DOCSLIB.ORG

Feeding Mechanisms 3 Prof. George V. Lauder the Tongue-Bite Mechanism, Shark Feeding, and Techniques

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feeding Mechanisms 3 Prof. George V. Lauder the Tongue-Bite Mechanism, Shark Feeding, and Techniques OEB 130: Feeding Mechanisms 3 Prof. George V. Lauder The tongue-bite mechanism, shark feeding, and techniques Lecture outline 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws • What are the major mechanical units? • What are the major mechanical linkages? • Which muscles power jaw movement? 2) The tongue-bite mechanism 3 jaw systems in some fishes; Dissection (i) front (oral) jaws, (ii) pharyngeal jaws in the labs this pharynx, and (iii) a tongue-bite in between these week! two sets in the buccal cavity 3) Shark feeding mechanics 4) Functional analysis of fish feeding mechanisms Techniques for studying fish function: high-speed video, pressure transducers, electromyography, flow visualization Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) phylogeny: broad overview Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Holostei Chondrichthyes Polypterus and relatives Chondrostei Teleostei † Cheirolepis 1. Single dorsal fin 2. Fin ray structure: lepidotrichia 3. Scale structure Teleost fish phylogeny: broad overview Otocephala Elopomorpha Clupeiformes Ostariophysi (tarpons and eels) Osteoglossomorpha (“bony tongues”) Euteleostei 1. Mobile premaxilla bone in the skull 2. Specialized tail bones Teleostei 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws Monocirrhus (leaffish) suction feeding 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws neurocranium Ascending process eye operculum Pectoral girdle suspensorium Premaxilla maxilla mandible Pectoral Jaw joint fin hyoid Note: 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws 1. Protrusion of the jaws during suction feeding 2. Motion of water from in front of the head, into the mouth, and then exiting behind the head after passing over the gills (not visible here). premaxilla Water in front of mouth Water exits opercular openings maxilla (between hyoid operculum and pectoral girdle. 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws Mechanical linkages and major elements of the fish skull Levator operculi Levator Levator Epaxial arcus operculi muscles palatini Water in Adductor front of arcus mouth palatini BUCCAL CAVITY Hypaxial Geniohyoideus muscles Sternohyoideus OPERCULAR CAVITY Muscles Oral jaws Hyoid Ligaments apparatus Neurocranium Pectoral girdle Suspensorium Branchiostegal apparatus Opercular BUCCAL CAVITY Hyoid- apparatus mandibular Operculo- ligament mandibular OPERCULAR CAVITY ligament Water exits opercular openings (between operculum and pectoral girdle. 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws Pharyngobranchial 1 Neurocranium Gill arches (usually 5 pairs) 2 1 3 4 Pectoral 5 girdle Premaxilla Lower jaw Basihyal (“tongue”) Hyoid Urohyal – part of the hyoid embedded in the sternohyoideus muscle The pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws Vertebra UPJ LPJ LPJ LPJ: Lower pharyngeal jaw UPJ: Upper pharyngeal jaw 1) Review of the front jaws and the pharyngeal jaws RD muscle (locate in lab if you can) Teleost fish phylogeny: broad overview Otocephala Elopomorpha Clupeiformes Ostariophysi (tarpons and eels) Osteoglossomorpha (“bony tongues”) Euteleostei 1. Mobile premaxilla bone in the skull 2. Specialized tail bones Teleostei 2) The tongue-bite mechanism: a synapomorphy of osteoglossomorph fishes Skull of an osteoglossomorph fish 1) MJA– mandibular jaw apparatus 2) PJA– pharyngeal jaw apparatus in the “throat” 3) TBA– tongue bite apparatus 2) The tongue-bite mechanism: a synapomorphy of osteoglossomorph fishes Neurocranium Mandible 1) MJA– mandibular jaw apparatus 2) PJA– pharyngeal jaw apparatus Hyoid 3) TBA– tongue bite apparatus Use of the tongue-bite apparatus: dramatic effect on prey The tongue-bite behavior involves holding the prey between the upper and lower front jaws (premaxilla/maxilla, and the mandible), and then pushing the tongue teeth up and into the prey. Results of the tongue bite action on the prey Teleost fish phylogeny: broad overview Otocephala Elopomorpha Clupeiformes Ostariophysi (tarpons and eels) Osteoglossomorpha (“bony tongues”) Euteleostei 1. Mobile premaxilla bone in the skull 2. Specialized tail bones Teleostei 2) The tongue-bite mechanism: a similar system is present in some other fishes too, like salmonid fishes (salmons and relatives) 2) The tongue-bite mechanism: a similar system is present in some other fishes too Sanford, C. P. (2001). Kinematic analysis of a novel feeding mechanism in the brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Teleostei: Salmonidae): behavioral modulation of a functional novelty. J. Exp. Biol. 204, 3905-3916. 