Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -

Eastern Region

15. Lhuentse 16. Mongar 17. Pemagatshel 18. Samdrup Jongkhar 19. 20. Trashi Yangtse

140 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 15 Lhuentse

Lhuentse is one of the least developed Dzongkhags in the country. The area of Lhuentse is 2,888 sq. km. and population is 15,395 as per the 2005 census. The Dzongkhag has eight Gewogs, namely Gangzur, Jaray, Khoma, Kurtoe, Menbi, Metsho, Minjay and Tsenkhar with a total of 2,506 households.

Apart from the Dzongkhag highway, the Dzongkhag lacks internal motor roads and most villages still remain remote and inaccessible. Majority of the households have no access to electricity. Difficult terrain and scattered settlements make delivery of services costly and challenging.

Limited agriculture land and other farm infrastructure pose considerable problem in enhancing farm production and productivity. Despite favorable climatic conditions, farming remains largely subsistence. Figure 15.1 Lhuentse Dzongkhag 15.1 Basic Infrastructure a. Roads 1 Lhuentse Dzongkhag has the following road network and is connected with Mongar. S. No. Description Km

1 Road 45.00 2 Feeder Road 32.00 Table 15.1 (a) Roads-2005 b. Distances 2 to other Dzongkhags

S. No. From To Distance (Km.)

1 Lhuentse 535

2 Lhuentse Trashiyangtse 197

3 Lhuentse Bumthang 268

4 Lhuentse Trashigang 166 5 Lhuentse Samdrup Jongkhar 346

6 Lhuentse Trongsa 336 7 Lhuentse Wangdue 465 8 Lhuentse Mongar 75 Table 15.1 (b) Distances to other Dzongkhags

Source: 1Department of Roads, Ministry of Works & Human Settlement, Bhutan. 2Road Safety & Transport Authority, MoIC, Bhutan.

141 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

1 c. Education Lhuentse has fairly good education coverage. S. No. Type of Schools Nos. (2006) 1 Community School 14 2 Primary School 8 3 Lower Secondary School 1 4 Middle Secondary School 1 5 Higher Secondary School 1 Table 15.1 (c) Type of Schools -2006 d. Health Facilities 2 Lhuentse has the following health facilities: S. No. Facilities Nos. (2005) 1 Hospital 1 2 BHU’s 11 3 ORC’s 33 Table 15.1 (d) Health Facilities -2005 e. Postal & Telecommunication With 128-line capacity exchange in the Dzongkhag, 116 connections have been provided to the households. f. Electricity Almost 34% of households have access to electricity. S. No. Detailed 2005 1 Gewogs Electrified 4 2 Villages Electrified 52 3 Households Electrified 795 Table 15.1 (e) Electricity -2005 g. Water Supply About 50% of the households have access to piped drinking water supply. h. Type of Land Following is the type of land use in Dzongkhags. S. No. Type of land Area in Acres (2005) 1 Wet land 3190 2 Dry land 7625 3 Tseri 887 Table 15.1 (f) Type of Land

15.2 Trade & Industry 3 The Dzongkhag accounts for a very small number of business licences. As of end 2005, it registered 162 retail trade licenses, 3 production and manufacturing licenses for cottage industries and 28 service licenses (2 for small and 26 for cottage scale). Lemon grass distillation has emerged as one of the main industrial activities.

The Dzongkhag does not have identified industrial land nor any potential resource identified for major processing projects. However, with the availability of electricity now, the prospects for small scale agro processing units appear good.

Source: 1 General Statistics 2006-Year Book, Department of School Education, Ministry of Education, Bhutan. 2Statistical & Planning Officers, Dzongkhag Administration-Lhuentse. 3 Industrial Licensing and Monitoring Division, Department of Industry, MoEA- Bhutan.

142 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan Available Resources:

15.3 Agriculture 1 Maize and paddy are two main crops grown in Lhuentse Dzongkhag. a. Crops Production (Production in MT) Crops S. No. Paddy Maize Wheat Mustard Bean Soya Bean Gewogs 1 Gangzur 380.43 739.24 210.98 00.00 31.84 00.00 2 Jaray 130.02 521.39 62.98 00.00 26.06 00.00 3 Khoma 353.67 519.07 00.00 00.00 30.90 36.23 4 Kurtoe 185.79 485.19 00.00 00.00 11.52 00.00 5 Menbi 425.44 470.37 00.00 00.00 4.56 59.94 6 Metsho 209.02 453.53 00.00 00.00 7.41 00.00 7 Minjay 363.13 554.84 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 8 Tsenkhar 349.00 989.18 90.62 72.44 6.07 115.64 Table 15.3 (a) Corps Production -2005

Analysis of Agricultural Produce It is seen that maize and paddy are grown quite abundantly in the Dzongkhag. While paddy might be sufficient only for local consumption, there is potential for collection centers and setting up of processing units for maize, as this is no more the staple food.

15.4 Horticulture 1 Vegetables and fruits are the main source of livelihood. In the Dzongkhag, potato, radish, chilly, cabbage and citrus are the major cash crops grown as shown below. a. Vegetables Production (Production in MT) Vegetables Green S. No Potato Radish Chilli Cabbage Gewogs Leaves 1 Gangzur 682.20 60.76 176.16 51.05 21.19 2 Jarey 98.16 101.79 104.77 83.33 17.20 3 Khoma 233.88 74.53 140.30 00.00 15.39 4 Metsho 218.75 273.71 352.07 00.00 85.24 5 Tsenkhar 121.20 12.07 108.11 7.98 7.50 Total production (MT) 1354.19 522.86 881.41 142.36 146.52 Table 15.4 Vegetables Production- 2005 b. Fruit Production (Production in MT) Fruits S. No Mandarin Peach Banana Gewogs 1 Khoma 42.27 23.82 18.61 2 Minjay 57.93 34.70 57.00 3 Tsenkhar 38.67 45.44 00.00 Total Production (MT) 138.87 103.96 75.61 Table 15.4 (b) Fruit Production -2005

Analysis of Horticulture Produce It is seen that potato, radish, chilli and cabbage are grown in substantial quantities in the warmer Gewogs of the Dzongkhag. Considering the population size of about 15,000, there is potential to market these vegetables to other Dzongkhags. Citrus (mandarin) and peach are the major fruits grown and potential exists for some citrus to be sold to other Dzongkhags/areas.

Source: 1Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration- Lhuentse.

143 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 15.5 Wood 1 Timber demand & production potential are as given in the table below: Production Potential Difference Inside FMUs Out side FMUs Demand Available Log Total Existing Potential (Cubic Meter) 0 967 5729 6696 2493 4203 Table 15.5 Timber Demand & Production Potential (2005-2009)

Analysis of the Wood Produce Considering small local demand, limited access to demand centres and lack of operating FMU, there is not much scope for setting up sizable wood based projects. However, small scale projects that cater to local demand could be a possibility.

15.6 Tourism 2 - Lhuentse Existing Potential 1. Attractions • Lhuentse Dzongkhag has around 50 main religious and • The Bangtsho ruins need to be historical places including the picturesque Lhundrup excavated, studied and promoted. Rinchentse Dzong. Mask dances are held in many of them. • Although used by local pilgrims, the While there are many old temples, an important attraction is trek route to Aja Ney via Phuning La Khini Lhakhang in , which is said to have needs to be developed, as it is easier been constructed at the same time as Kichu and Jampay th than the route from Yadi or Trashi Lhakhangs in the 7 century. Yangtse. • Khentangbi or Jigme Namgyel Ngagtshang, is the ancestral home of the Wangchuck dynasty. Many pilgrimage spots • The Rodong La trail already in use by associated with Guru Rinpoche and Terton Pemalingpa, tourists should be improved. including Khenpajong, the hidden place of Guru and Singye • Minjey, along with Tangmachu, forms Dzong could be of tourist interest. However, both places are the rice bowl of Lhuentse., Here out of bounds for foreigners for the time being. agricultural tourism can be promoted. • There are ancient ruins of the underground palace of the Bangtsho King in Tsenkhar Gewog.

• Traditional pottery at Gangzur done by women without using the wheel, ethnic festivals like 'Priu' in Gangzur, 'Haa' in Metsho and 'Lhacham' in Khoma Gewogs are other places of interest. The weavers of Lhuentse are famous, especially for Kishutharas from Khoma and Kurtoe Gewogs.

• Natural tourist attrction include the Tshokar and Tshona lakes above Singye Dzong, interesting trekking routes such as the Singye Dzong trek, the Aja Nye trek via Phuningla, the Rodongla trek via Khini Lhakhang; picnic spots and camping sites.

• It has rich flora and fauna. Black Necked cranes arrive in Membi Gewog in the first Bhutanese month and can be seen in the paddy fields at Tangmachu. There are hot springs at Khenpajong .

Source: 1Forestry Resources Development Division, Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan. 2Tourism Resources Inventory of Bhutan, Volume I & II August 15, 2005 & Bhutan Land of the Thunder Dragon -2005, Department of Tourism.

144 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 2. Lodging Facilities The only lodging facility is the Dzongkhag guesthouse. There are no Lhuentse has high potential for tourism tourist lodges at the moment. development.

Good tourist hotels are required. Existing lodging and boarding facilities are not sufficient to develop the tourism potential of the dzongkhag. 3. Food Service Facilities There are only three restaurants in Lhuentse town and one bakery. 4. Transportation and Access There is no vehicle road access to Metsho, Jarey and Khoma Gewogs. Feeder roads to Metsho, Jarey and The road to Kurtoe is under construction. Many communities live more Khoma Gewogs. than a day's walk from the road head. There is a helipad in Tangmachu. 5. Other Public Services/ Facilities BHUs in every Gewog. No telephones in most Gewogs. PCOs in Membi (Tangmachu) and Tsenkhar (Autsho). Lhuentse town, where the Dzongkhag administration is located, has public services like fire, a general hospital, ambulance, police, PCOs etc. Table 15.6 Tourism Lhuentse

Lhuentse Dzongkhag has high tourism potential, especially cultural trekking. Apart from the considerable cultural attractions in its 8 Gewogs, the Dzongkhag has varied flora and fauna. It has high potential for birding and weaving tours. The Dzongkhag also has potential for adventure sports such as kayaking down the Kurichu, paragliding, rock climbing etc.

15.7 Minerals 1 15.7.1 Resource data a. Gold S. No. Topic Details 1 Description In fluvial sand and gravel deposits of Kurichu in the Menji area, widespread distribution of fine and flaky gold is reported. The gold values range from 0.001 to 0.25 gm per 1524 kg of sand. Since Kurichu is a fast flowing river, auriferous sand and gravel is limited. Systematic sediment sampling upstream showed that the primary source of gold was further north into Tibet (China) from where the Kurichu originates. 2 Existing/Potential Except for amateur gold panners, this is not a sustainable commercial venture. Enterprises Table 15.7.1(a) Gold b. Limestone/Marble S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Five bands of crystalline limestone, about 2 to 30 m thick and extending 2 to 5 km length, occur at Pankhar –about 20 km south of Lhuentse Dzong, near Mongar- Lhuentse highway. 2 Reserves NA 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential Since this deposit is located in a remote area, no detailed study has been Enterprises undertaken. Table 15.7.1(b) Limestone/Marble

145 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan c. Graphite S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Thin bands of graphitic schists intercalated with mica schists and micaceous quartzites are found in Thimyung area about 12 km north of Lhuentse Dzong. The ash content in the samples was found very high – 79.20% to 88.60% while the non-carbonate carbon content was only 8.26% to 17.38%. 2 Existing/Potential No economic significance due to very high ash content. Enterprises Table 15.7.1(c) Graphite d. Hematite S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Hematite, the specular variety occurs at Lagor in Kurtoe Gewog of Lhuentse Dzongkhag. The soil cover on the hillside is yellowish, reddish or brownish in colour indicating widespread presence of ferruginous materials in the area. Surface study by pitting and trenching found the aerial extent limited. 2 Existing/Potential Can be considered as a source of iron only in conjunction with other minor iron Enterprises mineral occurrences reported in other areas of the Dzongkhag. Table 15.7.1(d) Hematite

15.8 Any particular local marketable skills

 Pottery  Wood and bamboo-based products

15.9 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

1. Ancestral home of Wangchuck dynasty 1. Limited agriculture land 2. Extremely good climatic conditions 2. One of the remotest and inaccessible 3. Adequate water Dzongkhags 4. Power supply infrastructure in place 3. Disperse and remote human settlement 4. Limited agriculture activity 5. Industrial climate/culture virtually non- existent 6. Lack of hotels & tourism facilities 7. Non availability of skilled manpower

Opportunities Threats

1. Mineral / Spring water 1. Migration of young persons for job 2. Tourism development potential opportunities in other dzongkhags 3. Floriculture 2. Wild animals 4. Rich flora and fauna for tourism 3. Forest fires 5. Hotel & tourism facilities 6. Mineral like Gold and Hematite 7. Limestone & Marble exploration

Table 15.9 SWOT Analysis

Source: 1(1) The Bhutan Himalaya: A Geological Account- Special Publication 39, Edited by O.N. Bhargava, Geological Survey of India, 1995. (2) Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region, Volume 8, Bhutan – United Nations ESCAP and Department of Geology & Mines of Bhutan, 1991. (3) Department of Geology & Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Thimphu.

146 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

15.10 Need for Government Support a. This is among one of the least developed Dzongkhags. The Government could notify the Dzongkhags as economically backward and should consider giving special support and focus for development of business activities in the Dzongkhag. b. The agriculture, horticulture and livestock produce are in surplus. As such, Government can support setting up of a collection centre for inter-Dzongkhag trade.

15.11 Investment Opportunity Ideas Analysis of the resources as enumerated above, coupled with interactive site visits in Dzongkhag, has revealed the following investment opportunity ideas, which are listed under the heads Trade, Manufacturing and Services. These should be studied in detail before making investment.

a. Trade  Retail stores and dealerships

b. Manufacturing/Mining  Dried red chilli collection center  Red chilli powdering unit  Breakfast cereal unit (maize)  Walnut growing in abandoned land  Dairy farming/milk collection for local consumption  Fragrance and Aromatic industry  Pre cast concrete unit  Small scale iron ore mining  Handicrafts, Bhutanese textiles

c. Services  Standard restaurant/hotel  Cultural tourism in Kurtoe  Trekking, rafting, fishing and camping along Kurichu  Dry-cleaning and laundry unit  Internet cafe

147 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 16 Mongar

Mongar Dzongkhag covers an area of about 1,954 sq. km. with elevations ranging from 400 - 4,000 meters above sea level. The Dzongkhag had 16 Gewogs namely, Balam, Chaskhar, Chhali, Drametse, Drepung, Gongdue, Jurmey, Kengkhar, Mongar, Ngatshang, Saling, Sherimuhung, Silambi, Thangrong, Tsakaling and Tsamang. Now, under the new political gewog demarcations, has been added, making the total number of gewogs 17. There are about 5,000 households. The population of the Dzongkhag is 37,069 as per the 2005 census.

Of the total land area, about 1,119 acres are devoted to paddy and 7,806 acres to dryland farming. Bush fallow farming is also widely practiced. Potato and corn are the principal cash crops in the Dzongkhag.

Settlements are scattered and with only about 66km feeder roads, most settlements remain remote and inaccessible. This makes delivery of services difficult and costly.

16.1 Basic Infrastructure a. Roads 1 Figure 16.1 Mongar Dzongkhag Apart from national highways, the Dzongkhag has a good road network as follow. S. No. Road Type Km.

