DOCSLIB.ORG

Misumena Vatia (Thomisidae), Qui Chassent Immobiles Sur Les Fleurs Et Qui Sont Capables De Changer De Couleur

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Misumena Vatia (Thomisidae), Qui Chassent Immobiles Sur Les Fleurs Et Qui Sont Capables De Changer De Couleur UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS - RABELAIS DE TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SANTE, SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE SUR LA BIOLOGIE DE L’INSECTE THÈSE présentée par : Jérémy DEFRIZE soutenue le : 25 Juin 2010 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université François - Rabelais Discipline/ Spécialité : Sciences de la Vie Camouflage chez les araignées crabe: Approche sensorielle, comportementale et écologique THÈSE dirigée par : M. CASAS Jérôme Professeur, Université François-Rabelais, Tours RAPPORTEURS : M. Barth Friedrich Professeur, Université de Vienne, Autriche M. Merilaita Sami Chargé de Recherche, Université d’Abo, Finland JURY : M. Barth Friedrich Professeur, Université de Vienne, Autriche M. Casas Jérôme Professeur, Université François-Rabelais, Tours M. Lazzari Claudio Professeur, Université François-Rabelais, Tours M. Merilaita Sami Chargé de Recherche, Université d’Abo, Finland M. Théry Marc Chargé de Recherche, Muséum, Paris 1 A mes parents 2 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier en premier lieu mon directeur de thèse Jérôme Casas pour m‟avoir permis de réaliser mon doctorat sur un sujet qui m‟a passionné et de m‟avoir accueilli dans l‟équipe relations multitrophiques. Je le remercie également pour son aide précieuse, ses conseils avisés et sa disponibilité sans faille durant ces quatre années. Je remercie sincèrement Claudio Lazzari pour l‟aide qu‟il m‟a apporté non seulement pendant ma thèse mais aussi pendant mon stage de Master 2 effectué dans son équipe. Je le remercie également d‟avoir accepté d‟être dans le jury de ma thèse. Je remercie Marc Théry du Muséum d‟Histoire Naturelle de Paris pour son aide et ses conseils pour le 1er chapitre de ma thèse et d‟avoir accepté d‟être membre du jury de thèse. Je remercie Eric Warrant et Almut Kelber de l‟université de Lund (Suède) pour l‟accueil chaleureux pendant mon séjour dans leur laboratoire, leurs conseils et leur aide matérielle et scientifique sur la partie électrophysiologie de ma thèse. La réalisation de cette thèse n‟aurait pu être possible aussi sans l‟aide scientifique et matérielle de nombreuses personnes de l‟IRBI : David Giron, Christelle Suppo-Magal, Sylvain Pincebourde, Térésita Insausti, Fabrice Vannier et Carolle Labrousse. Merci aussi à Clément, Sébastien, Denis, Sylvain, Chloé pour tous les bons moments passés à l‟IRBI. Je remercie l‟ensemble de l‟équipe relations multitrophiques et de l‟IRBI pour la bonne ambiance au quotidien, propice aux échanges et au travail. Je remercie Christine Besse, Helene, et Sonia Djaoui pour leur efficacité dans les taches administratives et leur gentillesse. Un grand Merci à Denis, Julien, Thomas et Germain pour les soirées ligue des Champions, ainsi qu‟à Sylvain, Aurélie, Sébastian, Romina, Arnold, Fabienne et Thomas pour l‟ensemble des soirées pendant cette thèse. Je remercie également l‟ensemble des participants assidus et accros au foot d‟Englos tous les samedi après-midi pour leur bonne humeur et les bons moments qu‟ils m‟ont fait passér toutes ces dernières années. Un grand merci à Tom H, Ju Dek, Loic, Ced, Jo Thomas, David D. dit „TP‟, Ben K. pour rendre mes (trop rares) WE à Lille si fatiguants mais aussi tellement précieux. Je n‟oublie évidemment pas les membres du carré magique Cyr‟, Tim et Chang sans qui tout serait un peu différent. 3 Enfin, je voudrais remercier chaleureusement tous les membres de ma famille: mes grands parents, mes parents, mes frères et sœurs, Mél, Caroline, Maité et Dayvi ainsi qu‟Arnaud, Thomas et mes petits neveux, Gaspard, Baptiste et Gabriel pour leur soutient à bien des niveaux. 