3) Shark feeding mechanics Vertebrate tree – key “fish” groups 3) Shark feeding mechanics Classic Steven Spielberg 1975 shark movie 3) Shark feeding mechanics 3) Shark feeding mechanics 3) Shark feeding mechanics Shark bites on cables Sharks will also bite cables towed behind ships. 3) Shark feeding mechanics Wroe, S. et al. (2008). Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite? J. Zool. Lond. 276, 336-342. 3) Shark feeding mechanics Wroe, S. et al. (2008). Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite? J. Zool. Lond. 276, 336-342. 3) Shark feeding mechanics 3) Shark feeding mechanics Basking shark filter feeding 3) Shark feeding mechanics Angel shark suction feeding 3) Shark feeding mechanics (Great) white shark: biting 3) Shark feeding mechanics Schematic overview of the head and jaws and gill arches 3) Shark feeding mechanics Generally similar overall linkage systems to that of bony fishes, but rather different skeletal parts and many fewer moving elements. 3) Shark feeding mechanics Comparing feeding systems in sharks and bony fishes Note the color code: sharks have no opercular series 3) Shark feeding mechanics NOTE: the palatoquadrate (upper jaw) protrudes as the mouth closes. 3) Shark feeding mechanics NOTE: the palatoquadrate (upper jaw) protrudes as the mouth closes. 3) Shark feeding mechanics Some images of upper jaw protrusion in elasmobranchs. Upper row: “relaxed” jaws Lower row: protruded palatoquadrate upper jaw 4) Functional analysis of fish feeding mechanisms Techniques for studying fish function: A) High-speed video – to record the pattern of head motion B) Pressure transducers – to measure the suction (negative) pressure C) Electromyography – to record which muscles are active to power feeding D) Flow visualization – to directly measure flow into the mouth 4) Functional analysis of fish feeding mechanisms A) High-speed video Side view of prey capture in the bowfin, Amia calva A) High-speed video View from below (ventral) A) High-speed video Kinematic pattern during suction feeding (obtained from high-speed video) Note the front-to- back timing of head movement during suction feeding: compare motions to the red dashed line. Note sequence of movement, from anterior to posterior: jaws open first, then hyoid depresses, then opercular series expands. B) Pressure transducers: quantifying suction pressure Tube into gill (opercular) cavity Tube into mouth (buccal) cavity Bluegill sunfish with pressure transducer cannulae in the buccal and opercular cavities B) Pressure transducers: quantifying suction pressure Catheter-tip pressure transducer measures pressure Pressure transducer is threaded down the plastic cannulae shown in the previous slide The sensor is a small wire glued to the back side of the thin rubber membrane (white arrow) Measuring suction feeding pressure experimental setup Recording equipment Sample pressure traces Fish with tubes Measuring suction feeding pressure sample traces Goldfish prey Negative pressures can be very negative: -600 cm H20, for example C) Electromyography – to record which muscles are active Inserting needle electrodes Needle electrodes Studying muscle function in vivo: electromyography C) Electromyography – to record which muscles are active Studying muscle function in vivo: electromyography I. Electromyography: an important technique for studying muscle function. When electrical activity in muscles in measured, complex patterns are often observed that belie simple textbook descriptions of muscles as “flexors” or “extensors”. II. Technique. Electrodes (either surface or needle) and amplifiers and recording devices are used to measure extracellular potentials resulting from muscle fiber membrane depolarization. Electrodes are