Gah ap kes Yirc ...... pyad Yirc Max : ...... 1 ...... 1 1.2 Guzqan Sutaga ham ...... 21 1.3 Cet nyava wor nyava ...... 39 1.4 Pikaga ket ats pyad ...... 42

Yirc nam : gap dyad ...... 49 2.1 Qusnd ...... 49 2.2 Dyad ketnd ...... 60 2.3 Gid ...... 74 2.4 Sovaga udet ...... 98 Yirc kaz : ...... 105 3.1 Dod masti yiskuci hareo? ...... 105

3.2 Topi ket ...... 132 Yirc od : ...... 155 4 T ’ r q r ...... 155 4.2 Ats dentkan yiskuc dyama dosa ...... 180

i

Yirc Max

Gah ap mv qibata zayta pikaga mv mvqanend gah protin hormon mv wuc saqnd baytamin karbohaydret madind sov

1.1 .

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm yint barqn ochnde.

1. r q ? 2. Max atsi mvis mvargu r r atnseo? 3. Mvqanend gah maki har makeo? 4. Am zar nixire negeran eri yisteo?

1.1.1 Mv

Mv hareo? dorsi yiskenda, pug nagi yiskenda, endis kangi q . A : K ’ q r r ’ r ’ -mula, dinicha dumarsnda gizio.

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1. Mv gobqanenda mva q q r q r q q q . End yisind: A. karbohaydret D. madin B. qibata zayta E. baytamin C. protin G. sov

Mv gobqaned gahndeshn tuna gizio. Hac kamam sapmasa xsapangi q q guzeshn utsi yiskucis ni beqnsue.

A. Karbohaydret K r r q r q q q r .

q r r r ’ q .

r r r r q bommsende. K r r q ti yiskend mvndi: dabo, gonzh, muz, dinich, qixa, gorm ap, shukar, ruz, koha dumarsnda gizio.

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Col bud xes bud norgn koq

Dinich dabo shukar

Sivil K r r q

r r r marasmas masti yiskue. Marasmasaga malati hac dungam yiskende. 1. Itsayqn cil xsyaxsnsue (eznsue) 2. Itsayqn guzi atsa erg guzwoxn atnsue shidan shirxnsue. 3. Marasmasi itsayqnd pugi yiskendi myat mv mvni koynsende.

Sivil r

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B. Qibata zayta

Qibata zayta mvi gida zola utsi yiskend mv petangi karbohadreteshn beshasi gida zola utsi yiskend mva gizio. Qibatamend mv - G ’ r r yiskenda gizndi utsi yiskend qopnda gizio. Amtseshn: gizndi utsi yiskend - r ’ ’ - Shenolega, margarin Zayt – Gapkan yiskuc bunsam bartnbanu haki yiskenda itsayqn ’ q q Amtseshn : G ’ - salixaga zayta, sam ap zayta, nug zayta zayt , talbaga zayt gizndaga qopnd – oruaga zayt

Zayt hamburger ocholoni ( ’ q)

A ’ norgn kizh Sivil q q

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C. Protin q dorsnsueshna pikasnsueshna gaxsi yiskend mvqanend yanxs gahndi protin masti yiskende. Protini amino asid masti yiskuc saqam qayxsi yiskue. Amino asid gobqan yiskend yanxs gahndi karbona, haydrozhina, oksizhina, naytrozhina gizio. Amino asidqan naytrozhinaga yisti protina karbohaydreta qibataqan q .

r . 1. G q q ’ gatsni yiskue. 2. Guzis dorseshn, 3. Gid utsagend mvwosn gaxsi yiskende. Qibata karbohaydretais yi koysti yiskuwoxn yapargend.

r ’ q

Giznd dadn yapsti yiskend: kizha, gyam-mula, (gyama, dora, ketsa,dya r ) ’ dumarsnda. ’ q : atara, baqara, shimbira, shushua akuri atera gizio.

Kangwoyn yi koysti yiskuwoxn dorsagenda, zoysagenda mvis ni mvashidan yi koysti yiskuwoxn iqni ni haknsargue.

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Gyam-mul kizh oru biqil

Misir shimbira ’ ’

Sivil 1.1.4 Dorsagenda guz pikasagenda

Protin masti yiskuc mvis nyavi mvargu petan kuwasherkor masti yiskuc pugi itsayqn pugnsue. Kuwasherkori 2 bergn uxnsi 3 bergam hak yiskend nyavis beshasi pugi yiskue.

Kuwasherkor pugnas nyav guzn besti yiskend malatndi: 1. Itsayqn cili eznsue. 2. Itsayqn tova apa kitsnsue. 3. q q batsnsue, ba haxnsue.

Sivil 1.1.5 Kuwasherkor pugnas nyav

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D. Madinat q q yiskend mv gobqan yiskend yanxs gahnda gizio.

q r q r r q r q r q

.

Puga end dentkan:  ( r ) mvqan kaygu petan animia masti yiskuc su .  K r q r r r bocnsue.  q r qayxs qayxsnsargue. Ucam don r masti yiskue.  A r r r T r q G r q q r .

r q q r q r q q harkend gizio. Itsayqni sorsasi yiskuci indokran masti yiskuc bod/tubo etkuc ixiama gizio. Bod/tubo etkend endqan sorsi keski yiskuc hormone bana keskuwoxn sutkana vyardi yiskue. Uceshn saqangi bana yisn koysta yiskucn kang hanqi yiskue

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Sivil 1.1.6 bokar pug

gacha zoq kich ap dabo ’ oru

Sivil 7 ’ q

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S r ’ q r

Madinaga q guzeshn yi utsi yiskuc gaxs sum zar kalsiyem Kizha, kizh apa, sama r r ’ qayxsas posperes Kizha, kizh ’ r r ’ q q ap musti ሥዕል 1.1.7 በማዕድናት የበለፀጉ ምግቦች yiskend mva, Ayren Maya, gyam mula, gacha Suti zoqnsueshn hatsi yiskue. zoqa, sama Homoglobin qayxseshn gatsnsue. Yanxs gaha uc etku oksizhini wobtni haknsargue. Ayodin r r q guzi soy maki karbohaydretam ’ ’ q K gaxsasnsueshn gatsni yiskue. haynd - Bokar masti yiskuc pug nagi yiskue. Kilorin Mvaga zheg - Max max daxh woxi yiskue. q q hamsueshn gatsni yiskue. + E. Baytamin : G ’ q kangwoyn kobcasnsi ni itsayqn mvnsend mva gizio. Baytaminis namam ni qodni haknsue. End yisind:  S ’ r Amtseshn: baytamim B, C,  Qibatam mu ’ r - Amtseshn:baytamim A, baytamim D, baytamim E baytamim K

q q r q r haknsue.

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q yapsti yiskuc tuna hac dungam yiskuc sanxar q q q q utsnsueshn gatsni yiskende.

Sanxarazh 1.1.2 Baytaminag r , yii r

baytamim r zar A A ’ hay mustagend - - guz (ats betaga) koch, kizh, karot, norgn, xhimchnsue. cupargu shid qint, gyam-mul - dapint/ xumaskn notnsueshn yapargu shid/ B Ruza,gosa, q - Berberi /Mvaga mayn oru ,baqar, shimbira, kizh q bav / utsnsueshn - Muzara, nerbaga pug C - K Dina sutaga iskerb /guzaga q r boda ada,dinaga suta/ r zolnsueshn

harkenda. D Oru zayta, gyam mula, Merta gasha riket /tov boc / norgna, obar koskna, zoyseshn E ’ r q Gizndi ’ bunqnsueshn ’ dumarsnda gatsni yiskue. - Ats debm yi hatsi yiskuci xisham erstargue. K hay mustagend kocha, - may pug sama, salaxa dumarsnda. guzi myat - sutnsargueshn guzi sutnsue gatsnsue

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G. Sov

Sovi katsamendeshn myat koysti yiskuc yanxs gahnda gizio. Pikaga mv n 70% sova gizio. S .

 q q .  aki baqi yiskue.  q .  q q .  S q q r q r r is karsa yapmsui koysti yiskue.

. 1. Ni mvi yiskend mvqan amtseshn፡ muza, dinicha, karota, r qeram qeramend mva 2. Ucasni yiskend (bartagend mv) Amtseshn : xhimaqea, shayia, gyava, kizha dumarsnda gizio.

Pikaga mv

Pikaga mv ni makan har makeo? q r q r q .

A. Xsota noti yiskuc Vyana mayna xsoxs bergi itseshn yiskuagon petasn itsayqn guzi xsoxs zolesargue. Vyani besh zolqi yiskue, .

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r q r r gizio.

B. Berg noti yiskuc r r r r q yiskueshna gizio.

C. Qayxs noti yiskuc Myat pavi y q q r q q q q q q q q hac dungam yiskenda gizio. K r - K q - r r q r q sapmaga zaraga yanxs gahnd uxangi yiskuc atseshn soysi koysti yiskuc mv zara gizio. 2. A ’ r - A ’ r ’ q r - G r ’ q protineshn beshe. ap mustagend mva its zara - r r ’ q gizio. Buda, q ( ’ ) q qeram qeramend mv zarnda gizio. 4 G ’ ap musti yiskend incha - guzis pugi pugnsargueshn nagi yiskend baytamina ’ q 12

- karota,qaysira, muza, burtukana, lomia, sama qosxaa, ’ ap musti yiskend incha gizio. 1. Qayxsi bestnsuc Tamar nyavndo budinam atangi yint barqn ochni yint gapkan mveshn yinti gaxsasni yiskend sapmaga mvaga gobqanend r q ’ ’

S r q yiskuc tun

Pyad Mv gobqanend yanxs gahndi Mvaga gobqanend yanxs gahnd tun 1 karbohaydret 2 qibata zayta 3 protin 4 Madinat 5 baytamin 6 sov

- Qayxsi bestnsuc T r q r , misaeshn pikaga mv r rq ’ ’ ’ r ’ burtukana, lomia, mangoa, abokadoa, karota, qaysira, gonzha, salaxaa, shuka dinicha, sama, pasta, ruza, qixaa, timatima, salaxa, qosxaa

kangwoyn ni mvi yiskend mv zaris sanxarazhqan xsap. Koysti yiskend gah: dabtar, pena shidan irsas q

13 kangwoyn፡ qursa, misa irata yinti mvi yiskuc mv zaris odaga mv zara hac dungam sanxarazhqan xsapangi yiskuc xsapmde.

Sanxarazh 1.1.4 Kangwoyn ni mvi yiskend mvis od kobam qod

P Canqan Kizhaga zar A ’ r Buda mv ’ y yiskend ab apa zar tostagenda a inch apa d 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 can 2 makcan 3 Orob 4 Hamash 5 Mitsir 6 Bucac 7 Cambat 1= Qurs 2 = Sat mv 3 = Xum mv

Dosas 1.1 A. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndi ibar petan ibar axax petan axax maki karsnde. 1. q . 2. Tayroksini soy iqeshn koysti yiskue. 3. Or ’ q 4. Mvqanend yanxs gahndi kazam qodangi yiskende. 5. q ’ r atnsende.

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A q q q r ingasnde. A B ______1. baytamim K A. berberii mvis mayn baysague. ______2 baytamim E B. rikets ______3 baytamim D C. adaga dob etku sut bartaga irat ______4 baytamim C ’ ______5 baytamim B E. dinaga sut irat G. Guzaga xhimargu shid H. Xumam yapargu shid irat

C. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndesh yeshuc gal kutsis soyaga qalam ’ ’ 1. guzaga payntkan 70% atnsuci gizio. 2. Myataga zayt mvi mvqan yapsti yiskue. 3. Shukaraga xsabayi itseshn yiskend mvi masti yiskende.

D. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndesn estend gah dentkan ibar petnsuc kart kursnde. 1. ’ q q r ? A. kizh B. atar C. kizh ap D. norgn 2. R ’ r q ? A ’ ap musti yiskenda B. kamm bosti yiskend mv C ’ D. kizham 3. Hac dungam yiskend madinatnd dentkan maxubabaga mvqan kobci ats sut kocaga pug ats pugnsue. A. kalsiyem B. ayren C. ayodin D. posperes

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4. Nyava yanxsi mvqan bayeshn bednsuc proti bana yapargu shidan ______masti yiskuc pugam purstnsende. A. animya B. kuwasherkor C. rikets D. iskerb r ______masti yiskue. A. kalsiyema posperesa C. ayodin B. klorin D. ayren

1.1. guzqan mvi wosti yiskuc bod

Mvi wosti yiskuc nab Tamar nyavndo hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm yint barqn ochni karsnde. 1. A q ? 2. Mvis bana miqasnsueshn gaxsi yiskend: nona, ez cila, yars cila, har zar qayxsan qayxsi yisteo?

Mvi wosti yiskuci hareo?

q q

q q . Mvaga qeram qeramend mv woxagenda gatsnagenda dadn yisti sorsi yiskuc sasa, inzayma bodam qayxsi yiskue. Mvis bana woxnsueshn gaxsi yiskendi hac dungam yiskenda gizio.  non  ez cil  yars cil  ez cili wostarguc mvis mvis xhuram budn kesni haknsue.

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Mvis miqaseshn gaxsi yiskend ats guzndi mv miqasagend tubo masti xsesti yiskende. Mv miqasagend nonn uxnsi xhuram hak yiskend ats guz uxi yiskende.

Sivil 1.1.8 mv miqasagend ats guznd

A. Non q q q ’ q r ’ q r q

K r r q q . Tyalin(ptyalin) masti xsesti yiskuc saskan yiskuc inzaymi istarch masti yiskucis beshasi miqasi maltoskan bomi yiskue maka gizio.

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B.Ez cil  q q q r q .  q q q namnasnuc kutsa gizio.  Ez cilaga gobi cilis uysi yiskend sovis sorsasi yiskende.  S gobqan haydroklorik asida inzayma uxangi yiskuca gizio.  Haydroklorik asidi gidamuc asid bana petuesh cilqan vyardi yiskend myataga daxhis woxi yiskue.  Inzayma masti yiskendi protin petend mvis beshasa bana miqasnsueshn gaxsi yiskende.  Protin petuc mvi nonqan miqargue.

C. Yars cil

Cila ezqan kot miqangi yistuc mvi nyak nyak maki cila r r r q q r yiskendi፡ 1. Mayqan: xhishknaga pasashi qibataga mvndis miqasi cilqan shadnsueshn gaxsi yiskue. 2. Nyamxsqan yisti keski/sorsi/ yiskend pasashnd፡ 3. Yarsubay cilqan: cilqanuc sas r gobqan yiskend inzamndi yarsubay cilqan mvis miqasi ats cacam hamsuc hatsi yiskende.

Soy miqi yeshuc mvi yarsubay cil gobm yiskuc yanxs pelam hanqi cackan vyardi yiskucagi sirget masti yiskue. Cackan vyarduc mvi suta qeram qeramuc ats guzqan hammi haknsue. Miquc mvi myat pavarguc yisti cackan vyardnsueshn yarsubay cil gobm yanx harkend gahi yiskende. End yisind belay masti xsesti yiskende.

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D. Ezubab cil  Ezubab cilqan mvi miqargue.  Sovi guzqan hamsue.  r r .

Qayxsi bestnsuc

1. q ’ gaxsasni mv miqasaga qayxsis dens

Koysti yiskend gahnd  q r ’ q

r r r r ’ r . r q ’ r q q Yintayqni q q ’ Oxh : 1. Hanucubab burxhukanan bad at beqadeo? 2. Har zar bad atan beqadeo? Hareshn?

3. Qayxsi bestnsuc Atsaga mv miqasagend guzis besi yiskuc modelis zolaga dose worqat/karton/Sivil worqatn/xawulam yinti qayxsu geshn itsayqn max maxis qestam besnde. Uc geshn budinam atangi itsayqn max maxaga gaxsis yint barqn ochnsi yint kipilqan yiskend yint nalndeshn hayxnde.

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Qayxsi bestnsuc Ez cilaga model budinam atangi qayxsnde. Ucis yinti qayxsnsueshn aparn xyabsaguc yeshasnde. Uc geshn Siviln yintayqni beqi yiskuwoxn hatsi model qayxsnde. Cili mvis bana miqasa yiskuc echam haraga dumars qayxsan qayxsi yisteo? Budinam yint barqn ochnde.

Sivil 1.1 9 cilaga model Sivil

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1.2 Guzqan Sutaga ham

Gah ap sut muzar gomqanuc sutaga wopt Sutaga zar sut etaguc guzqanuc sutaga wopt zoq sutaga hiwasnd sut karsaguc muzaraga dek dal sutaga hiwasnd kapilaris ech ay bi platlets edis

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm yint barqn ochnde.

1. Suti hareo? 2. Sutaga zari am bodam qodi yisteo? 3. Sutaga cacndi am bodam qodi yisteo? 4. Ats qinteshn am kipilagi yisteo? 5. Sutaga ham maki har makeo?

1. Sut

S qeram qeramend ats q q gobqanind sutaga sel masti yiskend uxi yiskue. Sutaga pasashi plazma masti yiskue. Suti ats guzqan wopti yiskuci sut eti hamaguc bombama sutis karsaguc bombama gizio.

Ats guzqan odaga sut zari yiskue. Atsa max guzqan maxaga zar sutagi yistni haknsue. Odaga sut zarndi hac dungam yiskenda gizio. End yisind: A B AB O masti erstangi yiskende. Sutis yinti beqagucn haran harki yisteo?

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Suti bana bestagucn maxn maxn zoqi yiskue. Ucind peti yiskuci sut eti q q r A r gobqan hemoglobin masti yiskuc zoqaga sut bana qayxsnsueshn gaxsi yiskue.

q r q q r r q zoqnsargue. Gah dentkan xsidnangi bestnsue. Myat karti sut karsaguc bomband gobqan ni yaki yiskuc suti xsida gizio. sutaga hiwasnd kazam qodi yiskende: End yisind: 1. zoq sutaga hiwasnd 2. dal sutaga hiwasnd 3. platleta gizio. sutaga gaxs ni makan har makeo? S kangi max zaraga qayxsagi yiskue maki tatsi yistade? Tatsa uc debm yint barqn gahnde.

2. Zoq sutaga hiwasnd zoq sutaga hiwasndi itsayqn qayxsi hareo?

 q q .  zoq sutaga hiwasndi oksizhin masti yiskuc narsis gomqan yitsi dumars guzqan eti hanqi yiskue.  q q q r r qeram qeramend ats guzqan yitsi gomqan karsi eti yevi yiskende.  q q q q hiwasndeshn gid utsi yiskue.

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 q q qayxsna bana haknsargueshn zoqaga hiwasndaga gatsi eza gizio.  zoq sutaga hiwasnd itsayqn pyadi dal sutaga hiwasnda, platletaeshn beshi yiskue.

- Dal sutaga hiwasnd

 Dal sutaga hiwasnd q pyadam kota gizio.  q r q q q r kutsn karti yiskende.  Dal sutaga hiwasndi pug eti wuagend daxhndis xhadni gamtsu p r . Gah dentkan itsayqni gamxu petan puga ucam purstni ni haknsue.  r nabmsuc antibodi masti yiskend kemikal sorsasi yiskende.  A A yiskuci namaga bodama gizio. End yisind : 1. Sutam nyav dadn yisti bay dadn hamam 2. Kitbatam፡ r antibodies qayxsnsueshn gaxsi yiskue.

1. Platlets  Itsayqn pyadi zoqaga suta dalaga suta hiwasndeshn myat kobci yiskue.  q q r yixnsueshn hatsi yiskue.  r platlets masti yiskende.

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Pletlets zoqaga sut hiwas dalaga sut hiwas Sivil 1.2.1 sutaga hiwasnd

1. Muzar

Yintayqn muzari wos yisku petan eri yistade? muzaraga qayxsi haran budinam ochnde.

A. Muzaraga deg

r ’ r ’ ’ yint r r q r ’ r r O r q ’ r nam kipili hadarn koban yiskue.

 Kamam yiskend nam muzaraga kipilndi orikiles masti yiskende. orikiles namxhaga muzar kipila gizio.  Dungam yiskend namas muzaraga kipilndi irzh/duxsa gizio. bentrikles masti xsesti yiskende.  Kamam yiskend orikles masti yiskendi sutis ats guzqan shiknan xurqi hatsi yiskende.  Dungam yiskend bentrikles masti yiskendi sutis ats guzqan haknan xurqi hatsi yiskende. Esagon yi petasn hadar kobm yiskuc r ’ r r r

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Uceshn hadar kobm yiskuc bentrikleseshn beshasi sutis xurqi hakn hatsi yiskue.

Sivil 1.2.2 muzaraga kipilnd

B. Muzaraga gaxs

Muzaraga qayxsi hareo?

Muzari sutis gomqana dumars guzqana xurqi hatsi yiskue. Muzari sutis xurqi yiskuci sutaga bomband bodama gizio. sutaga bombandi kazaga kutsn qodi yiskende.

1. Sut eti hamaguc Sutis muzarqan yitsi dumarsaga ats guzqan eti hanqi yiskuci sutaga bomba sut eti hamaguc masti xsesti yiskue. Ezubaba sut eti hamaguc bombai aorta masti xsesti yiskue. sut eti hamaguc bombandeshn irzhaga degi yiskue.