4 RESUME De nombreuses interactions interspécifiques de type proie-prédateur font intervenir la manipulation des signaux sensoriels. Certaines espèces sont capables par exemple de produire un contraste chromatique et/ou achromatique suffisamment faible sur leur substrat pour rendre difficile leur détection par les proies ou les prédateurs, une stratégie appelée „background matching‟. Parmi ces espèces, on trouve des araignées crabe, comme Misumena vatia (Thomisidae), qui chassent immobiles sur les fleurs et qui sont capables de changer de couleur. Il est supposé depuis plus d‟un siècle que ce changement de couleur permet de devenir invisible aux yeux des proies. Mais, comme la plupart des espèces reportées comme camouflées, elles le sont de façon subjective puisque l‟appréciation du degré de camouflage est basée sur notre propre vision. Globalement, il existe un décalage entre la quantité de travaux sur l‟écologie de M. vatia, sa notoriété en tant qu‟experte du camouflage, et la connaissance réelle sur le camouflage et le changement de couleur chez cette espèce. L‟objectif de cette thèse était d‟aborder le camouflage chez M. vatia d‟un point de vue sensoriel, à une échelle communautaire, avec une approche combinant physiologie et comportement. L‟utilisation de la spectroradiométrie et des modèles de vision des couleurs ont permis de quantifier le niveau de contraste chromatique et achromatique de l‟araignée sur son substrat dans les systèmes visuels de différentes proies comme les abeilles, les bourdons, les diptères et des prédateurs comme les passériformes. Il a été ainsi démontré que si M. vatia était indétectable dans l‟achromatique à longue distance, le niveau de contraste chromatique à courte distance était fortement dépendant du substrat et de l‟identité du receveur. Des méthodes d‟électrophysiologie intra- et extracellulaire combinées à des adaptations sélectives ont permis de révéler que M. vatia possédait deux types de photorécepteurs dans chaque paire d‟yeux, l‟un ayant un pic de sensibilité dans la région des UV-A (environ 340 nm) et le second dans la région verte du spectre (environ 525 nm). Ces résultats impliquent que M. vatia possède les bases physiologiques nécessaires à la vision des couleurs, et constituent des éléments importants pour la compréhension des mécanismes visuels à l‟origine du changement de couleur. D‟un point de vue comportemental, des tests de choix floraux ont suggérés une préférence d‟ordre chromatique chez les araignées juvéniles. Cette préférence les rend peu discriminable pour les proies. Les résultats de cette thèse sont finalement replacés dans un contexte évolutif et physiologique plus général. Mots-clés: Misumena vatia, Camouflage, Ecologie sensorielle des communautés, Contraste chromatique, Contraste achromatique, Préférence colorée, Sensibilités spectrales 5 ABSTRACT Numerous prey-predator interactions rely on the manipulation of sensory signals. Some species for example are able to produce a low chromatic and/or achromatic contrast on their substrates, making them quite difficult to detect for prey or predators. This specific strategy is known as background matching. Among those species, some crab spiders, as Misumena vatia (Thomisidae), hunt motionless on flowers waiting for flower-visiting insects and are able to change its colouration from white to yellow over several days. It has assumed for more than a century that this species changes colour to decrease the risk of detection by prey and predator, such as birds. However, as for the majority of species reported as cryptic, this assumption is based only on our own subjective perception of the degree of crypsis. Overall, there is a discrepancy between the high number of works on its ecology, its fame as an expert of camouflage and the real empirical knowledge about its crypsis and colour change mechanisms. The aim of this thesis was therefore to study crypsis in M. vatia, from community sensory perspective, using an approach combining physiology and behaviour. The use of spectroradiometry and colour vision models allowed us to rigorously quantify the chromatic and chromatic contrasts of spiders in the perspective of all receivers. We showed that if M. vatia was undetectable at long distance through achromatic vision, the chromatic contrast value is quite dependent of both substrate and receiver identity. Intra- and extracellular electrophysiological recordings combined with selective adaptation have disclosed that M. vatia possesses two classes of photoreceptors in each pair of eyes: one in the ultraviolet (around 340 nm) and one in the green region (around 525 nm). M. vatia has therefore the physiological basis at the retinal level required for colour vision. Behavioural choice experiments with third instar spiderlings between artificial flowers with different chromatic and achromatic compositions suggested a chromatic preference. This preference induced a low discriminability of spiderlings on their substrate from the perspective of hymenoptera prey. In the final part, we discuss these results in an overall evolutionary and physiological context. Key-words: Misumena vatia, Crypsis, Community sensory ecology, Chromatic contrast, Achromatic contrast, Colour preference, Spectral sensitivities 6 TABLE DES MATIERES Remerciements…………………………………………………………………………......... 