1 National Highway 177.00 2 Feeder Road 66.00 3 District Road 20.00 4 Forest Road 28.80 Table 16.1 (a) Roads -2005 b. Distances 2 to other Dzongkhags S. No. From To Distance (Km.) 1 Mongar Thimphu 460 2 Mongar Bumthang 193 3 Mongar Lhuentse 75 4 Mongar Trashigang 91 5 Mongar Samdrup Jongkhar 271 Table 16.1 (b) Distances to other Dzongkhags

Source: 1Department of Roads, Ministry of Works & Human Settlement, Bhutan. 2Road Safety & Transport Authority, MoIC, Bhutan.

148 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan c. Education 1 The Dzongkhag has sufficient education facilities. S. No. Type of Schools Nos. (2006) 1 Community School 30 2 Primary School 9 3 Lower Secondary School 6 4 Middle Secondary School 0 5 Higher Secondary School 2 Table 16.1 (c) Type of Schools -2006 d. Health Facilities 2 Mongar has excellent health facilities. One Regional Referral Hospital at Mongar and 17 Basic Health Units (BHU) spread over the entire Dzongkhag deliver public health services to the population. Mongar has achieved 100% child immunization. S. No. Facilities Nos. (2005)

1 RR Hospital 1 2 BHU’s 17 3 Indigenous Dispensary 1 4 ORC’s 38 Table 16.1 (d) Health Facilities-2005 e. Energy Kurichu Hydro power project has brought tremendous socio-economic changes in the Dzongkhag. 50% of the population has access to power, in spite of remote and inaccessible settlements. f. Water Supply Over 60 % of the population has access to piped drinking water supply. g. Land Possible land for industrial purpose is available at following places in Mongar: 1. At Bogdeama, about 30 km from Mongar near Kurichu, 63.05 acres of land has been reserved for an industrial estate.

2. Other flat land that could be used for industrial estates are: (a) 2 acres of plain land at Gyalpozhing (b) 50-60 acres at Wanda (c) 20 acres of land at Trailing.

3. The agricultural land comprises of 2,003 acres wet land, 24,366 acres dry land and Tseri 640 acres in the Dzongkhag.

16.2 Trade & Industry 3 There is no developed industrial area in the Dzongkhag although some areas as indicated above have been identified. . Industrial activities consist of small scale units in furniture making, chilly powdering, automobile workshops, lemon grass distillation, milk collection centre etc. The Government in the recent past established a regional trade and industry office in Mongar town.

As per the licensing records, a total of 496 trade licenses (488 retail and 8 dealership licenses), 29 production and manufacturing licenses (3 for small and 26 for cottage industries) and 227 service licenses (9 for small and 218 for cottage scale) were issued as on 31.12.2005.

Source: 1General Statistics 2006-Year Book, Department of School Education, Ministry of Education, Bhutan. 2Statistical & Planning Officers, Dzongkhag Administration-Mongar. 3Industrial Licensing and Monitoring Division, Department of Industry, MoEA, Bhutan.

149 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan Available Resources:

16.3 Agriculture 1 The gewog wise production of different crops in the year 2005 is shown in the table below.

a. Crops Production ( Production in Metric Ton) Crops S. No. Paddy Maize Mustard Bean Soya Wheat Barley Gewogs Bean 1 Balam 231.36 1221.52 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 90.30 2 Chali 331.84 832.30 35.15 37.02 53.65 00.00 118.36 3 Chaskhar 140.47 1029.71 83.86 15.68 00.00 130.03 234.49 4 Drametse 679.43 466.56 38.19 55.88 19.79 00.00 00.00 5 Drepung 41.23 475.99 31.86 18.03 00.00 51.74 99.29 6 Gongdue 126.15 398.72 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 7 Jurmey 00.00 279.57 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 8 Kengkhar 00.00 624.11 00.00 8.49 15.66 00.00 87.19 9 Mongar 227.86 629.98 65.36 43.62 35.34 00.00 116.21 10 Ngatshang 150.94 619.88 38.14 13.78 18.77 00.00 91.83 11 Saleng 373.29 1081.64 44.89 10.29 00.00 00.00 00.00 12 Sherigmuhung 97.77 498.07 18.96 6.06 00.00 00.00 72.28 13 Silambi 48.16 465.54 00.00 2.92 9.36 00.00 25.68 14 Thangrong 131.12 992.27 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 15 Tsakaling 225.20 505.50 00.00 7.88 26.72 00.00 00.00 16 Tsamang 00.00 411.42 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 Total Production (MT) 2804.82 10532.78 356.41 219.65 179.29 181.77 935.63 Table 16.3(a) Crops Production- 2005

Analysis of the Agriculture Produce Maize is the main crop of the Dzongkhag produced in large quantities. Paddy is also grown but may not sufficient even for local consumption. It is seen that maize is grown in all the 16 Gewogs. Real potential exists for establishing collection centers for maize and setting up of maize processing units. b. Livestock Products 2 Livestock products produced in the Dzongkhag are as given below: S. No. Product Qty. 1 Milk (Lt.) 70320 2 Butter (Kg.) 6892 3 Cheese (Balls) 10333 Table 16.3(b) Livestock Products -2005

Analysis of the Livestock Produce Milk and milk products data indicates that these products may be sufficient only for consumption within the Dzongkhag. No surplus for processing is therefore envisaged at this stage. However, scope for increasing the production level is foreseen given the climatic conditions and population, if the collection can be organized and market outlet like dairy plant established.

Source: 1 Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Mongar. 2Livestock Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Mongar.

150 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 16.4 Horticulture 1 F Following tables show the data for vegetables and fruits grown. a. Vegetables Production (Production in Metric Ton) Vegetables Green S. No Potato Radish Chilli Cabbage Ginger Leave Gewogs 1 Balam 263.61 57.69 41.33 00.00 00.00 9.15 2 Chali 119.72 94.94 63.17 00.00 15.67 54.21 3 Chaskhar 263.62 119.08 84.24 00.00 00.00 8.74 4 Drametse 371.38 66.30 88.16 36.86 00.00 22.54 5 Drepung 188.86 53.96 35.80 13.27 1.85 10.46 6 Jurmey 196.45 21.72 7.36 00.00 4.04 9.70 7 Kengkhar 311.74 22.74 30.11 00.00 6.79 15.02 8 Mongar 295.01 109.44 130.85 58.68 8.04 12.80 9 Ngatshang 105.21 37.05 25.64 12.42 00.00 9.35 10 Saleng 187.90 24.12 33.52 22.58 00.00 7.62 11 Sherigmuhung 208.32 22.70 18.34 00.00 00.00 13.21 12 Tsakaling 70.51 239.51 106.42 41.90 00.00 6.43 13 Tsamang 00.00 50.48 57.39 00.00 00.00 4.61 Total Production (MT) 2582.33 919.73 722.33 185.71 36.39 183.84 Table 16.4(a) Vegetables Production -2005 b. Fruit Production ( Production in Metric Ton) Fruit S. No Mandarin Banana Gewogs 1 Balam 97.68 11.51 2 Chali 198.70 00.00 3 Chaskhar 87.14 00.00 4 Drametse 36.33 7.41 5 Drepung 00.00 00.00 6 Gongdue 59.95 25.25 7 Jurmey 73.44 00.00 8 Kengkhar 111.88 11.25 9 Mongar 43.69 27.46 10 Ngatshang 24.46 7.91 11 Saleng 96.52 16.46 12 Sherigmuhung 34.23 31.57 13 Silambi 36.09 7.29 14 Thangrong 34.20 00.00 15 Tsakaling 26.42 00.00 16 Tsamang 56.71 00.00 Total Production (MT) 1017.44 146.11 Table 16.4(b) Fruit Production -2005

Analysis of Horticultural Produce Potato, radish and chilli are grown in significant quantities in the Dzongkhag. These vegetables have the potential for marketing to other Dzongkhags/areas. Data indicates that citrus (mandarin) is grown in all the Gewogs of the Dzongkhag. There is potential for processing of oranges or organized marketing to other Dzongkhags.

Source: 1Agriculture Statistics-2005 , Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration -Mongar.

151 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 16.5 Wood 1 Timber demand & production potential are as given in the table below: Production Potential Difference Demand Available Log Inside FMUs Out side FMUs Total (Cubic Meter) Existing Potential 1664 0 9205 10869 6248 4621 Table 16.5 Timber Demand & Production Potential (2005-2009)

Analysis of the Wood Produce Although the timber supply potential indicates surplus, the real issue is the accessibility and availability of required species for any significant wood processing industry. Except for small scale units that caters to local demand, no major wood based industries appear feasible.

However, the Dzongkhag is rich in non-timber forest produces. It is already a centre for lemon grass oil production with support office established in Mongar town. Cane and bamboo products are produced in some of the villages. As such, further development of this sector could contribute to value addition to local resources.

Bamboo collection and production of bamboo products mainly handicrafts is prevalent in the Dzongkhag. This resource could also be promoted in the construction sector through contractors. If need be Government subsidy could be provided to encourage collaborative projects with foreign agencies such as the Cane & Bamboo Institute in Guwahati.

16.6 Tourism 2 - Mongar Existing Potential 1. Attractions Mongar Dzongkhag has more than 40 Lhakhangs and masked • The Aja Ney can be promoted as a part of dances are performed in many of them. Mongar Dzong, although the Om Ah Hung pilgrimage for serious new, houses the artifacts of the old Zhongar Dzong. pilgrims. Other attractions include: • Treks to Dangling Tsho can also be Ethnic festivals such as Ache Lhamo dance and Zangdi in Gondu promoted. It can be linked to a trek to Gewog, Ngyenda Torja in (only if it is different Merak and Sakteng. from the rest of the Torja of the 10 th month and Duzang in Khengkhar).

Two important pilgrimage spots namely - Hungja Ney and Aja Ney. The Aja Ney Trek from Yadi Korila, the Sherichu trek via Ngatshang and Yadi.

• Thrumshingla National Park a home to varied flora and fauna including tigers, red Pandas and leopards. There is a

rhododendron park also at Thrumshingla.

• Dangling Tsho, Zunglen Tsho, Damtsang Tsho and Yogoe Tsho the main lakes in the Dzongkhag.

2. Lodging Facilities 5 hotels in Mongar town and 2 in Yadhi. 3. Food Service Facilities Many restaurants including one vegetarian restaurant in Mongar One bakery. Town, and some in Yadhi.

Source: 1Forestry Resources Development Division, Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan. 2Tourism Resources Inventory of Bhutan, Volume I & II August 15, 2005 & Bhutan Land of the Thunder Dragon -2005, Department of Tourism.

152 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

Existing Potential 4. Transportation and Access All Gewogs have vehicle road access except Thangrong, Silambi, Feeder roads to unconnected villages. and Gongdu, Drepung, Jurmi and Kengkhar Gewogs. Some communities in these Gewogs are located more than two day's walk from the road head. 5. Other Public Services/ Facilities All Gewogs have BHUs and wireless or telephone connections (usually at the Gup's office). The General Hospital is located in Mongar town, which also has all amenities like fire, police, and PCO facilities. Ngatshang and Dramitse Gewogs also have PCOs. Table 16.6 Tourism- Mongar

Apart from its cultural attractions found in 14 Gewogs, Mongar Dzongkhag, with its varied flora and fauna and its parks, also has eco-tourism potential. This would be possible mainly from October to April as in the summer months. The Dzongkhag holds good potential for short nature treks.

16.7 Minerals 1

16.7.1 Resource data a. Granite gneiss in Sengor area S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Granite gneiss occurring with garnetiferous mica schist and calc-silicate rocks with lenses of pegmatite is located at Pholaganchu, 3.5 km east of Sengor village on Thimphu-Trashigang highway. These rocks are of the Thimphu formation, which extend both east and west in the area. The granite gneiss here is found suitable for aggregates for road construction. 2 Reserves 76,742 tons of mineable materials estimated in Pholagangchu. 3 Exploitation Pholagangchu deposit quarried by M/S Bhutan Builders for local road construction use. 4 Existing/Potential Bhutan Builders studied this deposit for use but such rocks suitable for Enterprises construction and mineable may be available in the adjoining areas for local use, which may be studied on a case-to-case basis. Table 16.7.1Granite Gneiss in Sengor Area b. Dolomite near Chali village S. No. Topic Details 1 Description A 50m by 1000m body of high-grade dolomite has been located on a scarp face in between Serbum and Thinmang villages located west of Chali village, which is on Mongar-Lhuentse highway. It is white to bluish white, fine- grained, crystalline, hard, compact and jointed. Two grab samples analyzed MgO 20.80% & 22.30%, R 2O3 0.77% & 0.54%, AI 0.56% & 0.64%. 2 Reserves N.A. 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential Far away from markets in India but could be considered for local use if any. Enterprises Table 16.7.1(b) Dolomite near Chali Village

Source: 1(1)The Bhutan Himalaya: A Geological Account- Special Publication 39, Edited by O.N. Bhargava, Geological Survey of India, 1995. (2)Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region, Volume 8, Bhutan – United Nations ESCAP and Department of Geology & Mines of Bhutan, 1991. (3)Department of Geology & Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Thimphu.

153 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan c. Limestone/Marble found during traverse S. No. Topic Details 1 Description A number of small limestone/marble bodies in the Shumar formation are noticed around Yongkala, Nagar Gompa, Nange and Tangmachu. Thickness of limestone bands varies from 0.5 m to 25 m. At Nange only, the thickness is 25m and has a strike length of 100m. Grab sample analysis from Nange show CaO 51.41%, MgO 1.72% and SiO 2 6.06%. Other occurrences are insignificant. 2 Reserves N.A. 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential These are scattered small occurrences far away from demand centers in Bhutan Enterprises or in India. Table 16.7.1(c) Limestone/Marble Found During Traverse d. Limestone in (a) Sonyakhar- Sherizong area and (b) Luchhilo-Dungmanbazor area S. No. Topic Details 1 Description (a) Sonyakhar-Sherizong area: Three bands of limestone occur (8m to 25 m thick) in between Sonyakhar and Sherizong areas. Grab samples are found to be of Portland cement grade. (b) Three bands of limestone (5m to 15 m thick) have been located between Luchhilo and Dungmanbazor areas on the foot track from Trashigang to Mongar. Three lenticular limestone bands (2-4 m thick) have been found in Dungmanbazor area. These bands have been shown to be a mixture of limestone and dolomite and the limestone is of Portland cement grade. 2 Reserves NA 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential Since these limestone bands occur in the adjoining areas, they may connect each Enterprises other. If Portland cement grade limestone is ever required in the area, further detailed mapping needs to be done. Table 16.7.1(d) Limestone in (a) Sonyakhar- Sherizong area and (b) Luchhilo-Dungmanbazor e. Pyrite S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Two occurrences of pyrite were found in Aja Nay area in white schistose quartzites, biotite schists and biotite gneisses. The first mineralized zone is 500 m long and 8 m thick and the second mineralized zone is 250 m long and 4 m thick. The iron content varies from 3.50% to 17.50% and the sulfur content from 1.2% to 14.35%. 2 Reserves NA 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential Sulfur content is low; mineralization zone limited and the occurrences are Enterprises located in the interior with no motor road. Table 16.7.1(e) Pyrite f. Gypsum S. No. Topic Details 1 Description A thin lenticular band of gypsum was located at Gamchalo (near Durung) on the footpath from Trashigang to Mongar. It is traceable for only about 25 m and has a thickness of only 8 m. 2 Existing/Potential The occurrence is too small for any consideration. Enterprises Table 16.7.1(f) Gypsum

154 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

1 16.8 Human Resource & Skills (Available per year)

Eastern Info-tech Institute (EIT), Mongar S. No. Degree/Diploma Intake 1 Certificate Course in Information Technology (Office Application) 50 2 Certificate Course in Networking 50 3 Certificate Course in Database Development 50 4 Certificate Course in Web Page Development 50 5 Certificate Course in Computer Operation 50 Total 250 Table 16.8 Eastern Info-tech Institute (EIT), Mongar

Analysis of Human Resources Vocational and training institutes in the Dzongkhag are limited. With the increased economic activities and Mongar town being centrally located, potential exists for private schools and institutes. Carpet Design Centre could be one of the vocational trainings for the artisans of carpet makers.