typically bipolar and record the potential difference between the individual wires. Inserting the electrode directly into the muscle belly is the best way to study patterns of electrical activity, but surface electrodes are often used too. Studying muscle function in vivo Muscle 1 Muscle 1 Muscle 2 Muscle 3 Muscle 2 Sample electromyograms at two time scales. Note the multiphasic pattern of electrical activity and spike height relative to the baseline. The two traces to the left are at a shorter time scale to show a typical burst pattern recorded from white muscle fibers. The traces to the right are at an expanded time scale to better reveal the spiking pattern. EMGs can assess the relative degree of activity (properly used) and in certain cases (often involving statistical analysis of activity patterns) can be used to assess very roughly the amount of force generated by muscles. Electromyography: measuring muscle activity in muscles during feeding and locomotion Electrode bundle Sunfish with electrodes in fin muscles Electromyography: measuring muscle activity in muscles during feeding Experimental setup Sample electromyograms during prey capture, synchronized with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Developmental Genetic Modularity of Cichlid Fish Dentitions
    This is a repository copy of Biting into the Genome to Phenome Map: Developmental Genetic Modularity of Cichlid Fish Dentitions. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/109900/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Hulsey, C.D., Fraser, G.J. orcid.org/0000-0002-7376-0962 and Meyer, A. (2016) Biting into the Genome to Phenome Map: Developmental Genetic Modularity of Cichlid Fish Dentitions. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56 (3). pp. 373-388. ISSN 1540-7063 https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw059 This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Integrative and Comparative Biology following peer review. The version of record Integr. Comp. Biol. (2016) 56 (3): 373-388 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw059. Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Evolution in Gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae): a Multi-Scale Phylogenetic Investigation
    PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION IN GOBIES (TELEOSTEI: GOBIIDAE): A MULTI-SCALE PHYLOGENETIC INVESTIGATION A Dissertation by LUKE MICHAEL TORNABENE BS, Hofstra University, 2007 MS, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 2010 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in MARINE BIOLOGY Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Corpus Christi, Texas December 2014 © Luke Michael Tornabene All Rights Reserved December 2014 PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION IN GOBIES (TELEOSTEI: GOBIIDAE): A MULTI-SCALE PHYLOGENETIC INVESTIGATION A Dissertation by LUKE MICHAEL TORNABENE This dissertation meets the standards for scope and quality of Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi and is hereby approved. Frank L. Pezold, PhD Chris Bird, PhD Chair Committee Member Kevin W. Conway, PhD James D. Hogan, PhD Committee Member Committee Member Lea-Der Chen, PhD Graduate Faculty Representative December 2014 ABSTRACT The family of fishes commonly known as gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae) is one of the most diverse lineages of vertebrates in the world. With more than 1700 species of gobies spread among more than 200 genera, gobies are the most species-rich family of marine fishes. Gobies can be found in nearly every aquatic habitat on earth, and are often the most diverse and numerically abundant fishes in tropical and subtropical habitats, especially coral reefs. Their remarkable taxonomic, morphological and ecological diversity make them an ideal model group for studying the processes driving taxonomic and phenotypic diversification in aquatic vertebrates. Unfortunately the phylogenetic relationships of many groups of gobies are poorly resolved, obscuring our understanding of the evolution of their ecological diversity. This dissertation is a multi-scale phylogenetic study that aims to clarify phylogenetic relationships across the Gobiidae and demonstrate the utility of this family for studies of macroevolution and speciation at multiple evolutionary timescales.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Fishes - Structural Patterns and Trends in Diversification
