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The Nucleus As a Qcd Laboratory: Hadronization, 3D Tomography, and More

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The Nucleus As a Qcd Laboratory: Hadronization, 3D Tomography, and More EINN 2017 NOVEMBER 1, 2017 PAPHOS, CYPRUS THE NUCLEUS AS A QCD LABORATORY: HADRONIZATION, 3D TOMOGRAPHY, AND MORE erhtjhtyhy KAWTAR HAFIDI Argonne National Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC. OUTLINE § The nucleus from a QCD perspective – Important questions to be addressed by current and future facilities § Hadronization: How do quarks hadronize into hadrons? – What did we learn from previous measurements? – Anticipated measurement at JLab and the future EIC § 3D tomography of nuclei – First attempt – Ambitious program at JLab and great potential for the EIC § Summary and outlook STUDYING NUCLEI FROM QCD PERSPECTIVE § How do an energetic quark interact with the nuclear medium and subsequently neutralize its color and become confined inside a hadron? § How are quarks and gluons distributed in space and momentum inside the nucleus? § How are quarks and gluons distributions affected when they are embedded in nuclei compared to free nucleons? § How these fundamental degrees of freedom of the strong interaction group themselves together to form nuclei and ultimately matter? THE NUCLEUS AS A QCD LABORATORY electron electron Probe Medium Medium "QCD medium" "QCD vacuum" Probe Ø Studying the structure of the nucleus Ø Using the nucleus as a femtometer itself: EMC, SRC, 3D tomography detector to study hadronization, CT,.. HOW DO ENERGETIC QUARKS BECOME HADRONS? Hadronization is a direct manifestation of confinement SPACE TIME DYNAMICS OF HADRONIZATION Nuclei are used as detectors providing multiple scattering centers separated by only 1 – 2 fm e nucleon γ g g Hadron propagation g e Quark propagation Hadron q What is the interaction and the lifetime τp of the struck quark before it neutralizes its color ? q How long does it take to form the color field of a hadron τf and which kind of interaction is in play ? COMPLEMENTARY PROCESSES TO STUDY HADRONIZATION Drell-Yan SIDIS • Quark propagation • Quark propagation • Initial state effects • Hadron formation • Perturbative conversion • Final state effects DIS rate of lepton pair • Non perturbative FF Frag. function Cold QCD matter • Test & calibrate tools used to determine properties of QGP • Reduce syst. Effects when DY attenuation needs to be corrected for in neutrino experiments using nuclear targets Relativistic Heavy ion collisions • Quark propagation in strongly interacting matter (unknown properties) • Hadron formation RHIC • Initial and final state effects SEMI-INCLUSIVE DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING (SIDIS) IN THE VACUUM e nucleon γ g g Color neutral object g e Parton energy loss via Hadron Gluon radiation in the vacuum • Flavor tagging technique used to study • Flavor decomposition of longitudinal unpolarized and polarized distributions • Transverse momentum dependent distribution (TMDs) • Parton fragmentation in the vacuum SIDIS IN THE MEDIUM e e g g e nucleon e Hadron Hadron forms inside the medium Hadron forms outside the medium Accessible at low energies dominant at high energies q Parton energy loss in the medium: Medium induced gluon emission q Modification of the fragmentation functions in the medium q Hadron/pre-hadron formation and interaction with the medium q Low/Medium energy DIS offers a unique kinematic window with hadronization time scales comparable to the nuclei sizes SIDIS OBSERVABLES k.p z = = E h / ν Leptonic variables: ν (or x), Q2 q.p n Hadronic variables: z and p T z, p Different nuclei: size and density T Different hadrons: quark’s flavor Q2 Transverse momentum broadening E 2 2 2 h Δ P T = 〈P T 〉A− 〈P T 〉D Multiplicity ratio 2 (PT) GENERAL FEATURES OF MULTIPLICITY RATIOS HERMES NPB 780 (2007) ν (GeV) z Q2 (GeV2) Competing PLC and hard kick to parton? Mass effect • Partonic: energy loss and modified Lorentz boost effect fragmentation functions • Hadronic: Hadron formation length and absorption FLAVOR DEPENDENCE OF MULTIPLICITY RATIOS (1) HERMES: All three pions and K- undergo similar attenuation FLAVOR DEPENDENCE OF MULTIPLICITY RATIOS (2) 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 HERMES: K+ is less attenuated most likely due to contamination from π + p -> Λ + K (B. Kopeliovich et al.) TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM BROADENING (TMB) HERMES HERMES l No broadening at high z → Effect at the partonic level Smaller TMB for CLAS CLAS? Saturation for large Nuclei? Hadronization inside at CLAS energies? + π l Dependence in A not conclusive → Compatible with A1/3 and A2/3 l Flavor dependence? CLAS12 has 10 times more luminosity