16.9 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

1. Adequate health and education facilities 1. Lack of waste disposal facilities 2. Good agriculture and horticulture base 2. Non availability of skilled man power 3. Power and water supply available in township 3. Villages are scattered and remotely 4. Adequate tourism infrastructure like hotel located 5. Land identified as industrial area 4. Lack of internet connectivity 6. Good livestock support center 7. RNR extension center

Opportunities Threats

1. Herbal and cosmetic processing 1. Managing ecological balance due to increase 2. Agro based industries in economic activities 3. Fragrances and aromatic industries 2. Migration of human resources 4. IT services units 5. Wholesale warehouse & distributions network for Lhuentse and Bumthang 6. Non-wood resource, lemon grass, honey etc. 7. Higher education 8. Bio-diesel

Table 16.9 SWOT Analysis

Source: 1Department of Human Resources, Ministry of Labour & Human Resources, Thimphu.

155 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 16.10 Need for Government Support a. This Dzongkhag has investment potential and entrepreneurship zeal among the local inhabitants. It requires supporting infrastructure like, better internet connectivity, business facilitation centre, vocational training institutes and other modern amenities. Government could consider declaring the Dzongkhag as a special development zone and provide special incentives, for investments in the Dzongkhag. b. The agriculture and horticulture produce that are in surplus could be processed or marketed through Government in setting up of such facilities. c. Set up medicinal plants cultivation, collection, processing and marketing activities through cluster initiative, which will include investment in central facility , technical information on medicinal plants and their importance, training to growers for sensitization, and promoting medicinal plants for commercial use.

16.11 Investment Opportunity Ideas The Dzongkhag has good agro-horticulture base. With its central location, power availability from Kurichu Hydro power and planned road connectivity to Nanglam, industrial development potential exists. Among others, the following activities could be considered for further detailed study. The list has been generated based on the available resources and perceived potential. Interested investors are advised to undertake detailed project studies before investment

a. Trade  Retail shop  Wholesale trade

b. Manufacturing  Maize collection center  Mushroom cultivation and packaging  Breakfast cereals  Corn snacks  Barley malt unit  Marketable Ara  Dairy plant  Floriculture  Bio-diesel seeds cultivation  Carpet industry  Fragrance and aromatic industry (e.g. Lemon grass oil)  Concrete brick production unit

c. Service  Road side standard café/restaurant at Sengor  Standard restaurants/hotels  Trekking, rafting, fishing and camping along Kurichu  Dry cleaning and laundry  IT institute  Repair shops

156 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

17 Pemagatshel

Pemagatshel meaning "Blissful Land of the Lotus" is a rural Dzongkhag in southeast Bhutan. It was the smallest Dzongkhag in the country and can be reached via a side road leading off the Samdrup Jongkhar –Trashigang highway.

The Dzongkhag now covers an area of 1,027 sq. km. and shares its border with Mongar in the northwest, Trashigang in the northeast and Samdrup Jongkhar to the southeast and southwest. It also shares its border with Zhemgang Dzongkhag over tip of land in the Dungme gewog. This Dzongkhag has a population of 13,864 as per 2005 census.

The Dzongkhag was administratively divided into seven Gewogs namely, Chhimung, Chongshing, Dungme, Khar, Shumar, Yurung and Zobel. Now, the following changes are made in the new political boundary demarcations:

 Nanong transferred from Trashigang  Decheling and Norbhugang are transferred form Samdrup Jongkhar  Part of Norbhugang is made into a new gewog called Chokhorling.

This reshuffling of gewogs raises the number to 11 in Pemagatshel namely, Nanong, Decheling, Norbhugang, Chhimung, Chongshing, Dungme, Khar, Shumar, Yurung, Zobel and Chokhorling.

Rugged terrain and scattered settlements make the delivery of services in the Dzongkhag both difficult as well as expensive. Highly dissected mountain ranges, steep slopes and narrow valleys with little flat land characterize the Dzongkhag. The elevation in the Dzongkhag ranges from 100 meters to 3,500 meters above the sea level. The Dzongkhag experiences an average annual rainfall of 1,500 mm to 3,000 mm.

With about 45% of the total land area under cultivation, the Dzongkhag has a good percentage of arable land. Land holdings are, however, dominated by their cultivation with only negligible wetland farming activities. About 53% of the total area is under forest cover, comprising mainly of coniferous and broadleaf species.

Gypsum mining is one of the major economic activities in the Dzongkhag. One of the holiest shrines in eastern Bhutan is the Youngla Gonpa, a few kilometers above the Pemagastshel Dzong. During the Duars war with the British in 1865, Trongsa Jigme Namgyal used the Gonpa as a base for religious ceremonies.

Figure 17.1 Pemagatshel Dzong

157 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 17.1 Basic Infrastructure a. Roads 1 It is well connected through road network with Samdrup Jongkhar and Trashigang. S. No. Roads Km.

1 District Road 23 2 Feeder Road 31.62 3 Mule Track 284 Table 17.1 (a) Roads-2005 b. Distances 2 to other Dzongkhags S. No. From To Distance (Km.) 1 Pemagatshel Thimphu 696 2 Pemagatshel Samdrup Jongkhar 100 3 Pemagatshel Trashigang 94 Table 17.1 (b) Distances to other Dzongkhags c. Education 3 Pemagatshel has excellent education coverage and health facilities. The existing schools are providing adequate education coverage. Some of the schools have to be either strengthened with the required infrastructure and facilities or relocated due to limited scope of expansion. S. No. Type of Schools Nos. (2006) 1 Community School 11 2 Primary School 3 3 Lower Secondary School 4 4 Middle Secondary School 1 5 Higher Secondary School 1 Table17.1 (c) Type of Schools-2006 d. Health Facilities 4 S. No. Facilities Nos. (2005) 1 Hospital 1 2 BHU’s 4 3 ORC’s 24 Table 17.1 (d) Health Facilities-2005 e. Postal & Telecommunication Postal and communication facilities as shown below are very few and are not sufficient to meet the local demand. S. No. Details Nos. (2005) 1 Post Office/Agency 1 2 Com. Mail Offices 7 3 Telephone Connections 289 Table 17.1 (e) Postal & Telecommunication -2005

Source: 1Department of Roads, Ministry of Works & Human Settlement, Bhutan. 2Road Safety & Transport Authority, MoIC, Bhutan. 3General Statistics 2006-Year Book, Department of School Education, Ministry of Education, Bhutan. 4Statistical & Planning Officers, Dzongkhag Administration - Pemagatshel.

158 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan f. Electricity S. No. Details Nos.( 2005 ) 1 Towns Electrified (Nos.) 1 2 Villages Electrified (Nos.) 21 Table 17.1 (f) Electricity -2005 g. Type of Land S. No. Type of land Area in Acres (2005) 1 Wet-Land 146 2 Dry-Land 15528 3 Tseri/Pangshing 229 Table 17.1(g) Type of Land -2005

17.2 Trade & Industry 1 As of December, 2005, a total of 194 trade licenses were issued. In the industrial sector, 21 production and manufacturing, licenses (1 for small, 3 for medium, 1 for large and 16 cottage industries) and 60 licenses for cottage scale service enterprises were issued. .

Gypsum mining is the major commercial activity. Based on the availability of gypsum in the locality three units of plaster of paris have also been established in the area. With Dungsam Cement Project at Nganglam and the construction of the proposed Nganglam-Gyalpoizhing highway, Nganglam region is seen as a major nerve centre for socio-economic growth of the whole eastern region. The proposed Nganglam-Gyalpoizhing highway is expected to bring immense benefits to the people of Pemagatshel, Mongar, Lhuentse and Zhemgang.

Available Resources:

17.3 Agriculture 2 a. Crops Production (Production in Metric Ton) The table below illustrates the crop production. It is seen that maize is the major crop grown in the Dzongkhag. Crop Soya S. No. Maize Wheat Barley Mustard Bean Gewogs Bean 1 Chhimung 276.96 00.00 46.51 00.00 00.00 4.04 2 Chongshing 00.83 5.15 00.00 00.00 11.16 21.45 3 Dungme 398.59 45.01 45.52 00.00 5.27 00.00 4 Khar 346.50 00.00 28.68 30.13 5.99 10.61 5 Shumar 1161.22 00.00 00.00 69.22 23.24 00.00 6 Yurung 281.02 00.00 00.00 00.00 9.54 00.00 7 Zobel 878.79 119.63 84.18 161.75 00.00 00.00 Total Production (MT) 3343.91 169.79 204.89 261.10 55.20 36.10 Table 17.3 (a) Crops Production -2005

Analysis of Agriculture Produce Except for maize, surplus of other produces may be marginal or non-existent. Since maize is no more the staple food of the area, there is potential for establishing maize collection centers and setting up of processing units based on this crop.

Source: 1Industrial Licensing and Monitoring Division, Department of Industry,MoEA, Bhutan. 2Agriculture Statistics-2005 , Department of Agriculture, MoA& Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Pemagatshel.

159 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan b. Livestock Products 1 The main livestock products are milk, cheese and butter.The annual production in 2005 was as shown below: S. No. Products Qty. 1 Milk (Lt.) 2598766 2 Butter (Kg.) 48954 3 Cheese (Balls) 65223 Table 17.3 (b) Livestock Products -2005

Analysis of Livestock Produce Analysis of livestock produces vis-a-vis local demand indicates very limited surplus to allow for processing or trading of the produces at any commercial scale. However, there may be scope for increasing the production level if there is definite market outlet.

17.4 Horticulture 2 The following table presents the vegetables and fruits grown in the Dzongkhag: a. Vegetables Production (Production in MT) Vegetables Green S. No. Potato Radish Cabbage Chilli Ginger Gewogs Leaves 1 Dungme 57.14 51.30 00.00 15.54 23.38 5.46 2 Khar 53.59 158.17 00.00 16.66 15.62 4.08 3 Shumar 243.32 91.31 32.26 504.67 53.97 25.89 4 Yurung 69.75 40.11 00.00 10.98 13.78 5.01 5 Zobel 1299.03 223.60 00.00 52.89 00.00 00.00 Total Production (MT) 1722.83 564.49 32.26 600.74 106.75 40.44 Table 17.4 (a) Vegetables Production -2005 b. Fruit Production (Production in Metric Ton) Fruit S. No Mandarin Banana Gewogs 1 Chhimung 44.66 16.29 2 Chongshing 197.87 00.00 3 Dungme 207.13 11.98 4 Khar 204.42 32.17 5 Shumer 906.10 87.42 6 Yurung 274.80 00.00 7 Zobel 251.84 00.00 Total Production (MT) 2086.82 147.86 Table 17.4 (b) Fruit Production -2005

Analysis of Horticulture Produce The potential for the development of horticulture crops like cardamom, ginger and orange exist in some Gewogs like Khar, Dungme and Chongshing, but it is constrained by lack of access to roads and markets. Other problems faced by most farmers include the lack of water sources for irrigation and extensive wildlife crop depredation.

Vegetable production data indicates that potato and radish are grown in substantial quantities, which have the potential for marketing to other Dzongkhags. Citrus (mandarin) is grown in all the seven Gewogs of the Dzongkhag. This cash crop has the potential for marketing to other Dzongkhags/areas.

Source: 1Livestock Officer, Dzongkhag Administration- Pemagatshel. 2Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Pemagatshel.

160 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 17.5 Wood 1 Timber demand & production potential. Production Potential Difference Demand Available Log Inside FMUs Out side FMUs Total (Cubic Meter)

Existing Potential

0 0 2185 2185 975 1210 Table 17.5 Timber Demand & Production Potential (2005-2009)

Analysis of Wood Resource There is a surplus of wood based on the estimates as above but as there is no operational FMU for sustainable supply of the resource, it is not recommended to set up wood based industries.

17.6 Tourism 2 - Pemagatshel Existing Potential 1. Attractions • There are more than 25 Lhakhangs in Pemagatshel Dzongkhag with • Yongla Gompa is a potential mask dances performed in many of them. Yongle Gonpa in Zobel domestic and international draw. Gewog is of national importance. Kheri Lhakhang, built by Nyaga grandson of Terton Pemalingpa, is the oldest. • Eco-tourism potential.

• Other attrations include a lake in Zobel gewog,many camping spots, day hike trails, varied flora and fauna besides the potential for trekking routes to Samdrup Jongkhar and to Kengkhar in Mongar.

2. Lodging Facilities No lodging facilities are available in the Dzongkhag except for the Lodging facilities in Pemagatshel Dzongkhag guesthouse. Basic home stays is possible. town. 3. Food Service Facilities There are three restaurants in Pemagatshel town. A bakery unit and good restaurant. 4. Transportation and Access All Gewogs have vehicle road access except Yurung, Dungmin and Chimong Gewogs. Some communities in these Gewogs are located more than a day's walk from the road head.

5. Other Public Services/ Facilities All Gewogs have BHUs except Khar, Chongshing and Zobel Gewogs, which are close to the Pemagatshel General Hospital located in Shumar Gewog. All Gewogs have telephones (usually at the Gup's office) or wireless. Pemagatshel town, where the Dzongkhag administration is located has all amenities like fire, police and PCO facilities.

Table 17.6 Tourism Pemagatshel

Apart from its cultural attractions found in its 7 Gewogs, Pemagatshel Dzongkhag has varied flora and fauna with forests extending from broadleaved to sub-tropical. Pemagatshel is ideal for late autumn-winter trekking and birding, but has limited potential for international cultural tourism.

Source: 1Forestry Resources Development Division, Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan. 2Tourism Resources Inventory of Bhutan, Volume I & II August 15, 2005 & Bhutan Land of the Thunder Dragon -2005, Department of Tourism.