3 Résumé……………………………………………………………………………………..... 5 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………........ 6 Table des matières…………………………………………………………………………… 7 Liste des tableaux……………………………………………………………………………. 10 Liste des figures……………………………………………………………………………… 11 Liste des annexes…………………………………………………………………………….. 15 INTRODUCTION GENERALE……………………………………………………………. 16 CHAPITRE 1: Camouflage chez l‟araignée crabe Misumena vatia: Une perspective d‟écologie sensorielle des communautés……………………………………………………. 25 Background colour matching by a crab spider in the field: A community sensory ecology perspective……………………………………………………………………………............ 26 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Untangling Taxonomy: a DNA Barcode Reference Library for Canadian Spiders
    Molecular Ecology Resources (2016) 16, 325–341 doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12444 Untangling taxonomy: a DNA barcode reference library for Canadian spiders GERGIN A. BLAGOEV, JEREMY R. DEWAARD, SUJEEVAN RATNASINGHAM, STEPHANIE L. DEWAARD, LIUQIONG LU, JAMES ROBERTSON, ANGELA C. TELFER and PAUL D. N. HEBERT Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Abstract Approximately 1460 species of spiders have been reported from Canada, 3% of the global fauna. This study provides a DNA barcode reference library for 1018 of these species based upon the analysis of more than 30 000 specimens. The sequence results show a clear barcode gap in most cases with a mean intraspecific divergence of 0.78% vs. a min- imum nearest-neighbour (NN) distance averaging 7.85%. The sequences were assigned to 1359 Barcode index num- bers (BINs) with 1344 of these BINs composed of specimens belonging to a single currently recognized species. There was a perfect correspondence between BIN membership and a known species in 795 cases, while another 197 species were assigned to two or more BINs (556 in total). A few other species (26) were involved in BIN merges or in a combination of merges and splits. There was only a weak relationship between the number of specimens analysed for a species and its BIN count. However, three species were clear outliers with their specimens being placed in 11– 22 BINs. Although all BIN splits need further study to clarify the taxonomic status of the entities involved, DNA bar- codes discriminated 98% of the 1018 species. The present survey conservatively revealed 16 species new to science, 52 species new to Canada and major range extensions for 426 species.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0071096 A1 Yamada Et Al
    US 20100071096A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0071096 A1 Yamada et al. (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 18, 2010 (54) PLANT DISEASE AND INSECT DAMAGE Publication Classification CONTROL COMPOSITION AND PLANT (51) Int. Cl. DISEASE AND INSECT DAMAGE AOIH 5/10 (2006.01) PREVENTION METHOD AOIN 55/10 (2006.01) AOIN 25/26 (2006.01) (75) Inventors: Eiichi Yamada, Chiba (JP): AOIH 5/00 (2006.01) Ryutaro Ezaki, Shiga (JP); AOIH 5/02 (2006.01) Hidenori Daido, Chiba (JP) AOIH 5/08 (2006.01) AOIP3/00 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: BUCHANAN, INGERSOLL & ROONEY PC (52) U.S. Cl. ............................ 800/295: 514/63; 504/100 POST OFFICE BOX 1404 (57) ABSTRACT ALEXANDRIA, VA 22313-1404 (US) The invention provides a plant disease and insect damage control composition including, as active ingredients, dinote (73) Assignee: Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Minato-ku furan and at least one fungicidal compound; and a plant (JP) disease and insect damage prevention method that includes applying Such a composition to a plant body, Soil, plant seed, (21) Appl. No.: 12/516,966 stored cereal, stored legume, stored fruit, stored vegetable, silage, stored flowering plant, or export/import timber. The (22) PCT Filed: Nov. 22, 2007 invention provides a new plant disease and insect damage (86). PCT No.: PCT/UP2007/072635 control composition and a plant disease and insect damage prevention method with very low toxicity to mammals and S371 (c)(1), fishes, the composition and method showing an effect against (2), (4) Date: May 29, 2009 plural pathogens and pest insects, including emerging resis tant pathogens and resistant pest insect, by application to a (30) Foreign Application Priority Data plant body, soil, plant seed, stored cereal, stored legume, stored fruit, stored vegetable, silage, stored flowering plant, Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrate Distribution and Diversity Assessment at the U. S. Army Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site a Report to the U