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Myat karti sut eti hamage q r q r ’ q

2. Sut karsaguc K r q q r q r q ’ r r q r r masti xsesti yiskende. sut karsaguc bombandi degi namxha gizio. Ezubaba sut karsaguc bombai benakaba masti xsesti yiskue.

3. kapilaris Mva, sova, oksizhina endi ats guzqan kanguc kutsn ati yiskuci kapilaris masti yiskend gobam hanqia gizio.

Kapilarisi sut eti hamaguca sut karsaguca yisn dyami yiskuc kutsn yiskuc yanxsaga bombaa aguli manaxsir (apam bestargend gahndis ez hatsi besaguc qixs) masti yskucam besti yiskenda gizio.

K r ’ r mva, oksizhina itsayqn gobam myat irat etku hanqi yiskue. Hiwasnd gobqan yiskuc daki dumarsaga guz kipilqan hanqi yiskuci kapilaris gobama gizio.

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ቀጫጭን ባንቧዎች sut Sivil 1.2.3 sutaga bomband karsaguc C. Sutaga ham

Sutaga wopt maki har makeo?

q q . S qayxsa ucis bana qayxsnsueshn namaga zar sutaga woptis yitsi yiskue. End yisind: 1. Gomqanuc sutaga wopt 2. Guzqanuc sutaga wopt

27

1. Gomqan sutaga wopt K r q q ’ r muzarga kipilqan karsi yiskue. Uc geshn gomqan eti hanqi yiskue.

q r bana saqni yis O q q bombam (pulminari beynis) bodam hadaraga muzar degqan vyard yiskue. Suti muzarqan yisti gomqan karti kasi gomqan yisti muzarqan hanqi yiskuc wopti gomqanu sutaga wopt masti yiskue.

Sivil 1.2.4 Gomqanuc sutaga wopt

2. Guzqanuc sutaga wopt

O q r r q eti hamaguc bombaqan (aorta) iyardi yiskue. qeram qeramend ats guzqan (arteris) masti yi q r q r q r q .

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S q guzqan kang hanqi atnsende.

S r r q q q q bunquc narsi (karbon day oksayd) sut karsaguc r ’ r q r q sutaga wopt masti yiskue.

Sivil 1.2.5 Guzqanuc sutaga wopt

D. Muzaraga dek

Muzaraga deki hareo?

Yintayqn hayis yint dadn yiskuc yint nal pikn yitsnsi haysnde. Har harki yiskuc qaran/katsan/ siskadeo?

Yinti siskuc katsi muzari sutis eti hamaguc bomband bodam guzqan kang dekni titsi yiskuca gizio. Muzari qayxsi yiskuc qayxsa uci muzaraga dek masti yiskue.

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Yintayqn muzari max deqiqaqan am kartian dekni yisku petan eri yistade?

Sivil q ’ Sivil ’ Kutsa ucis yint kucha maxam nash maki uxnde. Haragi yint sistadeo? Uca yinti siskuca yint kuchkan dekni yiskuci max deqiqa gobqan am taran dekni yiskuan pyadnde. Pyada uci yint muzari deqiqaqan am taran sut eti hamaguc bombaqan dekni yisku petan besi yiskua gizio.

Sivil 1.2.6 Muzaraga dek qel

E. Muzaraga dek qelaga bod

Ats kang muzaraga deki max esargue. Mmuzaraga deki ats Bergama, q r bomi yiskue. Nyav yanxsa atsa iqnasa dentkan onaga muzaraga dekagi bednsue maki yisteo?

Ny r q r r r r dekni yiskue.

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r r q q q 140 karti dekni yiskue. Atsa iqnasa soy yiskuc muzari max deqiqaqan 65-110 karti dekni yiskue.

Isport qayxsi muzaraga degis irzhasi dorsi yiskue. Qazqi muzaraga deki bitnsueshn gatsni yiskue. ’ kangi ’ q ndi myat aki myataga mva, oksizhina yapmsue. q q gatsni yiskende.

S q r r r q q r q r q q q ende.

r q q r ’ r

yiskuc bunqaga karbonday oksayd gasi sut karsaguc bombam hanqi budn kesnsue.

1. Qayxsi bestnsuc Tamar nyavndo hac dungam yiskend yanxs qixsam gaxsasni budinam atangi muzaraga Sivil qayxsnde. Koysti yiskend gahnd: plastik, xarmus,

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Edis Edisi hareo ?

Edisi dumars pugwosn sutam gyarstni yiskue.

E r q r woxi yiskuc puga gizio.

T ’ q ?

Dod tohn 33 miliyon atnsend edis pugnasndi yiskende. Atsa end T ’ q T ’ q 6 0 000 q yiskende.

Ech ay bi

Ech ay bii hareo?

Ech ay bii bayresa gizio. Bayresa uci apam besti atarguc yars hiwasa gizio. Bayre q q q r qeramend pugi pugi yiskue. Ucaman edis pugi ats pugi yiskue.

Ech ay bi bayresi harqanan yisteo? Bayresa uci puga ucam ustangi yiskend ats :  sutkana  mayn katsketkana vyan hazxqana  itsayqnd xyam kizhqan  pugnas sutam itangi yiskend /milixha napa/ guzn yiskue.

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Myat karti yitsend wucam erstuci ech ay bi bayresi myat karti yiskuci ats sutkana, mayna vyana dyam yitsagucn itsayqn guzqan keski yiskend pasashkana gizio. S r q uxnsargueshn dentsnsui baba, baya, micha, ichaeshn myat koysti yiskue.

Ech ay bi pug r q . Atsa keta max gobqan yiskendi itsayqn debm ochnsend gahnd dentkan qodi yiskendi hac dungam yiskende.

1. Vyardnabanagu hak mayn/vyan tovn xsalargu yist. 2. Nalnag nal debm dumars mayn/vyan tovn xsalargu yist. 3. deb baqni ati gamxi myatas mayn/vyan tovn xsalqi yiskend atsndeshn koysti yiskuc kit uts.

q r r r pugam purstargendi myat qayxs qayxsn bitni iqnsue.

r r : a. Xish etku mayn/vyan tovn xsayntam b. A estagucn. Suta esti yiskuci wucasnargu petan gyarstnsue.. c. : A : r . d. Pugnas sutam itangi yiskend (napa, milixha) dumars qexsaga gahis ni gaxsasnan gyarstnsue. 33

Ech ay bi edis pugi gidamend naytnd woxi wursi bela qogaeshn atsa iqnasndis bedasi yiskuc itaga puga gizio. Uceshn wosagon makaso puga ucam ustend ats pyatsna no haknsargue. Gah dentkan puga ucis nabma no haknsue.

1. Vyardnabanagu hak mayn/vyan tovn xsalargu yist. 2. : nal/bes/masht/ debm dumars mayn/vyan tovn xsalargu yist 3. r q q r shid 4. Gash maseshn gaxsi yiskend qixsis namas (myatas) gaxsasnargu shid. 5. Myat kostargend akum bab qixsndam gaxsasnargu shid, 6. nyaveshn yi gyarstn r 7. Kondomis xisham gaxsasna gizio.

q r q r ? Beshasi edis pugam dekasni yiskuci atsa nayta, cet nyavnda qayxs qayxsi hatsnsenda gizio.

r r r q q rq r r gaxsasni itsayqni yiskend bodaga dentkan qodi yiskend gahndi hac dungam yiskenda gizipo.

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1. r r q r r q r q r q gaxsasnsui koysti yiskue. 2. Puga uc gyar r r r r dadn hanqi tamarnia qazaga kit yakia gizio. 3. Naytndi aprn bana yitsa yistuc itaga r r q q r q r q tamarsnsui koysti yiskue. Amtseshn:  Idir dubdn ati tamarsni haknsende.  r q r knsende.  Naytnd mabarnd bodam timirtis atsa akeshn utsi tamarsni haknsende.  Digeshn qayxsi yiskend atsnda bana atangi ats akeshn timirt utsni haknsende. q q edis pug bayseshn qayxsagend kibabmndi zolaga qayxs qayxsnsuci koysti yiskue.

Tamar nyavndo edis pugis wosasaman yinti nabmsan yint siskuca yinti bequcan dontnsi amts utsi atsi yitsnsuc xisheshn max gapkan yiskend tamar nyavndi kaskuc kasis hac dungam ni beqnsue.

Danka masti yiskuc nansa Zoyta masta yisken nama endi nala nalanda gizio. Bana bequca bana siskuca gahn dontnsi ech ay bi edisis wosasaman bana nabmsan itsayqni garatni kaskuc gahis ni beqe.

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Danka: " Digam aqane? Zoyta: " Digam Yeri galatasmak. Nena digam aqane? Danka: " Woynten sat halapasnsi kipilqan ni vyarde?" Zoyta: r ? r baxhnsue." Danka: "Soysa ni cuna ta yiskue. Kipilqan ni vyardarguc aparn kochkan hanqi kot kasknsi ni vyarde." Z : “ aa. Edis masti yiskuc pugi wosasaman ats uxi yistan era yistane?" : “ q r ." Zoyta: " Es yi petan hac ta nena kochkan hanqa haran qayxsna maka yistao? Hac ni ni tamar nyava gizio. Hac tov bokis ni tatsnsuc sat esargue. Hac geshn hayqa ni baqo! " Danka: " Tatsa ne hayxuci ibara gizio. Kita tam nehayxueshn soysa ni galatna ta yiskue." Zoyta: " Kita ta hayxuc ne siskuesh ni galatna ta yiskue." q q end tamar q zolqan no nababmsui koysti yiskue. Uceshn hac geshn woynten ta ni oxhuc oxh zar oxhis nam karta ni oxhnsartanue. Z : . Hac geshn zolas tamar nyav ni mastnsueshn zolqi kangwoyn ni pashtni nababmsue." Digam pesho " Danka : Digam pesho "

Dosas 1.2 A r “ r” “ ” r 1. Sutaga pasashi plazma masti yiskue. 2. Muzareshn od kipilagi yiskue. 36

3. Zoq sutaga hiwasndi oksizhin eti hamagenda gizio. 4. Muzaraga dek pyadi ats byargama, atsi purstana badni erargue. 5. q r ’

B. " A " tovqan yiskend qalatndis " B " tovqan yiskend karta pasha ingasnde. "A" "B" _____1. platlets A. muzaraga dek _____2. dal sutaga hiwasnd B. Suti zoqnsueshn hatsi yiskue. _____3. Namxhaga sut bomba C.Suti myat sutnsargueshn hatsaguc _____4. Hemoglobin D. Puga bana xhadnaguc _____5 Yinti woxsaguc yint piknn E. Kapilaries sisti yiskuc kats G/ aorta H/ Bentrikles C. Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd oxhnd galaga kutsndis ibaraga qalam ’ ’

1. guzqan yiskend hiwasnd dadn mvi ati yiskuci bodama gizio. 2. O q muzaraga kipila gizio. 3. Kamam yiskend nam muzaraga kipilnd masti xsesti yiskende. 4. Sut eti hamagend bomband degi itseshn yiskue.

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D. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndeshn estend odaga kartnd dentkan ibar petuc kartis kursnde.

1. Dig yiskuc atsa iqnas muzari deqiqaqan dekni yiskuci ameo? A. 72-75 C. 100-140 B. 50- 60 D. 65- 110 2. Sutis muzarqan yitsi guzqan kang eti hanqi yiskuc sutaga bombai A. Sut eti hamaguc C. sut karsaguc B. kapilaris D. aorta 3. Sutaga hiwasndi amam qodi yisteo? A. odam C. namam B. kazam ’ 4. Sutaga zarndi ameo? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

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1.3 Cet nyava wor nyava

Gah ap

cetn worx xhon

Hac dungam yiskend oxh debm yint barqn budinam ochnde.

1. r r ? 2. Vyan nyavi am bergnan cetni yiste? 3. Mayn nyavi am bergnan worxi yiste?

A q r r . Vyav nyavi iqi ket gixsa aqna ba hakagucn cet nyav masti yiskue. Ucind 14n uxnsi 16 berga gizio. Kasi mayn nyava 11n uxnsa 14 berg bana atagucn wor nya mastna haknsene.

q r qeram qeramuc abam petni haknsue. Vyan nyavi cet nyav atargu aparn mayn nyavagi wor nyav ati yiskue. Aba ucam mayn nyava cet nyava myat bitni iqi yiskende.

 ’ q .  ’ ’ r  r .  q ’ .  ’ .  ’ .

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2. r  ’ q .  q ’ .  .  K .  ’ .   Qar kobca gizio.

Kayte masti yiskuci hareo?

K r r 4 6 q r K r haknsene maka gizio. Kayti pug esargue. Mayn petend tamar nyavndi koystarguc tovn xsayntaga oxhis hamag bana oxhasnan yahe itsyqni maknsuci koystargue.

A oxhucn koystarguc tovn xsayti hatsnsuc itaga iratis tyapasi itsayqni hayxnsui koysti yiskue. Hamagi atsa uci ichnsi gidam itsayqna bana surni maki yisku petan gapkan yiskend daneshn itsayqni gaha ucis ersasnsui koysti yiskue.

Mayn nyavndis hamagi atsa maxi ert ketaga coram yiskend kutsn itsayqni cunargu yistn gidam itsayqna bana surni makan wosasaman itsayqni potnsu petan namas nyavi kasam besi yiskucis wos ni beqe.

Kozhu: " Digam aqane?" Gacin: " Digam yeri galatasmak" Kozhu : " Nena soyaga nyava gizao. Pashti ni sure makan hareo !"

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Gacin : T r tov baqa yistna koya yiskue. Yer shero T r !" Kozhu : T cuna yisku petasn ersanen es ne maknsargue. Kot ni sure makaesarage? Gacin : T cuna ne yisku petasan es yiskuc itaga oxhis r q r ? T r r . Kozhu : " Yereshn maka soye ne makno? iratasnsue. Gacin : r r r r q .

Kasa hac kamam yinti nababmuckan Gacina zol nyav bana petueshn Kozhueshn soyaga . Yintayqnind yint debm ati yiskuc itaga gahkan ertam yinti potnsuci koysti yiskue.

1.3 Dosas ’ r “ r” “ ” r

1. q r q . 2. Mayn nyav guzn kayti barti yiskuci pug malata gizio. 3. q q r 11-14 yisku petana gizio. 4. ’ ’ r q esargue.

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1.4 Pikaga ket ats pyad

Erstnsend qalat

Pikaga ket ats pyad r ’ gidam tovn xsaynt koystarguc qan q yeynt act

Pikaga ket ats pyad Pikaga ket ats pyad masti yiskuci besa mashta qanqa bana irsa hatsnsuc nyav pyadis bamm yiskuc keta pashi ha ’ itseshn ert utsi yiskuca gizio.

bodis gaxsasni gaduci tyata Yasusi yeysarguc aparna gizio. Es ni makagucn Pikaga ket ats pyadi woynten bana iqidama programama yitsa yiskwoxn esargue.

Pikaga ket ats pyad hareshn gaxsi yisteo?

1. q r r rq r r . 2. r . 3. Keta q maxnaseshn tatsn yistnsueshn gatsni yiskue. 4. K q gaxsasnsueshn gatsni yiskue. 5. Keta maxqan yistnsuc ats pyadis kobcasi yi yiskueshn kazhaman yiskende.

42

Ket ats pyadi bana piknashidan har irat hatsnseo?

1. Kash etku yeli yiskend baynd debm myataga dig iratis hatsi yiskue. 2. baba baya dadn yapmsargende. 3. Ket atsndi nyava bana yeluc baqa bana irsnsueshn hakargu shidnsende. 4. Max qaznsueshn hatsi yiskue. 5. A q q q r r r r q . 6. Pikaga ket ats pyadam ni gaxsasnargu shidan ats akaga debm iratis ni hatsi yisku petucis ni ernsuci koysti yiskue.

Koystarguc qan maki har makeo?

Koystarguc qan maki iqidam tatsargu yisti qansi yiskuc qan maka gizio. Koystarguc qan nabi hareo?

1. G ’ 2. Tatsargend ket atsndam yitsi yiskuc tovn xsaynt: Amtseshn : ichama, bach nyavama, dumars atsndama yitsam dontuc koystarguc qani qansi yiskue. koystarguc qani hatsi yiskuc irate hac dungam yiskenda gizio. a. maberawi b. ikonomyawi c. sine-libonawi

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Mayna bes vyarsargu yista purn qanqa yela yiskuci myataga ats dodn r r q q q r r qalasnsende.

T r q yiskuc cun yapmsargende. Itsayqn baba baya dadn koysti yiskuc gazi yapstargu shidn bamm koysti yiskuc mva, simara yapmi haknsargende.

Bes vyarsargu yisti yeli yiskend maynndi ats dentkan myat zaga bana q q r q r q .

Mayn nyavi bes vyarsargu yista tatsargu bodam qanqa bana yelu q badasi yiskend. r q q .

Tovn xsalargu shid (mayn/vyan) Tovn xsalargu shid maki vyardnabanagu hak vyani mayn tovn xsalargu yiskuca kasi mayna bes bana vyarsagu hak vyana bana r tatsa ucis baqnbanueshn zolnsuc koyi yiskue.

Vyardnabanagu hak (mayn shidan vyan) tovn xsalargu shid gaxsi:  T r kesnsarninue.  Tatsargu qanis mayn nyavndi qanqnsargende.

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1. Tatsargu qanis mayn nyavndi worsasnbanueshn makn itsayqn debm ati yiskuc irate yistnsargue. 2. q xsaynt oxhis nu nalndi nu oxhnsargue. 3. Yars no yistn n q r r .

A. Bes/mashtam gibatasni yist G r r r r . Pur q q r r r r q r .

B. Yeynt actis ersas A : r q q r q r qan nabagend bod gaxsasna gizio.

1.4 Dosas oxhnd Hac dungam yi r “ r” q “ ” r _____ 1. Ats nyavi yeyntis koyargu bana shidan bana nabmsueshn dentsni yistuci yizqn gadnsia gizio. _____ K r q ’ vyarsi yiskuca gizio. _____ A r yiskuci pikaga ket ats pyad masti yiskue.

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Yirca hacaga wur

 .  Mvi musti ucasni yiskuc gaha gizio.  Mvi iqeshna, gid utseshna, digeshna gaxsi yiskue.  A q ’ ’ r q r , ni qayxsi yiskuc qayxs zarama gizio.  q r .  q q r r q r ’ r r q q q r r kipilqan vyardi yiskuc yitsa gizio.  q q yiskuc sut eti sut eti hamaguc bombam hadar muzar kipilqan yitsi guzqan kang eti bana hatsu geshn bunquc nars (karbon day ) r ’ r rq r yitsa gizio.  A q r r .  Vyan nyavi cetni yiskuca mayn nyavi wor nyav ati yiskuc bergi myat badnargue.  Mayn nyavi 11-14 berg dentkan itsayqn guzn besti yiskend malat dentkan: techaga aka, xyam keskna, katsaga kopca, erstangi yiskende.  Vyani kasi 14-16 berg dentkan itsayqn guzn besti yiskend malat : ’ ’ r r q ’ da, kats ura, ertangi yiskend malatnda gizio.

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 Pikaga ket ats pyadi: Besa mashta endi qanqa irsna ba haknsuc nyav pyad debm gahi iqidam yelnsueshn gatsni yiskuca gizio.

Woshaga oxhnd A. ’ r r petan axax maki karsnde. _____1. Mvi nonqan yista ba qostan yars cilqanan vyardi yiskue. _____2. Mayqan yisti keski /sorsi/ yiskuc bartaguci inzaym masti yiskue. _____3. r q q . _____4. Ez cilqan mvi wosti yiskue. _____5. Qibata zayta gid utsi yiskend mva gizio. _____6. T r q baba baya dadn yapmsargue.

B. " A " tovqan yiskend gahis "B" tovqan yisken karta pashi ingasnde. "A" "B" _____ 1. Wostarguc mvis ni kesnsueshn gaxsi A. yars cil yiskuc _____ q B. non _____ 3. xhishkn C. may _____ 4. Mvi yisn miqi wuri yiskuc kuts D. cil _____ 5. ’ E. ez cil

C. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndeshn ibar kart petnsuc kursi xsapmde.

1. Mayqan yisti keski yiskuc xhishkni gaxsi yiskui A. karbohaydretaga mvndis miqasnbanueshn B. qibataga mvndis miqasnbanueshn C. protinaga mvndis miqasnbanueshn ’ q

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2. q r q q gizio. A. non B. cil C. yars cil D. ez cil 3. Atsaga muzareshn am degagi yisteo? A.2 B.3 C.4 D. 5 4. Hac dungam yiskendqan maxi ucasni yiskend mv amts esargue? A. xhimaqe B. kixh C.shay D.karti kaygue. 5. Dinaga sutaga pugi ats pugi yiskuci ats mvqan baytamina ______masti yiskuci kobcana gizio. A. B B. A C. D D. C D. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndeshn estuc gal kutskan pikaga qal ’ ’ 1. r . 2. Edis pugis pyatsni ni hakarguagon shidan _____hakasnsue. 3. _____ vyardnargend mayna vyana surargu yiskuca gizio. 4. Yarsubay cilaga gobm yiskend yanx harkend gahndi_____masti xsesti yiskende. E. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndndeshn uynx kart utsnde. 1. Yeynt nabeshn gaxsi yiskend nam bodis xsapmde. 2. Inzaymaga qayxsi hareo? 3. Bokari hareo? 4. Odnasndaga sut zar xsapmde. 5. Mv gobqan am zaraga yanxs gahagi yisteo? Itsayqn sum xsapmde? 6. muzaraga qayxsi hareo? 7. Pikaga ket ats pyad maki har makeo?