161 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 17.7 Minerals 1

17.7.1 Resource data a. Gypsum at Cherung Ri (Khothakpa area) S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Gypsum and anhydrite are associated with slaty phyllite, calcareous phyllite, green phyllite and limestone. The anhydrite zone underlies the gypsum band, which is always intercalated with phyllite and calcareous quartzite partings. Thickness of overburden ranges from 3 m to 25 m. 2 Reserves With phyllite intercalation, 69.036 mio tons (proved) with 48.67% gyp & 18.90% anhy. Without phyllite intercalations, 56.448 mio tons (proved) with 58.22% gyp and 23.30% anhy. 3 Exploitation First mined by Ministry of Trade & Industry (Now Ministry of Economic Affairs) during the early eighties and then by PCAL and now auctioned and being mined by M/S Druk Satair Corporation. 4 Existing/Potential Leased to M/S Druk Satair Corporation for 15 years and is in the third year of Enterprises production. Mostly sold as raw gypsum to Bhutan and India. In Bhutan, the end users are cement plants and plaster of paris plants. Could look into agriculture use, gypboard etc. Table 17.7.1 (a) Gypsum at Cherung Ri (Khothakpa area) b. Gypsum at Uri, Khar and Omsi Ri S. No. Topic Details 1 Description These gypsum occurrences are located within short distance from Khothakpa area (Cherung Ri deposit). 2 Reserves Uri – 13.600 mio tons (inferred) with 91.63% gyp & 1.26% anhy. Khar – 0.034 mio tons (probable) with 87.87% gyp & 1.18% anhy. Omsiri – 8.830 mio tons (inferred) with 91.00% gyp. 3 Exploitation None. 4 Existing/Potential All these are potential deposits for development at a later stage. Enterprises Table 17.7.1 (b) Gypsum at Uri, Khar and Omsi Ri c. Limestone at Ledung area S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Grey to light grey, fine-grained, crystalline limestone occurs at Ledung area, 1.5 km NE of Tsebar village, which is accessible by a 6 km foot track from Khothakpa gypsum mines. 2 Reserves 3.94 million tons (proved) with 42% to 46% CaO content. 3 Exploitation None. 4 Existing/Potential Reserve wise it is sufficient only for mini cement plant but grade wise it may not be Enterprises good enough for a mini cement plant. Table 17.7.1 (c) Limestone at Ledung area d. Slate, Slaty phyllites S. No. Topic Details 1 Description The slates or rather slaty phyllites occur at Pangthang and Pemagatshel east and covers an area of 0.026 km 2 and 0.052 km 2 respectively. They are light to steel grey in colour, soft and thinly laminated with sandstone lamina. Although of poor quality, they would still be suitable for roofing purposes on a local scale. 2 Reserves Because of poor quality no reserve estimated. 3 Exploitation Mined on a small scale for local roofing use. 4 Existing/Potential Fit only for local use on account of its bulk and poor quality. Enterprises Table 17.7.1 (d) Slate, Slaty phyllites

Source: 1(1)The Bhutan Himalaya: A Geological Account- Special Publication 39, Edited by O.N. Bhargava, Geological Survey of India, 1995. (2) Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region, Volume 8, Bhutan – United Nations ESCAP and Department of Geology & Mines of Bhutan, 1991. (3)Department of Geology & Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Thimphu.

162 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 17.7.2 Recommended Further Studies

(1) Out of the approximately 1,50,000 tons of gypsum mined annually by Druk Satair Corporation Ltd. at Khothakpa, most of the mineral is now sold to India in primary form.l. Considering the high quality and the abundance of the gypsum deposit in Khothkpa area, opportunities exist for value added products. .

(2) Gypsum is non-combustible and is one of the most effective fireproofing materials known. Gypsum wallboards and ceiling boards can be substitutes for such wood-based construction materials thereby preventing the depletion of the valuable forest resources. The feasibility of manufacturing gypboard in Bhutan was carried and indicates potential. . Now, an effort by the Government may be necessary towards finding a right partner under FDI for marketing of the board in the Indian sub-continent.

(3) The possibility of manufacturing of different types of chalks from gypsum, maybe on a small scale, needs to be looked into.

(4) The dolomite deposits at Decheling, Nganglam Drungkhag are huge and the Drungkhag is located close to Assam and the other Northeastern States of India. Possibilities for dolomite powdering units at Nganglam can be studied for supply to the tea gardens in Assam. Also, possibilities for chemical industries based on dolomite can be investigated.

17.8 Any particular local marketable skills The Dzongkhag is popular for the production of religious items like jalings (clarinets), dhungs and local incense sticks as cottage industries.

17.9 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

1. Major Gypsum deposit of good quality 1. Lack of institutional support like RNR centre 2. Availability of flat land for industrial set up 2. Wet land farming negligible 3. Availability of power infrastructure 3. Water supply not adequate 4. Wholesale trade is controlled from Samdrup Jongkhar 5. 5. Lack of internet facilities

Opportunities Threats

1. Gypsum and lime stone based industries 1. Migration of young and educated people to 2. Possibilities of cultivation and processing of other dzongkhags for jobs value added cash crops like cardamom, ginger, 2. Sensitive balance required between orange and kadamb(Non- edible oil) development and available resources 3. Eco- tourism potential 4. Bio -diesel 5. Horticulture units 6. Tourism circuits 7. Good quality tourist accommodation Table 17.9 SWOT Analysis

163 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 17.10 Need for Government Support a. This is one of the least developed Dzongkhags. The Government could notify the dzongkhag as economically backward and consider providing special development support. b. The agriculture and horticulture produce are in surplus beyond the local consumption, as such, Government can support setting up of a collection centre for inter-dzongkhag trade. c. Assess the viability of setting Cluster Development Initiative (CDI) for gypsum mining, processing and value-added products. This cluster can have centralized facility centre, which will impart technological intervention for gypsum value added products manufacturing in small scale and marketing through cluster-combined efforts. The cluster will provide technical and marketing interventions and various value added product information on gypsum.

17.11 Investment Opportunity Ideas Based on the analysis of the resources as enumerated above, the following investment opportunity ideas have been identified , which are listed under the heads Trade, Manufacturing and Services below. Interested investors are advised to undertake detailed project studies before investment.

a. Trade  Retail trade and dealership

b. Manufacturing  Dried tea leaf production (Nyaishing jorma)  Rajma bean collection  Potato chips  Ara(local drink) making  Cold storage  Bio-diesel seeds cultivation  Plaster of paris units  Gypsum wall/ceiling board manufacturing  Cosmetics & toiletries products  Mini cement plant  Dustless chalk unit  Turpentine oil  Ayurvedic toothpaste manufacturing from Kadamb plant  HDPE Bag unit and other auxiliary products for the Dungsam cement project

c. Services  Standard restaurant and hotel  Beauty parlor  Dry cleaning & laundry unit

164 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 18 Samdrup Jongkhar

Samdrup Jongkhar Dzongkhag lies in the south-eastern part of Bhutan bordering the Indian State of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Major portions of the Dzongkhag fall within the sub-tropical belt with elevations ranging from 200 - 3,500 metres above sea level. The Dzongkhag population is 39,961 as per the 2005 census. Samdrup Jongkhar Dzongkhag comprises of about 5,016 households.

The Dzongkhag was administratively divided into three Drungkhags viz Bhangtar, Daifam and Nganglam and ten Gewogs. Now, two gewogs namely Decheling and Norbugang have been transferred to Pemagatshel Dzongkhag and one new gewog called Deothang has been created in the new political boundary demarcations. The Dzongkhag now has two Drungkhags,Bhangtar and Daifam, and 11 Gewogs namely Orong, Gomdar, Martshala, Lauri, Samrang, Serthi, Phuntshothang, Pemathang, Langchenphu, Deothang and Wangphu.

18.1 Basic Infrastructure a. Roads 1 Due to lack of adequate road network, most places remain isolated and remote. Rugged terrain and scattered settlements make delivery of services difficult and costly. S. No. Roads Km. 1 National Highway 59.0 2 District Road 50.0 3 Feeder Road 60.62 Table 18.1 (a) Roads-2005 b. Distances 2 to other Dzongkhags S. No. From To Distance (Km.) 1 Samdrup Jongkhar Thimphu 731 2 Samdrup Jongkhar Trashigang 180 3 Samdrup Jongkhar Pemagatshel 100 4 Samdrup Jongkhar Mongar 271 5 Samdrup Jongkhar Lhuentse 346 6 Samdrup Jongkhar Gelephu 248 7 Samdrup Jongkhar Phuentsholing 370 Table 18.1 (b) Distances to other Dzongkhags

Source: 1Department of Roads, Ministry of Works & Human Settlement, Bhutan. 2Road Safety & Transport Authority, MoIC, Bhutan.

c. Education 1

165 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan Samdrup Jongkhar has a total 28 schools ranging from Community Schools to Higher Secondary Schools. S. No. Type of Schools Nos. (2006) 1 Community School 13 2 Primary School 4 3 Lower Secondary School 8 4 Middle Secondary School 3 5 Higher Secondary School 0 Table 18.1 (c) Type of Schools-2006 d. Health Facilities 2 The Dzongkhag has fairly good health facilities as shown below. S. No. Facilities Nos. (2005) 1 Hospital 2 2 BHU’s 13 3 ORC’s 28 Table 18.1 (d) Health Facilities -2005 e. Postal & Telecommunication Postal facilities in the dzongkhag include 1 regional post office, 3 post offices and 1 agency post office. f. Electricity Electricity supply to the Dzongkhag is from Kurichu Hydro power project. The coverage is fairly good as shown below. S. No. Details Nos. (2005) 1 Towns Electrified (Nos.) 4 2 Villages Electrified (Nos.) 30 Table 18.1 (e) Electricity g. Water Supply Access to safe drinking was 60% in 2005. h. Type of Land Following table gives the detail of land types in Dzongkhag: S. No. Type of land Area in Acres (2005) 1 Wet-Land 1721 2 Dry-Land 21499 3 Tseri 29561 Table 18.1 (f) Type of Land

18.2 Trade & Industry 3 As a gateway to eastern region, Samdrup Jongkhar town is the major commercial centre located on the border. Most of the business activities of the Dzongkhag are located here. As of end 2005, the Dzongkhag had a total of 1,272 trade licenses. Similarly in the industrial sector, 49 production and manufacturing licenses (4 for small, 2 for medium, 2 for large and 41 for cottage industries) and 367 service licenses (6 for small and 361 for cottage scale) were issued, as on 31.12.2005.

Source: 1 General Statistics 2006-Year Book, Department of School Education, Ministry of Education, Bhutan. 2Statistical & Planning Officers, Dzongkhag Administration-Samdrup Jongkhar 3Industrial Licensing and Monitoring Division, Department of Industry, MoEA- Bhutan. Samdrup Jongkhar is the gateway to India and the commercial hub for five Eastern Dzongkhags. The Dzongkhag’s potential is further enhanced by the commissioning of the Kurichu Hydropower Corporation. However, there has

166 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan been a gradual shift in the sourcing of goods as Guwahati, 100 kilometres from Samdrup Jongkhar, is no more the centre for business for the eastern Dzongkhags. Instead, goods are now brought in from Phuentsholing or Jaigaon (From Indian National Highway - 31C), 380 kilometres away.

Availability of reliable hydropower combined with modern telecom facilities, will change the developmental landscape of the Dzongkhag by offering tremendous opportunities for new businesses and industries. The Food Corporation of Bhutan has a warehouse and an auction yard in Samdrup Jongkhar town.

Druk Satair Corporation Ltd., Eastern Bhutan Coal Co., SD Eastern Bhutan Ferro Silicon Pvt. Ltd. and Choden Chemicals & Industry Ltd. are the main manufacturing units in Samdrup Jongkhar.

Samdrup Jongkhar has a service centre located at 1 km from the main town. It has an area of 8.07 acres currently with 15 industries. The centre is provided with compound cum retaining wall, water supply, power and telecommunication facilities.

An industrial estate of about 3.2 acres is also established with facilities such as road, water supply, power and communication. There are 4 industries operational in the estate. A second industrial estate for large industries has been planned at Rabtenling (Motanga) at a distance of 6.5 Km from the main town. It has an area of approximately 170.79 acres and a ferrosilicon plant is already under construction in the estate.

Available Resources:

18.3 Agriculture 1 Following is the production figures for the crops grown in Samdrup Jongkhar Dzongkhag:

a. Crops Production (Production in Metric Ton) S. Crops Paddy Maize Wheat Bean Finger Soya Oats Mustard Barley No. Gewogs Millet Bean 1 Dechhenling* 124.63 812.14 00.00 7.56 84.15 194.62 00.00 00.00 00.00 2 Gomdar 92.59 658.57 163.32 6.75 00.00 18.58 52.55 00.00 73.38 3 Langchenphu 266.12 941.38 00.00 5.24 71.39 00.00 0.22 00.00 00.00 4 Martshala 151.60 717.51 00.00 4.41 21.00 6.94 2.69 57.93 48.13 5 Norbugang* 195.37 1251.74 104.00 13.30 00.00 37.59 00.00 00.00 00.00 6 Orong 369.90 845.81 00.00 57.58 00.00 11.16 00.00 00.00 00.00 7 Pemathang 910.20 1311.22 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 8 Phuntshothang 1352.74 2377.57 00.00 4.23 84.07 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 9 Samrang 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 2.34 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 10 Serthig 207.23 759.79 54.02 7.87 58.25 6.71 00.00 42.15 66.11 11 Shingkhar Lauri 240.81 1915.16 251.60 9.71 00.00 20.23 00.00 64.56 120.80 Total Production (MT) 3911.19 11590.89 572.94 116.65 321.20 295.83 55.46 164.64 308.42 Table 18.3 (a) Crops Production - 2005 b. Main Crops for Commercial Utilization (Production in Metric Ton) S. No Crops Production (MT) 1 Paddy 3911.19 2 Maize 11590.89 Table 18.3 (b) Main Crops for Commercial Utilization-2005

Source: 1 Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Samdrup Jongkhar. * Dechhenling and Norbugang are now under Pemagatshel Dzongkhag.

167 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

Analysis of Agriculture Produce Data shows that paddy and maize are the major crops grown in the Dzongkhag. However, amongst the crops, only maize is seen to offer investment potential for processing into snacks and other products. The major advantage of setting up processing plants is the easy access to Indian markets.

18.4 Horticulture 1 A variety of vegetables and fruits are cultivated in the Dzongkhag owing to favorable climatic conditions and relatively fertile land. Vegetable and fruit production data is shown in the tables below. a. Vegetables Production (Production in Metric Ton) Vegetables S. No. Potato Radish Cabbage Chilli Ginger Gewogs 1 Dechhenling* 189.67 36.14 00.00 110.29 00.00 2 Gomdar 50.98 67.54 00.00 14.35 29.23 3 Langchenphu 11.00 9.90 00.00 8.25 225.95 4 Martshala 186.62 41.78 00.00 17.90 108.96 5 Phuntshothang 34.38 87.18 00.00 3.38 325.46 6 Orong 125.92 92.76 39.61 34.97 135.19 Total Production(MT) 598.57 335.3 39.61 189.14 824.79 Table 18.4 (a) Vegetables Production -2005 b. Fruit Production (Production in Metric Ton) Fruit S. No Mandarin Areca nut Banana Gewogs 1 Gomdar 1008.37 00.00 7.03 2 Martshala 320.88 00.00 3.29 3 Norbugang* 2338.45 78.80 26.49 4 Orong 340.53 00.00 23.51 Total Production (MT) 4008.23 78.8 60.32 Table 18.4 (b) Fruit Production -2005

Analysis of Horticulture Produce It is seen that potato and ginger are grown in sizeable quantities in the Dzongkhag but only ginger is in surplus that can be marketed to other Dzongkhags. Citrus (mandarin) is a major cash crop that has potential for processing or trading to India.

18.5 Wood 2 Timber demand & production potential are as given in the table below: Production Potential Difference Demand Available Log Inside FMUs Out side FMUs Total Existing Potential (Cubic Meter) 0 0 8790 8790 1833 6957 Table 18.5 Timber Demand & Production Potential (2005-2009)

Analysis of Wood Resource There is a surplus of wood, (6957 m3) as per the estimates above. A few wood based units are operating. However, no wood based industries can be recommended at this stage as the availability of timber on a regular basis as raw material to the industries remains uncertain

Source: 1 Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Samdrup Jongkhar. 2Forestry Resources Development Division, Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan.

* Dechhenling and Norbugang are now under Pemagatshel Dzongkhag.

