The Information Society Construction of Technocracy: Referring to Technology Policy Chao-Mou Huang Assistant Professor, Center F

The Information Society Construction of Technocracy: Referring to Technology Policy

Chao-Mou Huang Assistant Professor, Center for General Education, Shih-Hsin University

Introduction This paper explores how Taiwan has become an information society. For decades, information industry has played a key role in the economic development in Taiwan and led the transformation of Taiwan into an information society. At first, it would be helpful to discuss how the term “information” was introduced to Taiwan and how it is perceived thereafter: In 1962, Machlup proposed the idea of information economy in the U.S. Although the idea of information was still a vague concept at the time, in American, Machlup’s proposal had received a great deal of attention in both academic and business circles. About a decade later, information as a term was introduced to Taiwan through a magazine article (1975). At the same time, the information industry gradually became the locomotive of economic development in Taiwan. While it is evident that the introduction of the concept of information facilitated the informatization of Taiwan, it is notable that the way “information” and was perceived, significantly influenced the direction of IT industry in Taiwan. To be specific, the IT industry in Taiwan has been inseparable from technocracy. Therefore, to better understand how Taiwan has become an information society, this paper will explore how technology elites perceived “information” and established IT industry accordingly, with an emphasis on technology policy.

A review of history Taiwan was a central plan economy until late 1990s. For a long time, the government used technology policies to guide the development of industries and modernize the society. Even since information technology came into the fore in the latter half of the 20th century, technology elites in Taiwan, including technocrats and scholars, have played an important role in forming policies related to IT industry. Also, those polices shaped an IT-oriented education system. In Taiwan, the formation of technology policy took place in “National Technology and Science Meetings” (hereafter the NTS meeting), which has been held every four years since 1978 by Executive Yuan. And since Kuomintang (KMT) was the only major political party for a long time, its Central Standing Committee of Kuomintang (KMT) had a significant influence on opinion formation about technology policy. In 1978, Taiwanese government decided to develop computer industry; however, the reason was not economical but military: computers (or microcomputers) were the key component of high-tech military equipments. Anyway, in the 1st NTS meeting in 1978, several government departments or agencies were assigned with different tasks related to the development of computer industry: software and hardware design, technology transfer, etc. Moreover, at the time, Hsinchu Science Park, which was established 1962 modeling on Silicon Valley, provided a suitable environment for the IT industry. In 1979, Institute for Information Technology was founded to promote the development and application of computer. However, the emphasis of all these efforts was on building computer hardware. The most significant milestone was that Taiwan acquired the capability of manufacturing integrated circuit products from RCA, an American corporation. The newly-acquired knowhow was first studied in to research institutes, and then, transferred to industry: Technocrats in Ministry of Economic Affairs decided to start UMC, an IC company. Those technocrats, harboring nationalism, founded UMC as an integrated device manufacturer (IDM), in hope that it would to lead the development of the IT industry in Taiwan. However, under the pressure to make profit, UMC decided to give up IC design and packaging and chose to specialize in manufacturing. Indeed, IC manufacturers have formed a solid foundation for the information industry in Taiwan. It is pointed out, however, that since IC industry is highly capital-intensive, it could be an obstacle to industry upgrading in a country like Taiwan. In the 2nd NTS in1982, education became of focus. Subsequently, throughout 1980s, the Taiwanese government set out to promote computer education in colleges and high schools, familiarizing a generation of students with the new technology and new industry. Meanwhile, universities and vocational schools began to establish IT-related departments to produce large numbers of IT-related graduates every year.

Informatization of Taiwan In 1987, Kwoh-Ting Li, indicated in the Central Standing Committee of Kuomintang (KMT) that “…integrate telecommunication, electronics, information technologies…transform Taiwan into an informatization society.” Since then, the government began to implement large-scale information systems and computerized its service. In 2001, Taiwan had already become an informatization society and a key supplier in the global “silicon industry”. However, it was at this time that China became a threat to Taiwan’s IT industry. Faced with this new challenge, Taiwan found it hard to upgrade its industry, because the industry directed by technocrats lacked creativity. This economic “miracle” of Taiwan has been attributed to technocracy; however, there are some downsides of it. It is indicated that during the modernization of Taiwan, the number of information workers produced each year kept increasing, and key economics indexes, such as GNP, went up simultaneously. However, although Taiwan has become a major supplier in global information industry, structural factors inherent in a technocracy caused the problems of unemployment, disparity between the rich and the poor.

