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Festschrift:Experimenting with Research: Kenneth Mees, Eastman
Science Museum Group Journal Festschrift: experimenting with research: Kenneth Mees, Eastman Kodak and the challenges of diversification Journal ISSN number: 2054-5770 This article was written by Jeffrey Sturchio 04-08-2020 Cite as 10.15180; 201311 Research Festschrift: experimenting with research: Kenneth Mees, Eastman Kodak and the challenges of diversification Published in Spring 2020, Issue 13 Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/201311 Abstract Early industrial research laboratories were closely tied to the needs of business, a point that emerges strikingly in the case of Eastman Kodak, where the principles laid down by George Eastman and Kenneth Mees before the First World War continued to govern research until well after the Second World War. But industrial research is also a gamble involving decisions over which projects should be pursued and which should be dropped. Ultimately Kodak evolved a conservative management culture, one that responded sluggishly to new opportunities and failed to adapt rapidly enough to market realities. In a classic case of the ‘innovator’s dilemma’, Kodak continued to bet on its dominance in an increasingly outmoded technology, with disastrous consequences. Component DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/201311/001 Keywords Industrial R&D, Eastman Kodak Research Laboratories, Eastman Kodak Company, George Eastman, Charles Edward Kenneth Mees, Carl Duisberg, silver halide photography, digital photography, Xerox, Polaroid, Robert Bud Author's note This paper is based on a study undertaken in 1985 for the R&D Pioneers Conference at the Hagley Museum and Library in Wilmington, Delaware (see footnote 1), which has remained unpublished until now. I thank David Hounshell for the invitation to contribute to the conference and my fellow conferees and colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania for many informative and stimulating conversations about the history of industrial research. -
The Resurgence of Large-Format Photography
THE RESURGENCE OF LARGE-FORMAT PHOTOGRAPHY Shutter Release, September 2006 Rustic large-format cameras frequently feature as picturesque props in television commercials and men’s fashion magazines. The quaint imagery sustains a nostalgic view of large-format photography that has nevertheless improved of late. The borderline eccentrics trotting out creaky wooden cameras with cracked leather bellows now tend to be nattily dressed, and include women. Depicting large format as a relic may have reflected reality 15 or 20 years ago, following a half-century of decline. Happily, times have changed. Large format is on the rebound. The past decade has seen a remarkable resurgence of large-format photography. Improvements in technology, materials and film, together with the introduction of digital backs of up to 39MP resolution, have made the ponderous into an instrument of finesse. Sinar (Switzerland) Large-format cameras, commonly called view cameras, allow photographers great creative potential in composition, perspective and focus. The cameras remain large by virtue of the film area, and are entirely manual and slow to set up and operate, but such is the appeal of large-format photography to those who have the calling. In principle, each photograph is treated as if a portrait, to be carefully planned and executed. Large Format and What It Offers Literally defined by the size of the negative or transparency, large format is photography using single sheets of film, most commonly 4x5 inches. Larger models take film sheets of 5x7, 8x10 and even 20x24 inches. Imagine a contact print the size of a huge enlargement! One benefit of large format, though by no means the primary benefit, is the size of the film. -
Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic
Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Scrapbooks Collection Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County · Historic Scrapbooks Collection About fifteen years ago a man by the name of Forsyth* in Boston Eastman's Life ,,>,' Mr. Ackerman conceived the idea of estahli Story AtTea in not NevTTorM said, "replied to this letter, a dental infirmary where the chil but fuX*/?f t*}f its because of his own feelings, dren of that city could obtain ex l s;e Eastman expressed rc- Isiim social because of his sense of pert dental treatment free of grei today at Inability jn accept I fol responsibility." His reply charge. The idea appealed to mo Next an invitation to a tea WWew York Tuesday lows: and I established, a denial di s Eastman's life City this honor that I can George story afterrjjjptwJRi of| Permit me to say aary in Rochester for all Fausta Ital indigent] "will go on the air next Tuesday Vitt^av^fcngarini, understand vour present anxiety ian 1r tfrROSiS sixteen years f age.| under It 9:30 p. m. sculptrefar the which confront Ichildren between and problems has At that Mmc. last year exe school before I Since this dispensary time, Frazier Hunt, M/nw2rini Corrfl^nndenrft Ytr I had to leave of a small West you. of this famous cuted bust of Mr. Eaat representative old because I the children city| newspaper correspon m was fourteen years opened afrxqmze and George Bast one mil- man for. fine dental clinics he Iginia churchman earner in the received more than dent, will touch for the first haul was the only wage have the liter's international time incidents in the London and Rome. -
KODAK MILESTONES 1879 - Eastman Invented an Emulsion-Coating Machine Which Enabled Him to Mass- Produce Photographic Dry Plates
KODAK MILESTONES 1879 - Eastman invented an emulsion-coating machine which enabled him to mass- produce photographic dry plates. 1880 - Eastman began commercial production of dry plates in a rented loft of a building in Rochester, N.Y. 1881 - In January, Eastman and Henry A. Strong (a family friend and buggy-whip manufacturer) formed a partnership known as the Eastman Dry Plate Company. ♦ In September, Eastman quit his job as a bank clerk to devote his full time to the business. 1883 - The Eastman Dry Plate Company completed transfer of operations to a four- story building at what is now 343 State Street, Rochester, NY, the company's worldwide headquarters. 1884 - The business was changed from a partnership to a $200,000 corporation with 14 shareowners when the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company was formed. ♦ EASTMAN Negative Paper was introduced. ♦ Eastman and William H. Walker, an associate, invented a roll holder for negative papers. 1885 - EASTMAN American Film was introduced - the first transparent photographic "film" as we know it today. ♦ The company opened a wholesale office in London, England. 1886 - George Eastman became one of the first American industrialists to employ a full- time research scientist to aid in the commercialization of a flexible, transparent film base. 1888 - The name "Kodak" was born and the KODAK camera was placed on the market, with the slogan, "You press the button - we do the rest." This was the birth of snapshot photography, as millions of amateur picture-takers know it today. 1889 - The first commercial transparent roll film, perfected by Eastman and his research chemist, was put on the market. -
Large Format Digital Cameras for Aerial Survey of Geospatial Information
Large Format Digital Cameras for Aerial Survey of Geospatial Information Ralf Wolfgang SCHROTH, Germany Key words: large format frame camera, radiometry, geometry, workflow SUMMARY The Hansa Luftbild Group decided in summer 2005 to purchase the Digital Mapping Camera (DMC) of Z/I Imaging (Intergraph) and is operating this system since February 2006. Up to November 2006 there was about 250 hours of aerial survey flights flown and about 25.000 images processed. Additional experiences exist with other large format cameras. This paper will first give some information about the technical and financial processes of evaluation of the digital large format camera for aerial surveys. In the second part, the configuration of the system as it was chosen by Hansa Luftbild will be explained. The emphasis will be laid on the installation of the system in different kind of survey planes. The handling of the amount of data and the image post-processing are challenging tasks which demand a strict workflow and an integration into the complete project management workflow. Solutions for intermediate quality checks have been established and some are still under preparation. Finally, experiences about geometric and radiometric quality and calibration procedures can be demonstrated in the real production environment. RÉSUMÉ Le Groupe Hansa Luftbild a décidé à l’été 2005 d’acheter une caméra numérique DMC de Z/I Imaging (Intergraph) et utilise ce système depuis février 2006. Jusqu’à novembre 2006, 250 heures de vol ont été effectuées et environ 25 000 images ont été traitées. Des expériences additionnelles ont aussi été effectuées avec d’autres caméras à grand format. -