168 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 18.6 Tourism 2 -Samdrup Jongkhar

Existing Potential 1. Attractions • Samdrup Jongkhar has more than 30 Lhakhangs with • The trekking road from Shingkar Lauri to masked dances performed in many of them. The Merak should be explored as it is still used Dzongkhag also has one nunnery and two Hindu by the local people to bring their cattle to temples (Shiva Mandirs) Tashithangji in Serthi, lower altitudes in autumn. Trekking route Drukhang Nye in Martshala, and the four nyes in Lauri from Choekorling to Panbang/Manas also has are the pilgrimage spots in the Dzongkhag. high potential.

• A self-created Chorten, Khandroma Chorten, is in • Manas National Park has extremely high . Opportunity to see elephants, wild potential for winter tourism with lots of buffalos, tigers, jackals, deer and other animals exists. endangered animals (tiger, elephant, rhinoceros etc.), bird watching and fascinating subtropical forests.

• Potential of rural tourism in Tellung village exists as it is a beautiful village 4 hrs walk from Dechenling by the Drangme Chu. There are big open fields and good campsites.

2. Lodging Facilities There are 15 hotels in Samdrup Jongkhar town. 3. Food Service Facilities There are nearly 30 restaurants in Samdrup Jongkhar town and 2 each in Narphung and Deothang. 4. Transportation and Access Only Orong, Phuentshothang and Langchenphu Gewogs Feeder road access to unconnected roads. have vehicle road access. Some communities in these Gewogs are located more than three day's walk from the road head. 5. Other Public Services/ Facilities All Gewogs except Pemathang have BHUs. All gewogs have telephone connections (usually at the Gup's office) or wireless. There is a general hospital in Samdrup Jongkhar town and an army hospital in Deothang. Samdrup Jongkhar town also has all amenities like fire, police and PCO facilities. Table 18.6 Tourism Samdrup Jongkhar

The cultural tourism potential is rather low as there is no important or spectacular monument or cultural attraction found in its 10 gewogs. Its varied flora and fauna have an eco-tourism potential during wintertime. The main impediment to the development of tourism is the security situation. However, the Samdrup Jongkhar town has potential as Bhutan’s gateway to Assam and North Eastern states once the security situation improves.

Source: 2Tourism Resources Inventory of Bhutan, Volume I & II August 15, 2005 & Bhutan Land of the Thunder Dragon -2005, Department of Tourism.

169 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 18.7 Minerals 1

18.7.1 Resource data a. Coal S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Coal occurs in a 65-km belt from Leshing Ri in the east to Deori in the west. Coal occurs as thin seams within sandstone and shale. Thickness of most coal seams is less than two metres and strike extent less than 100 metres. Mined on a small scale since the 1960s and major mining started since the late 1970s. 2 Reserves 1.15 million tons (Total known coal reserves). 3 Exploitation Leased to S.D. Eastern Bhutan Coal Company for 15 years. 4 Existing/Potential In the second year of a 15-year mining lease issued to. S.D. Eastern Bhutan Coal Enterprises Company, this dust coal is found suitable for use as a heat source in tea industry, brick making and partially in cement kilns. Table 18.7.1 (a) Coal b. Limestone at Marung Ri South* S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Bedded limestone intercalated with phyllites and quartzite of Shumar formation. Detail exploration by Cement Corporation of India (CCI) has been done. RoM quality – CaO 44.87%, MgO 5.12% and SiO2 5.00%. 2 Reserves 23.17 mio tons (proven) and 23.82 mio tons (inferred). 3 Exploitation Reserved for one mio ton Dungsam Cement Project. 4 Existing/Potential Main mine for proposed one mio ton Dungsam cement plant. Enterprises Table 18.7.1 (b) Limestone at Marung Ri South c. Limestone at Marung Ri North* S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Bedded limestone intercalated with phyllites and quartzite of Shumar formation. Detail exploration by CCI. Geological grade – CaO 46.04%, MgO 4.87% and SiO 2 4.07%. 2 Reserves 18.71 mio tons (proven). 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential Reserved for one mio ton Dungsam Cement Project. Enterprises Table 18.7.1 (c) Limestone at Marung Ri North d. Limestone at Kangrizhe (East Central and West Blocks)* S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Bedded limestone intercalated with phyllites and quartzite of the Baxa group. Core-cum-sludge drilling by Associated Cement Companies Ltd. CaO 33.40% to 46.56%, MgO 1.73% and SiO 2 12.89%. 2 Reserves 17.55 mio tons (proven) of low cement grade. 3 Exploitation Reserved for one mio ton Dungsam Cement Project. 4 Existing/Potential Low-magnesia corrective limestone deposit for Marung South high-magnesia Enterprises deposit for DCP. Table 18.7.1 (d) Limestone at Kangrizhe (East Central and West Blocks)

Source: 1(1)The Bhutan Himalaya: A Geological Account- Special Publication 39, Edited by O.N. Bhargava, Geological Survey of India, 1995. (2) Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region, Volume 8, Bhutan – United Nations ESCAP and Department of Geology & Mines of Bhutan, 1991. (3) Department of Geology & Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Thimphu.

* Now under Pemagatshel Dzongkhag.

170 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan e. Limestone at Kangrizhe North Extension* S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Bedded limestone intercalated with phyllites and quartzite of the Baxa group located immediately to the north of the main Kangrizhe limestone deposit. 2 Reserves Detail exploration by Geological Survey of India but drilling not completed and no report available. 3 Existing/Potential Would add to the limestone reserve of the Dungsam Cement Plant after Enterprises investigation. Table 18.7.1 (e) Limestone at Kangrizhe North Extension f. Limestone at Kurung Ri* S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Bedded limestone intercalated with phyllites and quartzite of the Baxa group. Limited detail exploration. CaO 47.41%, MgO 0.74% and SiO 2 10.97%. 2 Reserves 0.400 mio tons (proven) of high cement grade. 20.41 mio tons estimated probable reserves with CaO 42.45% and MgO 0.79%. 3 Exploitation Reserved for one mio ton Dungsam Cement Project. 4 Existing/Potential Potential as low-magnesia corrective limestone deposit for Marung South high- Enterprises magnesia deposit for DCP. Table 18.7.1 (f) Limestone at Kurung Ri g.Limestone at Gachari* S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Bedded limestone intercalated with phyllites and quartzite of the Baxa group. Detail exploration by GSI. CaO 33% and MgO 2.64%. 2 Reserves 1.09 mio tons (proven) of low cement grade. 3 Exploitation Abandoned due to its low grade and low volume. Table 18.7.1 (g) Limestone at Gachari h. Dolomite at Decheling, Nganglam* S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Crystalline dolomite deposit with average thickness of 2 km and strike length of 20 km. 2 Reserves 2400 million tons (inferred) 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential Dolomite powdering units and chemical industries based on dolomite may be Enterprises possible. Table 18.7.1 (h) Dolomite at Decheling, Nganglam i. Dolomite at Narphung-Khandema area S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Both brown and dark grey varieties of dolomite are present in the area. Two thick bands of dolomite occur as follows: (1) The Narphung band has a thickness ranging from 1 km to 2 km with strike length of 9 km. (2) The Khandame band thickness of 1.5 km and strike length of 10 km. 2 Reserves (1) 135 million tons (inferred) with MgO content 21.28% and CaO content 29.79%. (2) 281 million tons (inferred) 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential Dolomite powdering units and chemical industries based on dolomite may be Enterprises possible. Table 18.7.1 (i) Dolomite at Narphung-Khandema area

* Now under Pemagatshel Dzongkhag.

171 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 18.7.2 Recommended Further Studies The dolomite deposits at Narphung-Khandama are huge. With close proximity to Assam and the other Northeastern States of India, possibilities for dolomite powdering units at Samdrup Jongkhar can be studied for supply to the many tea gardens in Assam. Also, possibilities for chemical industries based on dolomite can be investigated.

18.8 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

1. One of the most economically developed eastern 1. Lack of skilled man power Dzongkhag 2. Lack of micro entrepreneur institutional 2. Border route with India support 3. Well connected roads to other eastern 3. Direct access to Thimphu Dzongkhag 4. Rugged terrain and scattered settlements 4. Good mineral base 5. Existing industrial and economic activities 6. Existing industrial estate 7. Modern telecom facility 8. FCB warehouse and auction yards

Opportunities Threats

1. Agro processing 1. Militancy in neighboring Assam (India) 2. Mineral based industries 2. Cheap products from across the border 3. Vocational Training institutes 3. Sensitive balance required between demand 4. Green house and poly shed nets for exotic and available resources vegetables for Indian market 4. Long Indian border road used for 5. Organic produce processing, packaging and accessibility to other Dzongkhag export 6. IT park Bio-technology, Education, Research & Development in pharmaceuticals (medicinal plants) 7. Wholesale trade 8. Entertainment 9. Cement & ready mix concrete 10. Eco-tourism

Table 18.10 SWOT Analysis

18.9 Need for Government Support

a. The agriculture, horticulture and livestock produce are in surplus beyond the local consumption. As such, Government can support setting up of a collection centre for inter-dzongkhag trade or processing units.

b. Setting up of high technology green house for exotic vegetables and floriculture could be explored. The initial investment can be made by the Government through suitable developmental funding and it can run on a self sustaining model. The local farmers/entrepreneurs should be encouraged to cultivate exotic vegetables, flowers and other value added corps after getting the saplings from the green house.

c. Municipal solid waste is going to pose a serious environmental threat to this Dzongkhag. A feasibility study should be conducted by the Government for MSW collection, disposal and conversion into bio mass/energy. CDM benefits may then be claimed.

172 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

18.10 Investment Opportunity Ideas The Dzongkhag holds potential for expansion of business activities owing to its strategic location. Based on the analysis of the strengths and resources, the following investment opportunity ideas are identified, as listed under the heads Trade, Manufacturing and Services below. Interested investors are advised to undertake detailed project studies before investment.

a Trade  Retail shops  Wholesale trade

b Manufacturing  Aromatic and fragrance oils unit  Oxygen & acetylene gas plant  Toiletry and cosmetic products industry  Warehouse/cold storage at Samdrup Jongkhar  Fruit juice, pulp & jam plant  Processed food like pickle etc.  Potato chips unit  Ginger paste unit  Breakfast cereal units  Dairy plant  Mineral or spring water bottling plant  Gypsum based industries  Cement & ready mix concrete  Dolomite powdering  Mineral water

c Services  Financial institutions  Technical and management institute  IT institute  Hotel management & food craft institute  Swimming pool/entertainment park  Standard hotels/resorts

173 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 19 Trashigang

Trashigang is one of the largest Dzongkhags in the country. Trashigang dzong was built in 1659 by Trongsa Penlop, Chogyel Minjur Tempa (1659-1676 AD, the 3 rd Deb of Bhutan). The Dzong was then named as Trashigang, "The fortress of the Auspicious Mountain".

The Dzongkhag was administratively divided into three Drungkhags namely Sakteng, Thrimshing and Wamrong and sixteen Gewogs. Recently, has been transferred to Pemagatshel Dzongkhag, and there are now fifteen Gewogs namely Bartsham, Bidung, Kanglung, Kangpara, Khaling, Lumang, Merak, Phongmey, Radhi, Sakteng, Samkhar,

Shongphu, Thrimshing, Uzorong and Yangneer Gewogs. Figure 19.1 Trashigang Dzongkhag

The Dzong has 8 different Lhakhangs and these are Lam Lhakhang in the central tower, which is dedicated to Shabdrung Rimpochhe, the Lhakhang with Guru Tshengye, the Goenkhang dedicated to deities Mahakala and Mahakali, the Dupthob Lhakhang for Dupthob Thangthong Gyalpo and other great Buddhist saints, the Kuenray Lhakhang, the Tshokshing Lhakhang, which has the image of Drukpa, Karmapa, Nyingmapa and Zogchen saints displayed and the Dema Lhakhang with 21 kinds of Demas. The Dzong is being used as the spiritual, judicial and administrative centre of Trashigang Dzongkhag.

Dangme chhu, one of the largest rivers in the country, passes through the Dzongkhag. The Dzongkhag has a population of 51,134 as per the 2005 census

The elevation ranges from 600 m to over 4,500 m above sea level. The climate is mainly temperate with an annual rainfall between 1,000 mm and 2,000 mm. The lowest human settlement is found at an altitude of 550 m above sea level at Nanong and the highest at Merak at an altitude of 4,600 m above sea level.

Trashigang Dzongkhag has borders with Mongar Dzongkhag in the west, Samdrup Jongkhar and Pemagatshel Dzongkhag Figure 19.2 Trashigang Dzong in the south, Trashi Yangtse Dzongkhag in the north and the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh in the east. Trashigang has a total area of about 3,150 sq. km. It is 545 kms away from Thimphu, the capital city.

174 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

19.1 Basic Infrastructure a.1 Roads 1 Trashigang has a good road network and is well connected with other Dzongkhags. S. No. Type of Road Km. 1 National Highway 141 2 District Road 5.00 3 Feeder Road 122.31 Table 19.1 (a ) Roads -2005 a.2 Transportation Charges Trashigang to Phuentsholing = Nu. 13,000.00 per 8-ton truck. Trashigang to Samdrup Jongkhar = Nu. 7,000.00 per 8 ton truck. b. Distances 2 to other Dzongkhags S. No. From To Distance (Km.) 1 Trashigang Thimphu 551 2 Trashigang Mongar 91 3 Trashigang Samdrup Jongkhar 180 4 Trashigang Trashi Yangtse 95 5 Trashigang Pemagatshel 134 6 Trashigang Lhuentse 166 Table 19.1 (b) Distances to other Dzongkhags c. Education 3 The following school facilities were available in the Dzongkhag in 2006.

S. No. Type of Schools Nos. (2006) 1 Community School 34 2 Primary School 13 3 Lower Secondary School 9 4 Middle Secondary School 3 5 Higher Secondary School 2 Table 19.1 (c) Type of Schools -2006 d. Health Facilities 4 Trashigang has excellent health facilities provided by 70 different health units. S. No . Facilities Nos. (2005) 1 Hospital (Yonphula included) 3 2 Basic Health Unit 4 3 Out Reach Clinic 63 Table 19.1 (d) Health Facilities -2005 e. Postal & Telecommunication Adequate facilities like postal services, telephone connection and electricity are available in Trashigang Dzongkhag. It has 1 regional post office, 5 post offices, 2 agency post offices and 1 community mail office.

Source: 1Department of Roads, Ministry of Works & Human Settlement, Bhutan. 2Road Safety & Transport Authority, MoIC, Bhutan. 3General Statistics 2006-Year Book, Department of School Education, Ministry of Education, Bhutan.

175 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

f. Electricity There are 165 villages electrified and 5961 households have electricity connection in this dzongkhag. S. No. Details Nos. (2005) 1 Towns Electrified 4 2 Villages Electrified 165 3 Consumers 5961 Table 19.1 (e) Electricity g. Type of Land The land distribution in the Dzongkhag is as follows: S. No. Type of land Area in Acres (2005) 1 Wet-Land 4745 2 Dry-Land 36721 3 Tseri/Pangshing 736 Table 19.1 (f) Type of Land

19.2 Trade & Industry 2 Business activities are relatively small and still predominantly in trading. A total of 738 trade licenses (717 retail licenses and 21 dealership Licenses) and 27 production and manufacturing licenses (1 for small and 26 for cottage industry), and 230 service licences were issued as of end 2005. The Dzongkhag does have developed industrial area.