Conclusion: an informatization society Education has been playing an important role in the booming of the IT industry in Taiwan and transformed Taiwan into an informatization society. Following the government policy, universities in Taiwan have generated a large number of IT majors to meet the industry’s demand, but there still is a huge shortage of manpower in the IT industry (10,000 job openings unfilled in 2005). At the same time, however, unemployment rate is high for graduates without IT backgrounds. Informatization led by the government has indeed caused some problems. Taiwan’s market-oriented education system has focused overly on subject areas relevant to IT industry. Therefore, very few professors as well as students are interested in fundamental sciences (e.g. physics, mathematics). The consequence is low research and development productivity, which means that most Taiwanese companies can only be contractors. It is evident that an informatization society constructed by technocrats on the basis of IT industry is problematic. It seems time now to let market forces work. In this way, maybe “spontaneous order” would emerge as a result.

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bu]。訂定高工及高商電腦輔助教學推動四年計畫[Ding d ing gao gong ji gao shang dian nao fu zhu jiao xue tui dong si nian ji h ua]。教育部公報[Jiao yu bu gong bao]。教育部(1984) [Jiao yu bu]。高級中等以上學校資訊教師進修選送要點[Gao ji z hong deng yi shang xue xiao zi xun jiao shi jin xiu xuan song yao dian]。教育部公報[Jiao yu bu gong bao]。教育部(2000) [Jiao yu bu]。專案擴增大學電機、電子、資訊人力培育計畫[Zhua n an kuo zeng da xue dian ji`dian zi`zi xun ren li pei yu ji hua]。教育部公報[Jiao yu bu gong bao]。教育部(1984) [Jiao yu bu]。編列經費充實所屬公私立高中電子計算機硬體教學設備[Bian lie jing fei chong shi suo shu gong si li gao zhong dian zi ji suan ji ying ti jiao xue she bei]。教育部公報[Jiao yu bu gong bao]。教育部(2001) [Jiao yu bu]。大學教育政策白皮書[Da xue jiao yu zheng ce bai pi shu]。教育部高教司[Jiao yu bu gao jiao si]。http://www.high.edu.tw/whi te_paper/indexc.htm 教育部統計處(2002) [Jiao yu bu tong ji chu]。教育統計指標[Jiao yu tong ji z hi biao]。http://www.edu.tw/statistics/service/statis.htm 許寶強、汪暉編(2000) [Xu bao qiang`wang hui bian]。發展的幻象[Fa zhan de huan xiang]。北京市:中央編譯[Bei jing shi :zhong yang bian yi]。郭為藩(1984) [Guo wei fan]。迎接資訊社會[Ying jie zi xun she hui]。國魂，4 91，70-75[Guo hun,491,70-75]。陳嘉映、王慶節譯(2000) [Chen jia ying 、Wang qing jie yi]。存在與時間[Cun zai yu shi jian]。北京市:三聯書局[Bei jing shi :san lian shu ju]。曾憲雄、韓善民(1993) [Ceng xian xiong`Han shan min]。中華民國資訊教育之現況與展望[Zhong hua min guo zi xun jiao yu zhi xian kuang yu zhan wang]。資訊與教育，36，5-13[Zi xun yu jiao yu,36,5-13]。黃忠民(1986) [Huang zhong min]。誰來打開我國科技發展的死結？[Shei lai da kai wo guo ke ji fa zhan de si jie?]。財訊，54，242-246[Cai xun,54,242- 246]。黃忠吉(1986) [Huang zhong ji]。臺灣的「矽谷」能為國內科技紮根嗎？[Tai wa n de 「Xi gu」neng wei guo nei ke ji zha gen ma?]。財訊，54，236-241 [Cai xun,54,236-241]。黃榮秋質詢(1986) [Huang rong qiu zhi xun]。突破傳統性工業，提升高科技的瓶頸在那裡？[Tu po chuan tong xing gong ye,ti sheng gao ke ji de ping jing zai na li?]。財訊，54，232-235。[Cai xun,54,232-235] 黃榮秋質詢(1984) [Huang rong qiu zhi xun]。新竹科學工業園區等事項[Xin zh u ke xue gong ye yuan qu deng shi xiang]。立法院公報[Li fa yuan gong bao]。楊世緘(1980) [Yang shi jian]。我國發展資訊工業之展望[Wo guo fa zhan zi xu n gong ye zhi zhan wang]。中央，13(2)，50-52[Zhong yang,13(2),50-52]。楊世緘(2000) [Yang shi jian]。科技化國家建設與 NII 推動政策之分析[Ke ji hu a guo jia jian she yu NIItui dong zheng ce zhi fen xi]。理論與政策，14(1)， 173-189[Li lun yu zheng ce,14(1),173-189]。楊艾俐(1989) [Yang ai li]。孫運璿傳[Sun yun xuan chuan]。臺北市:天下文化[T ai bei shi:tian xia wen hua]。楊照(1999) [Yang zhao]。向李國鼎路線說再見[Xiang li guo ding lu xian shuo zai jian]。財訊，204，275-280[Cai xun,204,275-280]。經濟部(1988) [Jing ji bu]。自即日起解除國內廠商禁止製造電動玩具之限制[Zi ji ri qi jie chu guo nei chang shang jin zhi zhi zao dian dong wan ju zhi xian zhi]。唯電動玩具製造業，應依「工廠設立登記規則」等法令規定，向所在地縣市政府領得工廠登記證後方可製造[Wei dian dong wan ju zhi zao ye,ying yi 「Gong chang she li deng ji gui ze 」deng fa ling gui din g,xiang suo zai di xian shi zheng fu ling de gong chang deng ji zheng h ou fang ke zhi zao]。經濟部公報[Jing ji bu gong bao]。資策會(1988) [Zi ce hui]。挑戰與回應－資訊化社會的探討[Tiao zhan yu hui y ing-zi xun hua she hui de tan tao]。臺北市:資策會[Tai bei shi:zi ce hui]。資策會(1987) [Zi ce hui]。