Large Format View Camera a Creative Tool with Limitless Potential
Section3b LargeFormat – View Arca Swiss . 158-169 Horseman . .170-179 Linhof . 180-197 Sinar . .198-217 Toyo . 218-228 ARCA SWISS DISCOVERY 4x5 SYSTEM Arca Swiss cameras are more than the sum of their parts. Each and every model gives you an entry into the Arca system, allowing you access to the most complete line of professional accessories available. Designed by working photographers, this modular system allows you to add components as needed, giving you the freedom to purchase what you need when you need it. In addition, Arca Swiss cameras are ergonomically designed, allowing the photog- VIEW CAMERAS rapher to control perspective and depth-of-field accurately. And Arca has devised a fail-safe (and foolproof) system for Arca Swiss attaching the lensboard bellows and camera back. Discovery The affordable Arca Discovery is an economical introduction to the Arca Swiss system. In spite of its 158 low cost, the light-weight Discovery shares many of the unique features that Arca cameras are renowned for (plus a few of its own). The Discovery is also compatible with most Arca system accessories, such as rails, viewers, hoods, masks, rollfilm holders and more. FEATURES ■ Precision micro gear ■ Made of lightweight Arca Swiss 4x5 Discovery Camera (0210445) focusing metal alloys Consists of: 30cm monorail (041130), monorail attachment piece 3/8˝, Function Carrier Front ■ Superfluous refocusing ■ Precision Swiss construction (Discovery), Function Carrier Back (Discovery), after parallel displacements Format Frame Front (Discovery), Format Frame ■ Includes Rucksack case Back (Discovery), standard 38cm bellows ■ Yaw-free movements (72040), film and groundglass holder 4x5, 1 3 ■ Built-in ⁄4 and ⁄8 fresnel lens and Arca Swiss nylon backpack. -
HALS Photography Guidelines Define the Photographic Products Acceptable for Inclusion in the HABS/HAER/HALS Collections Within the Library of Congress
Historic American Landscapes Survey Guidelines for Photography Prepared for U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Historic American Buildings Survey/ Historic American Engineering Record/ Historic American Landscapes Survey Prepared by Tom Lamb, January 2004 HABS/HAER/HALS Staff (editing & revision, July 2005) 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 ROLE OF THE PHOTOGRAPHER 1.1 Photographic Procedures 1.1.1 Composition 1.1.2 Lighting 1.1.3 Focus 1.1.4 Exposure 1.1.5 Perspective 1.2 Photographic Copies 1.3 Photography of Measured Drawings 1.4 Property Owners and/or Responsible Agencies 1.5 HALS Photographic Process 1.6 Methodology of Landscape Photography 1.7 Field Journal 1.8 Photographic Key 1.9 Identification 1.10 Captions 1.11 Site 1.12 Other Types of Photography often included in HALS 1.12.1 Historic Photography 1.12.2 Repeat and Matched. 1.12.3 Copy Work 1.12.4 Measured Drawings 1.12.5 Aerial Photography 1.12.6 Historic Aerials 2.0 PHOTOGRAPHING THE LANDSCAPE 2.1 Elements of site context that should be considered for photography 2.1.1 Geographic location 2.1.2 Setting 2.1.3 Natural Systems Context 2.1.4 Cultural/Political Context 2.2 Physical conditions on a site may be influenced by elements of time 2.2.1 Era/Period/Date of Landscape 2.2.2 Design Context or Period Influences 2.2.3 Parallel Historic Events 2.2.4 Parallel Current Events 2.3 The historic continuum/evolution of a site may include: 2.3.1 Chronology of Physical Layers 2.3.2 Periods of Landscape Evolution 2.3.3 Landscape Style 2.3.4 Periods of Construction 2.3.5 Land Use/Land 2.3.6 Settlement. -
LARGE FORMAT LENSES LARGE FORMAT LENSES 24 Hour Fax: 800-947-7008 Any Movement.) Limeter, Forminimum Imagecircle Required Without Cific Filmsize