    History of fishes - Structural Patterns and Trends in Diversification AGNATHANS = Jawless • Class – Pteraspidomorphi • Class – Myxini?? (living) • Class – Cephalaspidomorphi – Osteostraci – Anaspidiformes – Petromyzontiformes (living) Major Groups of Agnathans • 1. Osteostracida 2. Anaspida 3. Pteraspidomorphida • Hagfish and Lamprey = traditionally together in cyclostomata Jaws = GNATHOSTOMES • Gnathostomes: the jawed fishes -good evidence for gnathostome monophyly. • 4 major groups of jawed vertebrates: Extinct Acanthodii and Placodermi (know) Living Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes • Living Chondrichthyans - usually divided into Selachii or Elasmobranchi (sharks and rays) and Holocephali (chimeroids). • • Living Osteichthyans commonly regarded as forming two major groups ‑ – Actinopterygii – Ray finned fish – Sarcopterygii (coelacanths, lungfish, Tetrapods). • SARCOPTERYGII = Coelacanths + (Dipnoi = Lung-fish) + Rhipidistian (Osteolepimorphi) = Tetrapod Ancestors (Eusthenopteron) Close to tetrapods Lungfish - Dipnoi • Three genera, Africa+Australian+South American ACTINOPTERYGII Bichirs – Cladistia = POLYPTERIFORMES Notable exception = Cladistia – Polypterus (bichirs) - Represented by 10 FW species - tropical Africa and one species - Erpetoichthys calabaricus – reedfish. Highly aberrant Cladistia - numerous uniquely derived features – long, independent evolution: – Strange dorsal finlets, Series spiracular ossicles, Peculiar urohyal bone and parasphenoid • But retain # primitive Actinopterygian features = heavy ganoid scales (external
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogenomic Perspective on the Radiation of Ray-Finned Fishes Based Upon Targeted Sequencing of Ultraconserved Elements
    1 A phylogenomic perspective on the radiation of 2 ray-finned fishes based upon targeted sequencing of 3 ultraconserved elements 1;2;∗ 1;2 1 1 4 Michael E. Alfaro , Brant C. Faircloth , Laurie Sorenson , Francesco Santini 1 5 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2 6 These authors contributed equally to this work 7 ∗ E-mail: [email protected] arXiv:1210.0120v1 [q-bio.PE] 29 Sep 2012 1 8 Summary 9 Ray-finned fishes constitute the dominant radiation of vertebrates with over 30,000 species. 10 Although molecular phylogenetics has begun to disentangle major evolutionary relationships 11 within this vast section of the Tree of Life, there is no widely available approach for effi- 12 ciently collecting phylogenomic data within fishes, leaving much of the enormous potential 13 of massively parallel sequencing technologies for resolving major radiations in ray-finned 14 fishes unrealized. Here, we provide a genomic perspective on longstanding questions regard- 15 ing the diversification of major groups of ray-finned fishes through targeted enrichment of 16 ultraconserved nuclear DNA elements (UCEs) and their flanking sequence. Our workflow 17 efficiently and economically generates data sets that are orders of magnitude larger than 18 those produced by traditional approaches and is well-suited to working with museum speci- 19 mens. Analysis of the UCE data set recovers a well-supported phylogeny at both shallow and 20 deep time-scales that supports a monophyletic relationship between Amia and Lepisosteus 21 (Holostei) and reveals elopomorphs and then osteoglossomorphs to be the earliest diverging 22 teleost lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Prey Processing in the Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta Splendens)
