MINOS+ and GLADE: Maximising the Physics from Ryan Nichol the NuMI Beam NuMI-MINOS Beam

!"#$%&"'"(')$%&"()*+),-'-). • Fire pulse of protons onto graphite target #$%&'()*)+',($-(%./'01('230+.$/) 4$/).5'1(50+0(6$%%'6+'5(./(7(5.--'1'/+(8'0,(6$/-.9310+.$/) • Focus secondary hadrons (pions and kaons) into decay pipe !"#$%#&%'() • Neutrino beam arises from *+&$',--'() *./0'1$2&/3'() subsequent decay in flight

• 3.0 x 1013 protons (120GeV) every 2.2s

• 350kW typical beam power

2 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol

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• After upgrade (and Simulated ! Beam 20 commissioning, etc.) 5.4 kton, 6 " 10 POT 1000 • Power 375kW --> 750kW MINOS+ • ~3GeV --> ~8GeV NOvA MINOS • Primary purpose is off-axis 500 beam to NOvA Preliminary CC Events / GeV µ

• Bonus is high-intensity, high- ! energy beam aimed at the 0 MINOS Far Detector 0 5 10 15 20

E! (GeV)

4 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol MINOS+: Old Detector New Physics Ryan Nichol The MINOS(+) Concept

• Basic Concept

• Fire beam of neutrinos through the Earth

• Measure energy and flavour content of beam at Near Detector

• Measure energy and flavour content of beam at Far Detector

• Interpret differences in terms of neutrino mixing

735 km

6 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol MINOS(+) Physics Goals !4-!N 2 "m N3

• Measurements of “atmospheric” mixing parameters through muon neutrino !3 disappearance (and tau appearance)

• Identify mass hierarchy and search for CP violation through measurements of subdominant oscillations of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos 2 "m 32 • Search for new physics in neutrino sector

• Sterile neutrinos

• Non-standard interactions !2 • The unexpected 2 "m 21

• Statistical evidence of tau appearance !1

7 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol !e !µ !! !s Veto shield

MINOS Detectors

8m • 980 ton Near Detector Coil • 5.4 kiloton Far Detector

• Magnetised steel-scintillator tracking calorimeter

• Magnetised to 1.3T Beam spot 4.8m • 1 inch thick steel, 1cm thick Coil scintillator 3.8m • Similar design mitigates many systematic uncertainties

• Event-by-event charge discrimination of muons

8 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol 1.5 MINOS+ Simulation MINOS+ Muon

Disappearance 1

• MINOS+ will measure muon

neutrino disappearance with 0.5 MINOS 1.071"1021 POT Survival Probability µ 0.6"1021 POT unprecedented precision in 4-10 ! 1.2"1021 POT GeV region 1.8"1021 POT

0 0 5 10 15 • Subdominant effects may Neutrino Energy / GeV become apparent in the data 1.5 MINOS+ Simulation • Sterile neutrinos

1 • Non-standard interactions

• Sterile+large extra 0.5 MINOS 3.36"1020 POT dimensions Survival Probability µ 0.6"1021 POT ! 1.2"1021 POT 21 • Crazy stuff 1.8"10 POT 0 0 5 10 15 9 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Neutrino Energy / GeV MINOS+ Muon Disappearance

• MINOS+ will measure muon neutrino disappearance with Figure 9: Predictions of the Kopp, Machado and Parke fractional non-standard inter- unprecedented precision in 4-10 action probability integrated over the 5-10 GeV region as a function of ￿ showing the GeV region µτ most stringent exclusion zone expected from the MINOS FHC and RHC LE running at ￿ >0.26. • Subdominant effectsµτ may become apparent in the data

• Sterile neutrinos Figure 8: Predictions of the Kopp, Machado and Parke non-standard interaction prob- • Non-standard interactions ability for different values of the model parameters (left). The blue lines are the NSI expectation for neutrinos, the red dashed lines are anti-neutrinos and the black dotted • Sterile+large extra line is the standard expectation for no NSI. Shown at right is the sensitivity to ￿µτ with dimensions 3.5e20 POT of RHC (see text) and 7.1e20 POT FHC running.

• Crazy stuff 3.4 Search for Extra Dimensions 10 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol arXiv:1101.1686 The second model follows a recent publication on extra dimensions by Machado, Nunokawa and Zukanovich Funchal[1] who have used the present MINOS data to rule out extra Figure 10: Predictionsdimensions of the to Machado, a scale of Nunokawa about 1 micron. and Zukanovich Figure ?? (left) Funchal shows model the e forffect that an extra 7 extra dimensions withdimension a=5 10 at− them at level left of for 0.6 both10 normal7m would (blue have line) on the and region inverted of the (red neutrino spectrum × − line) hierarchy andavailable the present to MINOS+. MINOS data It should (black be points) noted and that the this predicted model requires data from the existence of the two years of runningright-handed in the NuMI neutrino, NOνA which beam is (blue a consequence points) at of right. the neutrino having non-zero mass. Ta- ble top experiments devised to test for deviations of Newtonian gravity can only probe large extra dimensions of sub-millimeter sizes. The most stringent upper limit given by a torsion pendulum instrument9 is 200 µm at 95% C.L. for the size of the largest flat dimension regardless of the number of extra dimensions [3]. At higher energy, the effects are larger and well within the reach of one year of data taking in the NUMI-NOνA beam. Figure 11 gives the status of the world’s search for extra dimensions by the same authors.