Section4 LargeFormatLenses Introduction . 230-232 Nikon . 233-235 Rodenstock . 236-239 Schneider . 240-243 Heliopan Center Filters . 242 Wisner . 244 LARGE FORMAT LENSES INTRODUCTION All large format camera lenses are designed to be used with all photographic films. Image Circle The size of the circular image that lenses project is called the image circle. It is large enough to surround, or cover, the frame of the final image on the film. If you take a lens intended for 35mm film and use it with a larger-sized film, its covering power will not be exten- sive enough. As a result, vignetting, which is the dark- ening of the image’s corners, will occur. In a situation in which the covering power is extremely inadequate, a LARGE FORMAT LENSES LARGE FORMAT darkened circle appears around the image. Conversely, using a lens from a large-format camera on a smaller Angulon series. Almost every lens in this group has an camera works, because there is more than enough cov- angle of coverage of either 100° or 105° and focal erage. (This is what happened when you visualize a lengths ranging from 65mm to 210mm. All of these lenses are considered wide-angle, and each focal length 230 90mm lens covering both 4x5˝ and 35mm film). Photographers who use 35mm or medium-format is designed for a specific format. The 65mm lens is lenses are not very concerned with covering power, intended for use with 4x5˝ film; the 210mm lens, with because they almost always shoot with lenses designed 8x10˝ film. These lens-and-film format combinations specifically for their cameras, or at least the same cam- provide wide angles of view of approximately 86° and era format. -
Photographic Treasures 19Th Century Rare Book & Photograph Shop
Photographic Treasures 19th Century Rare Book & Photograph Shop Curated by Jacob Loewentheil 19th Century Rare Book & Photograph Shop Important Books, Manuscripts, and Photographs CATALOGUE 179 PAGE ITEM PRICE IN U.S. DOLLARS 4 Watkins, Carleton. 40 Mammoth Plate Photographs of the American West POR 10 Brady, Mathew. Whole Plate Daguerreotype Portrait of John Calhoun 650,000 12 Brady, Mathew. Large Format Camera from Mathew Brady’s Studio 250,000 16 Brady, Mathew. Portrait of General Ulysses S. Grant, Signed and Inscribed by Brady 52,000 18 Langenheim, William and Frederick. American Calotype of Water Tower 11,000 20 Frith, Fiske, Barker, Pollock, and others. American Travel Album 9,500 22 Collection of Photographs Depicting 7,500 The Oldest Military Installation in the Continental United States 24 Fleischmann, Trude. Signed and Inscribed Portrait of Albert Einstein 13,500 26 Sternberger, Marcel. Albert Einstein Unframed 1,250 Framed 1,650 27 Sternberger, Marcel. Frida Kahlo Unframed 1,250 Framed 1,650 28 Stacy, Charles. Coney Island Panorama 4,500 30 Armstrong, Neil. Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, signed by the Apollo 11 Crew 28,000 32 Mayall, John. Portrait of John Romeyn Brodhead 11,000 34 Panoramic Photograph of Cairo 8,500 36 Curtis, Edward S. Dog Woman (plate 668), 35,000 Original Glass Interpositive from The North American Indian 36 Curtis, Edward S. A Cree Girl (plate 622), 35,000 Original Glass Interpositive from The North American Indian 40 Early 19th Century Silk Map of Beijing 200,000 446 Kent Avenue PH-A, Brooklyn, New York 11249 USA 10400 Stevenson Road, Suite 100, Stevenson, Maryland 21153 USA phone: 410-602-3002 | fax: 410-602-3006 | [email protected] | www.19thshop.com 19th Century Rare Book & Photograph Shop Important Books, Manuscripts, and Photographs CATALOGUE 179 am pleased to present my first photographic catalogue, produced under the auspices of the 19th Century Rare Book & Photograph Shop. -
Nikon-Large-Format-Lenses.Pdf
www.mr-alvandi.com 2 www.mr-alvandi.com 65mm f/4S 75 mm f/4.5S Series SW The SW-series lenses feature wide covering power and a wide image circle. Maximum apertures of f/4 and f/4.5 assure fast and pin-point focusing and bright images, corner Nikkor-SW 65mm f/4S Nikkor-SW 75mm f/4.5S Focal length 65mm Focal length 75mm to corner. Covering power can be Maximum aperture ratio 1:4 Maximum aperture ratio 1:4.5 extended to 105° ~ 106° by Minimum aperture f/45 Minimum aperture f/45 Lens construction 7 elements in 4 groups Lens construction 7 elements in 4 groups stopping the lens down. SW series Covering power (f/4) 80° Covering power (f/4.5) 80° lenses deliver high contrast and Covering power (f/16) 105° Covering power (f/16) 106° Image circle (f/4) ø110mm Image circle (f/4.5) ø126mm resolution, reduced flare and Image circle (f/16) ø170mm (4" x 5") Image circle (f/16) ø200mm (120mm x 165mm) excellent color