    J Comp Physiol A DOI 10.1007/s00359-013-0819-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Prey processing in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) Nicolai Konow • Belma Krijestorac • Christopher P. J. Sanford • Renauld Boistel • Anthony Herrel Received: 12 November 2012 / Revised: 6 April 2013 / Accepted: 8 April 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract We studied prey processing in the Siamese oropharyngeal dentition surfaces to immobilize, reduce and fighting fish (Betta splendens), involving slow, easily process relatively large, tough or motile prey. Prey pro- observed head-bobbing movements, which were compared cessing outside the pharyngeal region has not been with prey processing in other aquatic feeding vertebrates. described for neoteleosts previously, but morphological We hypothesized that head-bobbing is a unique prey-pro- evidence suggests that relatives of Betta might use similar cessing behaviour, which alternatively could be structurally processing behaviours. Thus, our results suggest that and functionally analogous with raking in basal teleosts, or pharyngognathy did not out-compete ancestral prey-pro- with pharyngognathy in neoteleosts. Modulation of head- cessing mechanisms completely during the evolution of bobbing was elicited by prey with different motility neoteleosts. and toughness. Head-bobbing involved sustained mouth occlusion and pronounced cranial elevation, similar to Keywords Convergence Á Kinematics Á Oropharyngeal Á raking. However, the hyoid and pectoral girdle were Videofluoroscopy Á Nutritional physiology protracted,
    [Show full text]
  • Decoupled Jaws Promote Trophic Diversity in Cichlid Fishes
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.13971 Decoupled jaws promote trophic diversity in cichlid fishes Edward D. Burress,1,2 Christopher M. Martinez,1 and Peter C. Wainwright1 1Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616 2E-mail: [email protected] Received January 30, 2020 Accepted March 26, 2020 Functional decoupling of oral and pharyngeal jaws is widely considered to have expanded the ecological repertoire of cichlid fishes. But, the degree to which the evolution of these jaw systems is decoupled and whether decoupling has impacted trophic diversification remains unknown. Focusing on the large Neotropical radiation of cichlids, we ask whether oral and pharyngealjaw evolution is correlated and how their evolutionary rates respond to feeding ecology. In support of decoupling, we find relaxed evolutionary integration between the two jaw systems, resulting in novel trait combinations that potentially facilitate feeding mode diversification. These outcomes are made possible by escaping the mechanical trade-off between force transmission and mobility, which characterizes a single jaw system that functions in isolation. In spite of the structural independence of the two jaw systems, results using a Bayesian, state-dependent, relaxed-clock model of multivariate Brownian motion indicate strongly aligned evolutionary responses to feeding ecology. So, although decoupling of prey capture and processing functions released constraints on jaw evolution and promoted trophic diversity in cichlids, the natural diversity of consumed prey has also induced a moderate degree of evolutionary integration between the jaw systems, reminiscent of the original mechanical trade-off between force and mobility. KEY WORDS: Adaptive radiation, integration, key innovation, macroevolution, MuSSCRat, RevBayes.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Morphology of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels
    JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 269:604–619 (2008) Functional Morphology of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels Rita S. Mehta* and Peter C. Wainwright Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 ABSTRACT Moray eels (Muraenidae) are a relatively eels comprise roughly 95% of the taxonomic diver- large group of anguilliform fishes that are notable for sity and species richness within the Elopomorpha. their crevice-dwelling lifestyle and renowned for their Muraenids, otherwise known as moray eels, are a ability to consume large prey. Morays apprehend their clade within the anguilliforms. They include prey by biting and then transport prey by extreme pro- roughly 200 species and represent one of the larg- traction and retraction of their pharyngeal jaw appara- tus. Here, we present a detailed interpretation of the est clades within the anguilliforms. Within the mechanisms of pharyngeal jaw transport based on work muraenids, two monophyletic subgroups are recog- with Muraena retifera. We also review what is known of nized: Uropterygiinae and Muraeninae. These sub- the moray pharyngeal jaw apparatus from the literature groups are based on morphological