    Invertebrate Distribution and Diversity Assessment at the U. S. Army Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site A report to the U. S. Army and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service G. J. Michels, Jr., J. L. Newton, H. L. Lindon, and J. A. Brazille Texas AgriLife Research 2301 Experiment Station Road Bushland, TX 79012 2008 Report Introductory Notes The invertebrate survey in 2008 presented an interesting challenge. Extremely dry conditions prevailed throughout most of the adult activity period for the invertebrates and grass fires occurred several times throughout the summer. By visual assessment, plant resources were scarce compared to last year, with few green plants and almost no flowering plants. Eight habitats and nine sites continued to be sampled in 2008. The Ponderosa pine/ yellow indiangrass site was removed from the study after the low numbers of species and individuals collected there in 2007. All other sites from the 2007 survey were included in the 2008 survey. We also discontinued the collection of Coccinellidae in the 2008 survey, as only 98 individuals from four species were collected in 2007. Pitfall and malaise trapping were continued in the same way as the 2007 survey. Sweep net sampling was discontinued to allow time for Asilidae and Orthoptera timed surveys consisting of direct collection of individuals with a net. These surveys were conducted in the same way as the time constrained butterfly (Papilionidea and Hesperoidea) surveys, with 15-minute intervals for each taxanomic group. This was sucessful when individuals were present, but the dry summer made it difficult to assess the utility of these techniques because of overall low abundance of insects.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality, Habitat Selection and Territoriality Kathleen Church A
    Habitat Complexity and Behaviour: Personality, Habitat Selection and Territoriality Kathleen Church A Thesis In the Department of Biology Presented in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biology) at Concordia University Montréal, Québec, Canada July 2018 © Kathleen Church, 2018 iii Abstract Habitat complexity and behaviour: personality, habitat selection and territoriality Kathleen Church, Ph.D. Concordia University, 2018 Structurally complex habitats support high species diversity and promote ecosystem health and stability, however anthropogenic activity is causing natural forms of complexity to rapidly diminish. At the population level, reductions in complexity negatively affect densities of territorial species, as increased visual distance increases the territory size of individuals. Individual behaviour, including aggression, activity and boldness, is also altered by complexity, due to plastic behavioural responses to complexity, habitat selection by particular personality types, or both processes occurring simultaneously. This thesis explores the behavioural effects of habitat complexity in four chapters. The first chapter, a laboratory experiment based on the ideal free distribution, observes how convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) trade-off the higher foraging success obtainable in open habitats with the greater safety provided in complex habitats under overt predation threat. Dominants always preferred the complex habitat, forming ideal despotic distributions, while subordinates altered their habitat use in response to predation. The second chapter also employs the ideal free distribution to assess how convict cichlids within a dominance hierarchy trade-off between food monopolization and safety in the absence of a iv predator. Dominants again formed ideal despotic distributions in the complex habitat, while dominants with lower energetic states more strongly preferred the complex habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cytological Survey of Wild Populations of Trimerotropis and Circotettix. (Orthoptera, Acrididae). I. the Chromosomes of Twelve