8 #10-3 2 3 MINOS+ Simulation eV

-3 MINOS Data 21 2.8 MINOS Data & MINOS+ 0.6#10 POT + 10kt-y Atmospherics 21 / 10

2 MINOS Data & MINOS+ 1.2#10 POT + 15kt-y Atmospherics 21 Atmospheric Sector m MINOS Data & MINOS+ 1.8#10 POT + 20kt-y Atmospherics " 2.6

• MINOS+ will incrementally 2.4 improve on the precision of the MINOS Data: 20 “atmospheric” oscillation 10.71 # 10 POT $ 2.2 20 3.36 # 10 POT $ parameters 37.9 kt-y Atmospherics 90% Contours 2 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 • Not the main motivation for sin22! MINOS+ 10 MINOS+ Simulation

8 MINOS Data • But will continue to be a MINOS Data & MINOS+ 1 Year MINOS Data & MINOS+ 2 Years competitive measurement LogLikelihood

! MINOS Data & MINOS+ 3 Years 6 of the mass-splitting in the -2 MINOS Data: 20 10.71 # 10 POT " 20 short term 3.36 # 10 POT " 4 37.9 kt-y Atmospherics

90% C.L

2 68% C.L

0 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 11 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol !m2 / 10-3 eV2 Sterile Neutrino Search

• Sterile mixing is a proxy for any new physics

FD sterile •exampleShows up as a distortion to the (oscillated) CC and NC Far Detector spectra

12 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Pre-Neutrino 2012 MiniBooNE

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:899 13 MINOS @ Neutrino 2012 by Ryan Nichol GLADE: New Detector Old Physics Ryan Nichol Global Liquid Argon Detector Experiment

• The last mixing angle has been measured and is large

• Mass hierarchy and delta are the new targets

• A liquid argon detector in the NuMI beam would increase the sensitivity of NOvA and provide an engineering testing platform for future (100kT) detectors

• Relatively cheap (50-100M$) and quick (2017+) experiment Example: • Following SOI have been asked to 3+3 years of running of NOvA submit a proposal to Fermilab

15 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Global Liquid Argon Detector Experiment

• The last mixing angle has been measured and is large

• Mass hierarchy and delta are the new targets

• A liquid argon detector in the NuMI beam would increase the sensitivity of NOvA and provide an engineering testing platform for future (100kT) detectors

• Relatively cheap ($50-$100M) and quick (2017+) experiment Example: • Following SOI have been asked to 3+3 years of running of NOvA submit a proposal to Fermilab 3+3 years of GLADE

16 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Global Liquid Argon Detector Experiment

• The last mixing angle has been measured and is large

• Mass hierarchy and delta are the new targets

• A liquid argon detector in the NuMI beam would increase the sensitivity of NOvA and provide an engineering testing platform for future (100kT) detectors

• Relatively cheap ($50-$100M) and quick (2017+) experiment Example: • Following SOI have been asked to 3+3 years of running of NOvA submit a proposal to Fermilab 3+3 years of GLADE

17 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Mass Hierarchy

• Physics reach of GLADE is similar to NOvA

• NOvA+GLADE = 2 NOvA

• Sensitivities assume we know 2 sin 2!23 to 0.01 by 2020

• The (less sensitive) lower octant is assumed

• Extends the three sigma reach of NOvA+T2K, but need to get lucky

18 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Mass Hierarchy

• Physics reach of GLADE is similar to NOvA

• NOvA+GLADE = 2 NOvA

• Sensitivities assume we know 2 sin 2!23 to 0.01 by 2020

• The (less sensitive) lower octant is assumed

• Extends the three sigma reach of NOvA+T2K, but need to get lucky

19 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol CP Violation

• Physics reach of GLADE is similar to NOvA

• NOvA+GLADE = 2 NOvA

• Sensitivities assume we know 2 sin 2!23 to 0.01 by 2020

• The (less sensitive) lower octant is assumed

• Addition of GLADE provides some 90% sensitivity in the less favourable sectors

20 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Experimental Considerations

• Detector located inside the NOvA surface building at Ash River, 18mx18mx24m available

• Purity required for 5-10m drift lengths has been demonstrated in US and Europe

• Need total field of 1-2MV to achieve 1kV/cm drift, promising studies (arXiv:1009.4908)

• Dual phase or wire readout possible

21 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Other Considerations

• The next generation of long-baseline experiments (LBNE,LBNO/ Laguna,T2HK) are 10-20 years away and expensive

• A smaller, cheaper, faster experiment would provide a fantastic engineering platform for future very large LAr TPC

• GLADE only makes sense if it is run concurrently with NOvA:

• Would need, say University X to build the cryostat during the approval process

• Maximising the use of existing worldwide expertise in LAr technology is essential to operate on a short timescale

22 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Summary

• The NuMI beam is currently the Rolls Royce of long- baseline neutrino beams

• Need detectors to maximise scientific exploitation

• MINOS+ will provide a precision test of the 3x3 mixing hypothesis, with an impressive sensitivity to sterile neutrinos

• GLADE is an opportunistic experiment, similar physics reach to doubling the NuMI beam power and invaluable engineering experience for the future.

23 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Backup Slides Ryan Nichol T2K Beam Projections

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25 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol MINOS Event Topologies

Monte Carlo ! CC ! CC " NC Event e Event Event

long " track & short event, short, with hadronic activity often diffuse typical EM at vertex shower profile 26 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol MINOS Detector Technology 2.54 cm Fe

• Magnetised steel-scintillator Extruded tracking calorimeters PS scint. 4.1 x 1 cm

• 2.54cm steel planes

WLS fiber • 1cm x 4.1cm scintillator strips U V planes +/- 450 • Hamamatsu multi-anode PMTs M16 Clear Fiber cables

Multi-anode PMT M64

27 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol Detector Performance

• Careful monitor the stability of the detector using light injection and cosmic ray muons

See Poster

28 MINOS+ and GLADE @ NuFact2012 by Ryan Nichol