問題與衝擊－資訊化社會面面觀[Wen ti yu chong ji -zi xun hua she hui mian mian guan]。臺北市:資策會[Tai bei shi:zi ce hu i]。資策會(1982) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十一年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo qi shi yi nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1988) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十七年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo qi shi qi nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1990) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十九年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo qi shi jiu nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1983) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十二年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo qi shi er nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1989) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十八年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo qi shi ba nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1984) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十三年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo qi shi san nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1986) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十五年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo qi shi wu nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1985) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十四年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo qi shi si nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1992) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國八十一年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo ba shi yi nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1998) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國八十七年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo ba shi qi nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1993) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國八十二年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo ba shi er nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1996) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國八十五年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo ba shi wu nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1997) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國八十六年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min g uo ba shi liu nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1991) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國八十年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min guo ba shi nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1981) [Zi ce hui]。中華民國七十年度資訊工業年鑑[Zhong hua min guo qi shi nian du zi xun gong ye nian jian]。資策會(1996) [Zi ce hui]。國內個人電腦及週邊產品市場發展趨勢分析[Guo nei ge ren dian nao ji zhou bian chan pin shi chang fa zhan qu shi fen x i]。資策會(1996) [Zi ce hui]。如何利用行銷通路開拓軟體外銷[Ru he li yong xing xiao tong lu kai tuo ruan ti wai xiao]。資策會 MIC-AISP 資訊市場情報資料庫[Zi ce hui MIC-AISPzi xun shi chang qing bao zi liao ku]。臺北市政府(1986) [Tai bei shi zheng fu]。電腦軟體設計競賽要點[Dian nao rua n ti she ji jing sai yao dian]。臺北市政府公報[Tai bei shi zheng fu gong bao]。臺灣省政府公報(1988) [Tai wan sheng zheng fu gong bao]。中華民國 77 年推動電腦輔助教學有功人員選拔實施要點[Zhong hua min guo 77nian tui do ng dian nao fu zhu jiao xue you gong ren yuan xuan ba shi shi yao dia n]。臺灣省政府公報[Tai wan sheng zheng fu gong bao]。臺灣省政府公報(1985) [Tai wan sheng zheng fu gong bao]。函轉教育部頒布修訂之「高級中等以上學校資訊教師進修薦送要點」一份[Han zhuan jiao yu bu ban bu xiu ding zhi 「gao ji zhong deng yi shang xue xiao zi xun jia o shi jin xiu jian song yao dian 」yi fen]。臺灣省政府公報[Tai wan shen g zheng fu gong bao]。臺灣省政府公報(1995) [Tai wan sheng zheng fu gong bao]。修正「臺灣省政府教育廳暨省立社教機關、各級學校行政電腦化評鑑實施計畫」，自 85 年度起實施[Xiu zheng 「tai wan sheng zheng fu jiao yu ting ji sheng li she j iao ji guan `ge ji xue xiao xing zheng dian nao hua ping jian shi shi ji hua 」,zi 85nian du qi shi shi]。臺灣省政府公報[Tai wan sheng zheng fu gong bao]。臺灣省政府公報(1986) [Tai wan sheng zheng fu gong bao]。教育部函送修正「高級中等以上學校資訊教師進修薦送要點」第九點、第十二點條文如附件 [Jiao yu bu han song xiu zheng 「gao ji zhong deng yi shang xue xiao zi xun jiao shi jin xiu jian song yao dian 」di jiu dian 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