    A CYTOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WILD POPULATIONS OF TRIMEROTROPIS AND CIRCOTETTIX. (ORTHOPTERA, ACRIDIDAE). I. THE CHROMOSOMES OF . TWELVE SPECIES M. J. D. WHITE University of Texas, Austin, Texas Received November 29, 1948 INTRODUCTION N RECENT years a great deal of work has been carried out on the distri- I bution of structurally different chromosomal types in wild populations of Drosophila (DOBZHANSKY1947 a, b, c, 1948; DOBZHANSKYand EPLING1944; WARTERS1944; CARSONand STALKER1947). Similar studies have also been carried out on some species of Chironomus (PHILIP 1942; Hsu and LIU 1948). Comparisons have been made between different populations of the same species and between samples of the same population collected at different seasons:of the year and in several successive years. These studies have been almost entirely concerned with one particular type of chromosomal rearrangements, namely paracentric inversions. In the case of Drosophila pseudoobscura, the species which has been studied most extensively, it was found by DOBZHANSKYthat individuals heterozygous for inversions were, as a rule, better adapted under natural conditions than either of the two homozygous types. Thus, if we call one gene-sequence A and the other A’, individuals of the constitution AA’ possessed a higher degree of fitness than either AA or A’A’ individuals, although the relative fitness of the various types showed regular seasonal fluctuations. Results such as these (which can be duplicated in laboratory experiments carried out under controlled environ- mental conditions in “population cages”) explain the existence of the multipli- city of different gene-sequences known for the chromosomes of D.pseudoobscura and some other species of the genus Drosophila.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oedipodinae) Reveal Convergence of Wing Morphology
    Zoologica Scripta Phylogenetic analyses of band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oedipodinae) reveal convergence of wing morphology MARTIN HUSEMANN,SUK NAMKUNG,JAN C. HABEL,PATRICK D. DANLEY &AXEL HOCHKIRCH Submitted: 17 September 2011 Husemann, M., Namkung, S., Habel, J.C., Danley, P.D. & Hochkirch, A. (2012). Accepted: 10 April 2012 Phylogenetic analyses of band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oedipodinae) doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00548.x reveal convergence of wing morphology. —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 515–526. Historically, morphological traits have been used to examine the relationships of distantly related taxa with global distributions. The use of such traits, however, may be misleading and may not provide the resolution needed to distinguish various hypotheses that may explain the distribution patterns of widely distributed taxa. One such taxon, the Oedipo- dine grasshoppers, contains two tribes principally defined by wing morphologies: the Bry- odemini have broad wings whereas Sphingonotini are narrow-winged. Through the use of morphological features alone, hypotheses concerning the evolution of these tribes cannot be distinguished. To differentiate hypotheses that may explain the distribution of Oedipo- dines, such as vicariance, natural dispersal and anthropogenic translocation, we used two mitochondrial and three nuclear gene fragments to reconstruct the phylogenetic relation- ships within and between the two tribes, and employed a molecular clock to evaluate the hypotheses of vicariance and dispersal. Our results clearly reject monophyly of the tribes and revealed monophyletic Old and New World clades, which is in agreement with previ- ous molecular studies. The split between both clades was dated at 35 Ma (±12 Ma). This clearly rejects the vicariance hypothesis and supports a single invasion via the Beringian land bridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Checklist of the Orthopteroid Insects (Blattodea, Mantodea, Phasmatodea,Orthoptera) of Texas
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida March 2001 Preliminary checklist of the orthopteroid insects (Blattodea, Mantodea, Phasmatodea,Orthoptera) of Texas John A. Stidham Garland, TX Thomas A. Stidham University of California, Berkeley, CA Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Entomology Commons Stidham, John A. and Stidham, Thomas A., "Preliminary checklist of the orthopteroid insects (Blattodea, Mantodea, Phasmatodea,Orthoptera) of Texas" (2001). Insecta Mundi. 180. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/180 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 15, No. 1, March, 2001 35 Preliminary checklist of the orthopteroid insects (Blattodea, Mantodea, Phasmatodea,Orthoptera) of Texas John A. Stidham 301 Pebble Creek Dr., Garland, TX 75040 and Thomas A. Stidham Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Paleontology, and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, Abstract: Texas has one of the most diverse orthopteroid assemblages of any state in the United States, reflecting the varied habitats found in the state. Three hundred and eighty-nine species and 78 subspecies of orthopteroid insects (Blattodea, Mantodea, Phasmatodea, and Orthoptera) have published records for the state of Texas. This is the first such comprehensive checklist for Texas and should aid future work on these groups in this area. Introduction (Flook and Rowell, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Untangling Taxonomy: a DNA Barcode Reference Library for Canadian Spiders
