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A Companion to Bioethics 9781405163316_1_pre.qxd 28/07/2009 16:43 Page i A Companion to Bioethics A Companion to Bioethics: Second Edition Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-16331-6 9781405163316_1_pre.qxd 28/07/2009 16:43 Page ii Blackwell Companions to Philosophy This outstanding student reference series offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of philosophy as a whole. Written by today’s leading philosophers, each volume provides lucid and engaging coverage of the key figures, terms, topics, and problems of the field. Taken together, the volumes provide the ideal basis for course use, representing an unparalleled work of reference for students and specialists alike. Already published in the series: 24 A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle 1 The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, Ages Second Edition Edited by Jorge J. E. Gracia and Timothy B. Noone Edited by Nicholas Bunnin and Eric Tsui-James 25 A Companion to African-American 2 A Companion to Ethics Philosophy Edited by Peter Singer Edited by Tommy L. Lott and John P. Pittman 26 A Companion to Applied Ethics 3 A Companion to Aesthetics, Second Edition Edited by R. G. Frey and Christopher Heath Edited by Stephen Davies, Kathleen Marie Wellman Higgins, Robert Hopkins, Robert Stecker, and David E. Cooper 27 A Companion to the Philosophy of Education Edited by Randall Curren 4 A Companion to Epistemology Edited by Jonathan Dancy and Ernest Sosa 28 A Companion to African Philosophy Edited by Kwasi Wiredu 5 A Companion to Contemporary Political 29 A Companion to Heidegger Philosophy (two-volume set), Second Edition Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit Wrathall 6 A Companion to Philosophy of Mind 30 A Companion to Rationalism Edited by Samuel Guttenplan Edited by Alan Nelson 7 A Companion to Metaphysics, Second Edition 31 A Companion to Ancient Philosophy Edited by Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa, and Gary Edited by Mary Louise Gill and Pierre Pellegrin S. Rosenkrantz 32 A Companion to Pragmatism 8 A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Edited by John R. Shook and Joseph Margolis Theory 33 A Companion to Nietzsche Edited by Dennis Patterson Edited by Keith Ansell Pearson 9 A Companion to Philosophy of Religion 34 A Companion to Socrates Edited by Philip L. Quinn and Charles Taliaferro Edited by Sara Ahbel-Rappe and Rachana 10 A Companion to the Philosophy of Language Kamtekar Edited by Bob Hale and Crispin Wright 35 A Companion to Phenomenology and 11 A Companion to World Philosophies Existentialism Edited by Eliot Deutsch and Ron Bontekoe Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall 12 A Companion to Continental Philosophy Edited by Simon Critchley and William Schroeder 36 A Companion to Kant Edited by Graham Bird 13 A Companion to Feminist Philosophy Edited by Alison M. Jaggar and Iris Marion Young 37 A Companion to Plato Edited by Hugh H. Benson 14 A Companion to Cognitive Science 38 A Companion to Descartes Edited by William Bechtel and George Graham Edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero 15 A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition 39 A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer Edited by Sahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski 16 A Companion to the Philosophers 40 A Companion to Hume Edited by Robert L. Arrington Edited by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe 17 A Companion to Business Ethics 41 A Companion to the Philosophy of History Edited by Robert E. Frederick and Historiography 18 A Companion to the Philosophy of Science Edited by Aviezer Tucker Edited by W. H. Newton-Smith 42 A Companion to Aristotle 19 A Companion to Environmental Philosophy Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos Edited by Dale Jamieson 43 A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology 20 A Companion to Analytic Philosophy Edited by Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Edited by A. P. Martinich and David Sosa Pedersen, and Vincent F. Hendricks 21 A Companion to Genethics Also under contract: Edited by Justine Burley and John Harris A Companion to Philosophy of Literature, Edited by 22 A Companion to Philosophical Logic Garry L. Hagberg and Walter Jost Edited by Dale Jacquette A Companion to Schopenhauer, Edited by Bart Vandenabeele 23 A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy A Companion to Relativism, Edited by Steven D. Edited by Steven Nadler Hales 9781405163316_1_pre.qxd 28/07/2009 16:43 Page iii A Companion to Bioethics Second edition Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405163316_1_pre.qxd 29/07/2009 16:03 Page iv This second edition first published 2009 © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Except chapter 18 © Gregory E. Pence Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e, 1998) Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to bioethics / edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer. — 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Blackwell companions to philosophy ; 15) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-6331-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Bioethics. 2. Medical ethics. I. Kuhse, Helga. II. Singer, Peter, 1946– R724.C616 2009 174.2—dc22 2009007422 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5pt Photina by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed in Singapore 01 2009 9781405163316_1_pre.qxd 28/07/2009 16:43 Page v For Brent 9781405163316_1_pre.qxd 28/07/2009 16:43 Page vii Contents List of Contributors xi Acknowledgments xiii Part I Introduction 1 1 What Is Bioethics? A Historical Introduction 3 Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer Part II Questions About Bioethics 13 2 Ethical Theory and Bioethics 15 James Rachels 3 Culture and Bioethics 24 Segun Gbadegesin 4 Gender and Bioethics 36 Jan Crosthwaite 5 Religion and Bioethics 46 Eric Gregory 6 Law and Bioethics 56 Wibren van der Burg Part III Ethical Approaches 65 7 A Principle-based Approach 67 James F. Childress 8 Exceptionless Rule Approaches 77 Joseph Boyle 9 A Utilitarian Approach 85 R. M. Hare vii 9781405163316_1_pre.qxd 28/07/2009 16:43 Page viii contents 10 A Virtue Ethics Approach 91 Justin Oakley 11 A Care Approach 105 Rita C. Manning 12 A Case Approach 117 John D. Arras Part IV Before Birth: Issues Involving Embryos and Fetuses 127 13 Personhood 129 Michael Tooley 14 Abortion 140 Mary Anne Warren 15 Mother–Fetus Conflict 149 Bonnie Steinbock Part V Issues In Reproduction 161 16 Population 163 Margaret Pabst Battin 17 Assisted Reproduction, Prenatal Testing, and Sex Selection 178 Laura M. Purdy 18 Cloning 193 Gregory Pence Part VI The New Genetics 205 19 Gene Therapy 207 Ruth Chadwick 20 Genetic Enhancement 216 Julian Savulescu 21 Creating and Patenting New Life Forms 235 Nils Holtug 22 Genetic Counseling, Testing, and Screening 245 Angus Clarke Part VII Life and Death Issues 261 23 Medical Decisions at the End of Life 263 Dan W. Brock 24 Severely Disabled Newborns 274 Eike-Henner W. Kluge viii 9781405163316_1_pre.qxd 28/07/2009 16:43 Page ix contents 25 Death, Brain Death, and Persistent Vegetative State 286 Jeff McMahan 26 Advance Directives 299 Alexander Morgan Capron 27 Voluntary Euthanasia, Suicide, and Physician-assisted Suicide 312 Brian Stoffell 28 The Slippery Slope Argument 321 Govert den Hartogh Part VIII Resource Allocation 333 29 Deciding Between Patients 335 John Harris 30 Society’s Allocation of Resources for Health 351 Daniel Wikler and Sarah Marchand 31 Is There a Right to Health Care and, If So, What Does It Encompass? 362 Norman Daniels Part IX Organ Donations 373 32 A World of Transferable Parts 375 Janet Radcliffe Richards Part X Global Health-care Issues 391 33 Global Health Responsibilities 393 Christopher Lowry and Udo Schüklenk 34 Developing World Challenges 404 Udo Schüklenk, Michael Kottow, and Peter A.
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