than CLAS and 1000 times more than HERMES - multidimensional measurements ü Improved particle identification ü Access to higher masses ü Much larger kinematical range ü Test models (parton energy loss vs. hadron attenuation vs. both) by providing multidimensional measurements HADRONIZATION STUDIES AT THE FUTURE EIC § Unprecedented range in photon energies § Q2 dependence/evolution of in medium hadronization § Flavor scaling of in medium energy loss § Mass dependence of Hadronization - Light vs. heavy quarks Q2 EVOLUTION q Q2 dependence allows to measure any modification of the DGLAP evolution in medium q It is a very important tool to constrain energy loss calculations FLAVOR SCALING OF PT BROADENING 20 GeV < ν < 30 GeV • Pions – Domdey et al. 2009 • Eta – Accardi et al. 2009 Simple PQCD scaling 2 The Q dependence of pT broadening can be used to check the simple pQCD scaling of in-medium energy loss as a function of quark flavors Predictions depend on formation inside or outside the nucleus? Attenuation or enhancements? Mass dependence of hadronization? Integrated luminosity of 200 fb-1 per target MULTIPLICITY RATIOS - MASS DEPENDENCE At RHIC, light and heavy quarks are equally suppressed? Hadronization outside Mass dependence of fragmentation function D0 π D0 π Semi-inclusive DIS Hadronization inside • Red squares: combination of energy loss and hadron attenuation • Solid lines: pure energy loss GENERALIZED PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS FOR HELIUM-4 Inner Calorimeter Radial Time Projection Chamber Measure Beam Spin Asymmetry for coherent 4He(e,e’g 4He) and incoherent 4He (e,e’gp) channels BEAM SPIN ASYMMETRIES dσ(φ) − dσ(φ) ALU (φ) = dσ(φ) + dσ(φ) Leading order in as and neglecting DVCS and interference part in € denominator I ALU (φ) ∝ ℑm{C } sinφ ~ 2 I xB Δ C = F1H + (F1 + F2 )H − F2ε nucleon 2 − x 4M 2 € B I C F 4He nucleus 4He spin 0 therefore has 1 chirally even GPD = H € € CLAS 6 GEV MEASUREMENTS M. Hattawy et al. PRL 2017 • First measurements of its kind • Large asymmetries • Limited statistics and kinematical coverage MODEL INDEPENDENT EXTRACTION OF THE COMPTON FORM FACTORS CLAS-EG6 70 70 70 Convolution-Dual 60 60 60 Convolution-VGG ) A Off-shell model ) 50 50 ) 50 A α 0 (φ) ℑ A ALU (φ) = 2 2 40 40 40 α1(φ) + α 2(φ) ℜ + α 3 (φ)( ℜ + ℑ ) 30 30 30 Im(H Im(H 20 Im, Re(H 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 € ℑ = ℑm{H 4 He} 60 1 1.5 2 2.560 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.360 0.06 0.08 0.1CLAS-EG60.12 0.14 0.16 Convolution-Dual 40 2 2 40 40 Convolution-VGG2 Q [GeV ] xB 4 -t [GeV ] ℜ = ℜe{H } ) He 20 20 A 20 ) A 0 0 0 Re(H € First ever experimental extraction of Re(H −20 −20 −20 − −40 −40 the real and imaginary part of 4He CFF 40 −60 −60 −60 € 1 1.5 2 2.5 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 2 2 2 Q [GeV ] xB -t [GeV ] • Convolution Dual: V. Guzey, PRC 78, 025211 (2008) • Convolution-VGG: M. Guidal, M. V. Polyakov, A. V. Radyushkin and M. Vanderhaeghen, PRD 72, 054013 (2005) • Off-shell model: J. O. Gonzalez-Hernandez, S. Liuti, G. R. Goldstein and K. Kathuria, PRC 88, 065206 (2013) APPROVED JLAB 12 GEV MEASUREMENTS: CLAS12-ALERT RUN GROUP 2 2 CLAS-EG6: xB= 0.17, Q = 1.5 GeV 2 2 HERMES: xB= 0.07, Q = 1.8 GeV Off-shell: x = 0.14, Q2= 1.2 GeV2 0.5 B Deep Deep Virtual ) Virtual ° Phi production Compton (90 He 4 LU 0 Scattering A 0.05< xB <0.17 0.17< xB <0.23 0.23< xB <0.50 −0.5 10−1 2 -t [GeV ] 0.25 < xv >=0.165 s e il < xv >=0.215 rof 0.2 < xv >=0.265 tive p 0.15 • Toward a complete ela r y 0.25 0.1 it 4 s tomography of He en d 0.2 0.05 n o u 0.15 0 Gl 0 1 2 3 4 • Unique opportunity to 0.25 0.1 ] 0.05 2 0.2 compare gluon radius to - fm [ 0.15 0 charge radius in nuclei ρ 0 1 2 3 4 0.1 • Provide a glimpse into gluon 0.05 0 0 1 2 3 4 physics before the EIC xv b SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK § Hadronization Provides complementary way of studying confinement § It allows testing and calibrating theoretical tools used to determine the properties of strongly coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma § Good progress has been made by both HERMES and CLAS collaborations § CLAS12 will provide the multi-dimensional data needed to constrain the existing models § JLab 12 GeV will enable the next generation of experiments to study the 3D structure of light nuclei and other important nuclear effects via tagging of the recoil nucleus (A, A-1) § EIC will allow the study of hadronization dynamics of heavy quarks in cold nuclear matter and obtain for the first time its dependence on the mass of the quarks (π, k, and D mesons) § EIC will be the ultimate machine to access the 3D sea quark and gluon structure of fast moving nuclei with unprecedented precision .
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