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Yirc nam gap dyad

2.1 Qusnd Gah ap Qusnd mexenequs guznuc bom gobqanuc xsabaynixire qusawi bom atom molokulnd guznuc xsabay

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm yint barqn ochnde. 1. Qus masti yiskendi hareo? 2. Qus masti yiskendi haraman qayxsadeo? 3. Qus masti yiskendeshn har xsabayagi yisteo? 2.1.1 Qusnd

. Amtseshn፡ r r ’ r Kocha, giznda, dumarsnda gizio. Qus masti yiskendi qayxsuci apam bestargend yanxs gaha atomnd mast yiskendama gizio. Atomnd masti yiskendi maxn bana dubdnagucn molekul utsi yiskende. Amtseshn: - Namaga haydrozhin atoma maxaga oksizhinaga atoma maxn bana atagucn sov utsi yiskue. - Namaga oksizhin atoma maxaga karbon atoma maxn bana atagucn karbon day oksayd masti yiskuc bunqaga nars utsi yiskue. r . Kuts uxi yiskue. Amtseshn - sova

49 narsa amtsa end dentkan qodi yiskenda gizio. Narsi apam besti atarguca kucham usti atarguc qusa gizio.

Xarmus x r ’ pishko

Irsas burxhuk buta gazaga silinder

Sivil qeram qeramend qus

2.1.2 Qusaga xsabaynd Qusndi itseshn namaga xsabayi yiskue. End yisind pizikawia, kemikawia masti yiskend xsabaya gizio.

A. Pizikawi xsabaynd Pizikawi ’ r guzam erstni haki yiskenda gizio. Myat pavargu yisti badni ersti yiskende. Es ni makagucn qalama, coqa soynta, esa kyarta, ez shidan yars peti q ’ r r

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Amtseshn: sovaga guznux xsabay : q . esargue, d r : xarara, pasasha, gasa, atni haknsue.

B. Kemikawi gobqanuc xsabaynd Bad ni hatsnsueshn myat pavi yiskenda, maxaga qus gobqan har zar gahndagi yisku petana, haraman itsayqni qayxsu petana,Dumarsnd q r q r xsabayi kemikawi/gobqanuc xsabay masti erstangi yiskue.

Amtseshn karbon day oksayd/ bunqaga nars/ maxaga karbon atoma namaga oksizhin atomagi maxn atia gizio. Qusndi y qeram qeramend kazaga yitsam yapstni haknsende. End yisind: Xaxar: q r . Bartagend: q r . Gah dentkan yi kutsa uxi yiskuci yiskue. Gaz: q r kutsa uxi yiskuca kaygue. Amtseshn: r r q : r rq r ’ nyala,wonbara dumarsnda  Bartagend qus amtseshn : sov, zayta  Gasaga qus amtseshn : narsi erstangi yiskuca gizio.  Sovi bartaguc qusa gizio. Gah dentkan dumars qusndeshn sovi qeram qeramend bodam yistni haknsende. Amtseshn: - S r r r r r G 1000C r ’

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- ’ q r r v maka gizio. Narskan vyarduc bomi duldul ati yiskue. Dulduli nyak yisti kobsi dodn karti wol ati buki yiskue. - r r ’ r yiskue. Hac nona hayxend kazaga sov yistndi sovis dumars quse .

q q q q r q r q pavargend masti yiskend.

Amtseshn xaxar qusis wos ni beqe. Ayreni xixes q yiskue. Ayrenqan yiskuc molekulndi wutkan yiskuc molekuleshn myat barqn shik petueshn. Kangwoyn ayreni wuteshn besh pavi yiskue. Wuti ayrena pasha ni xsotsagucn myat pavargue maka gizio. Amtseshn pasashaga payntis wos ni beqe. s r G q q r q yiskueshn max zaraga paynti itseshn yistnsargue. Sov paynti zaytaga paynteshn beshi yiskueshn namas gahnda endis ni ni saqnsueshn ni koyan kotaga deqiqa geshn zayti hayqn debm kesn sovi dodn wognsue.

r q r barqn shikangi yisku petueshn itsayqn paynti narseshn beshi yiskue. Amtseshn፡ r gilam kutsa yi uxi yiskuci kaygue. Narsi apam bestni hakasnsargue. Narsi kucham ustni hakasnsargue. Narskan yiskend molekulndi xaxarqana, bartagendaqan yiskenda pasha ni xsotsan myat hakn haknan yiskende. Qusnda endis qalami itseshn yiskenda qalami itseshn kaygenda maki ni badasnsue.

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Qalami itseshn yiskend qus amtseshn :ansi yieshn xhobtaga shamti yiskuc qalami yiskue. - rq q . - A . Hac kamam ni hayxend kazasndi ayrena gizio. - A r . - q . - Qalam etkuc qus amtseshn sova gizio.  q q ’ r S q ’ r q ’ r S q q ’ r ’ r Amtseshn zhega sovais wos ni beqe. Sovi muzarnsueshn hatsi yiskuci S ’ r ’ r r ’ r ’ r Z r q ’ r

 gapkan yiskend gahndi nam zar bom yitsni haknsende. End yisind A. Pizikalawi/guzqanuc/ boma B. Kemikalawi /nixire qusawi/ bomnde masti erstangi yiskende.

A. Guznnuc /pizikalawi/ bomnd q q r r q q r bomargu yistnsuc yitsa gizio. Guznnuc bomb b q hac dungam yiskend: 1. r ’ r 2. Sovi keskni yiskuc 3. Z ’ r 4. Worqati harxhni yanxsni yiskuc

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1. r ’ r r badamuc qusis kotaga bunsam bartagendqan bomaga yitsa gizio. Amtseshn wolam dodn r r r r r r q r r r r q r r .

2.Sovi keskni yiskuc Bartagucis kota A q 00 r r G r q . Dumars bodam kasi yi pena ucis karsa no kobsasan bartaguc sovis karsa no yapmsue. sova uci nam haydrozhin atoma max oksizhina r q .

Sivil 2.1.2 Sovaga guznnuc bom 3.Zhegi miqas Xaxar petuc zhegis eta no woxa miqasan zheg bana petuc ponsi dumars atnsargue. Zheg yisa q bomuc dumars gahi kaygue.

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4. Worqat harxhasi yanxs hats Maxaga gaxs worqatis nam kutsn xsoxs womtsnsi harxhasnde. Yint womtsnsi harxhasuc worqatis karsi womtsnsi harxhasnde. Ucam worqataga akagi harxhni kobc atastaman dumars boma worata uc debm atuci kaygue.

Qayxsi bestnsuc

2.1.1 r ’ r bomis yinti ernsueshn hac dungam qayxsi bestnsuc qayxsnde. Urgnis ni muzarsnsueshn koysti yiskuc gah burxhuka urgna q s bod - Yint ersasaguci yinteshn hayxi yiskuc bodam budin qayxsnde. - Yintayqn budina maxi yinti yeshasuc urgnis burxhukan yitsnsi budn obar koskni yisn yiskucn yitsnde. - Yintayqn budina maxi yinti yeshasuc urgnis burxhukan yitsnsi obari yisn kayguc kobs kutsn yitsnsende. - Yint ersasaguci yinteshn hayxuc sat geshn haragi petasan beqnde. Yinti bequc bom debm dontnsi hac dungam yiskend oxhnd kartis yint ukar bodam xsapmsi shirshnde. 1. r r ’ r ? 2. Urgna muzarnuc sova dentkan har bad atagi yisteo?

Qayxsi bestnsuc 2.1.2 Worqat harxhasi guznnuc bom bes Koysti yiskend gahnd :worqata maqasa q - Tamar nyavndo budinam yint qodnde. - Yint budinam worqata, maqasa yeshasnde. - Worqata ucis yinti koyuc bodam dobmde. Shidann kucham dobmde.

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Yinti bequc bomm dontnsi hac dungam yiskend oxhnd karsnde. 1. Worqatndis maqasam dogi shidan kucham yinti harxhasu geshn worqata uc debm haraga qay gahan beqade? Yinti yakuc qop debm yint barqn ochnsi yint kipilqan yiskend nalndeshn hayxnde. 2. Uc geshn yint ersasaguca yinta ochnde.

B. Nixire qusaga bom/ kemikalwi bom/ Nixire qusaga bomi qay gaha qay xsabayamuc hatsi yiskuca gizio. Nixire qusndi bom bana eta wunsueshn bana yitsa yiskuc yits dentkan max shidan max debm yiskend qay gah yapsni haknsende. Amtseshn: Shamai bunqabanagucn xhobta binxa utsi yiskue. Ucam dumars inchi bunqabanagucn xhobta binxa utsi yiskue. Bunsi mv ni katsasnsueshn gaxsi yiskue. Enda qay dyastend gahndi aparnuc nixire qus xsabayeshn badni yiskenda gizio. Qayaga badamuc qusis ni yapsnsueshn haki yiskuc yitsi nixire qusaga bom /kemikalawi/ bom masti yiskue.

Nixire qusaga bomi: Amtseshn - Shama bunq - Ayrenaga ock - Inchaga bunq q ’ T r badama gizio.

q , r K r ataqaygenda gizio.

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Guznnuc boma kemikalawi bomais pashi xsotsas Guznnuc bom kemikalawi bom Qay gah dyadnsargue. Qay gah dyadnsue. bomi k r r r r atnsue. atnsargue.

Qayxsi bestnsuc 2.1.3 Shamai bunqi yiskuci kemikalaga bom bom petuc ni besnsueshn.

Koysti yiskend gahnd : Shama kibirta

q - Tamar nyavndo budinam yint qodnde. - Budinam atangi shamaa kibirta yeshasnde. - Yint budinam shama samtsnde. Yinti bequcn bomm dontnsi hac dungam yiskend oxhnd karsnde. 1. Shamai bunqagucn haran beqadeo? 2. Shamayi bunqabanagucn kocan kobcase? Wogan wogadeo? 3. ’ r r atsni hakni? Yint ersasaguca yinta ochnde.

Qayxsam bestnsend 2.1.4 Ayrenaga ocki kemikelawi bom petuci bestnsueshn. Koysti yiskend gahnd - Kaz burxhuk - Ocknarguc kaz mismar - Sov q - Tamar nyavndo budinam yint qodnde. - Nam burxhukkan sov wohnde. - Ocknarguc maqaga mismaris namaga burxhukkan yitsnde.

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- Kazn uxnsi od atnsend aq burxhuka ucis xisham wogasnde. - r r burxhuk gobi soy masti kolnsuci koysti yiskue. Yinti bequc bomm dontnsi hac dungam yiskend oxhnd karsnde.

1. O ’ q q r mismari malki har harkadeo? Boma bestuc xsapmde. 2. O r r r ? 3. S q r r r r ? Yint ersasaguca yinta gahnde.

Dosas 2.1 A ’ r “ r” “ ” r ___ q . ___2. Quseshn kaz xsabayi yiskue. ___3. sovi bartaguc qusa gizio. ___4. sova, zaytaeshn xsoxs payntagi yiskue. ___ q q .

B. A T q ’ r r " B " tovqan yiskuc dentkan kursi pyadaga apm yiskuc gal kutskan xsapmde. " A " " B " ------1. Kemikawi bom A. Gas ------2. Molokulnd B. Atomaga maxn dubd ------3. Narskan yiskuc sov C. Shama bunq ------4. Worqat harxhas D. Zheg ------’ r E. guznnuc bom

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C q ’ ’ 1. Xaxaraga urgn ’ r 2. Xsida gyav harkuc malki yieshn yiskue. 3. bomi karti aparn yisn bana yistucn kartaqaygenda gizio.

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2.2 Dyad ketnd Gah ap dyadaga ket ’ q wolent qola nars pesh dan bara dega dod nars gurm balg xibi woynadega herb qur

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm yint barqn ochnde. 1. Dyad kete masti yiskendi hanendeo? 2. Dyad keti amaman qodi yisteo? 3. Narsaga pasha dod nars ni makan har makeo? 4. ’ q r q ?

2.2.1 Dyad ketnd

A q r kangi kete masti yiskende. Ketaga amtsndi: keta, ’ q sov,madina, dumarsnda gizio.

Yer dyadnda katsamenda kats etkenda endi dodqana, sovqana, r A q q r . Yer dyad ket zarnd Yer dyad ketndi nam bodam qodi yiskende. End yisind hac dungam yiskenda gizio. A. Karti yapstni haknsend dyad ketnd B. Karti yapstnsargend dyad ketnd

A. Karti yapstni haknsend dyad ketnd Karti yapstni haknsend dyad ketnd masti yiske rq r r . 60

A : ’ q r r Karti yapstni haknsend dyad ketndi xisham bana gaxsasna yisku ’

q q : q q q r r r q r r q r ’ .

B. Karti yapstnsargend dyad ketnd Karti yapstnsargend dyad ketnd masti yiskendi wuramabann karti yapstni haknsargend dyad ketnda gizio. Atsi dob etku itsayqnam gaxsasni yisku petan wurni haknsende. Wurangi karti yapstnsargende. Uceshn itsayqni gaxsa utsi yiskucis dumars keta utsi yiskuci yapstnsuci qaxs koysti yiskue.

Karti yapstnsargend dyad ketnd masti yiskend: Amtseshn: dyadaga nadazha, nyalaga kasala, worqa, ansa, almaza, ayrena, nasa, zhega, diyna, masti yiskendi itsayqn dentkan erstangi yiskenda gizio.

Yer dyad ket baq qayxsis tamar nyavndi qayxsnsueshn zoys. Itsayqnd ni baqnsend Yer dyad ket - ’ q - giznd - buyx - sov - nars

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Qayxsi bestnsuc Hac kamam hayxasnend yer dyad ketndis wosasaman ni baqnsan tyapasi hayx - Tamar nyavndo budinam atangi yint barqn ochni yint gaxsnsend tatsis xsapam yint ersasagueshn utsnde. - Gapkan yiskend iqnas atsnda yinta ochnsi gap baqaga xisheshn yint ersasagucn xsapam shirshnde. - Yint gapkan gapaga baqeshn qayxsi yiskend atsa yinta yinti qayxsuc yint nalndeshn donti hayxnde.

2.2.2 Narsaga pesha narsaga xsabaya (dod nars)

G r q r r q q qeram qeramenda gizio.

Narsaga pesh Gapa maxqan uynxaga ab gobqan kangwoyn peti yiskuc narsaga bomi narsaga pesh masti yiskue. Uc bodam: deqiqaqana, satkana, aqqana, peti yiskuc obar yaza, wolq, r r bomi yiskuci nars peshaga debm bad atis hatsi yiskue. Uceshn: obara, wola, narsa, bina, kobsa, endi max kutsaga nars pesh hayxi yiskend qala gizio.

Dod nars xsabay - r ’ mazgabasni yiskuc amakayi narsaga xsabaya gizio. - Hac kamam yi xsapuwoxn nars peshaga bomi kobcaga kutsn uynxaga abqan besti yiskend narsaga boma gizio. Kasi akaga kutsn

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’ ( 0 r ) r yiskucagi dod nars xsabay masti yiskue. - Narsaga peshwosn dod nars xsabayi wucasni yiskuci wola, obara, kobsa, narsa, endaga wucaga yitsaman ersti yiskue. Uc bodam kobsaga dodaga nars, kolaga dod nars, kobsaga dod nars, qexsaga dod nars maki dod nars ni qodni haknsue. - Hac kamam ni hayxend dentkan kobsaga dod narsa kolaga dod narsa hac dungam ni beqnsue. Kobsaga dod narseshn ni r r r ’ q . - rq ’ ( ’ ) 000 r 0 q 10 C r q r r yiskue. - rq ’ ( ’ ) 00 r 00 r q 100C uxnsi 150C r daga masti yiskue. - rq ’ ( ’ ) 00 r 00 r q 150C uxnsi 200C d r woynadega masti yiskue. - r rq ’ ( ’ ) 00 r 00 r q 200C uxnsi 250C r q . - rq ’ ( ’ ) 500 me r q 250C kamam yiskuc kutsi bara masti yiskue. - Bara masti yiskuci qolaeshn besh qexsi yiskuca myataga ab sovi yisn kayguc doda gizio.

T ’ q qeram qeramend wolaga enti yiskende. Itsayqn dentkan erstangi yiskendi hac dungam yiskenda gizio. 1. K r : : sene, hamle, nase, vyarpa T ’ dodn buki yiskue.

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- : Atlantik q r ’ q r q r q r . - 1000 mili metir debma gizio. - q r q . 2. r : Mashkara, Xiqimta, Hidara,

Sivil 2.2.1 woli yiam qelasnaguc(saparasnaguc) /rengezh/

- : q q r q r r r q q r q r T ’ . - Amakay wola bukuc 500- uxnsi 1000 hak atnsuc mili metira gizio.

3. Belgaga wol : Magabita, myazya, ginbota, - : q q r q r r r q q r q r T ’ . - Amakay wola bukuc 500- uxnsi 1000am hak atnsuc mili metira gizio.

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Porsh 1. kutsa gagnd (p’ad kuts)

2. kutsa canknd 2A – obarinap vyard 2B – obarinap kes

2D – simx koc 2E - Dalol

Sivil T ’ q r

Kolaga nars xsabay K r T ’ q End yisind: - Aparaga koc kutsnd - r T ’ - Ogadenaga koc kutsnd - Elikeria, Borana, kocaga kutsnd - S q - S r T ’ r gizio.

Koc: q r q r r ’ T ’ q yiskend koci q r ’ rq 1000 metir A A r T ’ q n yiskend koc kutsnd dentkan ezaga koca gizio. 65

- : A : O A r S r T ’ r q r 100- 500 mili metira gizio. Itsayqn bunsi 25oC r kola baraha gizio. - Dumars kocaga kutsndi baraeshn bad ati yiskende. Bahar debm q ’ 00- 1500 metir atnsue. Itsayqn nars xsabayi qola gizio. Itsayqn qexsi 20- 250 C gizio.

Nars xsabayi ats yits debm hatsi yiskuc gah Narsaga xsabayi atsaga yits debm hatsi yiskuc yitsa, dumars dyadnd masti yiskend amtseshn: Dodaga yirca konqaa, buyxaga cupa zolaa, ’ q qeram qeramuc bad at hatsni haknsende. Uceshn narsaga xsabayi ats debm hac dungam yiskuc bodam ats yitsis badasni haknsende.

A. Gibirna q r q r r r r . Es yi ’ q q r q r r kutsn qayxsi yiskende. Amtseshn፡ - ’ r q - Gachi kasi myat kobsarguc/myat qexsarguc woynadega dodn qayxsi yiskue. - Myat qexsi yiskend (qola) dodn zanga, mama, dichia, dumarsnda qayxsi yiskue.

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B. Atsaga mav dos A r q r zarndi gap narsaga xsabaywosn badni haknsende. Amtseshn፡ - Qogi yisn myat yiskuc q r q q q q q mvnsuci koysti yiskue. - Qolaga dodna baraga doda myat qexsi yiskend kutsn namxhaga mvagi mayski yiskue.

Sivil 2.2.3 Qogi yisn bedi yiskuc kutsn mayski yiskend mav

Sivil 2.2.4 Qexsaga dodn mayski yiskuc kutsn mayski yiskend mav

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C. Aq ket qayxs bod Aq keta, mva, simara,endi ats nyaveshn qash koysti yiskend gaha gizio. Keti ats nyav debm narsaga kobsam qexsama dontuc ati yiskend iratkan itsayqn baqi yiskue. Amtseshn - Myataga kobsa qoga yisn bedi yiskuc kutsn gixsi yiskend keti qogis bana nabmsuc bodama gizio. - Myat qexsi yiskuc qolaa, barah, dodn gixsi yiskend keti myataga canqa, maskota, itseshn yiskenda gizio. - Keti ats nyavis xsoxi mvnsargueshn itsayqn nagi baqi yiskue.

D. Atsa qixsa eti woptagend gaxsaga bod A r q q r qeramuc narsaga xsabayi yisn yiskucn badni haknsende. q r q r r q q r q r q yiskue. Wuqiyanosa, bahara, hayqa yisn yiskend myat qexsi yiskenda qogi yiskenda kutsn zhalbaa, markaba, dumarsnda gaxsasni haknsue. Doda koln makina, babura, narsn wopsagend qixsa, endi ez qopi itseshn esti yiskend qixsa gizio.

’ q ’ q r haknsue. Sovi yisn myat kayguc barhaga dodn myat sovi itseshn r ’ q r yiskuc kutsn giznd detkan gimala, ketsa, yistni haknsende. Waltaga dadn shik yiskuc kutsn kobsa qoga haki yiskend gizndagi yistnsende. Amtseshn: dib masti yiskuc xsox.

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2.2.3. ’ q A q q q r r ’ q ’ q . Atsi itsayqn tokn ’ q A : r mangoa, abakadoa, burtukana, lomia, xida, dumarsnda gizio. Atsi q r ’ q

’ q q r q r q r q ’ q ’ q ’ q r 0 000 atnsue.