rendition, thanks to Shutter No. 0 (Copal® *) Shutter No. 0 (Copal® *) Shutter speed 1 ~ 1/500 s, T, B Shutter speed 1 ~ 1/500 s, T, B Nikon Super Integrated Coating Sync socket X-contact Sync socket X-contact and strict control of aberrations. Front mount size Å ø70mm Front mount size Å ø70mm Attachment size ı ø67mm x 0.75mm (P) Attachment size ı ø67mm x 0.75mm (P) SW-series lenses with a maximum Rear mount size Ç ø54mm Rear mount size Ç ø60mm Î Î aperture of f/8 are compact and Flange attachment size ø32.5mm x 0.5mm (P) Flange attachment size ø32.5mm x 0.5mm (P) Flange focal distance ‰ 70.8mm Flange focal distance ‰ 81.3mm well compensated for distortion. -
Ultracam: the New Super-Large Format Digital Aerial Camera
ULTRACAM: THE NEW SUPER-LARGE FORMAT DIGITAL AERIAL CAMERA Alexander Wiechert, Business Director Michael Gruber, Chief Scientist Martin Ponticelli, R&D Manager Vexcel Imaging GmbH 8010 Graz, Austria {alwieche, michgrub, martinpo}@microsoft.com ABSTRACT This paper introduces the new flagship of the digital aerial camera industry for remote sensing. Vexcel Imaging GmbH has developed and announced a new UltraCam camera. This camera defines a new bucket in the digital aerial camera market: the so called super-large format camera segment. This paper presents the camera design and technical parameter. In addition, features of the processing software UltraMap are described, which are required to process super-large images. KEYWORDS: UltraCam, UltraMap, digital camera, aerial camera, remote sensing, digital photogrammetry INTRODUCTION Digital aerial cameras have basically replaced analog cameras for all kind of applications. Since the first digital cameras came to the market, a constant increase of frame size or more generic: an increase of the amount of pixel across the flight strip took place. That development was driven by the need of increased flight efficiency to minimize flight costs, minimize flying time and to minimize project risk. The key parameter for the collection efficiency of a digital aerial camera is the number of pixel across flight strip. This directly impacts the number of flight lines required to map a certain area. The number of pixels along the flight line has no or only very little impact on the collection efficiency because this can always be offset by a fast frame rate and an automated processing workflow. Since years, cameras are segmented into buckets such as medium format or large format cameras. -
George Eastman Museum Annual Report 2020
George Eastman Museum Annual Report 2020 Exhibitions 2 Traveling Exhibitions 3 Film Series at the Dryden Theatre 4 Programs and Events 5 Publishing and Online Projects 7 Books 7 Digitized Films Online 7 Silver Voices 7 Videos 8 Mobile Tour 9 Engagement and Attendance Statistics 10 Education 11 The L. Jeffrey Selznick School of Film Preservation 11 Photographic Preservation & Collections Management 11 Photography Workshops 12 Loans 13 Object Loans 13 Film Screenings 14 Acquisitions 15 Gifts to the Collections 15 Photography 15 Moving Image 19 Technology 19 George Eastman Legacy 22 Richard and Ronay Menschel Library 22 Purchases for the Collections 22 Photography 22 Moving Image 23 Technology 23 George Eastman Legacy 23 Richard and Ronay Menschel Library 23 Conservation and Preservation 24 Conservation 24 Film Preservation 27 Capital Projects 28 Financial 29 Treasurer’s Report 29 Statement of Financial Position 30 Statement of Activities and Change in Net Assets 31 Fundraising 32 Members 32 Corporate Members 34 Annual Campaign 34 Designated Giving 35 Planned Giving 36 Trustees and Staff 37 Board of Trustees 37 George Eastman Museum Staff 38 George Eastman Museum, 900 East Avenue, Rochester, NY 14607 Exhibitions Exhibitions on view in the museum’s galleries and mansion during 2020. MAIN GALLERIES POTTER PERISTYLE MANSION Anderson & Low: Voyages and Discoveries Penelope Umbrico: Everyone’s Photos Any 100 Years Ago: George Eastman in 1920 Curated by Lisa Hostetler, curator in charge, License (532 of 1,190,505 Full Moons on Flickr) Curated by Jesse Peers, archivist, Department of Photography Curated by Lisa Hostetler, curator in charge, George Eastman Legacy Collection October 19, 2019–January 5, 2020 Department of Photography February 14, 2020–January 3, 2021 July 20, 2019–January 5, 2020 Bea Nettles: Harvest of Memory Made possible by Stephen B.