characters of and provide comparative data on the pharyngeal jaw ele- the gill arch region and the development of the ments and kinematics for other moray species to deter- median fin (Bo¨hlke et al., 1989). Uropterygiines mine whether interspecific differences in morphology contain the genera Anarchias, Channomuraena, and behavior are present. Rather than comprising broad Scuticaria, and Urotperygius, while roughly twelve upper and lower processing tooth plates, the pharyngeal genera are thought to comprise the muraenines jaws of muraenine and uropterygiine morays, are long (see McCosker and Randall, 2007 for new genus, and thin and possess large, recurved teeth.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Performance in Hawaiian Stream Goby Fishes: Morphological and Functional Analysis Takashi Maie Clemson University, [email protected]
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 8-2007 Feeding performance in Hawaiian stream goby fishes: Morphological and functional analysis Takashi Maie Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Maie, Takashi, "Feeding performance in Hawaiian stream goby fishes: Morphological and functional analysis" (2007). All Theses. 172. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/172 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FEEDING PERFORMANCE IN HAWAIIAN STREAM GOBY FISHES: MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS A Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Biological Sciences by Takashi Maie August 2007 Accepted by: Dr. Richard W. Blob, Committee Chair Dr. Margaret B. Ptacek Dr. Heiko L. Schoenfuss 1 ABSTRACT Distributions of Hawaiian stream fishes are typically interrupted by waterfalls that divide streams into lower and upper segments. Larvae hatched upstream are flushed into the ocean, and must climb these waterfalls to reach adult habitats when returning back to freshwater as part of an amphidromous life cycle. Stream surveys and studies of climbing performance show that Lentipes concolor can reach fast-flowing upper stream segments, but that Awaous guamensis reaches only slower, lower stream segments. Gut content analyses for these two species indicate that diet differs between them only by 10% or less dry weight for most major components (mostly green algae and invertebrates).
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Evolution in the Feeding Mechanism of Actinopterygian Fishes1
    AMER. ZOOL., 22:275-285 (1982) Patterns of Evolution in the Feeding Mechanism of Actinopterygian Fishes1 GEORGE V. LAUDER Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 SYNOPSIS. Structural and functional patterns in the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism are discussed in the context of the major monophyletic lineages of ray-finned fishes. A tripartite adductor mandibulae contained in a maxillary-palatoquad- rate chamber and a single mechanism of mandibular depression mediated by the obliquus inferioris, sternohyoideus, and hyoid apparatus are primitive features of the Actinopte- rygii. Halecostome fishes are characterized by having an additional mechanism of man- dibular depression, the levator operculi—opercular series coupling, and a maxilla which swings anteriorly during prey capture. These innovations provide the basis for feeding by inertial suction which is the dominant mode of prey capture throughout the haleco- stome radiation. A remarkably consistent kinematic profile occurs in all suction-feeding halecostomes. Teleost fishes possess a number of specializations in the front jaws including a geniohyoideus muscle, loss of the primitive suborbital adductor component, and a mobile premaxilla. Structural innovations in teleost pharyngeal jaws include fusion of the dermal tooth plates with endoskeletal gill arch elements, the occurrence of a pharyngeal retractor muscle, and a shift in the origin of the pharyngohyoideus. These specializations relate to increased functional versatility of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus as demonstrated by an electromyographic study of pharyngeal muscle activity in Esox and Ambloplites. The major feature of the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism is the increase in structural complexity in both the pharyngeal and front jaws.