’ q ’ q q r q r ’ q r yeshasi yiskend hiwasndi itseshn yiskue. Amlmali obaraga xhobtis uxi ’ q yiskue. - qeram qeramend xhilag ’ q peti gaxsi yiskende. A : ’ r atseshn mv peti gaxsi yiskende. - Mata, koch haya mvi yiskend gizndeshn mv tun peti gaxsi yiskende. - ’ q q qeram qeramend simar ni qayxsnsueshn gaxsi yiskue. Amtseshn: wutam naxala, shinshina, gabia, buluka, sura, dumarsnda no qayxsnsueshn gaxsi yiskue. - ’ q q A : q qeram qeramend kap zarnda, balakaya, gora, bobta, qaxhinea, dodbaha dumarnd xsoxnda yiskende.

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- ’ q r r ,nars bomsargueshn baqi yiskue. - ’ q Amtseshn፡ ’ r r - ’ q q Amtseshn፡ tam inch, kasala endi mv katsaseshn gaxsi yiskue.

’ q r ’ q r : S gurma, yanxs kocha endi erstangi yiskenda gizio. Hac dungam yiskend ’ ’ q r q

1. Shav Shavi myat zar inchaga dubda gizio. Shavi zaga wol shidan kobsi yisn S q qeram qeramend myat zara ’ q isind ezaga incha, gurma, mata gizio. Dod q r q r r q r q r yiskue.End dentkan hac dungam yiskendi erstangi yiskenda gizio.

A ’ r Dod techn 5-6 digiri latitiyud semena dabuba kililqan yiskuc shava S q qeram qeramend boga qingala inchi itsayqn dentkan yiskend shava gizio.

B. Monsun shav q r q yiskuc shav zara gizio. Shava uckan itsayqn hayi ak yiskenda, ababm abam itsayqn hayi pakni yiskenda inchi zari myat yiskende.

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C. Medetraniyan shav Kot kot qexsi yiskuc 30-50 digiri latitiyud semena, dabuba dentkan yiskuc shav zara gizio.

D. Koniperesaga shav Dod debm kobs petend 50-75 digiri latitiyuda semenn kob yiskuc ’ q r ’ q yiskuc kutsa gizio.

2. Gurm ’ ’ q G r ’ q r kutsa gizio. .

3. Herb Herb masti yiskend shavi cupaga tusi itseshn yiskenda, dumars ’ q q ’ q eshn yiskuc soyaga coqaga nabam dontuc itsayq ’ q q apa acteshn gaxsi yiskue. A : r r q r q r r kangi herb mastni qodni haknsende.

Inch toki ni yiskuci xhilaga Koch zaris baqa gizio.

t r r r r r . Obari myat qexsagucn citn peti gaxs utsnsue.

’ q gizio. r

71 qayxsasnda nona pashta ochna myat shigin yaka no toknsuci koysti yiskue. Shigin no toknsueshn ert ket gibiqan tamar nyava nona akam tokna no haknsue.

Kasi qabale gobqan yiskend atsnda bana qabale ukari ochni itsaynis A kangi uc bodam max max shigin tokan yisn ni yiskuc gapi xhil ati soyxnsue. Qazqi ats gibirna qayxsas dadn kit yaki mvaga kam gashama, detna inch tokan gapi besh xhimti soyxnsue. Uc bodam shav baqni r r . Irata end yisind: - r . - Cobari bednsue. - q q . - kay shidnsue. - Narsaga x q shadnsue.

A : r q yiskendi myat qop yapmsargende. Mvi myat melnsargue. Ucam ’ q K ’ nyava bana mvi bor r r r . kangi inch toki baqnsuci koysti yiskue.

Dosas 2.2 A r “ r” q “ ” r e. ___ r r gebasni haknsuc keta gizio. ___ 2. Narsaga pesha dod nars xsabay dentkan bad ati kaygue. ___3. Xibeaga wol tuni Hind wuqiyanosa gizio. 72

_____4 K kangi max esargue. _____5. Gurm shavi sovi yisn myat yiskuc kutsnan ni yaki yiskue.

B. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndeshn estend kart dentkan ibar petuc kursnde. 1. Ddyad ketndi aman qodi yisteo? A. odam B. kazam C. namam ’ 2. Hac dungam yiskendqan dyad ketnd dentkan wuramaba r gebasni haknsarguuc keti. A. mat B.herb C. shav D. worq 3. Dod narsi har debman bad yits hatsi yisteo? A. simar B. mv C q kangi 4. T ’ q A. Ogadenaga koc C. Aparaga koc B. Elekere koc D. Boreaga koc 5. ’ q ? A. ’ q r q B. ’ q q C. ’ q D. kangi

Hac dungam yiskend oxhndeshn yeshuc gal kutsis ibaraga kartam ’ ’ . 1. rq ’ 500metir dungam yiskuc kutsi_____masti erstangi yiskue. 2. Wol qeli yiskuc qixsi ______masti yiskue. 3. Wol-ent(kiramt) wolaga amakayi ______mili metir kamama gizio. 4. Zangi , mama, dichia, endi ______gapaga mv zarnda gizio.

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2.3 Gid Gah ap gid irget elektrik sity zhenerater qexs yaz electromagnet termometir batir yap elektrik mezawur ’ magnet Elektrik karent

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm yint barqn ochnsi karsnde. 1. Gidi hareo? 2. Gid gaxsi hareo? 3. Gid utsi yiskend tuni hareo? 4. Gidaga xsabayi hareo?

Gid Gidi max qayxs qayxsi hakaga zola gizio. Uceshn maxaga atsi/qixsi qayxsis qayxsni haki yiskuci bamm yiskuc gidwoxna gizio.

Gidaga gaxs Wusn no yisken alama gidis q r q r A q r q r iqwoxn gaxsasni yiskende. Amtseshn: Incha ni soki yiskend gobqan kemikal gidi yiskue. Tam soki qeram qeramuc qayxs qayxsni haknsue. Uciwosn Yer dyad nadazh /zayt/ gaza nyal kasala gobqan gidi r qeram qeramend makin gobqan bunqagucn itsayqn gobqan yiskuc gidi makini qayxs qayxsnsueshn/wobtnsueshn/ gatsni yiskue.

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Uceshn dumars gah r yeshkaga dentkan yapstni haknsue. Uc bodam yapsti yiskuc gidi makanik gid maki ni xsegi yiskue.

Sivil r yiskue.

Siviln ni beqi yiskend ’ eti woptagend zar ni yeshkasnsueshn koysti yiskend mekanikal gidi harqanan yisti yapsti yisteo?

Gid yapsi yiskend tun G q r q r q . End yisind: - Obaraga gid - Narsaga gid - Yeshkni yiskucaga sov gid - Mvaga gid - Gazaga gid - Batir nyal gida gizio.

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Obari utsi yiskuc gid Obarn apa dod debm yiskend dentkan erstanga yisken gid utsagena gizao. Obarin apa utsa yiskuc kaz bodam gaxs debm peshni haknsue. - r r r dubdasnsuc qixs koyarguc bana petueshn obari utsi yiskuc gid masti xsesti yiskue. Amtseshn፡ Simara maskuca, Gez matsnna, obarn koysni ni haknsue. - O r q r haknsue. Boda ucind gebir obaraga buns masti xsesti yiskue. Amtseshn:Obar bunsi sov ni binsnsueshna, mv ni katsasnsueshna, gaxsi yiskuc qixsi qayxsi gaxs debm peshkangue.

Sivil 2.3.2 Sirgud san masti yiskucam sov binsna no haknsue. .

Obarn apaga hiwasam shidan poto hiwasam gaxsasno obaram koranti qayxsna no haknsue. Hiwasa endi obari itsayqn debm wobtagucn koranti atni haknsende.

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A : rq r r q . Obaraga hiwasndam gaxsasni ni qayxsi yiskend koranti gidi: ket gobqan gaxsnsend korantieshna, bud wox yiskend babureshna, sovis bamqan yitsi ’

Qazqi obaraga gidis gaxsasni qayxsi yiskend yanxsaga isab qixsis beqargu yinti yistnsargue. Qixsa endi obaraga gidis koranti gidqan bomi yiskend qixsi itsayqn guzn xogangi yiskend bana petueshn batir nyal shidan dumars gidaga tun gaxsasnargu yisti gaxs utsni haknsende.

Sivil 2.3.3 Obaraga hiwasnda obaram qayxsi yiskend isab qixsa

Narsi utsi yiskuc gid dodn max maxaga kutsn narsam yeshkni yiskuc gid gaxsasni sovis q ’ r petnsuc gahi narskan yapsti gaxsasni yiskue.

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dodn myat gaxsasnargue. Ucagon yi petasn dumars dodn nars gidi koranti ati gaxsasni yiskue. Narsam qayxsi yiskuc koranti utsni haknsuc gidi kota gizio.

r r r r r q r m qayxsnsuci koysti yiskue.

Sivil 2.3.4 Narsi yeshkasi yiskuci bamqan sovis no kesnsueshn gaxsi yiskue. Yeshkni yiskuc sovi utsi yiskuc gid Myataga dod debm kocki yiskend sovi yeshkni yiskende. Sovi baharqan kocki yiskue. Atsi kocki hanqi y A : S q r r q yeshkasna gizio. Sovam gaxsasni woxi yiskuc baburi hacind gaxara mabarati q kaygucn gaxs utsi yiskue.

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S q r q . Sov gidam qayxsuc koranti sov koranti masti yiskue.

T ’ q r q r sumis eri yistade? 2. Qoqaa, Melka Waknaa, Pinxhaa, Tekezea, Gibea, Abay sovn qayxsi yiskuc hidase yizaga koranti xabia gizio.

Sovaga korantii wosasaman qayxsi koranti utsi yisku petan eri yistade? Hac dungam sovaga koranti wosasaman qayxsni haknsu petan uynxam hayxasnangi yiskue.

Sivil 2.3.5 Sovaga koranti xabia

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’ q q q q G ’ r rq r r r r r r koranti qayxsaguc tun petuc zheneretera bana zangam dyamangian yiskue. Uceshn terbayna uci bitni kirkir kartagucn zhenereterqan yiskend korati qayxsagendi kirkir karti koranti qayxsi yiskende.

Mvi utsi yiskuc gid gobqan yiskend kemikal bodam gid uxnsi yiskue q s q q q mm gid utsi yiskue.

Gazi utsi yiskuc gid Yer dyad petuc gaza(zayta/ makineshna, babureshna, r r q qayxs qayxsnsueshn koysti yiskuc gid yapsi yiskue. Myataga dodn myataga atsi koranti qayxsi yiskuci myataga nyal kasala, yer dyad zayitama gizio.

Batir nyal gid Batiri gid yapsi yiskend qixs dentkan maxa gizio. Batir selqan yiskuc kemikalqan gidi yiskue. Gida uci dubarsa bana shidan sistema bana dyami koranti peti xhobt gid dyadnsue. A : K r kay xhobt utsni haknsargue. Xhobt no r r r , no gaxsasnsuci koysti yiskue. Dumarsi maxaga makini bana yeshknsueshn napxa, shidan benzin kayi bed esargue.

S r q r G r r q dobmsueshn hatsa bana yiskueshn makinaga yeshkis nagi yiskue.

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2.3.2 Gidaga gaxs qeram qeramend gid utsi yiskendi yiskende. End yisind xhobta, bunsa, qara, korantia gizio. - Bunsi hareo? - Qexsi hareo?

q q O r r q q q r q ramend boda gizio.

q r q r q r petasn kibirtkan yiskuc bunsi maxaga kipil binsni haknsargue.

Catam max sovis keskasnsi kotaga sovis siniqan ni wohan catkanuca siniqanuca sovi xsoxs binxni haknsue. Gah dentkan catkanuc sovi siniqanuc soveshn besh binxnsue. Ucis qayxsi ni beqnsueshn itsayqn nami catkin urgn ni qazan catkanuc s r ’ r K q r ’ r Uceshn qexsaga gidi qexsi yiskuc gahaga myata kobcaman hayxasni haknsue. Gizpati maxaga gah gobqan yiskuc gahaga myata kobca gizio.

. Yaz maki yiskuci maxaga molokiul gidaga yeshkis qeli yiskuca gizio.

Buns maki max gahi kobsi yiskuca shidan bunsi yiskuca besi yiskuca gizio. Max gahi bunsi yiskuca kobsi yiskucai buns qelagucaman kelasni yiskue. Uceshn gaxsi yiskuc qixsi termometir masti yiskue.

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Sivil 2.3.6 Termo metir buns qelaguc qixs

Yazaga gid gyarst maki yazi yiskuc gahi q q q r q q q . Dum r (q ) q q q . Yazi gyarstni yiskuci kaz bodama gizio. End yisind: dyamama, irgetama xhararama gizio.

1.Dyamam

r q r gyarsagend petana gizio.

Xaxar gah gobqan bunsi molekulndaga dentkan dyasti yiskend dyamam bodam gyarstni yiskue. Uc yisind dyamam bunsaga gyarst masti yiskue. End dentkan kangend xaxar masti yiskendi bunsis xsoxs dyamam gyarstasni haknsargende. Amtseshn: - bira,madaba ,almuniyema, arebaga ayrena, nasa endi soyaga buns gyarstasagenda gizio. Mastawata, buyxa, incha, plastika,

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dumarsnda end r r r q q r r r r .

Qayxsi bestnsuc 2.3.1/ Bunsi xaxar gahkan gyarstni yiskucis qayxsam qayxsi bes

Koysti yiskend gahnd: Arabaga ayren zang, shama shidan kuraz, xsiraga xur, kibirt q : - Arabaga ayren zangis yi tova maxi shamaa sanqi yiskuckan shidan kuraza pashi dyamasnde. - q beqnde. q r ? Haragi yint sistadeo?

Sivil 2.3.7 Bunsaga dyamam gyarst

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2.Irgat r r . Ucaga gyarst bodam bartagenda, gasa, endi yazis max kutsn yistsi dumars kutsn eti hanqi yiskende. Sovi binxi yiskuci irgatama gizio. Sovi ni binsagucn dungam q r .

Uci wosasaman petnseo? ?

K S rq ’ K dodn wortn binaga sovi debm kesnsue. Sova kobsa dodn wortni yiskuci binxnia gizio. Ucagi irgat masti yiskue.

Yazi gaskan shidan narskan hammi haknsue.

Sivil 2.3.8 irgetam qayxsi yiskuc narsaga zhirat

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3.Xharar Xharari kaznasnuc yaz gyarstasaguc boda gizio. Yazi max gah dadn yisti dumars dadn gyarstni yiskuci xhararama gizio. Uceshn soy amts petnsuci obar dadn yisti keski yiskuc yaza gizio. Dodi binxi yiskuci obar dadn yitsa bana yaka yiskuc obar yazama gizio.

Obaraga yazi wosasaman dodn atni haki yisteo?

O r ’ r r r mogadi shidan er etkuc nasi koystargue. Uceshn obarin apa ponsa yiskuc xhobt xharari / narsam shidan eri yisn kaygucn wobti dodn atnsue.

Sivil 2.3.9 Obarin apaga yazi xhararam dodn hanqi yiskuc

Xhobt Obarin apa dod debm erstanga yisken xhobta, binxa utsa yiskena q r q r r r r q , sov ni binsnsueshna, dumars gaxseshna gaxsi yiskue.

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Qar/kats/ Qari dyasti yiskuci rgibgibitam shidan baybreshinama gizio. Amtseshn conga, gitara, conga irgibgibit qayxsi yiskucama gizio. Qaraga tuni hac dungam yiskenda gizio. Dawala masanqowa, tyarba gitara, bayolin kirara piyanoa

Sivil 0 sti yiskuc bod

Qari xaxara, bartagenda, gaskana, gyarstni haknsende. Qari xaxar gobqan kangendeshn besh bitni hanqi yiskue. Bartagend gobqan narskanuc besh qari hanqi yiskue. Qari narskanuceshn 15 karti besh xaxarqan hanqi yiskue. Qari bartagendqanueshn 4 karti besh sovqan hanqi yiskue. Qari hiwaqan hanqi erargue.

Koranti K r r r r T r r r K r r r q n no aqa yiskuc ketkan: ampulam xhobt no yapmsueshn gaxsi yiskue. Radona telebizhina ni gaxsasnsueshn gaxsi yiskue.

Ucam dumars elektrikaga gid gaxsi Bud no woxnsueshna, silk no gaxsasnsueshna, paks no titsnsueshna, Papirka mashin no qayxsasnsueshna. dumarsnd gidaga tuneshna peti gaxs utsi yiskue.

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Qazqi mv katsasaguc midata, simar tokasaguc kawuyaa, gyav bunaguc mashina, dumarsa elektrik gidam gaxsasni haknsende. Korantiaga gidam gaxsasni gaxs utsi yiskendi ketaga qusnda gizio.

Elektrik gidis gaxsasni q r r , papirkaa, iqi akagucn koysti yiskuc gidis bedasi ni yapmsueshn gatsni yiskue. Qalaga qopam bana yaps haknsue. Uceshn soya gizio.

Korantiaga gid tun K r qeram qeramend gid tunqan no yapmsue. Tuna end dentkan erstangi yiskendi batira, zheneretera gizio. A. batir Myataga batir sel shidan hiwasam qayxsi yiskend qixsndi gaxsasni r r q /hiwaskan itsayqni yaki yiskuc elektrik gidi koysti yiskuc gaxs yapsni haknsargueshna gizio.

Amtseshn፡ Kuchkan usti yiskuc batiri koysti yiskuc xhobt bana r Radona, tepa, kameraa, qar ezasaguca, isab qayxsagend qixsa, r pyadam max debm yiskend batir nyal gaxsasni yiskende. Nam shi r r r erargue.

q r q r q .

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Sivil 2.3.1 Kazas elektrikaga sel/hiwasam qayxsend batir

Qayxsi bestnsuc 2.3.2 Kuchkan usti yiskend batir qayxsi bes

Koysti yiskend gahnd: Kazaga batir nyala, irzhaga worqata, biri xyapsaguc nastika,

q : - Kazaga batir nyala endis itsayqn qumatam wogasnsi dyamasi boknsi worqata irzham kabmde. - Yinti xsya rq r r dyamasi xsyaxsnde. - Uc geshn koranti shiboaga xsala namasis orqi pyatasnsi dyamasi batiraga ampul kelun plastikam xyabsnde. - r ’ r ua pasha dyamasnde. oxh 1. Qayxsi bestnsuckan haran eradeo? 2. apara geshara barstangi qayxsend qayxsnda itsayqn qopa yintayqn kipil nalndeshn hayxnde.

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Sivil 2.3.12 Kuchkan usti yiskend batir qayxs

B.Zhenerater Z r r q r q gaxsi yiskuc qixsa gizio. Ket gobqan xhobteshna, ezaga papirkaeshna, bodaga mabrateshna, gaxsnsuc myataga koranti gid ni yaki yiskuci zheneraterqana gizio.

Zheneratorqan koranti qayxsni G r q r r r Z r r r q r q q . Esagon yi petasn zhenerat r q r q r r r r .

Zheneratori korantiis bana qayxsnsueshn nadazha/napxaa, benzina, gidi yisn yiskuc sova, no qeqnsuci koysti yiskue.

Dabub kililqan elektrik gid bana utsnsueshn gaxs uts yiskuc sov sumi oneo?

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Elektrikaga kerent Xuraga dentkan har yiskend elektronndi maxaga atom dadn yisti dumars dadn hanqi yiskue. Elektrona endi ayren gobqan hanqi elektrikaga koranti qayxsi yiskende. Dumars bodam kasi elektrik kerent masti yiskendi elektrik charzhaga hama gizio. Elektrikaga kerenti myataga abeshn qayxsnsueshn elektronis soy gyarstasaguc ayreni koysti yiskue.

Elektrikaga serkyut/elektrik mezawur/ r r ’ r r q yiskucis besi yiskuc hama gizio. Maxaga myat pavarguc elektrikaga mezawuri xhobt bana utsnsueshn hac dungam yiskend erstangi yiskend kipili itseshn yistnsue. - Elektrikaga hiwas shidan batir, - ampul - koranti shibo - samsaguca tosaguca - Batiraga nyal:

Batirqan yiskuc kemikal gidi elektrik shidan koranti gidqan bomi yiskue. Ampul: Koranti gidis dumars gidqan bomsue. Amtseshn bunskana xhobtkana bomsue. K r : qeram qeramend gahnd dyamasi korantii gyarstnsueshn gatsni yiskue. samsaguca tosaguca: Electrikaga mazawuris ni yixsnsueshna, ni pirqnsueshna gaxsi yiskue.

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Sivil 2.3.13 myat pavarguc mazawur

5.Maganet q r r q q ’ r r kangi ’ r Oxha ucis ni karsnsueshn hac dungam yiskuc qayxsi bestnsuc qayxsnde.

’ ’ q qusndis badasnde. Koysti yiskend gahnd: nahasa, ayrena, madaba, irsasa, qorqora, yerama, nastika, incha, almuniyema, magneta, dumarsnda.

q r r Hac dungam xsapangi yiskend gandis akaga gabatn yitsnde. q ’ beqnde. ’ r ?

91 oxh 1. Qayxsi bestnsuckan haran eradeo? 2. Ayrena, yerama dentkan haraga bad atan beqadeo?