    Received Date : 14-Mar-2015 Revised Date : 30-Jun-2015 Accepted Date : 06-Jul-2015 Article type : Resource Article Untangling Taxonomy: A DNA Barcode Reference Library for Canadian Spiders Gergin A. Blagoev Jeremy R. deWaard* Sujeevan Ratnasingham Article Stephanie L. deWaard Liuqiong Lu James Robertson Angela C. Telfer Paul D. N. Hebert Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada * Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as doi: Accepted 10.1111/1755-0998.12444 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Keywords: DNA barcoding, spiders, Araneae, species identification, Barcode Index Numbers, Operational Taxonomic Units Abstract Approximately 1460 species of spiders have been reported from Canada, 3% of the global fauna. This study provides a DNA barcode reference library for 1018 of these species based upon the analysis of more than 30,000 specimens. The sequence results show a clear barcode gap in most cases with a mean intraspecific divergence of 0.78% versus a minimum nearest-neighbour (NN) distance averaging 7.85%. The sequences were assigned to 1359 Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) with 1344 of these BINs composed of specimens belonging to a single currently recognized Article species. There was a perfect correspondence between BIN membership and a known species in 795 cases while another 197 species were assigned to two or more BINs (556 in total).
    [Show full text]
  • 1889Illustratedc00will.Pdf (13.65Mb)
    ^sr -i- ^^, < ^ /\A0A|J|^E1L. Wr'^Pfl^o^E/Co. br»Mt Pcpqnca Pre Co (W« TV.- r^x^w, NOTICE. The vitality of the greater portion of the seeds mentioned in this Catalogue have been thoroughly tested in my nursery and the percentage of each variety, that will vegetate carefully ascertained. No seed will be offered that I do not believe to be perfectly good. My greenhouses and grounds afford facilities that are unsurpassed for experimenting with and testing vegetables and flowers and those best suited to our climate, only, will be recommended, any new varieties that may be introduced and that are really desirable will be produced and offered to my customers. SEEDS BY MAIL. Flower and Vegeteble Seeds in small papers postpaid to all parts of Canada and the United States at the prices quoted in this catalogue. Parcels of Seeds not over four lbs. weight can be forwarded to any Post Office in the Dominion or the United States, at four cents per pound. Where large Parcels are required, they can be forwarded by freight or express to any station, without disappointment or loss. As I do not place Seeds on commission in the hands of dealers, parties at a distance desirous of trying those offered by me are invited to send their orders direct to the House, or to the nearest store keeper who sells my seeds. Ask for Wm. ttvans' seeds and take no others. ATTENTION TO CUSTOMERS. It is the earnest wish of the proprietor that all the requirements and directions of his customers be scrupulously attended to, and the greatest care will be taken to carry out their instructions faithfully.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinon Canyon Report 2007
    IIInnnvvveeerrrttteeebbbrrraaattteee DDDiiissstttrrriiibbbuuutttiiiooonnn aaannnddd DDDiiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy AAAsssssseeessssssmmmeennnttt aaattt ttthhheee UUU... SSS... AAArrrmmmyyy PPPiiinnnooonnn CCCaaannnyyyooonnn MMMaaannneeeuuuvvveeerrr SSSiiittteee PPPrrreeessseeennnttteeeddd tttooo ttthhheee UUU... SSS... AAArrrmmmyyy aaannnddd UUU... SSS... FFFiiissshhh aaannnddd WWWiiillldddllliiifffeee SSSeeerrrvvviiicceee BBByyy GGG... JJJ... MMMiiiccchhheeelllsss,,, JJJrrr...,,, JJJ... LLL... NNNeeewwwtttooonnn,,, JJJ... AAA... BBBrrraaazzziiilllllleee aaannnddd VVV... AAA... CCCaaarrrnnneeeyyy TTTeeexxxaaasss AAAgggrrriiiLLLiiifffeee RRReeessseeeaaarrrccchhh 222333000111 EEExxxpppeeerrriiimmmeeennnttt SSStttaaatttiiiooonnn RRRoooaaaddd BBBuuussshhhlllaaannnddd,,, TTTXXX 777999000111222 222000000777 RRReeepppooorrttt 1 Introduction Insects