    [Show full text]
  • Diss 5.3 for Server
    Convergence and plasticity in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Moritz Muschick aus Wolfenbüttel, Deutschland Basel, 2013 1 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Walter Salzburger (Departement Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Basel) und Prof. Dr. Patrik Nosil (Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder) Basel, den 15. November 2011 Prof. Dr. Martin Spiess (Dekan) Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Dokumentenserver der Universität Basel edoc.unibas.ch Dieses Werk ist unter dem Vertrag „Creative Commons Namensnennung-Keine kommerzielle Nutzung-Keine Bearbeitung 2.5 Schweiz“ lizenziert. Die vollständige Lizenz kann unter creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/2.5/ch eingesehen werden. 2 Namensnennung-Keine kommerzielle Nutzung-Keine Bearbeitung 2.5 Schweiz Sie dürfen: das Werk vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich zugänglich machen Zu den folgenden Bedingungen: Namensnennung. Sie müssen den Namen des Autors/Rechteinhabers in der von ihm festgelegten Weise nennen (wodurch aber nicht der Eindruck entstehen darf, Sie oder die Nutzung des Werkes durch Sie würden entlohnt). Keine kommerzielle Nutzung. Dieses Werk darf nicht für kommerzielle Zwecke verwendet werden. Keine Bearbeitung. Dieses Werk darf nicht bearbeitet oder in anderer Weise verändert werden. • Im Falle einer Verbreitung
    [Show full text]
  • Four Bar Linkage Biomechanics in the Pharyngeal Jaws of the Red
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Woods Hole Open Access Server Four-bar linkage modeling in teleost pharyngeal jaws: computer simulations of bite kinetics Justin R. Grubich1,2 Mark W. Westneat1 1Department of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, IL 60605 2Address for Correspondence: Marine Biological Laboratory (MRC) 7 MBL St., Woods Hole, MA 02543 Pharyngeal jaw four-bar linkage Abstract: The pharyngeal arches of the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) possess large toothplates and a complex musculoskeletal design for biting and crushing hard prey. The morphology of pharyngeal apparatus is described from dissections of six specimens, with a focus on the geometric conformation of contractile and rotational elements. Four major muscles operate the rotational 4th epibranchial (EB4) and 3rd pharyngobranchial (PB3) elements to create pharyngeal bite force, including the levator posterior (LP), levator externus 3/4 (LE), obliquus posterior (OP), and 3rd obliquus dorsalis (OD). A biomechanical model of upper pharyngeal jaw biting is developed using lever mechanics and four-bar linkage theory from mechanical engineering. A pharyngeal four-bar linkage is proposed that involves the posterior skull as the fixed link, the LP muscle as input link, the epibranchial bone as coupler link, and the toothed pharyngobranchial as output link. We used a computer model to simulate contraction of the four major muscles, with the LP as the dominant muscle whose length determined the position of the linkage. When modeling lever mechanics, we found that the effective mechanical advantages of the pharyngeal elements were low, resulting in little resultant bite force. In contrast, the force advantage of the four-bar linkage was relatively high, transmitting approximately 50% of the total muscle force to the bite between the toothplates.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Feeding in the Mudskipper Periophthalmus (Pisces: Teleostei): a Cineradiographic Analysis
    Reprinted fromJ. Zool., Lond. (1981) 193, 517-530 Terrestrial feeding in the Mudskipper Periophthalmus (pisces: Teleostei): A cineradiographic analysis . DEBRA L. SPONDER AND GEORGE V. LAUDER * The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. (Accepted 13 May 1980) (With 2 plates and 4 figures in the text) Mudskipping gobies (periophthalmihae) are among the most terrestrial of amphibious fishes. Specializations· associated with terrestrial prey capture and deglutition have been studied in Periophthalmus koelreuteri by light and X-ray cinematography which permits direct visualization ofpharyngeal jaw movement during deglutition. Anatomicalspecializaw tions of the pharyngeal jaws are described and include depressible teeth, a large ventral process on ceratobranchial five-, and muscular modifications. ~ Multiple terrestrial feedings oCCur by Periophthalmus without a return to the water, and cineradiography reveals that the buccal cavity is often filled .with air during terrestrial excursions in contrast to some previous hypotheses. Transport of the prey into the oesopha­ gus occurs primarily by anteroposterior movement of the upper pharyngeal jaw. The lower pharyngeal jaw plays a limited role in food transport and may serve primarily to hold and position prey. The bite between upper and lower pharyngeal"jaws occurs between the anterior teeth, and both jaws are protracted together during raking of food into· the oesophagus. Functional specializations correlated with terrestrial feeding include obligatory use~fpharyngealjawsfor swallowing even small preyitems and positioningofthe preyin the pharynx by pharyngeal jaw and hyoid movements alone. This analysis ofterrestrial feeding allows hypotheses ofdesign constraints imposed bythe aquatic medium on fishes to be raised and tested. Contents Page Introduction .. 517 Materials and methods 518 Results.
    [Show full text]