Available Resources:

19.3 Agriculture 3 Trashigang Dzongkhag has good agriculture production. Paddy, maize, bean and soya bean are the main crops grown. The table below provide production figures gewog-wise for different agricultural produces. a. Crops Production (Production in Metric Ton) S. Crops Paddy Maize Wheat Mustard Barley Bean Soya bean No. Gewogs 1 Bartsham 211.71 364.64 00.00 00.00 00.00 6.47 11.91 2 Bidung 461.84 509.39 00.00 00.00 59.04 5.84 1.43 3 Kanglung 305.25 898.77 47.61 48.98 100.36 16.01 14.85 4 Kangpara 192.55 859.81 00.00 33.99 20.27 5.83 16.69 5 Khaling 125.52 916.30 00.00 00.00 00.00 3.53 10.80 6 Lumang 47.39 1143.93 00.00 78.68 87.78 00.00 00.00 7 Merak 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 8 Nanong 256.96 662.34 00.00 00.00 40.05 6.39 00.00 9 Phongme 499.65 432.10 79.54 00.00 69.41 38.08 14.40 10 Radi 667.82 745.92 267.69 00.00 00.00 25.95 5.07 11 Sakteng 00.00 285.52 00.00 00.00 00.00 9.15 00.00 12 Samkhar 486.10 517.60 00.00 65.64 00.00 15.82 00.00 13 Shongphu 422.61 844.50 00.00 00.00 53.83 11.22 32.10 14 Thrimshing 166.98 1028.27 00.00 29.51 00.00 7.35 9.39 15 Udzorong 339.25 1264.61 49.59 40.96 00.00 31.80 17.48 16 Yangnyer 113.65 689.16 00.00 00.00 00.00 9.31 8.10 Total Production (MT) 4297.28 11162.86 444.43 297.76 430.74 192.75 142.22 Table 19.3 (a) Crops Production -2005

Source: 1Statistical & Planning Officers, Dzongkhag Administration -Trashigang. 2 Industrial Licensing and Monitoring Division, Department of Industry, MoEA, Bhutan. 3 Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration – Trashigang.

176 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan Analysis of Agriculture Produce The data shows that maize, paddy, soya bean and bean are the major crops in the Dzongkhag. However, it is seen that maize is grown in all the 15 Gewogs of the Dzongkhag and in huge quantities. So, potential exists for establishing collection centers for maize and setting up of maize product processing units.

b. Livestock Population 1 The following table gives the main livestock population. S. No Livestock Production 1 Cattle 20,239 2 Jersey 3,595 3 Mithun 3,545 4 Yak 11,224 5 Pig 4,608 Table 19.3 (b) Livestock Population-2005

c. Livestock Products The livestock products are milk, butter and cheese. S. No Product Production 1 Milk (Lt.) 48,3559 2 Butter (Kg.) 40,297 3 Cheese (Balls) 80,593 Table 19.3 (c) Livestock Products -2005

Analysis of Livestock Produce Livestock data indicates that livestock rearing is practiced widely in the Dzongkhag, and commercial utilization of milk and milk products may be possible.

19.4 Horticulture 2 Variety of vegetables and fruits are available in Trashigang. Potato, radish and cabbage are the main vegetables for commercial utilization. a. Vegetables Production (Production in Metric Ton) Vegetables Green S. No . Potato Radish Chilli Cabbage Ginger Leaves Gewogs 1 Bartsham 147.92 25.48 50.05 53.21 00.00 8.00 2 Bidung 212.67 23.89 9.61 16.85 6.51 8.61 3 Kanglung 990.32 96.51 38.55 38.75 00.00 19.77 4 Kangpara 414.91 00.00 55.47 40.38 00.00 6.37 5 Khaling 1123.27 72.84 39.21 9.77 00.00 13.20 6 Lumang 928.01 348.84 69.54 00.00 00.00 00.00 7 Nanong* 1580.14 93.45 18.32 12.89 6.08 14.57 8 Phongme 67.02 65.09 46.83 71.00 54.62 16.02 9 Radi 254.05 53.40 38.13 21.59 00.00 16.44 10 Sakteng 55.77 40.70 3.65 36.37 00.00 00.00 11 Samkhar 256.60 25.98 19.78 68.33 28.51 9.82 12 Shongphu 390.43 46.04 31.62 33.29 11.55 17.92 13 Thrimshing 464.26 50.96 132.42 38.23 54.50 7.82 14 Udzorong 687.24 99.41 119.00 00.00 00.00 24.78 15 Yangnyer 651.64 19.36 36.57 16.80 10.27 21.61 Total Production (MT) 8224.25 1061.95 708.75 457.46 172.04 184.93 Table 19.4 (a) Vegetables Production -2005

Source: 1Livestock Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Trashigang. 2 Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration-Trashigang. * Nanong (Now under Pemagatshel Dzongkhag)

177 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan b. Fruits Production (Production in Metric Ton) Fruits S. No. Mandarin Peach Banana Gewogs 1 Bartsham 54.24 27.29 00.00 2 Bidung 20.13 26.20 00.00 3 Kanglung 84.11 32.32 6.17 4 Kangpara 00.00 16.66 00.00 5 Khaling 96.54 48.91 00.00 6 Lumang 68.24 24.23 00.00 7 Merak 00.00 00.00 00.00 8 Nanong 40.67 71.35 00.00 (Now under Pemagatshel Dzongkhag) 9 Phongme 93.93 17.11 00.00 10 Radi 38.23 12.20 13.06 11 Sakteng 00.00 00.00 00.00 12 Samkhar 84.73 25.10 00.00 13 Shongphu 58.55 42.92 24.54 14 Thrimshing 50.86 50.65 00.00 15 Udzorong 129.34 38.05 00.00 16 Yangnyer 43.77 36.51 00.00 Total Production (MT) 863.34 469.50 43.77 Table 19.4 (b) Fruits Production-2005

Analysis of Horticultural Produce Out of the vegetables grown in the Dzongkhag, data shows that potato, radish and cabbage have the potential for trade and marketing to other Dzongkhags /areas. The fruits grown may be just sufficient for local consumption considering the huge population of the Dzongkhag.

19.5 Wood 1 Timber demand & production potential are as given in the table below: Production Potential Difference Inside FMUs Out side FMUs Demand Available Log Total (Cubic Meter) Existing Potential

551 319 11521 12391 1757 10634 Table 19.5 Timber Demand & Production Potential (2005-2009)

Analysis of the Wood Produce The demand for wood for construction and wood for furniture products is far in excess of supply and prices are increasing rapidly. Several saw mill licenses have already been issued. No new wood based industries or projects can be considered at present.

Source: 1Forestry Resources Development Division, Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan.

* Nanong (Now under Pemagatshel Dzongkhag)

178 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 19.6 Tourism 1 -Trashigang Existing Potential 1. Attractions • There are more than 75 Lhakhangs with mask dances performed in • Trashigang has high tourism many of them. A nunnery exists at Phongmey. Meditation and potential due to its wide variety of Buddhist schools are present in many Gewogs. The Trashigang attractions. The tourism potential Dzong and its Tsechu holds very good tourist attraction. is hardly explored.

• Ethnic lifestyles of the Brokpas of Merak and Sakten; and ethnic • Cultural and heritage tourism can festivals found in Kangpara, Merak and Sakten hold potential be promoted. Weaving tours, wildlife tours, day hiking and • Bura (raw silk) weavers of Radhi, especially in the villages of camping tours can also be Tshangkhar, Pakaling and Dekilingwhere dyeing is done at home promoted. could be a tourist attraction. Samples of designs and natural dyes used are displayed in the small museum of the Handloom Development Project in Khaling.

• Lakes in Khaling, Kangpara, Nanong, Radhi, Sakten, and Uzarong;Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary,;Varied flora and fauna;trekking routes of varying difficulties, some along old trade routes to other parts of the country and even North Eastern India; day hikes trails, picnic spots and camping sites are the major other attractions.

• The Dzongkhag also has Sherubtse College in Kanglung, the first and only degree college in Bhutan and Muenseling the only school for the visually impaired at Khaling. 2. Lodging Facilities There are 6 hotels with rooms in Trashigang town and one in Wamrong Home-stays are possible. town. 3. Food Service Facilities Many restaurants provide eating facilities in Trashigang town, 4 in Kanglung, 4 in Khaling and 2 in Wamrong, serving mostly Bhutanese and Indian food. 4. Transportation and Access Vehicle roads connect all Gewogs except Merak, Sakten, and Nanong A feeder road to Nanong and a Gewogs. Small airstrip at Yonphula, not in use at the moment. domestic airport.

5. Other Public Services/ Facilities BHUs in all Gewogs, general hospital in Trashigang town, and an army hospital at Yonphula provide health services. All Gewogs are connected either by wireless or telephone (usually at the Gup's office). PCOs are available in Trashigang, Kanglung, Khaling, Wamrong and Dawazor. Internet cafes exist in Trashigang and Kanglung. Trashigang town where the Dzongkhag administration is located has all amenities such as fire, police, etc. Phones are available in the major towns. Table 19.6 Tourism Trashigang

Trashigang Dzongkhag has high tourist potential, especially if Merak and Sakten Gewogs are opened for tourists, though the people were quite opposed to tourism when it was closed in the early 1990s. Apart from the cultural attractions found in its 16 Gewogs, the Dzongkhag has varied flora and fauna for nature lovers, especially birdwatchers. The Dzongkhag also has potential for adventure sports such as kayaking down the Drangmechu, paragliding, rock climbing etc.

Source: 1Tourism Resources Inventory of Bhutan, Volume I & II August 15, 2005 & Bhutan Land of the Thunder Dragon -2005, Department of Tourism.

179 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 19.7 Minerals 1

19.7.1 Resource data a. Limestone at Tokaphu S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Bedded crystalline limestone of cement grade occurs at Tokaphu, Wamrong. Exploration by limited drilling completed. 2 Reserves 30 million tons estimated. 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential After Nganglam area, from literature study, Wamrong area has the maximum Enterprises reserves of cement grade limestone in Eastern Bhutan. This is located around 100 km from the Assam plains where all the market for cement exists. For checking the serious problem of rural-urban migration and creating employment in the interior areas, Government could extend support to establish a cement plant in this part of the country. Table 19.7.1 (a) Limestone at Tokaphu b. Limestone at Brekha S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Dark grey crystalline limestone of cement grade occurs at Brekha village. About 20 km north of Wamrong Surface investigation completed. CaO 44.3% to 51.93% MgO 0.33% to 2.74%. 2 Reserves 2-3 mio tons (inferred) 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential This high cement grade limestone can be used as a sweetener grade to Tokaphu Enterprises limestone deposit in case a cement plant is set up in the area. Table 19.7.1 (b) Limestone at Brekha c. Limestone at Rashong, Khaling S. No. Topic Details 1 Description A bedded crystalline limestone of 2-m width extends for 1.8 km in the Shumar formation of the area. Surface investigation indicated chemical composition of Cao 40.00% to 42.38% and MgO 2.50% to 3.33 % . 2 Reserves 0.31 mio tons (inferred) of low-grade limestone. 3 Existing/Potential Low-grade limestone of limited quantity. Enterprises Table 19.7.1 (c) Limestone at Rashong, Khaling d. Quartzite at Wakhar - Mukazor area S.No. Topic Details 1 Description Highly jointed, mostly fine grained, white to grayish white quartzite occurs for a distance of about 2.5 km from Mukazor (82 km north of Samdrup Jongkhar on S/Jongkhar – Trashigang highway) in the west to Wakhar in the east. About 20 m in thickness, the silica content varies from 96% to 98%. 2 Reserves 0.76 mio tons inferred reserves 3 Exploitation Lease applied by SD Eastern Bhutan Ferrosilicon 4 Existing/Potential Grade suitable for ferrosilicon manufacture. Enterprises Table 19.7.1 (d) Quartzite at Wakhar - Mukazor area

Source: 1(1)The Bhutan Himalaya: A Geological Account- Special Publication 39, Edited by O.N. Bhargava, Geological Survey of India, 1995. (2)Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region, Volume 8, Bhutan – United Nations ESCAP and Department of Geology & Mines of Bhutan, 1991. (3)Department of Geology & Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Thimphu.

180 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan e. Iron at Barshong S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Boulder and dust hematite occurs below the Samdrup Jongkhar – Trashigang highway at Barshong. In olden days, local people used to mine and extract iron to make domestic tools and war weapons. 2 Reserves Not studied 3 Exploitation Not known 4 Existing/Potential Although only preliminary surface investigation has been undertaken, there is good Enterprises quality hematite, which can be mined on a small scale and supplied to the proposed one-million ton Dungsam Cement Project and cement plants in Assam and Meghalaya who have to transport this additive from the Chattisgarh area. Table 19.7.1 (e) Iron at Barshong f. Copper in Gomchu area S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Mineralization in the Shumar Formation reported at 130 km post on Samdrup Jongkhar – Trashigang highway from Gomchu area. Detailed exploration by drilling found the occurrence uneconomic. 2 Reserves About 0.50 mio tons of copper ore containing 0.5% to 0.6 % Cu and 1% Pb-Zn. 3 Exploitation None 4 Existing/Potential A very small deposit and low copper content. Enterprises Table 19.7.1 (f) Copper in Gomchu area

g. Copper at Kharungla S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Sparse mineralization with chalcopyrite and bornite as the principal ore minerals occur in between the 107 km and 111 km posts on the Samdrup Jongkhar – Trashigang road. The width of the mineralized zone is 5 to 20 cm and average copper content is about 50 ppm. 2 Existing/Potential No economic significance. Enterprises Table 19.7.1 (g) Copper at Kharungla h. Pyrite at Dangling Ri S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Occurrence is located near the 134 km post on Samdrup Jongkhar-Trashigang road as reddish brown stains and crusts of brownish yellow limonitic gossan at the surface. Lenticular body is of 7 m length with an average of 35 cm thickness. 2 Reserves About 9 tons estimated with sulphur content of 3.21% to 15.58%. 3 Existing/Potential As a source of sulfur and iron, which are not high value materials, 9 tons of the pyrite Enterprises ore is too small for any economic activity. Table 19.7.1 (h) Pyrite at Dangling Ri

i Beryllium at Radi S. No. Topic Details 1 Description Crystals of beryl ranging in size from 0.5 cm to 4 cm occur in pegmatite and quartz veins of Thimphu formation about 30 km north of Trashigang Dzong. No reliable quantitative data are available. 2 Existing/Potential Berrylium is a high value metal but sizeable quantity of beryl ore is required to Enterprises warrant economic extraction of beryllium from beryl. Table 19.7.1 (i) Beryllium at Radi

181 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 19.7.2 Recommended Further Studies 1. There is history of iron ore mining and smelting done in the olden days in Khaling/Barshong area for the manufacture of tools and implements. The extent and quality of this iron deposit needs to be investigated further so that mining can be done at least on a small scale for supply of the iron ore to fulfill the additive requirement of the Dungsam Cement Project and other cement plants in Northeastern India.

2. The limestone in Brekha is of high lime content although it has also high silica content. The same could be studied for its suitability for manufacture of precipitated calcium carbonate and hydrated lime or other similar industries.

3. Quartzite suitable for ferrosilicon manufacture is located in the Shumar formation. This group of rocks is found in maximum thickness in the Dzongkhags of Pemagatshel, Trashigang, Mongar and Lhuentse. A systematic investigation to locate high-grade quartzite deposits need be taken up in the above areas so that industries based on good grade quartzite can be attracted to the interior areas of the region.