Yinti qayxsuc qayxs qopis hac dungam yiskuc sanxarazhqan xsapi besnde.

S r ’ yiskenda, maganetam ’ q Qusnd ’ end Magnetam ’ q ayren nahas madab irsas nikel Almuniyem Qorqor Inch nastik

- Magneti quse mas q ’ erarguc petucis yintayqni erangade? ’ yiskend maganetawi qus masti yiskende. Magnetam ’ r r

Magnetndi har harki yisteo? Myat karti erstangi yiskenda, atsi itsayqn qayxsi yiskenda r r r ’ magnet masti erstangi yiskue.

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Sivil 2.3.14 magnetaga zarnd

Magnetaga waltand r q q q gobqan maganetis yitsnsi yeshkasi peshki ni kesann ayrenaga duqetis r r . Uc yisind ’ q gizio. Magnet xsalnda endi maganetaga waltand masti yiskenda gizio.

Sivil 2.3.15 Namas maganetaga xsalnd dumars magnetaga r q ’ yiskende.

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. End yisind: semena debuba walta masti yiskende. Maganetaga waltandeshn ’ yiskue.

Korantiaga/electromagnet/ maganet K r r q q r K r q r q q q q K r q ( ) r q ’ q . Uckan ni ernsuci bunsi korantiaga qop petuca gizio.

Dumarsaga korati qopi maganeti utsi yiskuc qop utsi yiskue. Uc maki maganeti utsi yiskuc dumars gaxsa gizio. Korantiam gaxsasni ni qayxsi yiskuc maganeti korantiaga maganet masti yiskue.

Qayxsi bestnsuc 2.3.4 Korantiaga maganet qop wuc

Koysti yiskend gahnd: Elektrikaga hiwasnd: maxaga ez mismar, madabam qayxsuc shibo, worqatam qayxsend nap q - Madabaga shibois mismarn kabmde. - Shiboaga nam xsalis elektrikaga hiwasa pasha dyamasnde. - Uc geshn shiboa ucam kabasnangi yiskuc mismaris worqataga nap dadn shirshnde. - r rq barqn dyami yiskucis beqade? - r q q r ’ q q an haran eradeo?

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Sivil 2.3.16 Koratii kabasnangi yiskuc shiboqan iyardagucn mismari magnet atnsue.

4 q q r q r r r rq ’ .

Kabasnangi yiskuc elektrika bana dyamargu shidan mismari worqataga ’ r A r yiskuc shiboqan koratii hamsueshn hatsi uynxaga abeshn gaxsnsuc maganet ni qayxsni haknsue. Saqa ucind korantiaga maganet shidan elektrikaga magnet masti yiskue. Elektrikaga maganeti ayrenaga bezhis ba gobqan yitsangi yiskuca gizio.

Sivil 2.3.17 Koranti maganet shidan elektromaganet

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Koran q namas gahndi xisham koysti yiskende. 1. q r r gidis qazqi maganeti myat gidamuc atnsueshn ni hatsnsue. 2. r q q elektromaganetaga gidis qazni ni haknsue.

K r r . Waltaa endi yisn yiskuci koranti maganetaga nam xsalna gizio. Hanucagi semen xsalanna, hanucagi dabub xsalana kompasaman gaxsasna no ernsue.

Kompasi kanguc kutsn kangwoyn dodaga semena, dabuban kob besi yiskuc qixsa gizio.

Sivil 2.3.17 Korantiaga maganet waltandis ni hayxnsueshn kompasam ni gaxsasnsue. K q r K r r r yiskucn kob yiskuc korantiaga maganeti dabub walta gizio. 96

Korantiaga/ elektromaganet/ gaxsndi hac dungam yiskenda gizio. - Elektrikaga dawol qayxseshna, - Elektrikaga motar qayxseshna, Amtseshn elektrikaga gid gaxsasni bud woxaguc babur qayxseshna gaxsi yiskue.  tepama, telebizhinama, radonama, ni siski yiskuc dubi elektromaganetisimam qayxsuca gizio.  Or r r gobam titsaguc tusa endi elektrikam qayxsuc maganet qopa gizio.  Makina, Babura, markaba, dumarsnda endi bana yeshknsueshn elektromaganetam gaxsasni qayxsi myat pavnsargueshna pavnsargueshna, ni hatsnsue.

Dosas 2.3 A ’ r “ r” “ ” r 1. G q q . 2. Gidaga tuna abarin ap xhobt ika gizao. 3. q r q r numm utsa yiskene. 4. q q ’ 5. Gidaga gaxsitand dentkan maxi qar/katsa gigio.

A q q r “ ” q kursi ingasnde. " A " " B " 1. Obar dadn yisti yapsti yiskuc yaz A. nars 2. Termo metir B. xharar 3. Bartagenda gasa C. dyam 4. Yeshkni yiskuc nars D. buns qelaguc 5. Xaxarqan bunsi hanqi yiskuc E. irget

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2.4 Sovaga udet Gah ap sov sov pen hiwas sovaga udet dul dul wol

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde.

1. sovi hareo? 2. sovi hareshnan gaxsi yisteo? 3. sovis harqanan ni yapmsueo? 4. sovaga karti yapst bod maki hareo?

Sovi sapmaga nixire qus masti yiskend dentkan maxa gizio. sovi qayxsuci nam haydrozhin atomama maxaga oksizhin atomama gizio. Namaga haydrozhin atoma maxaga oksizhin atoma saqi sovis utsi yiskue maka gizio. Uceshn sovi molokula gizio. Sovi gid utsi yiskuc nixire qusagon petargu shidasn katsamendi ba4 kangi sov etku yistni haknsargende.

Sovi hareshn koysti yisteo?

1. Sovi sel/hiwas/ gobqan myataga kuts uxnsi yiskuc nixire qusa gizio. Selaga hiwasi badnucwoxn katsamend hiwas gobqan 60- 95% hak yiskuc selaga geb kutsis uxnsi yiskuci sova gizio. Amtseshn atsi 60-65% sova gizio.

2. S ’ r S ’ r A q r sukara, ni gaxsasni yiskue. Zhe r r r ’ r yiskue maka gizio.

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3. S q . Amtseshn፡ q q hanq r q r q r r r r q yiskende. Amtseshn yuria /urea/ masti yiskende.

4. Xhi r ’ q r ’ r hayaga debm atnsuc buns/qexsi/ gidi wortnsueshn hatsi yiskende shidan kobsasi yiskende. 5. A r q A : guz maski yiskue, max max gizndi sovqan moshti yiskende. 6. Atsi r q qeram qeramend qayxseshna gaxsasni yiskue. 7. S , sovqan yiskend gizndeshn aq ket atia gaxsi yiskue. Amtseshn orua, dyaha, dumarsnda

Sovis harqanan ni yapmsueo? Sovis Yer dyad petuc wuqiyanosa, wola, bahara, tola, sov tunaqana, hayqqna yapmi ni haknsue. Sovi kazaga guznuc xsabaya xaxaram/ urgn/, bartaguam/sov/ ’

O /pizikawi/ xsabayi haraman bad ati ersti yisteo?

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Maxaga guznnuc xsabayqan yitsa dumarskan bomma hakno? wosasamo?

S r coram yiskuc busama gizio. Uceshn koysti yiskuc buns qazqi shidann worsasi bunsaga gidis worsasi dumarskan bommi ni haknsue.  q q r ’ r bartagend sovqana kasi bartagu yistuc sovis keskasi yisi xharqan penxnsueshn hatsni ni haknsue.  Uciwosn kasi bartagu yistuc sovis kobsasi urgn/xaxar/ hatsni ni haknsue.

Sovaga udet maki har makeo?

Obaraga bunsi bahara, wuqiyanosa, doda kolna, yiskuc sovis binsi ’ r r

’ rq q Dod dadn shik yiskuc narseshn besh hayqn yiskuc narsi kobsi r q ’ r q r r q q . Uc geshn narsi yii ’ q r buknsue.

q r r ’ q bomi/ uc geshn kobsi wola urgna ati buki yiskuc yitsi sovaga udet masti yiskue. Uceshn woli sovaga udet qopa gizio.

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Sivil 2.4.1 Sovaga udet

Dosas 2.4 A. ’ r “ r” “ ” r 1. Sovaga guznuc xsabayi namam qodi yiskue. 2. hiwasndi suta gizio. 3. ’ q mvis itsayqni yeshasnsueshn ika gizio. 4. Sovi atsga guzqan myat yi qexsnsargueshn gaxsi yiskue. 5. Sovi sapmaga nixire qusndqan maxa gizio. B. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndesh yeshuc gal kutskan ibar petnsuc q ’ ’ 1. Hiwas shidan selaga 60- 95% atnsuc uxi yiskuci------gizio. 2. Namaga haydrozhina maxaga oksizhina atomi maxn ati dyadi yiskuci ------masti yiskue.

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Yirca hacaga ap gah  K G q q bestargend atomama gizio.  Quse masti yiskendi kazam qodi yiskende. End yisind: Xaxara, pasasha, gasa masti yiskenda gizio. Qusndi itsayqn qeraga guznuca gobqanuca xsabayi itseshn yiskue.  A ’ q K r r r dyad ket/dyad ket masti yiskende.  Dyad ket masti yiskendi karti yapstni haknsend dyad ketnd karti yapstnsargend dyad ketnd masti namam qodi yiskende.  A ’ q buyxa, sov, nars, mavdina dumarsnda gizio.  Gidi ats nyaveshn kangwoyn koysti yiskue.  G q q .  Gidaga tun petendi obara, elektrika, narsa, yeshkni yiskuc sova, mva, nadazha, dumarsnda gizio.  G q : bunsa, xhobta, qara, dumarsnda gizio.  Sovi katsamendeshn kang koysti yiskuc nixire qusa gizio.  S q , bamqana, wolqana, wolaga tolqana no yapma haknsue. Uceshn dod debm yiskend katsamendi sovetku yistni haknsargende.

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Woshaga oxhnd A. ’ r r "axax" maki karsnde. 1. gobqan titsaqaygue. 2. r q gobqan titsaqaygende. 3. G q q . 4. G r r gizio. 5. Narsaga xsabayi kanguc kutsn maxa gizio.

B. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndeshn estend dentkan ibar kart peti yiskuc kartis kursi xsapmde/hayxnde. 1. Hac dungam yiskendqan bunsaga tun peti yiskuci hanuceo? A. obar B. kasal C. nadazh D. kang 2. Hac dungam yiskendqan dentkan soy maki bunsis talalapasi yiskuc hanuceo? A. sov C.ayren B. Buyx D. lastik 3. q r ------gizio. A. nixire neger C. molokiyuloch B. atomoch kang 4. q q q r q r i hanuceo? A. Bartagend B. xaxar C. gaz kang 5. Kolaga dodn atsa qixsa eti wopti yiskuc hanuceo? A. makin C. zhalba B. ayroplan kangi

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C r q ’ ’ 1. Qari/kats keynti/______gobqan hanqi erargue. 2. . End yisind: ______, ______waltand masti yiskende. 3. S ’ q bomi yiskuci ______bodama gizio. 4. Incha myatasi maxn ______masti xsesti yiskue. 5. T ’ q 00 r rq ’ nars xsabayi______gizio.

D. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndis uynxam karsnde.

1. Belg wolaga vyarpmdis xsapmde. 2. T ’ q r 3. Kolaga nars xsabayi yisn yiskuc dentkan koca bamaga kutsnd dentkan ezaga koci hanuceo? 4. Maxaga kurskuc kutsn uynxaga abeshn kangwoyn besti yiskuc wola, obara, dumarsnda bomi har mastian xsesti yisteo?

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Yirc kaz

3.1 Dod masti yiskuci hareo? Gah ap dod gah ap sharsh dod ak kentros girnwich meridian kekros uckn

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. Dod masti yiskuci hareo? 2. ? 3. r ?

3.3.1 Dod maki har makeo?

r q q r q r .

Yizam maxn kipiln uxnsi kaz kipilam hak qabalia r r r r K T ’ ( ) q q r K q

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T ’ A r q r ucknoxnan yisken hak doda gizio.

Sivil T ’ q uc Kilil

1. Adis Ababa 7. Harari 2. Apar 8. Oromiya 3. Amara 9. Sumale 4. ’ -Gumuz 10. Debub kilil 5. Dire Dawa 11. Tigiray 6. Gambela

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T ’ r

A S r -T ’ r r r ( ) anxsarawi (riletib) masti yiskue.

1. Ibar sharsh Sharsh haci kekrosa kentros masti yiskend masmaram gaxsasni ersti yiskue. Masmara uci ats debqan yiskue. Dod guzn qayxsi esargue. Ucagisn T ’ r r kamam semen 30-150 digri kentros, girnwuch meridiann obar kes ketn 330-480 digri kekros masti yiskuc masmar dentkana gizio. Kutsa ucam T ’ q

2. Hanxsarawi sharsh T ’ q sharsha besi yiskue. Hac dungam dodnda end kem besi yiskuc sanxarzh beqnde.

S r T ’ r

Dod sum kem sharsh ’ kilo metir Khare kilo metir Sudan Obar vyard ketn 1,750 2,505,825 Sumalia Obar kes ketn 1,600 638,000 Kenya Debub 760 580,000 Ertra Semen 840 11,700 Zhubut Obar kes ketn 310 2,300 Qaz 5,260

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K r q ’ 5, 60 r S ’ Z T ’ S .

Sivil T ’ A r r besi yiskuc Sivil

1. Sudan (Semen, Debub) 4. Zhubuti 2. Kenya 5. Ertra 3. Sumale

T ’ T ’ ,106,000 r r S r A r . Wusa Apirkaqan 10mm q r S r q .

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C T ’ ’ q r ’ 1290 kilo metir, obar kes ketn uxnsi r r 666 r ’ ntuc kot ding qirxswoxn hark yiskene.

Hac dugam yiskuc oxhnd debm gahnde 1. T ’ ? 2. T ’ ’ ? 3. T ’ onao? 4. T ’ aga qirxs wosan yisteo?

Qayxsi besnsend r q ersasagucn utsnde.

3.1.3 T ’

Gah ap dod yits koc cank gud gag sov dyam (baharwolal)

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. Dod yits masti yiskuci hareo? 2. Yint gapkan yiskuc dod yits woseo? 3. Am zar kocan eri yisteo?

q r r q q r q r dumarsnda yinti beqnsue. Endagi dod yits masti yiskue.

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q . Endisnd: 1. Gagnda 2. Budnda 3. kocndae

Sivil T ’ r

G ’ 1000 metir kamam yiskenda gizio. Dod xula end q T ’ A r q T ’ q 40 q .

A. Semen yiskend gudnd B. Debub-obar vyard ketn yiskend xulnd C. Debub obar kes ketn yiskend gagnd

Baharwolal masti yiskuci sova bahara doda dyami yiskuc kutsa gizio.

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T ’ q q . Semena debub dodn obar vyard ketn yiskend gagnda koca kasi debub dodn obar kes ketn yiskend gagnda koca gizio Sivil 3. 3 yiskuc beqnde.

A. Semen yiskend gagnd Gagnda endi Tigir dodna semen Shawa dodn uxnsi Ras Dashen T ’ q r q ’ 46 0 r

B. Debub dodqan obar vyard kes ketn yiskend gagnd Gagnda endi Ko q G q ’ Mazhi dodqana Zhima dodqana Benshangul Gumuz dodqana yiskenda gizio. Gamo dodn G ’ 4, 00 r ’

C. Debub dodqan obar kes ketn yiskend gagnd Gagnda endi Bale dodna Arsi dodna Sidama dodna yiskenda gizio. Bale dodn tulu dimtu masti yiskuc gagi yiskue. Gaga uci Ras D ’ 4, 77 r T ’ q G r r bomian yiskende.

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Sanxarzh 3.1.2 - 4000 metir kam yiskend gud pyad Gudnd sum q ’ ( r) Yiqan yisi yiskuc dod 1 Ras Dashan 4620 Semen 2 Legada 4532 Semen 3 Maynabar 4472 Semen 4 Aba yared 4462 Semen 5 Ilo 4480 Semen 6 Lipawu lezar 4456 Semen 7 Bahito 4437 Semen 8 Masurya 4360 Semen 9 Guna 4281 Semen 10 Ras birahn 4190 Semen 11 Xhoqe 4100 Semen 12 Qolo 4300 Semen 13 Lalibela 4276 Semen 14 Abune Yesop 4201 Semen 15 Abuye meda 4154 Semen 16 Guge 4200 Debub obar vyard ketn 17 Kaka 4180 Debub obar kes ketn 18 Bada 4139 Debub obar kes ketn 19 Xhilalo 4039 Debub obar kes ketn 20 Batu 4307 Debub obar kes ketn 21 Tulu dimtu 4377 Debub obar kes ketn

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. r ’ ? 2. q ? ?

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2. Gomts T ’ q 000 r Doda endi qexsa kola gizio. Kasi do T ’ q . A. Obar vyard ketn yiskend gomts dod B. Debub obar kes ketn yiskend gomts dod C. Awash Apar gomts doda gizio.

a. Obar vyard ketn yiskend gomts dod S T ’ q Takazea Angarba Abay Dindara Akoboa Baroa gomtsa enda gizio. Sova akoboa baroa shisham yiskend dodi qexsa kola petasi kot ibqa ba yiskueshn kamamend doda bana badni yiskue.

b. Debub obar kes ketn yiskend gomts dod Gomts dodnda endi Ogadena Elkarena B r 30% atnsende.

c. Apar gomts dod G q r . Kutsa uci Dalol shidan K r 6 r q q K r r G q .

3. Koc Koc m K q . a. Sovaga koca b. Simx sheleqo

113 a. Sovaga koc S r q K q A ilo metira gizio. b. Simx sheleqo

S q q r q A T ’ q q q . Koca uci debub obar vyard ketn uxnsi semen obar kes ketn hak yiskue Sivil 3.3 wos beqnde. Obar vyard ketn xsune hanqi obar kes ketn haka gizio. Koca endi yisn yiskuc dodi gomtsa gizio. Hac dodi max max kutsn gurxi yiskuada ucam dontuc xuqi keskend sov yiznda Ziwaya Langanoa Awasa Abiyata Shala masti yiskendi yiskende.

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. T ’ q q r ? 2. Debub obar vyard ketn kob yiskend gagqan shidan gudqan pyatsi yiskendi gudi har masti yisteo? 3. Kobar masti yiskuc koci gomtsa hanuckanan yapsti yisteo? 4. Sovi wosasan ati yisteo?

Qayxsi besnsend a. T ’ r q b. K r q q r q r . c. Yinti qayxsend kartais ersasagucn besnde.

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4 T ’ q

Gah ap gabar sov wurn darsh sov tun

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. Yint gapkan sov yiste? 2. Sova end gaxsi hareo? 3. q .

Sov masti yiskendi bahara q r S q A r r S q T ’ r ketna semen Aparikaqan yiskend dodnd dentkan sovaga tun masta xsesta yiskene. Hac dungam ez sov ni beqnsue.

A. Sova koc T ’ q q S q q q q . 1. Obar vyard ket kobm yiskuc bod 2. Debub obar kes ketn kob yiskuc bod 3. Kocam hanqi yiskend

1. Obar vyard ketn kob yiskuc sov koc O r r S sharsh bommi karti gesh semen Sudan doda Gibxs doda egam ati mediterianiyan baharqan vyardi yiskende. Sova endi

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. T r . A r . B r r .

Gabbar masti yiskendi sova ezqan vyardi yiskend sova yanxsnda gizio.

2. Debub obar kes ket kob yiskend sov koc T ’ q r q K S dod egam ati hind wuqyanoskan vyardi yiskende. Sova endi Wobi Shabalea Ganalea Dawa gizio. Sova Wabi Shabalei hanqi Sumale dodn bana atu geshn yiqan shidn Ganalea Dawa Sumalea Top’ gyara Yind wuqyanoskan vyardi yiskue.

3. Simx sheleqoam kocki yiskuc sov koc Simx sheleqoam kocki yiskendi sova kocki yiskend dentkan kobca S T ’ r T ’ q yiskend sova gizio. Sova zavqan vyardi yiskene sovi hac dungam yiskende.

Sanxarzh 3.1.3 simx sheleqoqam vyardi yiskend sov Pyad Sov sum Hanqi yiqan yisi Yiza uci yisn yapst yiskuc vyardi yiskuc 1 Gibe/omo Turkana T ’ K 2 Awash Abe T ’ Z 3 Bilate Abaya T ’ sheleqo 4 Meqi Ziway T ’ q 5 Segan Zheg bahar T ’ q 6 Xsid sov Awasa T ’ q

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Sivil 3.4 T ’ q

T ’ T ’ q r r itsayqnd eri yiskue. - Wolent kitsi obarent wortni yiskende. - T ’ q q r r q q . - q q . - K r q .