fill several ecological roles in the biotic community (Triplehorn and Johnson 2005). Many species are phytophagous, feeding directly on plants; filling the primary consumer role of moving energy stored in plants to organisms that are unable to digest plant material (Triplehorn and Johnson 2005). Insects are responsible for a majority of the pollination that occurs and pollination relationships between host plant and pollinator can be very general with one pollinator pollinating many species of plant or very specific with both the plant and the pollinator dependant on each other for survival (Triplehorn and Johnson 2005). Insects can be mutualist, commensal, parasitic or predatory to the benefit or detriment
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Egg Size and Shape Evolve with Ecology but Not Developmental Rate Samuel H
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4 Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate Samuel H. Church1,4*, Seth Donoughe1,3,4, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros1 & Cassandra G. Extavour1,2* Over the course of evolution, organism size has diversified markedly. Changes in size are thought to have occurred because of developmental, morphological and/or ecological pressures. To perform phylogenetic tests of the potential effects of these pressures, here we generated a dataset of more than ten thousand descriptions of insect eggs, and combined these with genetic and life-history datasets. We show that, across eight orders of magnitude of variation in egg volume, the relationship between size and shape itself evolves, such that previously predicted global patterns of scaling do not adequately explain the diversity in egg shapes. We show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate and that, for many insects, egg size is not correlated with adult body size. Instead, we find that the evolution of parasitoidism and aquatic oviposition help to explain the diversification in the size and shape of insect eggs. Our study suggests that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, underlies the evolution of insect egg size and shape. Size is a fundamental factor in many biological processes. The size of an 526 families and every currently described extant hexapod order24 organism may affect interactions both with other organisms and with (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1). We combined this dataset with the environment1,2, it scales with features of morphology and physi- backbone hexapod phylogenies25,26 that we enriched to include taxa ology3, and larger animals often have higher fitness4.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae (Spider) Photos
    Araneae (Spider) Photos Araneae (Spiders) About Information on: Spider Photos of Links to WWW Spiders Spiders of North America Relationships Spider Groups Spider Resources -- An Identification Manual About Spiders As in the other arachnid orders, appendage specialization is very important in the evolution of spiders. In spiders the five pairs of appendages of the prosoma (one of the two main body sections) that follow the chelicerae are the pedipalps followed by four pairs of walking legs. The pedipalps are modified to serve as mating organs by mature male spiders. These modifications are often very complicated and differences in their structure are important characteristics used by araneologists in the classification of spiders. Pedipalps in female spiders are structurally much simpler and are used for sensing, manipulating food and sometimes in locomotion. It is relatively easy to tell mature or nearly mature males from female spiders (at least in most groups) by looking at the pedipalps -- in females they look like functional but small legs while in males the ends tend to be enlarged, often greatly so. In young spiders these differences are not evident. There are also appendages on the opisthosoma (the rear body section, the one with no walking legs) the best known being the spinnerets. In the first spiders there were four pairs of spinnerets. Living spiders may have four e.g., (liphistiomorph spiders) or three pairs (e.g., mygalomorph and ecribellate araneomorphs) or three paris of spinnerets and a silk spinning plate called a cribellum (the earliest and many extant araneomorph spiders). Spinnerets' history as appendages is suggested in part by their being projections away from the opisthosoma and the fact that they may retain muscles for movement Much of the success of spiders traces directly to their extensive use of silk and poison.
    [Show full text]