19.8 Human Resources 1 and Skills Trashigang has various institutions for higher and vocational studies. There is Sherubtse College for B.A., B.Com. and B.Sc., a Vocational Training Institute for Electrical Engineering and Computer Hardware and a Weaving Training Centre.

a. Sherubtse College, Trashigang S. No. Degree/Diploma Intake 1 B.A. (Hons.) Dzongkha 20 2 B.A. (Hons.) English 45 3 B.A. (Hons.) Economics 45 4 B.A. (Hons.) Geography 25 5 B.Com. (Hons.) 120 6 B. Sc. B. General (Computer, Math & Physics) 25 7 B. Sc. B. General (Botany, Zoology & Chemistry) 30 8 B. Sc. (Hons.) 20 Total 330 Table 19.8 (a) Sherubtse College, Trashigang b. Vocational Training Institute (VTI) – Rangjung,Trashigang S. No. Degree/Diploma Intake 1 Electrical Engineering 60 2 Computer Hardware N.A. Total 60 Table 19.8 (b) Vocational Training Institute (VTI) – Rangjung, Trashigang

c. Weaving Training Center, Trashigang S. No. Degree/Diploma Intake 1 Weaving Training 20 Total 20 Table 19.8 (c) Weaving Training Center, Trashigang

Source: 1Department of Human Resources, Ministry of Labour & Human Resources, Thimphu.

182 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 19.9 Any particular local marketable skills Among others, people in the Dzongkhag have been producing handicrafts and other products. The skills that could be developed for commercial production of these goods include :  Handicrafts items, bamboo & cane products  Dye colors & Bhutanese painting  Bhutanese traditional textiles [

Analysis of Human Resources There is a good availability of the resource for the present projects in Bhutan, but future needs in Engineering and Technology, International Law and Finance sectors appear to provide a good scope for setting up of international institutes.

19.10 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

1. One of the largest Dzongkhags in the country 1. Inadequate hotels and tourism facilities 2. Good road connectivity with other Dzongkhags 2. Lack of waste disposal facilities 3. Educational and vocational training institutions 3. Disperse and remote human settlement 4. Possibility of industrial growth / development 4. Lack of developed industrial area 5. Power supply infrastructure in place

Opportunities Threats

1. Tourism related infrastructure 1. Migration of young educated population 2. Lime stone based industries 2. Environmental degradation due to dense 3. Educational institutions population 4. IT enabling service industry 5. Wholesale trade centre (warehouse) 6. Entrepreneurship zeal in local population

Table 19.10 SWOT Analysis

19.11 Need for Government Support a. This Dzongkhag has investment potential and entrepreneurship zeal among the local inhabitants. It requires supporting infrastructure like connectivity with other developed Dzongkhags, Internet connectivity, business facilitation centre, vocational training institutes and other modern amenities. Government could consider declaring the Dzongkhag as a special development zone and provide special incentives, for investments in the Dzongkhag. b. Some of the agriculture and horticulture produces are in surplus. . As such, Government can support setting up of a collection centres for inter-dzongkhag trade or processing units. c. It should be developed as one of the regional centers representing Eastern region based on a sustainable natural resources base (such as agriculture, wood and non wood, micro industry and services cluster). It can provide administrative support services to ensure social and economic linkages to the hinterland. This centre could provide a range of higher level services, such as colleges, hospitals, banking services, international education, vocational training institutes, tourist facilitation centers and specialized shopping facilities.

183 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 19.12. Investment Opportunity Ideas Analysis of the resources as enumerated above coupled with interactive site visit in the Dzongkhag, indicates potential for investment in the following areas, which are listed under the heads Trade, Manufacture and Services. Interested investors are advised to undertake detailed project studies before investment.

a. Trade  Retail shop  Whole sale tarde

b. Manufacturing/Mining  Maize/soya bean collection center  Break fast cereals  Corn snacks products  Potato chips unit  Marketable Ara making  Dairy plant  Cold storage  Walnut cultivation in the abandoned farms  Bio-diesel seeds cultivation  Soil paint manufacturing unit  Fast moving consumer goods  Vegetable dyes  Traditional Garment Units  Small scale iron mining at Barshong (Khaling)  Limestone based industry in Khaling-Dhonphangma-Brekha area

c. Services  IT institute  Standard restaurants/hotels  A private higher secondary school close to the degree college at Kanglung  Entertainment center at Trashigang town  Trekking, rafting, fishing and camping along Gamrichu

184 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

20 Trashi Yangtse

Trashi Yangtse was a Drungkhag under the administration of Trashigang Dzongkhag till 1992, when, coinciding with the start of the Seventh Plan, it was established as a separate full-fledged Dzongkhag. The Dzongkhag has eight Gewogs namely: Bumdeling, Jamkhar, Khamdang, Ramjar, Toetsho, Tomzhangtshen, Trashiyangtse and Yalang with 117 villages and 3,490 households, and a population of 17,740 as per the 2005 census.

Almost three five-year development plans have brought about manifold socio- economic changes in the lives of the people in the Dzongkhag. As of now, the Dzongkhag has one higher secondary school, one middle secondary school, two lower secondary schools, seven primary schools, sixteen community schools, one hospital, six Basic Health Units (BHUs), eight renewable natural resource extension centers (RNR EC), one Institute for Zoring Chusum and 45.5 km black-topped district roads.

Trashi Yangtse Dzongkhag falls in the northeast of the country with a total area of about 1,437.8 sq. km., with an elevation ranging from 1,000-5,400 m above sea level. Out of the total land area, only eight percent is under cultivation. Figure 20.1: Trashi Yangtse Dzongkhag

Trashi Yangtse is also known for its Wildlife Sanctuary at Bumdeling, which is the winter roosting place for the black-necked cranes.

Figure 20.2 Trashi Yangtse Dzong

185 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 20.1 Basic Infrastructure a. Roads 1 The Dzongkhag is connected to Trashigang by a 54 Km long road passing through Trashi Yangtse, Jamkhar and Khamdang Gewogs. There are two World Bank funded rural access roads to Tongzhang and Ramjar. is also connected now with a feeder road for vehicular traffic after completion of a bailey bridge over Kholongchu. S. No. Road Type Km. 1 District Road 45.5 2 Feeder Road 40 Table 20.1 (a) Roads -2005 b. Distances 2 to other Dzongkhags S. No. From To Distance (Km.) 1 Trashi Yangtse Thimphu 582 2 Trashi Yangtse Bumthang 315 3 Trashi Yangtse Trashigang 51 4 Trashi Yangtse Samdrup Jongkhar 231 5 Trashi Yangtse Mongar 122 Table 20.1 (b) Distances to other Dzongkhags c. Education 3 The existing schools are providing adequate education coverage. Some of the schools have to be either strengthened with the required infrastructure and facilities or relocated due to limited scope of expansion. S. No. Type of Schools Nos. (2006) 1 Community School 20 2 Primary School 2 3 Lower Secondary School 4 4 Middle Secondary School 1 5 Higher Secondary School 1 Table 20.1 (c) Type of Schools-2006 d. Health Facilities 4 S. No. Health Facilities Nos. (2005) 1 Hospital 1 2 BHU's 7 3 Outreach Clinic 26 Table 20.1 (d) Health Facilities -2005 e. Electricity S. No. Description Nos. (2005) 1 Towns Electrified 2 2 Villages Electrified 31 3 Total Consumers 1456 4 Electricity Consumption (kw) 991019 Table 20.1 (e) Electricity f. Water Supply Over 75 % of the households have access to piped dinking water supply.

Source: 1Department of Roads, Ministry of Works & Human Settlement, Bhutan. 2Road Safety & Transport Authority, MoIC, Bhutan. 3General Statistics 2006-Year Book, Department of School Education, Ministry of Education, Bhutan. 4Statistical & Planning Officers, Dzongkhag Administration-Trashi Yangtse.

186 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan g. Type of Land As per the Department of Agriculture survey the following is the land distribution in the Dzongkhag. S. No. Type of Land Area in Acres (2005) 1 Wet-Land 3516 2 Dry-Land 10533 3 Tseri Land 65 4 Kitchen Garden 15 Table 20.1 (f) Type of Land

20.2 Trade & Industry 1 In the business sector, the Dzongkhag had 194 trade licenses (189 retail licenses and 5 dealership licenses), 10 production and manufacturing licenses, and 51 service licenses (1 for small and 50 for cottage industry) as on 31 st December, 2005.

Available Resources:

20.3 Agriculture 2 Trashi Yangtse Dzongkhag has good agriculture production. Paddy and maize are the main crops having commercial potential. [ a. Crops Production (Production in Metric Ton) Crops S. No. Paddy Wheat Barley Maize Soya Bean Bean Gewogs 1 Bumdeling 301.85 123.47 00.00 232.33 32.75 7.12 2 Jamkhar 311.54 00.00 00.00 506.22 37.81 00.00 3 Khamdang 158.57 00.00 46.93 1631.49 139.73 8.87 4 Ramjar 278.93 00.00 00.00 617.71 179.34 2.33 5 Toetsho 284.08 323.77 00.00 540.50 00.00 4.55 6 Tongmijangsa 196.68 00.00 00.00 251.06 00.00 00.00 7 Yalang 797.89 00.00 49.92 1051.86 73.83 17.77 8 Yangtse 324.75 00.00 00.00 373.20 00.00 9.70 Total Production (MT) 2654.29 447.24 96.85 5204.37 463.46 50.34 Table 20.3 (a) Crops Production -2005 b. Main Crops for Commercial Utilization (Production in Metric Ton) S. No. Crops Production (MT) 1 Paddy 2654.29 2 Maize 5204.37 Table 20.3 (b) Main Crops for Commercial Utilization -2005

Analysis of Agriculture Produce Paddy and maize are grown in the Dzongkhag. While paddy may be sufficient for local consumption only, surplus maize (estimated to be 2000 MT) could be processed or collected and marketed to other Dzongkhags areas for processing.

Source: 1 Industrial Licensing and Monitoring Division, Department of Industry, MoEA, Bhutan. 2 Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Trashi Yangtse.

187 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan c. Livestock Population 1 The following table gives the main livestock population: S. No. Livestock Nos. (2005) 1 Mithun 654 2 Jersey 1906 3 Cattle 9193 4 Pig 1966 5 Yak 745 Table 20.3 (c) Livestock Population -2005

Analysis of Livestock Produce The data for milk availability in the Dzongkhag is not available. Based on the size and type of livestock reared in the Dzongkhag, surplus livestock products are not envisaged.

20.4 Horticulture 2 Potato, radish and chilli are the main vegetables grown in Trashi Yangtse. a. Vegetables Production (Production in Metric Ton) S. Vegetables Green Potato Radish Chilli Cabbage Ginger No. Gewogs Leaves 1 Bumdeling 774.80 10.16 111.30 6.20 00.00 6.07 2 Jamkhar 160.30 67.24 34.61 00.00 10.59 5.29 3 Khamdang 890.91 35.52 81.28 37.38 00.00 21.47 4 Ramjar 00.00 00.00 257.05 00.00 00.00 00.00 5 Toetsho 85.54 8.00 5.99 4.51 00.00 1.65 6 Tongmijangsa 104.59 145.42 22.42 00.00 00.00 00.00 7 Yalang 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 41.31 8 Yangtse 632.90 465.19 51.65 16.95 4.87 23.11 Total Production (MT) 2649.04 731.53 564.3 65.04 15.46 98.9 Table 20.4 (a) Vegetables Production-2005

b. Fruit Production (Production in MT) S. Fruit Mandarin Banana No. Gewogs 1 Jamkhar 43.36 00.00 2 Khamdang 141.90 00.00 3 Ramjar 10.39 00.00 4 Toetsho 67.93 00.00 5 Tongmijangsa 85.94 00.00 6 Yalang 33.60 23.84 7 Yangtse 00.00 00.00 Total Production (MT) 383.12 23.84 Table 20.4 (b) Fruit Production-2005

Analysis of Horticulture Produce It is seen that potato, radish and chilli are grown in almost all the Gewogs of the Dzongkhag. Considering the population sie, these vegetables could be in surplus and have the potential for trade and marketing to other Dzongkhags/areas. Citrus is the main fruit that is grown in most of the gewogs. It has the potential for processing or marketing to other areas/ Dzongkhags.

Source: 1 Livestock Officer, Dzongkhag Administration -Trashi Yangtse. 2 Agriculture Statistics-2005, Department of Agriculture, MoA & Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer, Dzongkhag Administration - Trashi Yangtse.

188 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 20.5 Wood 1 Timber demand & production potential are as given in the table below: Production Potential Difference Inside FMUs Out side FMUs Demand Available Log Total Existing Potential (Cubic Meter) 259 1274 6514 8047 9952 -1905 Table 20.5 Timber Demand & Production Potential (2005-2009)

Analysis of Wood Resource There is already shortage of wood, thus there is no potential of new wood based units.

20.6 Tourism 2-Trashi Yangtse Existing Potential 1. Attractions • It has several temples and monasteries. Among Yangtse–Bomdeling– Rigsum Gompa– Dechen others, Dechen Phodrang Lhakhang has very Phodrang Lhakang – Yangtse could be a beautiful 3 scenic surrounding. days trek passing through Dechen Phodrang along the route. It could be extended for another 4 days via • Other attractions include : Ganghar, Tokaphu and Doksum enroute the old Bomdeling Wild life Sanctury with rich natural Dzong, cantilever bridge and iron bridge. resources and bio diversity; Jamkhar Gewog, a birding paradise(Black necked cranes), especially along the streams and rivers and adjoining Tongshang Gewog

• Local in some small Lhakhangs, a model village at Zor, Bhutan’s last iron bridge at Duksom, cantilever bridge below the old Dzong.

• Chorten Kora festival, Zorig Chusum school, and Paper and wood factories. 2. Lodging Facilities The Dzongkhag has three lodges, including the Gup’s office in Dung Zam (Bomdeling), which has two guest rooms. 3. Food Service Facilities There is one restaurant in Yangtse town and one in Dung Zam. 4. Transportation and Access Most Gewogs are connected with at least feeder road. A new road is currently constructed from Yangtse to Bomdeling. Nevertheless, one of the big disadvantages is the long driving distance from western Bhutan. 5. Other Public Services/ Facilities Only a few Gewogs have power supply and telephone Proper power supply. connection. Lots of power cut occurs, sometimes for days. Table 20.6 Tourism- Trashi Yangtse

Trashi Yangtse Dzongkhag hardly has any tourism activities at the moment, but there are resources, which could be developed. As is true for Trashigang and other eastern Dzongkhags, air connection or a gateway provided from India via Samdrup Jongkhar will be necessary to develop tourism in the region.

Source: 1 Forestry Resources Development Division, Department of Forestry Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan. 2 Tourism Resources Inventory of Bhutan, Volume I & II August 15, 2005 & Bhutan Land of the Thunder Dragon -2005, Department of Tourism.

189 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 20.7 Minerals 1

20.7.1 Resource data a. Construction materials (for local use) S. No. Topic Details 1 Description In Trashi Yangtse area, the rocks of the Thimphu Group occurs in which there is biotite gneiss, granite gneiss, quartzite, schist and sometimes marble. The ordinary rocks of the Thimphu Group can be used for construction materials locally, which need to be studied for their suitability, feasibility of mining and reserves on a case-by-case basis. 2 Existing/Potential Being used locally for road and building construction. Enterprises Table 20.7.1 (a) Construction materials (for local use)

20.8 Any particular local marketable skills

 Handicrafts Items, Kitchen Equipment, Mask Making and Wooden Items.

