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Care Ethics and Politcal Theory OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi Care Ethics and Political Theory OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi Care Ethics and Political Theory Edited by Daniel Engster and Maurice Hamington 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Oxford University Press 2015 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2015 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2015932776 ISBN 978–0–19–871634–1 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi To Mikki van Zyl, a dedicated care scholar and activist who contributed to this volume, but whose untimely passing did not allow her to see its publication OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi Acknowledgements The idea for this book first came up after attending the Western Political Science Association’s annual conference in 2012. A number of panels on care ethics were organized at the conference, and it was obvious from the presentations that important and interesting new work was rapidly develop- ing out of the field of care ethics. In 2013, the editors helped to organize a new set of panels on care ethics at the Western Political Science Association con- ference while soliciting chapters for this volume. In 2014, we were then able to organize a special “conference within a conference” at the Western Political Science Association conference, in which many of the contributors to this book presented and received feedback on their chapters. We would very much like to thank the Western Political Science Association, and especially Elsa Favilla, for helping us to organize this mini-conference and more generally for organizing stimulating annual conferences that do so much to foster the development of new ideas. We encountered so many interesting papers on care ethics at the Western Political Science Association conference that we are only sorry we could not have included more of them in this volume. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi Contents List of Contributors xi 1. Introduction 1 Daniel Engster and Maurice Hamington Part I. Care and Justice 2. Care and justice, still 19 Virginia Held 3. Care ethics and liberalism 37 Michael Slote 4. A theory of justice as fair terms of social life given our inevitable dependency and our inextricable interdependency 51 Eva Feder Kittay 5. Care ethics and “caring” organizations 72 Nel Noddings Part II. Applications 6. The supportive state: government, dependency, and responsibility for caretaking 87 Maxine Eichner 7. Privacy, surveillance, and care ethics 108 Marilyn Friedman 8. Care, normativity, and the law 127 Rita Manning 9. Of medicine and monsters: rationing and an ethics of care 146 Ruth Groenhout OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi Contents Part III. Care Ethics, Non-Western, and Subaltern Cultures 10. Towards a feminist ethics of ubuntu: bridging rights and ubuntu 165 Amanda Gouws and Mikki van Zyl 11. Caring reciprocity as a relational and political ideal in Confucianism and care ethics 187 Maureen Sander-Staudt 12. Practicing care at the margins: other-mothering as public care 208 Julie Anne White Part IV. Challenging Dominant Paradigms 13. Care in the state of nature: the biological and evolutionary roots of the disposition to care in human beings 227 Daniel Engster 14. Theories of care as a challenge to Weberian paradigms in social science 252 Joan C. Tronto 15. Politics is not a game: the radical potential of care 272 Maurice Hamington 16. Care ethics, political theory, and the future of feminism 293 Fiona Robinson Index 313 x OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi List of Contributors Maxine Eichner is Reef Ivey II Professor of Law at University of North Carolina School of Law. She writes on issues at the intersection of law and political theory, focusing particu- larly on family relationships, feminist theory, social welfare, and the market. She is the author of The Supportive State: Families, Government, and America’s Political Ideals (Oxford University Press, 2010). She is also an editor of Family Law: Cases, Text, Problems,editedby Ellman, Kurtz, Weithorn, Bix, Czapanskiy, and Eichner (LexisNexis, 2014). Daniel Engster is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Texas at San Antonio. His books include The Heart of Justice: Care Ethics and Political Theory (Oxford University Press, 2007); Justice, Politics, and the Family, co-edited with Tamara Metz (Paradigm, 2014); and Justice, Care, and the Welfare State (Oxford University Press, 2015). He has published articles on care ethics and animal welfare, public policy and parenting, child poverty, and other issues relating to care ethics, the family, and justice. Marilyn Friedman works in the areas of ethics, feminist theory, and social and political philosophy. She is the author of numerous journal articles and book chapters in these areas. She has authored several books, including Autonomy, Gender, Politics (Oxford University Press, 2003), What Are Friends For? (Cornell University Press, 1993), and Political Correctness: For and Against, co-authored with Jan Narveson (Rowman and Littlefield, 1995). She has also edited or co-edited several volumes: Women and Citizenship (Oxford University Press, 2005), Feminism and Community (Temple University Press, 1995), Mind and Morals (Bradford/MIT Press, 1995), and Rights and Reason (Kluwer, 2000). Amanda Gouws is Professor of Political Science at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. She holds a PhD from the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign in the USA. Her specialization is South African Politics and Gender Politics. Her research focuses on women and citizenship, the National Gender Machinery, and representa- tion. She is the editor of (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates in Contemporary South Africa (Juta, 2005). In 2007 she was the Edith Keeger Wolf Distinguished Visiting Professor at Northwestern University. In 2012 she received the Wilma Rule Award for the best paper at the International Political Science Association conference in Madrid, Spain, in the category Gender and Politics with the title “Multiculturalism in South Africa: Dislodging the Binary between Universal Human Rights and Culture/ Tradition.” She was a Commissioner for the South African Commission on Gender Equality. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/6/2015, SPi List of Contributors Ruth Groenhout is Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Philosophy Department at Calvin College, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where she has taught for eighteen years. Her publications focus on a range of issues in bioethics and an ethics of care, and include Connected Lives: Human Nature and an Ethics of Care (Rowman and Littlefield, 2004); Transforming Care: A Christian Vision of Nursing Practice (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005); Bioethics: A Reformed Look at Life and Death Choices (Faith Alive Christian Resources, 2009), and Feminism, Faith, Philosophy (Indiana University Press, 2004). She has written a variety of journal articles on issues ranging from the ethics of public health research, to embodiment and the nurse–client encounter, to virtue theory and feminism. She is currently working on a book that analyzes central structures in the healthcare system from the perspective of an ethics of care. Maurice Hamington is Director of University Studies and Professor of Philosophy at Portland State University. He has authored four books including Revealing Philosophy (Thinking Strings, 2013—an interactive e-textbook), The Social Philosophy of Jane Ad- dams (University of Illinois Press, 2009), and Embodied Care (University of Illinois Press, 2004). He has edited or co-edited six books including Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism with Celia Bardwell-Jones (Routledge, 2012), Applying Care Ethics to Business with Maureen Sander-Staudt (Springer, 2011), and Socializing Care with Dorothy Miller (Rowman and Littlefield, 2006). His current research and writing address an embodied, performative theory of care and its application. Virginia Held is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the City University of New York, Graduate School, and Professor Emerita at Hunter College. Her books include The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global (Oxford University Press, 2006); The Public Interest and Individual Interests (Basic Books, 1970); Rights and Goods: Justifying Social Action (Free Press, 1984); Feminist Morality: Transforming Culture, Society, and Politics (University of Chicago Press, 1993); and How Terrorism is Wrong (Oxford University Press, 2008), as well as several edited collections. In 2001–2 she was President of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association.
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