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Hybridization in Language Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context Series Editors: Madeleine Herren-Oesch Axel Michaels Rudolf G. Wagner For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8753 . Philipp Wolfgang Stockhammer Editor Conceptualizing Cultural Hybridization A Transdisciplinary Approach Editor Dr. Philipp Wolfgang Stockhammer Institut fu¨r Ur- und Fru¨hgeschichte und Vorderasiatische Archa¨ologie Marstallhof 4 69117 Heidelberg Germany [email protected] ISSN 2191-656X e-ISSN 2191-6578 ISBN 978-3-642-21845-3 e-ISBN 978-3-642-21846-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-21846-0 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011937178 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Questioning Hybridity .................................................... 1 Philipp W. Stockhammer 2 Cultural Hybridity: Between Metaphor and Empiricism ............. 5 Andreas Ackermann 2.1 Introduction ............................................................ 5 2.2 Situating Hybridity .................................................... 6 2.2.1 Hybridity in Anthropology, Sociology and History ............ 7 2.2.2 Postcolonial Concepts of Hybridity ... ........................ 11 2.3 Metaphors of Hybridity ............................................... 14 2.3.1 Borrowing ...................................................... 15 2.3.2 Mixing ......................................................... 15 2.3.3 Translating ..................................................... 16 2.4 Researching Hybridity ................................................ 17 2.4.1 Varieties of Object ............................................. 18 2.4.2 Varieties of Situation .......................................... 19 2.4.3 Varieties of Response .......................................... 20 2.5 Concluding Remarks .................................................. 22 References . ................................................................ 23 3 Circulating Objects and the Power of Hybridization as a Localizing Strategy ................................................. 27 Hans Peter Hahn 3.1 Introduction ........................................................... 27 3.2 The Ambivalence of Globalization Phenomena ...................... 29 3.3 Hybridity and the Reformulation of the Concept of Culture in the Era of Globalization ........................................... 34 3.4 Hybrid Objects Reconsidered ........................................ 37 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................ 39 References . ................................................................ 39 v vi Contents 4 Conceptualizing Cultural Hybridization in Archaeology ............. 43 Philipp W. Stockhammer 4.1 Introduction ........................................................... 43 4.2 Potential and Limitations of Archaeological Sources ................ 44 4.3 “Hybridization” in Postcolonial Studies .............................. 45 4.4 Terminological Preoccupations ....................................... 46 4.5 Developing a Concept of Cultural Entanglement .................... 47 4.6 Applying the Concept to the Archaeological Evidence .............. 51 References . ................................................................ 56 5 One World Is Not Enough: The Transformative Potential of Intercultural Exchange in Prehistoric Societies .................... 59 Joseph Maran 5.1 The Long-Lasting Impact of Culture-Historical Ethnography ....... 59 5.2 Cultural Hybridity – A Useful Concept for Archaeology? .......... 61 5.3 Imagined Worlds ...................................................... 62 References . ................................................................ 64 6 Adjusting the Image – Processes of Hybridization in Visual Culture: A Perspective from Early Christian and Byzantine Archaeology .............................................................. 67 Ute Verstegen 6.1 An Example of Iconophobic Activity Without Repair: The Church at Kursi (Palaestina Secunda, Today Israel) ............ 69 6.2 An Example of Iconophobic Activity of Damage and Repair: The Church of Saint Stephen at Umm er-Rasas (Arabia, Today Jordan) ......................................................... 72 6.3 Early Christian Critique of Images ................................... 80 6.4 Muslim Attitudes Towards Images ................................... 82 6.5 The Emergence of a Hybrid Visual Culture .. ........................ 84 6.6 Discussing Historical Visual Cultures in the Context of the Actual Discourse of Hybridity ................................. 88 References . ................................................................ 90 7 Transfer of German Human Resource Management Practices: Replication, Localization, Hybridization ............................... 95 Torsten M. Ku¨hlmann 7.1 Approaches to the Transfer of Management Practices to Foreign Subsidiaries ............................................... 96 7.2 Replication ............................................................ 96 7.3 Localization ........................................................... 97 7.4 Hybridization ......................................................... 97 7.5 Transferring HRM Practices from German Headquarters to Chinese Subsidiaries ............................................... 98 Contents vii 7.6 Methods ............................................................. 100 7.6.1 Data Collection and Sample .................................. 100 7.6.2 Measures ...................................................... 100 7.7 Results .............................................................. 101 7.8 Discussion ........................................................... 102 References . .............................................................. 104 8 From Comparative Politics to Cultural Flow: The Hybrid State, and Resilience of the Political System in India ....................... 107 Subrata K. Mitra 8.1 Introduction ......................................................... 107 8.2 Comparative Politics of the Indian State: Analysing a Hybrid Reality Through Pure Categories .. ...................... 109 8.3 The Post-colonial Condition and Hybrid State-Making ............ 110 8.4 Legitimising Power Through Accommodation and Hybridisation ................................................... 113 8.5 Genealogy of the Post-colonial State: The Conflation of Modernity and Tradition in Gandhi’s Satyagraha .............. 115 8.6 The Hybrid Post-colonial State as Both Structure and Agency .... 117 8.6.1 Ontology of the State: Individualist and Communitarian .... 118 8.6.2 The Congress “System”: Bridging Colonial Rule and Competitive Politics ...................................... 119 8.6.3 The Economy: Modern, Traditional, Liberal, Socialist and Gandhian, All at the Same Time .. ....................... 119 8.6.4 Self Rule and Shared Rule: Combining Cultural Diversity and the Federal Structure ..................................... 121 8.6.5 Indian Personal Law: Conflating the Secular State and Sacred Beliefs ............................................ 122 8.6.6 The Modern State and Cultural Diversity: India’s “Three Language Formula” .................................. 123 8.6.7 Social Hierarchy and Rational Bureaucracy ................. 123 8.6.8 Public Buildings and Images of the Hybrid State ............ 124 8.7 Conclusion: Hybrid Modernity as a Solution to Post-colonial Legitimacy Deficit .................................................. 126 References . .............................................................. 130 9 Hybridization in Language ............................................. 133 Christina Sanchez-Stockhammer 9.1 Is Hybridisation Hybrid? ........................................... 133 9.2 Hybridity and Hybridization in Language .......................... 135 9.2.1 The Level of Speech Sounds ................................. 136 9.2.2 The Level of Words: Morphemes and Words ................ 137 9.2.3 The Level of Fixed Constructions: Collocations and Idioms .................................................... 143 viii Contents 9.2.4 The Level of Syntax: Phrases, Clauses and Sentences ....... 143 9.2.5 The Level of Text: Texts, Text Types and Genres ........... 144 9.2.6 The Level of Individual Languages ... ....................... 145 9.2.7 The Level of Communication ................................ 148 9.2.8 The Level of Abstraction: Models of Language ............. 152 9.3 Summary and Conclusion .......................................... 152 References . .............................................................
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