20.9 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

1. Numerous tourism attractions like religious 1. Lack of institutional support monuments, monasteries, wild life sanctuary 2. Difficult connectivity with other parts of the etc. country 2. Excellent climate 3. Lack of tourism facilities and amenities 3. Adequate power and water availability 4. Industrial climate/culture virtually non- 4. Most Gewogs are connected with feeder roads existent 5. Limited land under cultivation 6. Higher transportation cost 7. Frequent power cuts

Opportunities Threats

1. Cooperative based market for agriculture 1. Sensitive balance required between produce development and cultural & heritage 2. Skilled crafts man for wooden artifice preservation 3. Bamboo & Cane resources 2. Wild life sanctuary at Bumdeling industrial 4. Un tapped cultural and natural tourism development has to be balanced, which 5. Creativity, design & souvenir cottage industry attracts black necks cranes 6. Bamboo, cane, mask making, souvenir items 3. Migration of youths if no job opportunity is 7. Eco- tourism & tourism circuit available locally 8. Chorten kora festival can be planned as international festival 9. Tourist accommodation and facilities

Table 20.9 SWOT Analysis

Source: 1(1)The Bhutan Himalaya: A Geological Account- Special Publication 39, Edited by O.N. Bhargava, Geological Survey of India, 1995. (2)Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region, Volume 8, Bhutan – United Nations ESCAP and Department of Geology & Mines of Bhutan, 1991. (3) Department of Geology & Mines, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Thimphu.

190 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 20.10 Need for Government Support a. This is among the least developed Dzongkhags of Bhutan. The government could notify the Dzongkhag as economically backward and consider giving development support. b. The agriculture production is seen to be surplus. As such, Government can support setting up of processing units or collection centers for inter-Dzongkhag trade.

20.11 Investment Opportunity Ideas Investment opportunities in the Dzongkhag are seen mostly in tourism related activities, agro processing and skill based activities. The following project ideas emerged based on the analysis of resources. Investors, however, should carry out detailed project studies before makng investment as these are only project ideas and not recommended projects.

a. Trade  Branded souvenir shops  Retail shops  Wholesale trade

b. Manufacturing  Maize/soya bean/oats/red chilli collection center  Breakfast cereal unit (maize)  Standard Ara(Local Drink) making  Potato chips unit  Red chilli powdering unit  Walnut growing in abandoned land  Dairy farming  Woodcraft/souvenir industry  Cane and bamboo products

c. Services  Standard restaurants and hotels  International educational institute for higher studies  Tourist attraction – Cultural, wildlife sanctuary, bird watching, last iron bridge  Trekking, rafting, fishing and camping along Dangmechhu

191 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan Annexure – A List of Institutions/ Personnel Contacted for Investment Opportunity Study –Bhutan

Institution/Agency Official/Personnel Interviewed (A) Ministry of Agriculture 1. Department of Agriculture Mr. Sherub Gyaltshen Ministry of Agriculture Director General 2. Department of Forest Dasho Dawa Tshering Ministry of Agriculture Director General 3. Department of Livestock Mr. Tenzin Dhendup Ministry of Agriculture Director 4. Forestry Resources Dr. D. B. Dhital Development Division Joint Director Department of Forestry Services Ministry of Agriculture 5. Marketing Division Department of Agriculture Mr. Sangay Tshewang Ministry of Agriculture Head - Marketing Division (B) Ministry of Education 6. Department of School Education Mr. Tshewang Tandin Ministry of Education Director (C) Ministry of Labour and Human Resources 7. Department of Labour Mr. Pema Wangda Ministry of Labour & Human Resources Director 8. Department of Employment Mrs. Kesang Choden Ministry of Labour & Human Resources Head 9. Department of Occupational Standards Mr. Kinley Wangdi Ministry of Labour & Human Resources Chief Program Officer 10. Department of Human Resources Mr. Tshering Tobgay Ministry of Labour & Human Resources Director 11. Department of Human Resources Mr. Dawa Gyaltshen Ministry of Labour & Human Resources Chief HRD Officer

(D) Ministry of Trade & Industry (Now Ministry of Economic Affairs ) 12. Department of Industry Mr. Sangay Khandu Director General 13. Project Development & Services Division Mr. Loknath Chapagai Joint Director 14. Project Development & Services Division Mr. Sonam Tashi Project Development Officer 15. Industrial Licensing & Monitoring Division Mr. Dhanraj Subba Joint Director

192 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

Institution/Agency Official/Personnel Interviewed 16. Entrepreneurship Promotion Centre Mr. Ohm Nirola Head EPC 17. Industrial Infrastructure Development Division Mr. Karma Tshering Joint Director 18. Department of Geology & Mines (MTI) Mr.Dorji Wangda Director 19. Department of Tourism (MTI) Mr. Lhatu Wangchuk Director General 20. Regional Trade & Industry Office (MTI) Mr. Tandin Tshering Regional Director 21. Department of Energy Mr. Bharat Tamang Head of Planning

(E) Bhutan Chamber of Commerce & Industry (BCCI) 22. Administration & Finance Division Mr. Naichu Deputy Director 23. Business Support Division Mr. Chandra B. Chettri (F) Ministry of Information & Communications 24. Department of Information & Media Mr. Tshering Yonten Director 25. Road Safety & Transport Authority Mr. Harka S. Tamang Joint Director 26. Department of Information Technology Mr. Tenzin Choeda Director

(G) National Statistics Bureau 27. National Statistic Bureau, Thimphu Mr. Kuenga Tshering Director

(H) Bhutan Post 28. Operation & International Trade, Bhutan Post Mr. B.M. Biswa General Manager 29. Business Development & Marketing, Bhutan Post Mr. Lekey Dorji General Manager (I) Government Corporations 30. Bhutan Power Corporation Limited Mr. Chewang Rinzin Managing Director 31. State Trading Corporation of Bhutan Limited Mrs. Dawa Lham , AFD Head ( J ) Thimphu Dzongkhag 32. Dasho Dzongrab 33. Agriculture Officer 34. Livestock Officer 35. Dzongkhag Statistical Officer Mr. Tashi Dorji (K) Paro Dzongkhag 36. Dasho Dzongrab 37. Planning Officer

193 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

Institution/Agency Official/Personnel Interviewed ( L) Haa Dzongkhag 38. Dasho Dzongdag 39. Planning Officer 40. Thromdhe Thuemi ( M) Punakha Dzongkhag 41. Planning Officer 42. Dzongkhag Statistical Officer Mr. Wangchoo 43. Agriculture Officer 44. Thromdhe Thuemi (N) Dzongkhag 45. Dasho Dzongdag 46. Planning offer 47. Astt. Livestock Officer (O) Tsirang Dzongkhag 48. Dasho Dzongdag 49. Dzongkhag Statistical Officer 50. Thromdhe Thuemi 51. Business People 52. Planning Officer (P) Zhemgang 53. Livestock Officer Mr. Tshering Penjore

(Q) Sarpang Dzongkhag 54. Planning Officer Mr. Karma Dupchu a. Gelephu 55. Works Manager (Army welfare Project) 56. Thromdhe Chimmi 57. Astt. Regional Trade & Industry Officer (RTIO) 58. Forest Range Officer 59. Business People ( R) Trongsa Dzongkhag 60. Dasho Dzongdag 61. Planning Officer 62. BAFRA Officer 63. Business People (S) Bumthang Dzongkhag 64. Planning Officer 65. Dzongkhag Statistical Officer 66. Thromdhe Thuemi 67. Business People 68. Manager of Bumthang Beverage Ltd. 69. Head of Beekeeping Association

194 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

Institution/Agency Official/Personnel Interviewed

(T) Lhuentse Dzongkhag 70. Dasho Dzongdag 71. Planning Officer 72. Livestock Officer Mr. Sangay Dorji 73. Agriculture Officer 74. Business People

(U) Mongar 75. Dasho Dzongdag 76. Planning Officer 77. Livestock Officer 78. Agriculture Officer 79. Thromdhe Thuemi 80. Regional Director (RTIO) 81. Head of Essential Oils Development Program Mongar (V) Pemagatshel 82. Dasho Dzongrab 83. Livestock Officer Mr. B. N. Sharma 84. Thromdhe Thuemi 85. Business People (W ) Samdrup Jongkhar 86. Planning Officer 87. Dzongkhag Statistical Officer 88. Livestock Officer 89. Thromdhe Thuemi 90. Business People 91. Regional Director (RTIO) (X) Trashigang 92. Dasho Dzongdag 93. Planning Officer 94. Agriculture Officer Mr. Dorji Chedup 95. Thromdhe Thuemi 96. Business People

(Y) Trashi Yangtse 97. Planning Officer 98. Livestock Officer 99. Agriculture Officer 100. Business People (Z) Samtse 101. Dzongkhag Livestock Officer Mr. Tshewang Tashi

195 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan Annexure – B References

Books and Reports

1. Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan -2005 National Statistical Bureau, Catalogue No.101 Royal Government of Bhutan

2. Bhutan Trade Statistics July-2005 Department of Revenue and Customs Ministry of Finance, Royal Government of Bhutan -Thimphu

3. National Labour Force Survey -2004 Department of Employment , Ministry of Labour & Human Resources Royal Government of Bhutan –Thimphu

4. Resource Development Master Plan for Private and Corporate Sectors (2002-2007) Department of Employment and Labour, Ministry of Health and Education Royal Government of Bhutan –Thimphu

5. 9th Plan Main Document (2002-2007) Planning Commission ,Royal Government of Bhutan –Thimphu

6. General Statistics 2005 (7 th Edition) Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Education Royal Government of Bhutan –Thimphu

7. The Bhutan Himalaya: A Geological Account Geological Survey of India, Special Publication No.39, Edited by O. N. Bhargava, 1995

8. Bhutan Private Sector Survey -June 14,2002 UNDP and World Bank Submitted to Ministry of Trade and Industry, Royal Government of Bhutan

9. National Revenue Report, 2005-2006 Department of Revenue & Customs, Ministry of Finance

10. Tourism Resources Inventory of Bhutan (Volume I-II, August 15 th , 2005) Edited by Martin Zeppezauer & Pelden Dorji - ATC Austrian Tourism Consultants

11. Bhutan National Human Development Report-2005 The Challenges of Youth Employment ,Royal Government of Bhutan

12. Bhutan Land of the Thunder Dragon -2005 Tourism Department, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan

13. Poverty Analysis Report Bhutan (August 2004) National Statistical Bureau Royal Government of Bhutan –Thimphu

196 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

14. Bhutan Living Standard Survey (July 2004) National Statistical Bureau,Royal Government of Bhutan –Thimphu

15. Good Governance Plus Exercise of 2005 Royal Government of Bhutan –Thimphu

16. Annual report 2005 -2006 Royal Government of Bhutan

17. Environmental Assessment Act-2000 National Environment Commission

18. Performance Indicator Report -2005 Department of Revenue and customs

19. Agriculture Marketing Service Department of Agriculture -2005

20. "Non-Wood Forest Product " Department of Forestry Service, Forest Resource Development Division

21. Renewable Natural Resources Selected Statistics 2002, Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan

22. Bhutan Business Directory -2005 Bhutan Chamber of Commerce & Industry

23. Foreign Direct Investment Policy- 2002 Ministry of Trade and Industry

24. Fare Chart for Passenger Transport-2004 Ministry of Information and Communication

25. Bhutanese Environmental Assessment Sectoral ,Guidelines, National Environment Commission, Bhutan

26. Annual Report -2005, UNDP

27. General Statistics -2006 Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Education

28. Report on Survey of Manpower and Skills needs ,in the Private Sector, Ministry of Trade and Industry

29. Bhutanese Summer Vegetables in Bangladesh -2004 Ministry of Agriculture

30. "Non wood Forest Product" A report on Haa Department of Forestry Services, Forest Resources Development Division Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan

31. "Non wood Forest Product" A report on Chhukha, Samtse, Sarpang, Gasa, Punakha, Dagana and Wangdue Phodrang Department of Forestry Services ,Forest Resources Development Division Ministry of Agriculture,Bhutan

197 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan

32. Forest Resource Potential Assessment (FRPA) Bhutan Part II: Results Department of Forestry Services, Forest Resources Development Division Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan

33. ICT Annual Report 2004-2005 Department of Information Technology Ministry of Information and Communication

34. Agriculture Statistics 2004 Ministry of Agriculture, Bhutan

35. Population and Housing Census of Bhutan-2005 ,Office of the Census Commissioner Royal Government of Bhutan

36. Report on the detailed exploration of the Chakula and Romegang Ri Lead-Zinc deposits, Genekha area, Thimphu Dzongkhag, 1979, K.R. Partharanathy, Geological Survey of India, Bhutan Unit.

37. Bench scale beneficiation studies on low-grade complex Lead-Zinc ore sample (Romegangri block) from Genekha area, 1977, Joga Singh, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur.

38. Report on the exploration by drilling of the Jemina Lead-Zinc prospect, Thimphu Dzongkhag, Bhutan (F.S.1975-76), 1978, Geological Survey of India, Bhutan Unit.

39. Carbide grade Limestone of Genekha area, Thimphu Dzongkhag, 1988, Geological Survey of India, Bhutan Unit.

40. Geological report on Gidakom marble, Thimphu Dzongkhag, 1986, Phuntsho Norbu, Department of Geology & Mines.

41. Report on the resources of clay at Wang Paon, , Bhutan, 1984, S.N. Mishra, Geological Survey of India, Bhutan Unit.

42. Report on Jemina quartzite investigation, 1989, Department of Geology and Mines.

43. Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region, Volume 8, Bhutan – United Nations ESCAP and Department of Geology & Mines of Bhutan, 1991.

Web References 44. Asian Development Bank. Country Economic Review: Bhutan www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/

45. Bhutan Customs Nomenclature and Tariffs: www.mof.gov.bt/drc/ce_revisedtariff_2004; and www.mof.gov.bt/drc/downloads/BSTtariffRat Final. pdf ( version of tariff schedule)

46. Bhutan Department of Revenue and Customs: forms: www.mof.gov.bt/drc/downloads/index

47. Bhutan Portal: www.bhutan.gov.bt

48. BIMSTEC Secretariat: www.bimstec.org

198 Dzongkhag-wise Inventory of Resources -Bhutan 49. Central Statistical Organisation. Household Income and Expenditure Survey, Report on income and expenditure, poverty measurement, and socio-economic profile of households. http://adbweb.unescap.org/tid/publication

50. Central Statistical Organisation. National Account Statistics Report, National Labour Force Survey: www.employment.gov.bt/docs/strategies.htm #Labour, Economist Intelligence Unit. Country Report: Bhutan.

51. Ministry of Finance. Rules on Sales Tax, Customs and Excise Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan. www.mof.gov.bt/drc/sales_tax

52. Ministry of Labour and Human Resources www.employment.gov.bt

53. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Department of Trade www.trade.gov.bt

54. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bhutan Micro-Trade, Retail Trade and Wholesale Trade Regulations 2006 www.trade.gov.bt/tradepolicy

55. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Foreign Direct Investment Policy 2002; Foreign Direct Investment Rules and Regulations 2005. www.trade.gov.bt

56. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Rules and Procedures for Imports from Third Countries. www.trade.gov.bt

57. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Rules and Regulations for Establishment and Operation of Industrial and Commercial Ventures in Bhutan. www.trade.gov.bt

58. Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan: www.rma.org.bt/mcp

59. Royal Securities Exchange of Bhutan. http://www.safe-asia.org/rse.html

60. SAARC Secretariat: www.saarc.org

61. UNDP. Bhutan Socio-Economic Indicators. www.undp.org.bt/economic

62. UNDP. Common Country Assessment 2006. www.unct.org.bt

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