THE ROLE OF TOURISM ON LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA: THE CASE OF ARUSHA REGION A Thesis Presented to the Directorate of Postgraduate Studies and Research Kampala International University-Tanzania In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of a Doctoral Degree in Public Administration and Management By MUSA GIDION MITEKARO REG. NO: PhD (PM)/2449/301/DT February 2018 - 2 - DECLARATION (A) “I, MUSA GIDION MITEKARO, do declare that this Thesis entitled THE ROLE OF TOURISM ON LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA: THE CASE OF ARUSHA REGION is my original work and that it has never been presented for a degree or any other academic award in any University or Institution of Higher learning.” MUSA GIDION MITEKARO _________________________ Name of Candidate Signature Date: _________________________ i DECLARATION (B) “I confirm that the thesis report entitled THE ROLE OF TOURISM ON LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA: THE CASE OF ARUSHA REGION was carried out by the candidate under my supervision.” DR KASSIM RASHID KILIZA _______________________ Name of Supervisor Signature Date: ________________________ ii APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled “THE ROLE OF TOURISM ON LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA: THE CASE OF ARUSHA REGION” prepared and submitted by Mr Musa Gidion Mitekaro in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Public Administration and Management has been examined and approved by the panel on oral examination. DR KASSIM RASHID KILIZA _____________________ Supervisor Signature of Supervisor DR MARY POCHE _____________________ Director of Postgraduate Studies and Research Signature and Stamp iii DEDICATION With my warmest and greatest gratitude, I dedicate this dissertation to my father Mr Gidion Mitekaro, my hero, who is hard-working and taught me to rule, believe in myself, and to conquer all impossibilities; To my mother Raheli Mitekaro, who always encouraged me to attain to the highest education possible. Likewise, I owe a great deal of dedication to my family members Winfrida Mitekaro (my spouse), Fadhili, Gidion and Josiah (my sons): for their moral and material support throughout the whole period of my studies. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I appreciate God for His goodness, guidance and mercy and giving me health and strength to accomplish this work. The successful completion of this work has also been possible through the support I needed and received in a generous measure from many people and institutions. I may not be able to mention all of them, but among these are: Dr Kassimu Rashid Kiliza, Dr T.W. Babyenebonela, Dr Edwad Kamya, Dr Mary Pocheand Prof. Lukson Kaino. First of all, I am deeply indebted to Dr Kassim Rashid Kiliza, from Kampala International University-Tanzania, my lead supervisor, for his assistance. He provided guidance, advice, criticism and the encouragement I needed from proposal writing to the successful completion of this work. I appreciate, may God bless you. Secondly, I thank the faculty of KIUT. These include Dr T. W .Babyenebonela, my supporting supervisor, for his contribution, that cannot go unappreciated. Dr Edward Kamya, who gently led me to understand thoroughly the research methodology, and to apply the concepts in the light of this study. To you all, I say thank you. I am also indebted to Dr Mary Poche, the Deputy Director, Postgraduate Studies and Research: you have proven that nobody should underestimate women. If women are given a place to stand, they do not only move events but the world. Thank you for your advice and God bless you indeed. Others who provided valuable contributions to my work include Dr and Prof. Lukson Kaino, Dr Mussa S. Muneja and Dr Blasious Ruguri, the President of East and Central Africa Division of SDA Church and his entire team. I extend my thanks to Mr Wilson Kafui and Joseph Phillip the TANAPA officers, John Mageni and Samwel Nyanda working in the Arusha Regional Authority, Department of Statistics for their official support in providing me with the necessary data and information for my study (and discussions on my thesis) while visiting their offices. I also thank Mr Sengo Mrema who introduced me to the above-mentioned government offices. I am indebted to my family, Winfrida Mitekaro (my spouse), Fadhili, Gidion and Josiah (my sons): all of you are credited for this work. Your prayers and words of support kept me going. I travelled several times to meet my supervisors, but none of you complained. Without your spiritual and moral support, it would not only have been impossible to begin the study but also finish it successfully. Thank you. Finally, I wish to admit that any mistakes and shortcomings which may be noted in this work are totally my own. v LIST OF ACRONYMS ANP Arusha National Park CBEs Community-Based Enterprises EAC East Africa Community FD Fiscal Decentralization GDP Gross Domestic Product HBS Household Budget Survey LCD Local Community Development LGO Local Government Officials MIGAMMMM MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MIT MIT Ministry of Information and Tourism MNRT MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism NBS National Bureau of Statistics OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PPT Pro-Poor Tourism TANAPA Tanzania National Parks TCRA Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority TRA Tanzania Revenues Authority TTB Tanzania Tourist Board UDSM University of Dar es Salaam UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization URT United Republic of Tanzania USIP United States Institute of Peace WTO World Trade Organization WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council vi ABSTRACT Tourism is the act of travelling from one destination to another by both foreigners and locals. One pays a visit to preserved game parks and other historical sites in a country at their own expense as part of relaxation, enjoyment and fulfilment of a dream or for business purposes. As a result they contribute to the government revenue. In Tanzania, tourism accounts for 25 percent of total export revenue and is increasing at the rate of 8 percent per year. The main objective of this study was to establish the role of tourism in local community development and understand the constraints to community members’ participation in local communities adjacent and within the tourism sites. The study used mixed research method where both primary and secondary data were used in analyzing the linkage between tourism activities and their impact on the local communities adjacent to and within tourism sites in Arusha region. The study areas were the villages around Arusha National Park, Manyara, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Olduvai Gorge and Tarangire National Park in Tanzania. Primary data was collected through interviews, structured questionnaires, and focus group discussions. The secondary data was gathered through a literature survey of relevant textbooks, reports, legislations and journals. The findings of the study show that tourism resources contribute to local community development specifically on the educational and infrastructural development. Furthermore, the findings revealed that while a relationship which shows positive perceptions of increased tourism resources contributing to poverty reduction and local community development is strong, the local communities are not accessing the tourism market to increase their earning. Since fiscal decentralization practices in Tanzania was instituted to bring about decision-making process at the grassroots level and activate economic development, it also unfolds new challenges and contradictions, specifically to local communities within and around the tourism sites in Arusha region. These need to be addressed effectively. It was recommended that the government of Tanzania should take a leading role to encourage performance of tourism resources on local communities’ development process within and around the national parks in Arusha region through an emphasis on economic fiscal decentralization policy implementation. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION (A)........................................................................................................ i DECLARATION (B) ....................................................................................................... ii APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION…… ........................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................v LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT……… ....................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE .............................................................1 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background to the Study .............................................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................4 1.3 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................6 1.4 Purpose of the Study ...................................................................................................7