — and pronounced with the GlueX collaboration on an exposed to that makes you grow in “Caesar.” And what would experiment that will go into the pro- many ways, because in that environ- Caesar be without Cleopatra? posed Hall D at JLab,” he says. “So I ment you have to learn to operate as a So there they are: CESR and look forward to many more trips to physicist. And the sooner you get CLEO.” JLab in the future.” acclimated to that, the faster your His time at Cornell has also given career and research goals will develop.” him the opportunity to come full circle

Spring 2004 • ON TARGET 13

Briefs

Henry Robertson joined the ranks the American MilestonesMilestones of college graduates during com- Society of Safety mencement ceremonies at Christopher Engineers — for March/April 2004 Newport University in May. He Greater Tidewater received a Bachelor’s Degree in Chapter — Safety Hello Information Science with an emphasis Professional of the in Management Information Systems. Year award. Anthony Thomas, Chief Scientist/ Robertson is a Safety Systems This honor rec- Theory Group Leader, Directorate Engineer Associate in the Accelerator ognizes Manzlak for Vihoa Tran, Biomedical Imaging Division. He becomes the second his community and Physicist, Physics Division Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) par- professional ser- Michael Goodliff, Survey Technician, ticipant this year to complete a degree vices. He is the current Peninsula sec- Accelerator Div. program. tion president and member of the Thinking about continuing your chapter executive board, a past chapter Christopher Humphry, Accelerator education? Jefferson Lab can help. president and former regional exami- Operator, Accel. Div. To become eligible for TAP considera- nation proctor for the Board of Robert Reposa, Hall A Welder/ tion, you must be a regular employee Certified Safety Professionals. Fabricator, Phy. Div. (full or part-time) and have completed Manzlak mentors local safety profes- Nancy Hartley, Accounts Payable 12 months of your probationary peri- sionals, and is on the advisory execu- Clerk, Chief Financial Office od. Contact the Training & Performance tive committee of safety for high ener- Office for details or visit the web at gy physics, in addition to his environ- Cynthia Crawford, Residence Facility, www.jlab.org/div_dept/train. mental, health and safety service to the Cleaning Associate, Southeastern JLab staff and user community. Universities Research Association Ruth Woodward, Terahertz Spectroscopist-Post Doctoral Fellow, AVS awards Fred Dylla Accel. Div. with Honorary Membership LBNL hosts workshop on Johnie Banks, Medical Services The American Vacuum Society Advanced Computational Administrative Assistant, Administration awarded Honorary Membership to Software Collection Div. Fred Dylla, JLab’s Chief Technology Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Officer, in recognition of his scientific is hosting a four-day workshop on the Goodbye contributions, and for his service to the DOE Advanced CompuTational Society at their annual meeting. Software (ACTS) Collection, a set of David Waldman, Staff Engineer, This honor was bestowed for his software tools aimed at simplifying the Accel. Div. outstanding contribution in creating solution of common and important Johan Bengtsson, Staff Scientist, the foundation for preserving a perma- computational problems. The work- Accel. Div. nent legacy of the first 50 years of shop, “Enabling Technologies for High AVS. Honorary membership privileges End Computer Simulations,” will be include life rights to the society and held Aug. 24-27 at Berkeley. exemption from all dues and fees. Congratulations The Department of Energy is Congratulations to Debra Stitts, He is a past President of the sponsoring the workshop, and there is Document Control Supervisor, for American Vacuum Society and has no fee to attend. However, the number recently completing an Associate’s held many other offices within the of participants is limited and people Degree in Liberal Arts from Saint Leo organization. interested in attending must submit University. their application by June 25, 2004. The Stitts becomes the 26th person at application can be found at Jefferson Lab to earn a degree through http://acts.nersc.gov/events/Workshop2 the tuition assistance program. She Manzlak named 004/application.html. plans to continue her studies at Saint Tidewater Safety Developed mainly at DOE nation- Leo as she pursues a Bachelor’s al labs, the DOE ACTS Collection has Degree in Business Administration. Professional of 2004 benefited a wide range of scientific She is one of 39 people currently par- Bert Manzlak, Physics Division codes and industrial applications. ticipating in the program. deputy safety officer, recently received

14 ON TARGET • Spring 2004

Briefs

These benefits include improving the Berkeley, local transportation, lodging, hands-on practices using high perfor- efficiency of scientific research in high meals and workshop materials. mance computers at the National performing computing environments Applications from other research sci- Energy Research Scientific Computing and enabling computation that would entists are also encouraged. (NERSC) Center. not have been possible otherwise. The workshop will include a range For more information, contact As part of this outreach to poten- of tutorials on the tools (both those Tony Drummond at (510) 486-7624 or tial users, DOE will sponsor a limited currently available in the collection Osni Marques at (510) 486-5290, or number of graduate students and post- and some deliverables from the DOE visit http://acts.nersc.gov/events/ doctoral fellows to participate in the SciDAC program), discussion sessions Workshop2004/. workshop. This support includes aimed at solving specific computation- round-trip transportation to and from al needs by the participants, and