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S r 4 T ’ q ’ q r

Pyad Sov sum Kilo metir Kilo metir Qaz Sov yarsa /gabar Ketn Purn 1 Abay 198,508 800 650 1,450 Bashaloa Zhima Mugara Gudara Pinxha Dadesaa Dabusaa Belasa Dindara 2 Wobishab 205,407 1,340 660 2,000 Ramisa Erera ele Dakata Pepana Gobalea Mozhoa Galetia 3 Ganale 168,141 480 378 858 Dawaa woyba wolmala manaa 4 Awash 113,709 1,200 1,200 Aqaqia Kasima Borkana Milea 5 Tekaze 87,733 608 560 1.168 Tiraraa Atibara Ganga Angaraba 6 Omo /gibe 77,205 760 760 Gozhaba Dinchaa Gilgala Gibea 7 Baro 75,718 227 280 507 Akoboa Sagilo

T ’ q gaxs

 Myat sovi korenteshn gaxsi yiskende. Amtseshn, Awasha Tekazea Wabi Shabelea dumarsnda debm gidibi qayxsue. Haci abay debm ez Hidase Gidibi qayxsi yiskuc wuru geshn korenteshn gaxsnsue.  Kasi masinoeshn Awash sovi Wonzhia M r sukar industiersh gaxsi yiskue.  Baro sovi orueshn gaxsi yiskue.  Baro debm womam atsi debm hanqi yiskue.

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Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1 q . q . q q iskuc nam bod hayxnde. 4. q r q ? b. Zav S r T ’ q q r . T ’ q q yiskende. 1. Konq kutsn yiskend zav 2. Simx sheleqon yiskend zav 3. Ats kucham qayxsend zav enda gizio.

1.Konq yiskend kutskan yapsti yiskend zav T ’ q q Xanaa Ashangea Bishoptua Oraa, Guda Wonxhia Indi enda gizio. Uc dentkan Xanayi aki 3,600 kare metir gizio.

r : q xsesti yiskuci zavi Wolo dodn yiskue.

2. Simx sheleqoqan yiskend zav T ’ q q S end dentkan Ziwaya Langanoa Abizhataa Shalaa Awasaa Xhamoa Abayaa Turkanaa/Rudolpa Haselea yiskende. Sova dentkan ezi Abayaa gizio.Shalayi T ’ q (sanxarzh 3.1.5) beqnde.

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3. Ats kucham qayxsend zav Atsi gidib sov debm qayxsn sovi zav ati yiskue. Sova endi ats qayxse masti yiskende. Sova endi korenteshna masinoeshna gaxsi yiskende. Sova end dentkan Qoqaa Malka Wakaa Aba Samuelaa Pinxhaa Gilgal- Gibea enda gizio. Haci sova Abay debm Apirikaqan ez gidibi qayxsi yiskue.

Sivil T ’ q besi yiskuc T ’ q T ’ q  q - Xanaa Bar Dar yisti Gorgora masti sov dentkan yiskuc kutsn.  Orui yiqan yiskuc: Ziwayqan myat orui yiskue.  Tursteshn – Langanoa Awasa ez gaxs utsi yiskue.  Korenteshn- Qoqa sov.

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S r T ’ q

Pyad Sov sum r r Sov end yiskuc 1 Xanaa 3,600 9 semen 2 Ashange 20 25 semen 3 Yiz/hayq 35 23 semen 4 Abayaa 1,160 13 Kockan/simx sheleqo 5 Abizhataa 205 14 Kockan/simx sheleqo 6 Shala 409 266 Kockan/simx sheleqo 7 Awasa 129 10 Kockan/simx sheleqo 8 Xhamo 551 10 Kockan/simx sheleqo 9 Langano 230 46 Kockan/simx sheleqo 10 Ziway 434 4 Kockan/simx sheleqo 11 Qoqa 250 9 Ats qayxs

Kamam sanxarzhqan yiskend beqnsi hac dungam yiskend oxh karsnde. 1. ? 2. Bayam bammi yisn yiskuc sovi hanueo? 3. Kamam yiskend dentkan atsi qayxsui hanueo?

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T ’ q ax xsox Gah ap berawi park ax xsox kilil baqnde

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. . 2. Xsoxa ket giza haraman bad ati yisteo? 3. Xsoxi yiqan yiskuc park gaxsi hareo?

q T ’ q

 4 r . End dentkan napmmi ax masti dum dodqan kaygende.  7 r . End dentkan 25 kap zari ax masti dum dodqan kaygende.

Sanxarzh 3.6 T ’ q q q

Pyad Xsox sum Yiqan itsayqn yiskuc park 1 Waliya Aybeks Semen berhawi park 2 Agazan (Nyala) Bale gud berhawi park 3 Xhileda bobt Semen gud berhawi park 4 Minelik daw Semen gud berawi park 5 Qorke Dal mat berhawi parkana saqale shavqana 6 Zoq Yangar Semen gudqana bale berhawi parkana 7 Bud Kur Apar kililqan yiskuc byangu dirs berhawi park

Xsoxndi bavnsargueshn baqnde Shavi capi bavan, tam shavqan bostna zharstia xsoxi wurni yevi yiskue. Itsayqni wurarguc aparn detsasi itsayqni bavnsarbanueshn barstnsuci koysti yiskue. Yinti yitsnsuc bodi hac dungam yiskue.

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 Xsoxi mvmsueshna yiqan itsayqn aqnsueshna inch toknde.  Atsi kangi xsoxi gaxs utsi yiskuc ersasnde.  Xsox zhagi yiskend atsi yitsmako.  Xsox yiqan yiskuc shav capashidnde.

Waliya Aybeks Minelik daw Agazan/Nyala bud kur

Siwoney qorqe Xhileda bobt Zoq Yangar

Sivil 3.5 T ’ q

Qayxsi besnend Ax xsox Sivili gazexana tembirna kalendarna lotori tiketna yistn yinti yapan eti yevi kipilqan xognde. Itsayqni yiqan yiskuc kutsis itsayqn tovqan xsapmde. Sivila endi maxsapkan hammagi yistan yisn yapa shidnde.

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6 T ’

Gah ap atsa keta pyad makalewi estastik biro badnuc pyad

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. T ’ ? 2. Gaxara atsage katam atsagi beshi yisteo? 3. Vyanage mayngi beshi yisteo? r T ’ yeski gebi yiskuca ucam dontuc ats r A r r r r 76 r 6 r kaznasnuci 1999 bergame. Gah haci yiqan yisti yapstuc tuni mavkalawi estatistki ezhensi 1999 kesuc ats marezha gizio.

r q q T ’ aman wos no beqe.

A. T ’ q S r 7 T ’ q Xsota Pyad Balqan

Vyan 37,296,657 50. 5 mayn 36,621,848 49. 5

qaz 73,916,505 100 Mavkalewi estatisksi 1999 bergam kesuc marezha

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Kamam sanxarzhqan ni bequwoxn yi petan vyan pyadi mayneshn 674,809am beshi yiskue. Yi petasn itsayqni dentkan ez badi kaygue. Vyana mayna xsoxs atni yevi yiskue.

B. q T ’

S r q T ’

Ats pyad Balqan % Kilil sum T ’ q

Tigiray 4,314,456 5.8 Apar 1,411,092 1.9 Amar 17,214,056 23.3 Oromo 27,158,471 36.7 Sumale 4,439,147 6.0 ’ G 670,847 0.9 Debub kilil 15,042,531 20.4 Gambela 306,916 0.4 Harari 183,344 0.2 Adis ababa 2,738,248 3.7 Diredawa 342,827 0.5 Liyu pyad 965,570 0.1 Qaz 73,916,505 100% Mavkalewi estatisksi 1999 bergam kesuc marezha.

Kamam sanxarzhqan yinti beqan Oromiya kililqan myat atsi yiskue. Yi wurn kobc atsi yiqan yiskuci Harari kililqana gizio.

C. T ’ r

Ats bergi q . Uci 0 -14a 15-64 uxnsi 64am kamam yiskende. 15-64 hak yiskendi zola qayxs qayxsnsend masti yiskende.Nyava yanxsa atsa erga end qayxsi hatsnsargende. Atsa erga arca end pyadi beshan qayxsasnd debm qayxsi beshnsue.

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Sanxarzh 3.9 ats berg besi yiskuc

Ats Berg Persentam Arc 0 - 14 45.0 Cetnyava atsa nayta 15 - 64 51.8 Erg 64 kamam 3.2 Qaz 100 Mavkalewi estatisksi 1999 bergam kesuc marezha.

T ’ r katamm tyad

Sanxarzh 3.10 T ’ r katamm tyad

Ats Berg Persentam gaxar 61,953,185 83.9 katamm 11,956,170 16.1 Qaz 73,918,505 100 Mavkalewi estatisksi 1999 bergam kesuc marezha

S r 0 q rq ’ aqi yiskende.

T ’ q

T ’ . Ats keti 1999 bergamuc marzhwoxn yi petan bergn 2.6 persent qazqi yiskue. Uc nabi hac dungam yiskue.

r ’ r r r r . Uceshn r r .

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2. xisham yelargu shid T ’ q pyadi yisku beshi yiskue. Ucaga irateshn atsi actam gaxsasnan yixnsue.

3. mayneshn esti yiskuc wobsi kobc petucam r r A r tamarnsui koysti yiskue.

Ats tok Atsi yisn yisn toki yis q r q r toki yiskue. Ats maxn yistnsargueshn hatsi yiskend it gahnd dentkan doda ucn yiskuc narsa buyx zara gizio. a. Nars r . Kasi qexsi yiskuc kol dodn r q q q q 70% atsi anqac toki yiskende. b. Buyx zar q q r q r r ’ r ’ . Ucam dontuc qayxsi mv utsi yiskuc kutsn atsi toki yiskue. Qayxsi mv utsarguc dodn atsi maxn dub ati tokkni makargende. c. Kutsa atsi yisn toknsuc K r ba ba tokagueshn pakni tokangi yiski yiskende T ’ q 127 dubdni ati toki yiskuc kutsi debub kililqana gizio. Hac dungam saxarzh beqnde.

Sanxzrzh 3.11 Debub kililqan atsi maxn dubdni toki yiskuc kuts

Zon Worada Max kare km yiskend ats Gedeo Wonago 1,086 Wolayita Damot/gale 726 Sidama Alata wondo 687 Gedeo Yirga xhape 658 Kambata Xambaro Qaxhabra 618 Wolayita Sodo 618 Sidama Dara 616 Kambata Xambaro Angaxha 607 Kambata Xambaro Qadida gamela 578 Sidama Shabedino 77

Ats pyadi bitna ba iqan eti yevi yiskuc irat

Kamam T ’ q q irati atnsue.

1. Atseshn koysti yiskend simara keta mva axnsue. Itsayqn berg 15 – 64 hak yiskend qayxsas ats guzn qayxsi beshnsue. 2. Gaxarqan yiskend atsi yisn qayxsi toki yistnsuc kutsi kobcnsue. Uc geshn shavi capi wursnsende. 3. Atsi beshan timirta hakum keta transporta aq keta atsn beshnsargue.Uci kasi ats debm ez irat eti wunsue. Uceshn koysti yiskend gahndi hac dungam beqnde. A. r ’ r r

128

B. kab maki yeyntis ats ersas C. Mayn nyava tamarnmaka

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. Nyava arca atsa erg beshan hara iratagi hatsnseo? 2. Ats pyadi qazqi hammsarguesh hargi yitsnseo? 3. Mayn nyavis ni tamarnsuci hareshn koysti yisteo?

Qayxsi bestnsend Budin maxn atnsi sanxarzha 3.1.8n ’ girap qayxsnde. Wosan yinti qayxsnsan yint ersasi yiskendi hayxnsende. Uc yinti qayxsu geshn ket degn xognde.

Dosas 3.1

A.Hac dungam yiskend oxhndis ibar shidan axax maki karsnde.

1. T ’ A r q r r an yiskene______. 2. T ’ q q yiekende.______3. T ’ q q ____ 4. Gaxarqan yiskend ats pyadi katamqan yiskend atsndeshn beshi yiskue. 5. T ’ end dentkan maxe? b. Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd dentkan ibar petuc kursnde. 1. r T ’ yiskena. a.Ertra b. Sudan c. Zhubuti d. Kenya

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2. Hac dungam yiskend kuts dentkan semen yiskuc gag mastnsuci hanueo? a. Gamoa Konsoa gud b. Mazhi yiskuc gud c. Tigiray yiskuc amba d. Sidama yiskuc gud 3. Abe sov yizqan vyardi yiskuc sovi a. Awash b. Gibe c. Abay d. Baro 4. Debub obar vyard ketn yiskuc cank dodi hanueo? a. Tekaze dadam yiskuc cank b. Abay Dindar dadm yiskuc cank c. Akoboa Baroa dadam yiskuc cank d. Ogaden yiskuc cank 5. T ’ a.Dodbah b. Nyala c. Ger d. Panxs 6. T ’ q r a. Actam gaxsasn b. Bergi gats yistn vyard c. xisham yelarguc shid d. Mayneshn xish yitsargu shid c. “A” q “ ” q

A B 1. Ez yiz a. Wabi Shabele 2. Abay gabar b. Awasa yiz 3. Atsi qayxsuc c. Tekaze 4. Sumale shidu d. Shal 5. Meditrian baharqan vyardu e.Qoqa yiz p.Mugar

130 d. q r r ’

1. ’ r 2. T ’ ______amsta xsesta yiskene. 3. Xsoxis ni baqnsueshn ni yitsnsend gah dentkan nama endi a.______b.______

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3.2 Topi ket

Gah ap

Ket gozho industri dyant gaxs Gaxsand teknolozhi industri kosti yiskend gah

Hac dungam estend oxh debm gahnde.

1. Ats nyavndeshn koysti yiskend gah hareo? 2. Yint gapm qayxsi yiskend erstangi yiskend qayxsndi hareo?

T r T ’ r r q q q tamarrnsue. Ats nyavi yistnsueshn atseshn koysti yiskend kaz gahi q ’ A ’ ’ q r q q q q gibrna industria gixa tiransporta turizima enda gizio.

q beqnsue.

3.2.1 Gibrna

r q (80%) atnsuci gibr q G r q q rq T ’ q kan

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 Qayxs kameshn koysti yiskuc dodi yiskueshna  K  S r . a. Mv qayxs

r r ’ q r T ’ q r ’ q yiskue.

S r r ’ q r besi yiskuc

Narszar sum q n yapsti ’ q r yiskuc kuts

qayt 3300 kamam gos

anqac 2300 – 3300 ’ q r r

payt 1500 – 2300 gacha dichia misira gyava uta

qola 500 – 1500 Zanga supa shimpa selixa

baraha 500 Mv zareshn piknargu

Sanxarazhqan ni r q r q ’ q K q S G K r r r q ’ q yiskuc kutsa gizio. Obaris qaysi yiskuc uti kasi dabub kililqan p’ q itsayqqndeshn mv ati yiskue.

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Besh mv zar ni yapmsueshn ni qayxsnsueshn koysti yiskuc qayxs a. q q q r q b. Yizqnuc bodam qayxsi yiskuc qayxsis shichnsi ortnuc bodam qayxs c. Koch boka dumarsnda end debm qa q r q d. Z r r q woxi yiskuc act eta e. Mvi qayxsu geshn soy masti gakasnargi yisti yi itnsargueshn soy maki ortnuc bodam gak g. Hac satn yiskend eti wobtagendam gaxsasni mv apis kutsa maxn yitsi kutsa maxn wobt h. K ’ r ’ q r r dumarsnda gizio.

Gibrna qayxseshn gaxsi yiskend qixs q q ’ G q q r q q

r r q r q koysti yiskue.

S 7 ’ q

134 b. Dyant gaxs A r q q q T ’ q q q G q . Itsayqndi yiskuc kutsi qola masti yiskuc kutsakana gizio. Kutsa endi Borenaa Ogadena Apara masti yiskende.

Sanxarazh 3.13 yiskend giz sivil besi yiskuc sivil

Giz zar Pyad Ucamend giz 38,749,320 dor 18,075,580 Kets 14,858,650 par 1,517,330 bixar 393,0240 Kur 317,600 gimal 456,910 gyam 30,368,540 c. Ximir gibir

r r ’ q qayxsi yiskuc qayxsa gizio.

Hac dungam estend oxh debm gahnde. 1. Gibiri masti har har mastian ersti yisteo? 2. Yintayqnd gapm qayxsi yiskend qayxs zar hayxnde. 3. q yiskend atsndi harqanan yisteo? 4. ’ r r ?

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3.2.2 Industri

r q r q r r end qopisgaxsasni ats gida ortnend qixsa endam gaxsasni besh pikni yiskucn boma gizio. Amtseshn gibrnaqanyisti yapsti yiskuc beti xhameshna borsaeshna enda dumarsndanqana boma gizio. a. Industri gaxs 1. q q yiskuckan 12% atnsucis uxi yiskue. 2. Atseshn qayxs bod pirqi yiskue. 3. Katami iqnsueshn gatsni yiskue. 4. Eti wobta dyamasagenda diga timirta endi iqnsueshn gatsni yiskue. b. Industri zar r q q . Gozho industria ortnuc industria masti nam kutsn qodi yiskende.

Gozho industri G r q q gaxsasnsuc qixs yeshasi yiskue. Amtseshn utam gaxsani gabi qayxsia naxalaa endis qayx G r q G q .

Ortnuc industri Or r q r r . In r r r q q r q r enddam gaxsasni myat qixsis soy maki qayxsi yiskue. Ortnuc industris 136 nam kutsn qodi beqni hakninue. Endind kobca woga maki nam kutsn qodi beqni hakninue.

Kobc industri Kobc industr q q r q A r q r rq r r yiskend industri wogagendi kobc shidan qalal industrinda gizio.

Pav industri Geb ab geshn estuc qayxsis qayxsi utsi yiskuc indusrtii pav industri masti ersti yiskue. Endind makina shidan kambula kompitera motera ayroplana enda dumarsnda endis qayxsi yiskenda gizio. Amtseshn aqaqin xur qixhi yiskenda bishoftun makina shiddan makin qayxsi yiskenda enda gizio. c. r r T ’ r r yiskue. Kutsa endind Adis Ababaa Nazreta Diredawa endi erstangi yiskendada kasi Hawasa Arba minxha Bahar Dara Kombolchaa Harara Zhimaa Gondara Maqelea endind yiqan yiskende.

r q 0 ( q ) r q gizio. Amtseshn Chayna

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S r 4 T ’ q r r q q

pyad Industri zar Yi usti yiskuc qop

1. 1 Mv pabrika A ’ q buskuta ashagasnangi yiskuc kazgna

2. 2 Uc pabrika Biraa lelasa goci erargend uca gocagend uca

3. 3 xharq shidan mav pabrika ansolaa kaki xhara supa xharqa shamiza

4. 4 damba shidan tumba pabrika r

5. 5 bet pabrika borsaa xhama beta cupa

6. 6 inch qayxs Keteshn gaxsi yiskuc qixsa biroeshn gaxsi yiskuc qixsa

7. 7 Xur esargend qayxsi yiskuc siminta yeraa end qayxsi yiskuc pabrika

8. 8 Xur petend qayxsi yiskuc misamara qorqora end qayxsi yiskend pabrika

9. 9 Kemikalnd qayxsi yiskuc Kostik soda masti yiskuc qalama pilastik qopa pabrika

10 Hitmet pabrika Maxsapa gazexaa mexseta enda dumarsnda

Qayxsi bestnsend

1. Yintayqnd gapm yiskend gozho industris yintayqnd kasha bam beqnde. 2. Yintayqndi wobti bequ geshn yintayqndi bequciskipilqan yintayqnd gomeshn hayxnde. Yintayqndi wonti beqagucn hac dungam estend gah debm xish yitsnde.

138

- Yintayqndi bezuc industri sum - q q - Itsayqndi qayxsi yiskuc qayxs kop can dentkan - Qayxsasnd pyad - Itsayqndi qayxsi yiskuc qayxs - Atseshn itsayqndi utsi yiskuc gaxs

3.2.3 Eti wobt

Gah ap

Gix bet sost qixs

Hac dungam estend gah debm gahnde.

1. Gix maki har makeo? 2. Yintayqnd gapm har zar gixagi yisteo? 3. Yintayqnd gapm yisti dum kutsn hanqi gosti yiskend qixsi har zar qixseo? 4. rq q hayxnde. 5. Yintayqnd r r hareo? a. gix G q rq G q r rq r koysti yiskue.

139

Gix bod Hac aparqnend abam goqn atsi gixna ba makan qixa qixsa bommi yiskende. Hac abm gahdentkan biriama gizio.

Gix zar Gixi nam kutsn qodi yiskue. Endind doda max goma myarqna masti yiskende.

Gobm gix Gobm gix masti yiskuci atsi doda max gobqan kilila kilila zona zona worada wor q q A A G q r q . Amtseshn muzi nixn dodna Arbaminch dodna yisti muzi hanqi dum dodn gosti yiskue.

Myarqnuc gix G T ’ doda bana gix dyam yitsa yiskene. Doda end dentkan Zhapana Zharmana Saudi Arabia Xaliana Chayna Hinda enda dumarsnda g q rq q r yiskue. Myarqn titsa wu yiskuca kasi vyarsa wu yiskuc qixsis hac dungam sanxarazha estuckan beqnde.

140

Sanxarazh 3.15 myarqn titsa wu yiskuca kasi vyarsa wu yiskuca qixsnd

Myarqn titsi yiskend qixsnd Vyardi yiskend qixsnd Gyava nedazha Beta mashina Qibat mvmda kemikala Mv apa Ashagasnangi yiskend mva A ’ ’ q Kot qayxsend kay petend qixsa Dyanta Elektroniks qixsnda Mv apa ababaa Qimama Es cumpa

ikonomi iqeshn soysi gaxsam erstangi yiskuci gyava gizio.

