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Electronic Document Delivery: the ARTEMIS Concept For Commission of the European Communities Electronic Document Delivery The ARTEMIS concept for document digitalisation and teletransmission A study prepared for the Directorate-General Information Market and Innovation, Commission of the European Communities by Adrian Norman (Team Leader) Arthur D. Little Learned Information ÍÍ Oxford and New Jersey Electronic Document Delivery PARI. tunc?. Biblioth. K. C. Com. Ih2.2.00 The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Commission of the European Communities. COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. Electronic Document Delivery The ARTEMIS concept for document digitalisation and teletransmission A study prepared for the Directorate-General Information Market and Innovation, Commission of the European Communities by Adrian Norman (Team Leader) Arthur D. Little PARL. EUROP. Bibffoth. N. C. Com. //*L Z OO it Learned Information 1981 Oxford and New Jersey evn. Vito Published by Learned Information (Europe) Ltd. Learned Information Inc. Besselsleigh Road The Anderson House Abingdon Stokes Road Oxford 0X13 6LG Medförd, N.J. 08055 England U.S.A. ISBN 0 904933 29 6 Publication arranged by: Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General Information Marketand Innovation, Luxembourg EUR 7170 © ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg, 1981 All rights reserved LEGAL NOTICE Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Communities is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. PREFACE During the last six years, when Euronet became established, the Commission of the European Communities has initiated more than a hundred studies which are more or less closely related to Euronet, amongst them the ARTEMIS study. I dare say the ARTEMIS study belongs to those few which have the greatest consequences, others being the call for proposals for demonstrations in the field of electronic delivery of primary documents, published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, C 184,22 July 1980, and then the exhibition and workshop on electronic delivery of primary documents (18/19 December 1980 in Luxembourg) at which manufacturers presented their relevant equipment and services. The proceedings of the workshop will be pub• lished during the first half of 1981. For all that, this result could not be foreseen in December 1979 when we commissioned the ARTEMIS study. Quite early on the Commission realised that Euronet had to be backed up by a fast document delivery service. In 1978 we commissioned the Franklin study which concluded that documents should be ordered electronically in order to do away with postal delays, at least in one direction. But the Franklin Report also dealt with copyright, an issue which soon provoked a dispute between publishers and librarians resulting in a stoppage of all further development of document delivery within the framework of Euronet, with one exception: the parties involved and the Committee advising the Commission on IDST policy questions could agree to the Commission undertaking a purely technical study on document digitalisation and teletransmission provided that it did not touch on the copyright issue. Ergo ARTEMIS. The copyright issue is now being investigated in parallel and will be discussed at another work• shop, probably in Autumn 1981. Carlo Vemimb Directorate-General XIII Commission of the European Communities ABSTRACT This report describes a document delivery service, code name ARTEMIS, which prints out on readers' terminals the pages of scientific and technical documents requested from computer data bases. Source documents are 'digitalised', that is, converted to computer readable form, either as text or as facsimile. The former can be printed on a teleprinter, but does not preserve all the format of the original; the latter can be delivered to a facsimile receiver. The digitalised documents are stored in data bases attached to host computers. From these, they can be retrieved in response to a user's request and sent overnight via Euronet or another tele• communications network to the user's unattended terminal or to his computer for later printing. ARTEMIS is a marketplace where information providers and users meet. It should be an open system, with thousands of users and many hosts and data bases, all conforming to standards which make interworking possible. Nevertheless, few of these standards are exclusive to ARTEMIS, which merely promotes existing standardisation efforts. The study leading to this report was undertaken by management consultants from ADL. They investigated the feasibility of the system and concluded that all the necessary technology exists already. Legal, management and regulatory issues appear to be surmountable, so ADL has recommended to CEC DG XIII that technical trials be started. Meanwhile, agreement must be sought on the proper protection of intellectual property — an issue outside the scope of ADL's study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page MANAGEMENT SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE REASON FOR ADL'S STUDY 9 1.2. STUDY METHODOLOGY 10 1.3 CONCLUSIONS 11 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 13 2. THE DOCUMENT DELIVERY PROBLEM 2.1 TODAY'S METHODS OF DOCUMENT DELIVERY 15 2.2 EXPERIMENTS TO IMPROVE DOCUMENT DELIVERY 17 2.3 REQUIREMENTS AND BEHAVIOUR OF USERS OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION 18 2.4 NUMBERS AND TYPES OF DOCUMENTS 21 2.5 PRESENT DELIVERY COSTS 27 3. TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE DELIVERY PROBLEM 3.1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENT 29 3.2 STORAGE DEVELOPMENTS 33 3.3 THE DATA CONTENT OF A PAGE 37 3.4 DOCUMENT CAPTURE 39 3.5 SUMMARY OF COSTS OF DOCUMENT CAPTURE AND STORAGE 42 3.6 DOCUMENT RECEIVING AND PRINTING 46 3.7 SUMMARY OF DELIVERY AND PRINTING COSTS 51 4. LEGAL, REGULATORY AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES 4.1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS REGULATIONS 53 4.2 TRANS-BORDER DATA FLOW AND DATA PROTECTION 55 4.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 57 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 4.4 IMPACT ON STAKEHOLDER INTERESTS 58 4.5 STANDARDS 60 4.6 PRICING POLICY 66 4.7 ACCOUNTING 68 4.8 LOCATING DOCUMENTS 69 THE LIKELY DEVELOPMENT OF ARTEMIS 5.1 SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED 71 5.2 THE FULL TEXT STORES 72 5.3 ADDING DOCUMENTS TO STORES 74 5.4 PRINTING CENTRES 76 5.5 COMMUNICATIONS 77 5.6 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 79 APPENDICES 81 GLOSSARY 227 LIST OF TABLES Page 2.4.A CONVERSION FACTORS FOR DATA VOLUMES 22 2.4.B ESTIMATED NUMBER OF TITLES AND PAGES TO BE STORED IN ARTEMIS EACH YEAR 24 2.5.A US DIALOG DIALORDER™ SERVICE 28 2.5 B COST OF COPYING 28 3.1 .A EURONET TARIFF, UK, CHEAP RATE 32 3.2.A. CAPACITY AND COST VS. TIME 34 3.3.A DATA CONTENT OF A TYPICAL A4 FACSIMILE PAGE 37 3.5.B HYPOTHETICAL LARGE DEDICATED ARTEMIS FULFILMENT CENTRE AND STORE 45 3.7 .A TARGET DELIVERY AND PRINTING COSTS FOR MATURE ARTEMIS SYSTEM 52 4.4.A STAKEHOLDERS IMPACTED BY ARTEMIS 59 4.5 .C PARTIAL LIST OF STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO ARTEMIS 63 5.5.A TRANSMISSION METHODS FOR ARTEMIS 78 LIST OF FIGURES Page A. A CONDUIT FOR THE CONTENTS OF DOCUMENTS 3 B. TWO VIEWS OF ARTEMIS 4 C..# TANGIBLE COMPONENTS OF ARTEMIS 5 2.1.A DOCUMENT CREATION 16 2.3.1.A USER'S WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR QUICKER DELIVERY 19 2.3.1.B USER'S TOLERANCE OF LOWER QUALITY IN EXCHANGE FOR QUICKER DELIVERY 19 2.4.C TOTAL STI STOCK IN ARTEMIS 25 3.2.A CAPACITY VS. TIME 35 3.2.B COST VS. TIME 35 3.4.A TRADITIONAL AND AUTOMATED COMPOSITION PROCESSES 41 3.5.A DOCUMENT CAPTURE AND STORAGE 43 3.6.A USER CONNECTIONS TO ARTEMIS HOSTS 49 4.5 .A ISO PROVISIONAL ARCHITECTURAL MODEL 61 4.5.B INTERFACES REQUIRING STANDARDS 62 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY In August 1979, Arthur D Little (ADL) was commissioned by Directorate General XIII (DG XIII) of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC to study 'Document Digitalisation and Teletransmission'. The study confirmed that it is technically possible to convert a document into a digital form which can be stored in a computer data base and transmitted by digital tele• communications to printers located near to those who wish to read the documents. The cost of digitalisation and teletransmission countinues to fall. However, expensive equipment is required, and large volumes of documents must be handled to achieve low units costs. An operation planned on a European scale could deliver documents overnight at a marginal cost per page which is comparable with the charges made by fulfilment centres now meeting requests by copying and mailing documents. ADL conceived a system, called ARTEMIS, which would use existing technology in a new way and looked at the organisational, managerial, legal and regulatory issues involved in establishing it as a Europe-wide operation. ARTEMIS is the name of the Greek goddess equivalent to the Roman DIANE, and the acronym stands for Automatic Retrieval of Text from Europe's Multinational Information Service. The name was proposed by the ADL project leader at a Euronet/DIANE user forum and has been adopted in this report as a convenient shorthand for a document digitalisation and teletrans• mission service for full text delivery. DIANE is operational today. The acronym stands for Direct Information Access Network for Europe. It represents the ensemble of information services available through the Euronet tele• communications network. Euronet itself is a data transmission facility, not an information service. DIANE provides a framework for the services that major European hosts offer via Euronet. The hosts are typically computer service bureaux which store bibliographic data bases. By providing a medium for the introduction of common features, such as standard command language, referral service and user guidance, DIANE presents a clearer image to the user of the wide range of information services available through the network. ARTEMIS should build on the experience gained with DIANE, and supplement it.
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