JLab recognizes its Outstanding Small Business Contractor for FY 2003

Jefferson Lab recently recognized of the jobs put into JLab’s Machine have, on occasion, even met with JLab a local, woman-owned machine shop Shop are for “rush” work that is need- personnel after hours and on weekends as its Outstanding Small Business ed the same day or first thing the fol- to deliver completed tasks, McCay Contractor for fiscal year 2003. Triad lowing day. “Triad Machine picks up adds. Machine Shop was chosen from 107 and delivers all tasks. The company McCay gives Triad Machine high small disadvantaged or women-owned can be relied on to complete rush tasks marks on work quality and being very vendors under contract with the Lab within specified delivery times,” he concerned with customer satisfaction. during the previous fiscal year. notes. Triad Machine representatives Sharon Harrah, owner of Triad Machine Shop located in Newport News, received the Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA)/JLab Outstanding Small Business Contractor award for FY 2003. At a reception held in mid-April, Department of Energy Site Office offi- cials, senior JLab management, JLab Machine Shop staff and other Lab employees congratulated Harrah as she received the award plaque from JLab Director, Christoph Leemann. JLab began using Triad Machine Shop in 1988. For the past seven years the business has been instrumental in handling machining projects that couldn’t be completed in-house. During FY 2003, Triad completed 476 workorders valued at $198,000 for the JLab Machine Shop. Sharon Harrah (center), owner of Triad Machine Shop located in Newport According to Machine Shop News, Va., receives the award plaque from JLab Director Christoph Leemann supervisor, David McCay, 30 percent (right). Harrah is accompanied by her husband, Ed.

Spring 2004 • ON TARGET 15

JLab welcomes Tony Thomas as new Chief Scientist... Continued from page 2 it develop rapidly. In EBAC, theorists of the people here have been very lish the theory group at TRIUMF, and will work very closely with experi- welcoming,” he says. During his free he has worked in many different areas mentalists to extract the most informa- time, he likes to take long walks, read of research, including deep inelastic tion from the data, and see whether and watch sports. (He prefers watch- scattering, structure of nuclei, symme- some of these missing states are really ing cricket and Australian-rules foot- try violation, quark models, lattice QCD there. There are some really challeng- ball, but he’s searching for sports that and chiral extrapolation problems. ing questions for theoretical physicists are a little easier to find on American Thomas earned his B.S. (1970) and in that analysis,” he says. television.) Ph.D. (1974) from Flinders University. He also sees the Theory Group as a Joan is a Ph.D. research chemist He has authored more than 450 scien- testing ground for future theorists. In who studies the extraction of copper tific papers. He has served as President his view, the Lab, in concert with ore and environmental problems asso- of the Australian Institute of Physics local colleges and universities, is a ciated with acid-mine drainage from and has been elected Fellow of the premier place for training the next sulfide minerals — a specialization in Australian Academy of Science, the generation of theorists. “There could- the area of surface chemistry. He has American Physical Society, and the n't be a more stimulating environment two daughters. Alicia, age 26, is a (UK) Institute of Physics. He has for a student to get a Ph.D. in theoreti- psychologist specializing in human received numerous awards, including cal physics than in a lab like this,” he resources management in Adelaide, the Harrie Massey Medal (IoP), the point out, “and that's one thing that I and Nadine, age 23, has earned a Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal think is extremely important.” degree in mathematics and will soon (Australian Academy of Science), a Thomas and his wife Joan arrived also finish up a degree in electrical von Humboldt Research Prize in Newport News March 28, and engineering at the University of (Alexander von Humboldt Research they’re taking their time to settle into Adelaide. Foundation) and the Walter Boas the area. “There are many challenges Thomas is already hard at work Medal (AIP). in moving to a new country, because here, putting his expertise in nuclear many things are done differently. Most physics to good use. He helped estab-

Jefferson Lab/MS 12C 12000 Jefferson Avenue Newport News, VA 23606

On Target is published by the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, a national nuclear physics research laboratory in Newport News, VA, operated by the Southeastern Universities Research Association for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science. News items are published on a space-available basis and are subject to editing. Submit news items to the Jefferson Lab Public Affairs Office, MS12C, 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News, VA 23606. Editors Linda Ware Debbie Magaldi Contributing Writers Kandice Carter Judi Tull

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16 ON TARGET • Spring 2004