Gix mizan masti yiskuci purqn yitsi goti yaki ni yiskuc giza kasi myarqn yitsi goti vyarsi ni yiskuc giza end dentkan yiskuc dyama gizio. purqn yitsa myarqn karsa gota rq r r q r q r q wu yitsnsuc yitsi:

 myarqnuc giz ba yapmsueshn myarqn titsi yiskend qixs pyad qaz  myarqn yisti ax qopam gosti vyardi yiskend qixsndi nixn dodqan qayxsnsueshn bod koy  myarqn yisti ax qopam gosti yiskend sost qixsndis kobcasa dumarsnda gizio.

141 b. Eti wobti

Hac dungam estend debm gahnde. 1. Eti wobti hareshnan gaxsi yisteo? 2. Yintayqnd gapm ?

Sivil 3.8 eti wobt zar

Yizqnend eti wobt zar

’ q

par gari par

142 ortnend eti wobt zar

bishklit kambul babur

wom ayropilan

1. Xhanagend gaxs

A q r q qeram qeramend xhanagendi yiskue. Xhanagendi atsaga dosa atsaga wosa et hanqi yiskue. Uci atsaga iqnsueshna atsaga yitseshna ats dentkan yistnsuc soy dyameshna poletikaeshna gaxsi yiskue.

2. Xhanagend zarnd

q r qodnsi yiskue.

143

2.1 Yizqn xhanagend

K r r q A r ’ rq q q G r q q yiskue.

2.2 Ortn xhanagend

Or r ( ) r r q q r q r yiskend bodi koysti yiskue. Amtseshn: babureshn hadid, markabeshn wodab, zhateshn yisn yisi wortnsuc kutsi koysti yiskue.

Bodam xhanagend

q r q A q q q r A A q r q r q q q ’ 37000km atnsue masti yiskue.

Babur hadid

T ’ q r rq A A Z r 7 q A A kililnda dyamasnend 5000km hadidi qayxse masti yiskue.

144

Narskan xhanagend

r q r r r r T ’ r- r r q oda dumarsa doda dyamasi ing hatsnsue. Bole Almaqap zhati yisn wortnni yiskuc kutsi qayxsuci erstangi yiskue. Dumarsa zhati yisn wortnsuc kutsi Dire-dawaa Maqalea Arba-minxha Bardara Gondara Akusma Zhizhiga dodqana qayxsue.

Sov debm xhanagend

Sov debm xh r q q T ’ r Z yiskene.

r q r .

3.2.4 Turizm

Gah ap Xhubtargu lozh turist masib hanqi beqnde turizm

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm budini gahnde. 1. Hanqi beqnde maki hareo? 2. Hac aparn detsasi hanqi beqi hari yistade? 3. Yint gapkan purn shidan debm dodn yisti turisti yevi yisteo? 4. Turisti yevi beqi yiskend gahndi hareo?

145

A. Turizm porsh T r r r r r q . T r r r r beqnsend qirsndi yiskue.

T r  Dolar biri purn yisti wunsue.  Gapkan yiskend atsi qayxs yapmsue.  r .  Gapa uckan boda wotela dumarsnd gixsnsue.

C q r . T ’ q r q q r (kutsi) dyastenda ats kucham qayxsenda gizio.

Dyastend masib (kuts) Dod dyad yitsa sova sholoqoa sova-bokuca xsoxa enda gizio. End dentkan bayam ax xsoxa debm kaygendi yiqan yiskend gudndi: amtseshn,  Semen gudqan yiskend xsox.  Bale gud yiskend xsox.  Abay Sholoqo.  A S q r r …

146

Ats kucham qayxsend masib dodqan ats kucham qayxsend tarik kutsa ats dosa yiskende.  Tarik kutsa endi nyal toka wuqar xsok ketnda kets bet guzn xsapend gahnda Musilim maskida amtseshn: Aksum hulta Xiya nyal toka Pasil keta Lalibala yiskend wuqar xsok keta nazhash maskida gizio.  Simara mva gexa ayna yepa dosnda gizio.

Sivil 3.2.3

Aksum hult Lalibala xsok keta Pasil keta

dos simar Abay xhar sov 147

Xana

r

 Boda xhanagenda.  Park yiskend shavnda baqnde.  Wotela lozha myat gixs.  Xsox yiqan yiskuc shavqan giz kimashidnde.  Xsox zhagi yixmake.  Tursiti yevi beqnsueshn gap digis baqnde.  Tamarnuc atsi ucis qayxsnsueshn yitsmake.

Teknolozh iq

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde.

1. Teknolozh masti yiskuci hareo? 2. Teknolozhi atsn utsi yiskuc gaxsi hareo? 3. Yint ketn yiskend teknolozham qayxs hayxnde.

148

A. Teknolozhaga porsh

Atsi baeshn koysti yiskende maki gahnde yi dyadend qixsndi teknolozh masti yiskue. Endi ats ketn yiskend qixsnda korenta sova narsa xhubam qayxsend.

Yizqnend dos qixsnda wortn yiskend qixsnda yiskende. Wortnend qixsndi dod debm yiskend teknolozh qayxsnde. Endi myat gahndis bommsende.

B. Teknolozh gaxs

Teknolozhi ats nyaveshn myat gaxs utsi yiskue. Uc dentkan

 Soy myat qayxsi qayxsnsueshn yitsi yiskue.  Ats gidn gatsni yiskue.  q r r .  Ats nyav soy yistnsueshn hatsi yiskue.

A. T

q r q r . Industria ’ -yakaleshna gaxsi yiskue.

1. ’ q r ’ A qayxsi yiskuc bodi dosa gizio. Aba wortn hacam dod ’ qayxsargue. Uceshn maki mangist myat qayxs qayxsi yiskue. Qayxsa endi ap uxnsueshn  q q  Mv zara madabaria acta

149

 Gotara  Masino qayxsa (sov qoria)  Mvi ekstenshnam qayxsi qalnsueshn myat qayxsi yiskue.

2. Industri qayxs N q r yisti purn keski gosti ez gaxs utsi yiskue.

3. Xhobta gida utsagend r r G q myatan yiskue. Ucagisn myataga sovnd amteshn, gibea takazea qoqa malkawna debm gidibi qayxsn ez gid utsi yiskue

4. Gah yakar maski q r r . Ket silka mobile komputara intarneta besh iqi yiskue. Kasi madin maskn antsa worqa yishki kesi yiskend mashin yiskue. Ucagisn yi q .

Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd debm gahnde. 1. q r ? 2. Yintayqn gapkan atsi teknolozhim gaxsasni yiste?

Dosas 3.2 A. Hac dungam yiskend oxhndis ibar shidan axax maki karsnde. 1. T ’ r ’ 2. q q . 3. q r q .

150

4. Teknolozhi atsi soy maki myat qayxsnsueshn ats gidn gatsni yiskue. 5. q r .

B. Hac dungam yiskend oxhnd kursi karsnde. 1. Hac dungam yiskend mv zar dentkan maxi kobs dodqan qayxsnsue. a. dichii b. gos c. salix (koz) d.mam 2. Hac dungam yiskend dentkan mvaga industriqan qayxsui a. maxhid b. hamsola c. buskut d. xhama 3. Hac dungam xhanagend dentkan ats megqandiras ati yiskuci a. babur b.makin (kambul) c. zhat d. markab 4. Hac dungam yiskend dentkan teknolozhi gaxsi hanueo? a. mvis soya myat maki qayxsa b. ats gidn gats c. Ats yits bommi yiskue. d. Kang ibar 5. T ’ q r myat giz yapsi yiskuci a. gyav b. beta molaxa c. ababa d. Qibat ati yiskend zarnd 6. Hac dungam yiskend dentkan tarik masib hanueo? a. Hadiyaga dos simar b. abay xhar sov c. aksum hult d. kang kart

C. K r ’ ’ 1. r qixsi______masti yiskue. 2. Xhubtarguc industri masti yisku ______gizio.

151

Yi wur T ’ r A r q q r q r r ’ . Obar kes vyard ketn Sudannd, obar kes ketn Zhubuti semen kob Ertira dabub Kenya dabub-obar kes ketn Sumalea gizio.

T ’ q guda canka sholoqoa (koc doda) gizio. Gaga endi kasi kaz kutsn ba qodnsian yiskende. Endi semem yiskend gud (gaga) dabub obar vyard ketn yiskend kutsnda dabub obar kes ketn yiskenda gizio. Cank dodndi kasi kaz kutsn ba qodnsian yiskende. Obar kes ketn yiskenda dabub obar r A r T ’ q sholoqo (koca ezi) sovam dontuc nam kutsn ba qodnsi simx sholoqo masti yiskue.

S q q . Sov endi kaz kutsn ba qodnsian yiskue. Obar vyard ketna r q q K T ’ q r q Z r q q q da dod debm kaygend xsoxam erstanga yiskene.

T ’ 7 6 0 r q q nyav yeli yiskuci kobc yel make.

T ’ ’ r q q ’ q ’ q q r q

152 wortn yiskenda gizio.Wortn yiskend teknolozh qayxsi kobca eza masti yiskende.

r q r q

T r q r q q q q A r q q .

Wosh oxhnd

A. Hac dungam oxhndis ibar shidan axax maki karsnde. 1. T ’ A r q r dodqan maxnine. 2. T ’ q r q 3. q . 4. r r q . B. Hac dungam yiskend kursi karsnde. 1. T ’ q a. Batu b. Xhilalo c. Ras-dashan d. Guge 2. S q a. Abya b. Baro c. Tekaze d. Dawa 3. T ’ q r a. Xana b. Abay c. Ashnge d. Ziway 4. Mvi qayxsi ap utsnsueshn koysti yiskendi a. madabaram qayxs b. mv zar soy bok c. actam gaxs d. kang kart

153

5. Awasa katamqan yiskuc simaraga paprikai yiqan qodnsui a. kobc industriqan b. ez industriqan c. pul ket industriqan d. kang kart 6. Bayam bitni yiskuca soy xhanaguci a. makin b.babur c.zhat d. markab C. Hac dungam yiskend gal ’ ’ 1. r q ______masti yiskue. 2. ’ q 3. T r q 1. ______2______gizio.

154

Yirc od

4 T ’ r q r

Gah ap

Qirs dos arkiolozhi syapuc guz

Hac dungam estuc gah debm gahnde.

Qirs baqi hareshnan gaxsi yisteo?

r T ’ q r

Qirs yi mastan doda maxaeshn yiskuc dyada tarika dosa enda dumarsnda aparqn end atsnd dadn yisti gyastnasnuc kasi wunsend atsndeshn gyarstnsuc keta gizio.

r r skenda kasi itsayqnd borti dod debm ersatangi yiskenda gizio. Maxn atangi yiskend mangist timirta saynsa dosa endis maxn uxagni yiskend (YUNESKO) masti yiskuci Aprika dodqan yiskend max bala namtama napma qirseshn ert utsi shidan itsayqnd erangasue. End dentkan wogagendi

A. Aksum nyal tok Tigray Kililqan A 700 r q q

155

q r . End dentkan 33 kilo metir ’ 22 metira gizio. T ’ – T ’ Mangistam gosta yistuc goqn esti hanqi Rom dostagni yistue. Geb ab Pederal M 7 r r A .

d. Aksum nyal tok dubd b. Itsayqnd dentkan ezubab

Sivil 4.1.1 Aksum nyal tok

B. Lalibela Betekristian Lalibela Betekristiani yapsti yiskuci Amara Kililqan Lalibela masti yiskuc katamqana gizio. Keta endi 13nuc kipile zemenam goqn tyata Lalibela masti yiskucam qayxsaduc keta gizio. Soysi ats ditsi yiskuc gahi nyala maxapam yi qayxsuc petuca gizio. Keta uc pyadi 11 petnsi 25 bergi woxasu msati yiskue.

156

a. g b. hayqn atnsa tor karta ba bestagucn

Sivil 4.1.2 Lalibela betekristian dentkan max petuc betegiorgis

C. Gondarqan yiskuc betemangist

17nuc kipile zemanam qayxsuc alemaga qirskan yitsuci Pasil Ginb shidan nyal keta gizio. Nyala keta uci yiqan yiskuci Pasil masti yiskuc tayati gixsuc Gondar katam xsoxsnan yiskue. Nyal keta uc shishn dumars tyatndi gixsuc nyal keti yiskue.

Sivil 4.1.3 tyata Pasil nyal ket 157

D. Xiya nyal tok

r Xiya nyal tok masti yiskuci Dabub Kiliqan Gurage Alem Yuneskoqan yitsbsue.

Sivil 4.1.4 Xiya nyal tok E. Harar ginb

Shewa masti yiskuc meg Galn besti yiskuc Sivil 4.1.5 Harar Ginb Harar Ginbi yiqan yiskuci 525 kilo metir Adis Ababa haka yisken Hareri Kilil katam peten Harer katamqanan yiskue. 16nuc kipile zamanam Harar katamis ahi yistuc Nur Muhazhid masti yiskuc nasagi qayxsasue.

158

Ginba uci Zhagol G G ’ dungam Siviln besti yiskuc megi Shewa meg masti yiskue.

F. Semen Gud Park T ’ q T ’ Guda end dentkan Ras Dashen gud masti yiskuc guda gizio. Guda uca bana ustnangi yiskuc semen Berawi Park masti yiskuci alem qirsi yiqan xsapi ustangi yiskuc qirskan xsapangi yiskue. Parka uci ax petend xsoxndis waliya aybeksa yangara bobta endi yiqan yapsti yiskende. 22,000 hektar aki yiskue.

Sivil 4.1.6 Semen Gud Park

G. Omo Koc Yizqnend atsnd zari yiqan kosti yapstuc kuts dentkanuc Maxi Omo Koca gizio.Kutsa uci yapsti yiskuci Turkana masti yiskuc zav dadn Dabub Omo zonnqana gizio. Kutsa ucn yitsuc arkiolozhi xinatam 2.5-3 bergi yisn yiskuc qixsi yiqan yisti yapstuc kutsa gizio.

159

Sivil 4.1.7 Omo koc H. Awash Koc Kutsa uci Apar Kililqanan yapsti yiskue. Geb xinati yiqan yitsi yistaduc kutsa gizio. Kutsa uckan 3.2 miliyon berg woxuc ats merti Hadar masti yiskuc kutsakn yapstaue. Merta uci Lusi shidan Dinqneshn masti yiskuc sumi yisn estam alem qirskan xsapangi yiskue. Axaned atsndi hayxuc woxn L r 40 q r yiskue.

Sivil 4.1.8 Lusi mert

160

Dumars abam kasi hac shika yitsuc xinatam yi erstuc woxnagisn yi bergi L r r r 4 r R T ’ rq r shasi besangue.

I. K . Konso atsndi kutsa pava ucis qaysi baqi yiskend atsnda gizio. Konso atsndi Debub kililqan yiskend atsnda gizio. Atsnda endi 2 400 r r q K . Sost qayxsa uci itsayqnd qayxsa uci alem qirskan yi pyatsnsueshn itsayqnd beshasasue.

Sivil 4 K q

161

S r 4 q r T ’ q r pyad Qirs sum Qirs zar r Yiqan yi yapsti erstuc berg yiskuc kilil 1 Aksum nyal tok tarik qirs 1980 Tigray 2 Pasil nyal ket tarik qirs 1979 Amara 3 Lalibela betekristian tarik qirs 1979 Amara 4 Semen park dyad qirs 1978 Amara 5 Awsh koc tarik qirs 1980 Apar 6 Omo koc tarik qirs 1980 Dabub atsnd kilil 7 Xiya nyal tok dos qirs 1980 Dabub atsnd kilil 8 Harar ginb tarik qirs 2006 Hareri 9 Konso dos qayxs dos qirs 2011 Dabub atsnd kilil

Hac dungam estuc gah debm gahnde.

1. T ’ r q r hayxnde. 2. Qirsa endi alem qirs peti itsayqndi mazgabasnuci haran gaxsnseo? 3. Alemqan mazgabasni q r q hanendeo?

Tarik qirs

1. Hac dungam estend oxh debm gahande. 2. Qirs gaxsi haragisn kipilqan yint gomeshn hayxnde.

Qirseshn geb gaxsi yiskue. End dentkan a. Doda maxaga tarik hayxi mareja ati gaxsi yiskue. b. Doda maxn r r yiskue.

162

c. q r r yiskue. d. Dod wobti beqi yiskend atsnd xsegi giz yapsi yiskue. e. Gapm yiskend atsndeshn qayxs yapsi yiskue. q r i zurstnsargueshna dumars iratam itsayqnd debm irate atnsargueshnn xishninui koysti yiskue.

Dos qirs r q r r q r qayxsuc qayxs A r r q r A ’ ’ q r q r q q . Endind mv qayxseshna ket qixseshna simar qayxseshn gagnas nabeshna ats dentkan yiskuc baxh cunaseshna endeshna dumarseshna gaxsi yiskue. End dentkan a. S r q

Sivil 4.1.10 dos mav qayxs shidan qop T ’ Wogaguc Dabub kilil atsndi geb zar mav baba gizio. 163 b. Cunas dos Dod debm yiskend atsnd dentkan ati yiskuc baxhi atsa iqaman porshni yiskue. Besa mashta dentkan, tokasnd dentkan gap dentkan, ati yiskuc irati bod yaki yiskuci atsa iqama gizio.

Sivil 4.1.11 atsnda iqi ats cunasi

Qayxsi bestnsend Yint gapm simar qayxsi yiskuc shimane wobti yinti bequ geshn yevi kipilqan yint nalndeshn hayxnde.

164

T ’

Gah ap qulp qal dos yits bud

Hac dungam estend oxh debm gahnde.

1. Nongahi hareshnan gaxsi yisteo? 2. Yintayqn gapm beshasi garski yiskuc nongahi hareo?

T ’ q r yiskue.

Erstangi yiskendi 86 itsayqndqan 56 atnsendi dabub kililqan yapsti T ’ q q

1. Omo masti yiskend gaha 2. Kush masti yiskend gaha 3. Nilo sahahra masti yiskend gaha 4. Sem gah masti yiskenda gizio.

1. Omo masti yiskend gaha (Omotik) O q T ’ q yiskend atsnd zara gizio. Omo maki yiskuc sum itsayqndi yakuci O . Nongaha uckan yitsi yiskendi Wolayta nongaha Kapa nongaha Gamo nongaha Dizi nongaha Dawro nongaha Shako nongah B ’ q yiskue.

165

2. Kush masti yiskend gaha T ’ q K masti yiskuc nongah gahi yiskend atsnd dentkan geb ats uxnsi yiskuci Oromo nongah gahi yiskenda gizio. Oromo atsndi yiskuci Oromia Kililqana gizio. Kush nongah masti yiskend dentkan Apar nongaha Somale nongaha Kambata nongaha Hadiya nongaha Sidama nongaha Gedio nongaha Burzhi nongaha Agew nongaha enda dumarsnda yiqan yapsti yiskende.

3. Nilo sahahra masti yiskend gaha (Naylotik ) r T ’ S q uckan yapsti yiskendi Suri nongaha Mevenit nongaha Bale nongaha Nuwer nongaha Anuwak nongaha Kunama nongaha Mesngo nongaha Gumuz nongaha enda dumarsnda gizio.

4. Sem gah (semetik) Sem masti yiskuc non gaha gahi yiskend atsndi Amra kililqana Tigray kililqana kasi dubub kililqan Guragea Silxea zonqana kasi Harari kililqana dyammi yiskende. Endind Amar nongaha Tigray nongaha Gurage nongaha Aderi nongaha Silxe nongaha Argoba nongaha enda gizio. Hac dungam estend oxh karsnde. 1. S r ’ ’ Nongaha uci yiqan yapsti yiskuc gah sum Gurage nongah Oromo nongah Kunama nongah Wolayta nongah Gedio nongah Tigre nongah 166

2. Yintayqn nongahi hanuckanan qodi yisteo? 3. Nongahi xsoxse maki yiskuc gah debm gahnde.

Dos yits Gaxsagend dos yits

. End dentkan wos itsayqnd bortis ni beqe. q : q q rq q qayxsi ni dos qayxsa gazio. Amtseshn Omo nongah gahi yiskendi atsndi 6 wum berg aparqn bazham itsayqndi ut toki yistaduc dosi wonten Dabubqan yiskend atsndeshn dos ati yiskue. Kasi uci woxn Amra atsndi 6 r rq q T ’ katama wogagucn gachi mveshn gaxsi yiskue.

Barqn barqn gats q q . Qayxsa end dentkan daba irata yepa abam goqn gatsa idira uquba endi erstangi yiskende.

Ats cunas dos r q . Atsa ergnda atsa iqnda endi maxn atsi gahnsende. Atsind cunasnsende. Digind ats dentkan hatsnsende. b. Godi yiskend dos yits

. Yitsa endi atsaga dyadis ats guzis ats digis kasi ats katsind baysi shidan godi yiskenda gizio.

167

End dentkan  Gashkanu kesa  Ulqanu kesa  Mayn nyavis sitn kesa  Mayna yelna atensi koso masti yiskucis uc  Malk hatsnsue maki guz buns  ’  Ats wox  Dos actis gaxsasn  Mayn nyava vyarsna atargu wu yistagucn gidam besn uts  q ’ q ’ enda dumarsnda gizio. Yitsa endi ats r r q r q q q .

Hac dungam estend oxh debm gahnde. 1. Yintayqnd gapm yiskuc gaxsia godia yiskuc dosis pyadi xsapmde. 2. Gaxsi yikend dosi iqnsuc boda kasi godi yiskend dosi bavnsuc boda debm gahnsi yinti yisn atuc gahis yint gomdeshn kipilqan hayxnde.

T ’ q r q r q q wobsasi yiskend zol atsndi yiskende. Endind  Sivilama dubama  isportama  xsapama  saynsama teknolozhiama  doda baqama 168

 gap baqama endama dumars qayxsama gizio. a. Duba Sivila Qirxsa qirxsaa nyal ket qixsa Sivil q q r yiskende. End dentkan 1. Hanas Yared A am hayxi yiskende. Ortodokus B r r r r 0 r A q T ’ r r yiskuc shalis kesasue.

Sivil 4.1.12 hans Yared 2. Wobsakangi yiskend doktor Xilahun Gesese T ’ r rq r yiskend Xilahun Gesesa gizio. 1933 Woliso masta yisken katamqan

169 yeyskende. Myat dub dugi geb r dub tyat masti xsesti yistend ortnuc dubi iqnsueshn geb yits yitsend atsa gizio.

Sivil 4.1.13 wobsakangi yiskend doktor Xilahun Gesese

3. Wobskangi yiskend Loret metrin Sivil qayxsagend Apaworq Tekle 1924 begn Amara K q T T ’ gobqan tamrna ba wursu geshn 1939 begam myarqn Ingliz dodn hanqi Sivil qayxsa mandisa endis tamarnangi yevende. Wobskangi yiskend Loret Metrin Sivil qayxsagend Apaworq Tekle geb Sivil qayxsi y ertangi yiskend Sivil qayxsagenda gizio.

Apaworq Tekle Itsi qayxsuc siviqanuc max Sivil 4.1.14

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Qayxsi bestnsuc qayxs Soysi yinti cunasi yiskuc qayxs Sivil donsi yint gommdeshn kipilqan besnde. Koysti yiskuc gah irsas qalam shidan kaler l ’ worqat b. Isportam r T ’ r r r gizio. End dentkan wos kot ni beqe.  Woxsaguca Ababa Biqila

Sivil 4.1.15 Abebe Biqila Woxsaguca Ababa Biqilai 1924 bergn Oromia Kililqan Semen Shewa Mandida katmqan 9 kilometir haki yiskuc Zhato masti yiskuc kutsan yeyskasue. 1952 bergam Romm yitsauc marathon woxsam S r q A r

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q gizio. Ucis kasi od berg geshn 1956 Tokyon tov kay woxsi qazqasue.

 Woxsaguc Hayle G/silase Woxsaguc Hayle G/silse oromia kilil misraq arsi z q A q 6 r G 0 r r badari dod debm hayqn maki yeshknsuesn beshsasue. Hac abm r ’ r q uc atsa gizio.

Sivil 4.1.16 Woxsaguc Hayile G/Silase

 Woxsagen Deraritu Tulu Woxsagen Dararitu Tulua 1964 bergam oromia kililqan arsi zonqan B q q 4 r 0 000 r A r r r S q q r r T kend woxsgendeshn amts peta yistene.

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Sivil 4.1.17 woxsagen Dararitu Tulu

Sanxrazh 4.1.2 geba woxsaegend dentkan kobca yiskendid besi yiskuc

Pyad Woxsagend sum Yeynt Yeynt kuts Itsayqndi woxsuc berg woxs sum 1 Belayneh 1957 Sidamo/Aperara Marathon km Dinsamo 2 Miruxs Yipxer 1936 Tigray/Adigrat 5 wuma 10wuma km 3 Qnenisa Beqele 1974 Arsi/Beqozhi 5 wuma 10wuma km 4 Meseret Depar 1976 Addis Ababa 3 wuma 5 wuma 10wuma km 5 Xirunesh Dibaba 1978 Arsi/Beqozhi 5 wuma 10wuma 6 Gezehan Abera 1970 Arsi/Itiya maraton

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Xirunesh Dibaba Qananisa Baqele Meseret Dapar Sivil 4.1.18 Woxsagenda kasasnd

Hac dungam estuc oxh debm gahnde. 1. Abebe Biqilai atsis yi ditsuc harameo? 2. Hayle G r r yisteo? 3. A Aprika atsa onan masta yistao? 4. q r ? c. Xsapam . Endind

 Wobsakandi yiskend Doktor Hadis Alemayehu r A 0 r G r A A r geshn ersasaguc ati qayxsi yistende. Itsi xsapuc maxsapkan ersti yiskuci

174 piqir iske meqabir maki yiskuca gizio. Maxsapa uci uc bergam yistuc dod ’ q

 Loret Xsegaye Gebrmedihn Loret Xsegaye Gebrmedihn yeyskuci Ambo masti yiskuc gapkan 1928 bergam yeyskue. Erstangi yiskuc gaxammi tiyatira yiskuc xsapi yiskende. Itsi xsapuc maxsapkan isat woy ababa maki yiskuca itsaga tiyatir ’ r r

a. Doktor Hadis Alemayehu b. Loret Xsegaye Gebrmedihn Sivil 4.1.19 Xsapagenda namas d.Saynsama Teknolozhiama S r T ’ r A r A S q Z q r T ’ digri ba tamrnu gesh r r Semen Amerika 1956 bergam saynsa zerpam tamarni yevue.

r A r ’ q B r q q r r

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aparqn xyaxis woxi puga ucis nabmi ni haknsu petucis alameshn ba ersasucama gizio.

Sivil 4.1.19 Doktor Aklilu Lema Qayxsi bestnsend 1. S r r r ket ats ket atsnd oxhnde. 2. Yint shikn yiskuc akum ketn hanqi bilarziya masti yiskuc pugi har zar pugagisn oxhi sisknsi yevi yint gommdeshn hayxnde. e. Dod baq r r . Aduwa maytam goqn gagnasndis byara atsnda xsideshn amtsa atanga yistaden doda gizao. Qam A r q q r T ’ r q r

176 gizio. Uc bodam haayxasni haknsend geb atsndi yiskende. End dentkan Axse Tewodrosa Axse Yohanisa Axse Minilika Alula Ababnega endi yatsni haknsende.

Axse Tewodros b. Axse Yohanis c. Axse Minilik

Zheneral Hayelom Araya Shiren its tatseshn yitsuc nyal Sivil 4.1.21 Hac shik abm gadnsi ez qayxs qayxsendqanuc maxi kasi Mezher Zheneral Hayelom Araya masti yiskenda gizio. Mezher Zheneral Hayelom Araya Tigray kililqan Shire masti yiskuc katamqan 1948 bergam yeyskende. Mezher Zheneral Hayelom Arayai dargi woxnsueshn

177 atsi yitsi yistuc ez denskan soysi densi yistuc atsa gizio. Dens aba ucam yisi yitsuc ez qayxseshn Shire katamqan hawulti yisn yitsangi yiskue.

G. Gap baqam r r r r r r r r q q . Uc qayxs qayxsend atsnd dentkanuc maxi Doktor Towoldebirhan G/igziaber masti iyiskendi erstangi yiskende. Doktor Towoldebirhan gap baqeshn q T ’ q q

Sivil 4.1.22 Dr Towoldebirhan Dosas 4.1 A. Hac dungam estend oxhndis ibar shsidan axax maki karsnde. 1. Qirs maki dyastangi yiskend qixsnd kaya gizio. 2. R A r rq . 3. Xiya nyal toki dabub kililqan yapsti yiskuc qirsa gizio. 4. Piqir iske meqabir maki yiskuc maxsap xsapendi Loret Xsegaye G/Medina gizio.

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5. Xirunesh Dibaba geb ab karsa woxsa shanapma yistuci maratonam gizio. B. Hac dunngam estend oxheshn ibarmuc kart petnsuis kursnde. 1. Aksum hawult kilila hanuckanan yapsti yisteo? a. Amara b. Oromia c. Tigray d. Apar 2. Lalibela betekrisstian pyadi ameo? a. nyartn b. irsn ’ d. tama maxa 3. Semen gud parki qirs zara hanuckanan qodi yisteo ? a. tarik qirs b. dos qirs c. dyad qirs d. karti kaygu 4. Hac dungam estuckan omoo nongah esarguci hanuceo? a. Aderi/ Hareri b. Gamo nongah c. Wolayta nongah d. Dawuro nongah 5. Hac dungam yiskendqan godi yiskuc dos petuci a. cunas b. mayn nyavis sitn kes c. barqn gatsn d. bazh 6. Wobskangi yiskuc Loret Metri artist Apaworq Tekle masti yisken am ersti yiskuc qayxsi a. xsapam b. dubam c. isportam d. Sivilam 7. Abebe Biqilai woxsi yisn qaysuc shidan shanapmuc kutsi a. Zhapan/Tokiyo b. Ispeyn/Barselona c. Ixalia/Rome d.Shayna/Bezhing c. Kutsa gala uckan ibar petuc kartis ’ ’ 1. Lusi meri bergi ______petam yisi yiqan yapstuc kutsi ______masti ersti iyiskue. 2. O r r T ’ S r ______masti yiskue. 3. Hanasa Yared shal suma kaza endi ______masti yiskende.

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4.2 Ats dentkan yiskuc dyama dosa

Gah ap qulp gilxs gaha ibar bats xsoxs gibatasn soy ah

Hac dungam estuc gah debm gahnde. 1. Atsnda geb maki har makeo? 2. Atsnda geb dentkan har zar dyamagi yistan ernsade?

Atsnda geb A q A r erarguc mahberawi dyami yisn yiskuca gizio.

Ats yisti mahberawi ba petueshn dontucis barqn barqn dyamam ustnangi yiskuca gizio. Amtseshn besa mashta baba baya ersasaguca eragenda qayxsasaguca qayxsaguca ertnasa eragenda iqnasa nyava enda dumarsnda gizio. Dyama uci nam gah uxnsi yiskue. Ucind dosam yitsi yiskuca gaxsn uxnsi yiskuca masti qodi yiskue. a. dos dyam Atsi wontn ba yist den r A haknsende.

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Sivil 4.2.1 ket ats b. barqn barqn gaxsn yitsi yiskuc mahberawi dyam D yiskuc dyama gizio. Amtseshn doktori pugnasi ba xhadagucn yaki yi yiskuc gizind yiqan pyatsni haknsue. Kasi xhashtend atsndi yaki yiskuc pyaxsi yiqan pyatsi yiskue. Ucam dontucis xhadi yiskuc dortora xhashti yiskuc pugnasa dentkan dyami ati yiskue. Uc yi petuceshn mahberawi dyamis zoysi gaxsi yisn yiskue. Dumars bodam kasi barqn barqn gatsni yiskucwoxn kasi barqn barqn zuka baxha dumarsnda endis ni baysnsui koysti yiskue. c. Yistis irsn haknsuc yits A q r q r q q yistende. Gibrnam pabrika qayxsama dumarsnda atseshn gaxs utsi yiskend qayxs qayxsi yiskende. Onagon petaasi ba yisn qayxsa yiskuc qayxsam zolqi yi qayx Z q q r r q rq q yiskuc iqi dod iqa gizio.

181 d. Dumarsndi gaxs yapmsueshn gats A r rq rq r r r q r .

4.2.2 mahberawi yits

Hac dungam estend oxh debm gahnde.

1. Mahberawi yits masti yiskuci hareo? 2. Mahberawi yits wobsi hareshnan gaxsi yisteo?

q r A

r iskende. a. Atseshn hayn Atseshn ayni mahberawi yisteshn tovav gizio. Purstendis oxhi godendis gatsni gid eytkendeshn gatsni enda dumarsnd yitsa endi atsn ayn masti xsesti yiskende. b. Xsoxs yits A . Yi petueshn giras ketnas ez yars vyan mayn makargu yisti xsoxs apam titi xsoxs yitsi yiskend atsnd dadn barsti yiskuc yitsa gizio.

182 c. Hakn shidan wobs A r rq . Uci ket ats dentk q q r rq rq malata goizio. d. Ibar bats Ibar batsi atsi ibaram batsi yisku can besi yiskue. Xsoxs yits yitsi yiskuc atsi ibar batsis dirsi erargue. Batsi ibar petashidan atsis ni godnsue. Uceshn batsi cavqan haknsisui koysti yiskue. Ibar batssi ket atsn yi gadnsui koysti yiskue. Ket atsi nyavis vyana mayna purstargua purstuca maki adasargu yisti xsoxs yi irsnsui koysti yiskue. Amtseshn max max atsi vyaneshn utsa ba yiskucwoxn mayn nyaveshn utsi erargende. Uci yi piknsui koysti yiskue. e. Ibaras pet Ibaras peti ats gyada atsa cava endis shichnsi gi r q r ibarasa gibatasnangi yiskuc ats ni petnsui kosysti yiskue. f. May gal May gali mahberai y K r A . g. Barqn wobs Barqn wobs mahberawi yist tova gizio. Barqn wobsis ketn gadnsi ni irsnsui koysti yiskue. Baba baya wobs, ersasagendis wobs atsa kangas nexsaneta mabta wobsi pashtni yisteshn gatsnsue. 183 h. Xsoxs at r q q q A r q yiskue.

Hac dungsm estend oxh debm gahnde. q q . Kamam hayxasnend yitsnd egam yinti eri yiskendi yistan hayxnde.

Soy ahaguc

Hac dungsm estend oxh debm gahnde. 1. Soy ahaguc maki har makeo? 2. Soy ahaguc masar keti ona ona endeo?

Ahaguc ni makan gah tukia ba tukuc gahis qayxs debm aha endi noti yiskue. Ahaguc qayxsis wogaguc qayxsi yiskuci mangista gizio. Soy ahaguci atsis xsoxsn ni ahnsueshn gatsni yiskuc ibaramuc boda gizio. Boda ucam atis ah S ersti yiskuc bodi yiskue. Endind  Qayxsis galn qayxs  Baysaban ba oxhasnsucam gibat  Estuc qayxsis yah maki et  Soy qayxs qayxs  Soy qopamuc qayxs qayxs  Ats shixa musna shicha  Hig wobsa wobsasa enda gizio.

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S r q r r r r r q q goqn soy ah maki yiskucis yiqan vyarsnsi itsa q q A r q r r q q r r q oxhasnsue makia may galama itsayqndi qayxsnsui koysti yiskue.

Hac dungam estend oxh debm gahnde.

1. ’ q q yapan haran itsayqndeshn yitsnseo? 2. Soy ah yits malat petendi hara haraeo?

Dosas 4.2 a. Hac dungam estend oxhis ibbar shidan axax maki karsnde. 1. q itsaqndeshn yiskue. 2. yiskuc dyama gizio. 3. Soy qayxs qayxsi atsn ayn malata gizio. 4. Barqn barqn wobsis purqn gadnsi ni yitsnsuc dosa gizio. 5. Soy ahi limat qayxsis bitasi iris yiskue. a. Hac dungam estend oxheshn ibaramuc kart kursnde. 1. Hac dungam estend gah dentkan ibarsmuc hayxis shidan wusane besi yiskuci hanuceo? a. Barqn barqn wobs b. atsn ayn c. ibar bats d. barqn hak

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2. Hac dungam estuc dentkan soy ah gah petnsarguci a. Oxhi yiqan yiskuc gah b. tuxs mv c. maygal d. hig wobs 3. Hac dungam estendqan soy ah masar ket petuci a. Pird ket b. polis c. timirt ket d. ert ket c.Kutsa galuc ibar peetuc r ’ ’ 1. Kutsa maxqan maxn dubdnangi yiskend atsnd dubdi ______masti yiskue. 2. Giras ketnas ez yars vyan mayn makargu yistan yi kangi xsoxs apam noti ______yitsaga qopa gizio. 3. Atsis xsoxs ni ahnsueshn gatsni yiskuc ibaramuc bodi ______gizio.

r

r q r r q T ’ r r q r ue. Endind Aksum hawulta Pasil ginba Lalibela betekristiana Semen parka dungamuc Awash koca dungamuc Omo koca Xiya nyal toka Harer giba Konso dos goba enda gizio.

Qirsndi geb gaxs utsi yiskue. Gaxsa uc dentkanuc maxi doda maxa yiqan yiskuc atsa haran hark r r r . Aparqnend atsnd qayxs qopi ni ernsasi yiskue. Dodi beqi yiskendis kati eti yevi giz yapsi yiskue. Shikn yiskend atsndeshn qayxs bod pirqi yiskue.

T ’ r 6 r . Gaha endi eza od kutsn qodi yiskende. Endind Omo ket atsnda Kush ket atsnda 186

Nilo Sahara ket atsnda S q q xsagend petam kasi kobc esargendi godi yitsi yiskende. Gaxsnsendi apsi kasi godi yiskendis ni baysnsuci koysti yiskue.

q q yiskende. Endind Sivilama dubama sportama xsapama saynsama teknoloxhiama dod baqama gap baqama gizio.

A q A q . Hancu atsgon petasi wontn ba q q q q q q q higa dabm endis mahberwi yits makni hakninue. Endind xsoxs peta barqn barqn haka ibar batsa ibaras peta barqn barqn wobsa enda gizio. Soy ahi atsis xsoxs ni ahinsueshn gaxsi ysikuc ibaramuc boda gizio.

Wosh oxh a. Haa dudngam estend oxhis ibar shidan axax maki oxhnde. 1. Qirsi aparqn yistend atsnd qayxs qopis besi yiskende. 2. T ’ r . 3. T ’ gobqan gaysi yiskuc gahi oda gizio. 4. Shemam bilarzia masti yiskuc pug act qayxsuci doktor Aklilu Lema gizio. 5. A .

187 b. Hac dungam estend oxheshn ibaramuc kart kursnde. 1. Tyata pasil keyi gixsaduc bergi a. 11nucn b. 17nucn c. 20mucn d. 5nucn 2. Harar gib gixsasuc oneo? a. Nur Muhazhid b. tyata Pasil c. tyata Minilik d. tyata Lalibel 3. Gob shiddan irkan masti yiskuc qayxsam dod debm ersti yiskendi a. Gambela atsnd b. Benshangul Gumuz atsnd c.Konso atsnd d. Apar atsnd 4. A r q T ’ ? a. Meseret Depar b. Xirunesh Dibaba c.Paxuma Roba d. Deraritu Tulu 5. Hac dungam estuckan godi yiskuc dos yitsi hanuceo? a. Cunas b. Mayn nyav sitn kes c.Barqn gatsn d. Bazh c.Ibar petuc kartis kutsa galqan yitsnde. 1. Awashaga kockan yapstuc merta lusieshn bergam beshi yiskuci merti haran ______masti xsesti yiskue. 2. A q higi ______masti yiskue.

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G r Hawult aparqnend atsndi geb gaheshn qayxsi yiam gaxsasni yevi yiskend atsndeshn shichuc qirs Gid max qayxs atsi qayxsnsueshn gatsni yiskuc Ket ats ulis atsn karsni haknsuc kucham qayxsuc gah Dyastend ket ats nyaveshn gaxsi yiskuc dyastuc gah Karti gaxsni haknsend r r Qixs gapm yisken gaha kuts uxni hansend gah ’ q q ’ q r katsamend gah Mesno sovi q q q qayxs Mavdin dodqan yisti ishni keski industieshn ati yiskuc qixs Silixane atsi geb bodam iqi yisn ati yiskuc iq Qabal woradaeshn gosta yiskuc kobc ahagen Worada zon tovqan yisken ahagend Gozho industri r q r qayxsi qayxsi yiskuc Qay qixs industri qayxseshn qay qixs ati gaxsi yiskuc qixs Dos atsa maxaga yitsa qayxsa tarika gaha gibata end Mv hig mvi wosan mustnsan axani yiskuc sayns Mexne qus max qixs gobqan yiskuc gah Buyx mas buyxi cobarama narsama maski yiskuc Ikonomi q q gota

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Dyam qixsa maxi yiqan yapsti yiskuc kuts Yist kuts atsa giza yist kuts Mv ’ yiskuc ucni yiskuca gah Xhanaguc ats shidan qixsis kutsa maxn yitsi kutsa dumarsn atsaguc Dod dyad dod dyad qirxs Karta dod yitsi haran harki yistan worqatn bes Turizim doda maxaga dyastuc keta qirsa dosa yitsa endis baqi dod beqi yiskendeshhn besi atsi giz yiqan yaki yiskuc boda gizio. Xsoxs mv r r q mv Nars wobti yiskuc yapstarguc gah Gix qixsis gabm kesi dumars qixsa pashi bom Nixre gaha max atom masti yiskuc gaham qayxsuc gaha Nixre qixs q q q Industri mavdin shidan mv zaram gaxsasni pabrikqan qayxs itsayqndi qayxssi yiskuc Xsox atsa bana yisti erargend budqan yiskend xsosnd Teknolozhi ’ industri qayxsa ez mandisndam gaaxsasni ekonomy bom erta gizio. Kilil max shidan myat ats zari yiqan yiskuc ahaguc pedaraleshn goosti yiskuc biroi yiqan iskuc kuts A ’ kutsa maxn yiskuc atsi yisn ba tokuc kutsa bana xsoxsnaguxn Ats yist atsaga maxn yist

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