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U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road Doing good while doing science: The origins and consequences of public interest science organizations in America, 1945-1990. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Moore, Kelly. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 08/10/2021 22:17:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186307 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9SSSSIS Doing good while doing science: The origins and consequences of public interest science organizations in America, 1945-1990 Moore, Kelly, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1993 Copyright ®199S by Moore, Kelly. All rights reserved. V·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 DOING GOOD WHILE DOING SCIENCE: THE ORIGINS AND CONSEQUENCES OF PUBLIC INTEREST SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONS IN AMERICA, 1945-1990 by Kelly Moore Copyright © Kelly Moore 1993 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1993 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the document prepared by -------------------------------------KELLY MOORE Doing Good While Doing Science: 'lhe Origins and entitled ---------------------------------------------------------Consequences of Public Interest Science Organizations In Anerica, 1945 - 1990. and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy /l II lu'l\p, Iq93 Date(j '#i:'lk~ (o!I\!Q3 c2:" h,....Q. ,6 Co" ~- " " Date' j 'walter w. ~ Date Final approval and acceptance of this d~cument is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the document to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this document prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the requirement. ~/~8 {43 Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part my be granted by the copyright holder. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The material on which this study is based came from a variety of sources, and I am grateful to all of the people and organizations who made it available. My greatest thanks go to past and present members of Science for the People, Scientists' Institute for Public Information, and the Union of Concerned Scientists, who made organizational and personal documents available to me, and took time out of their busy schedules to talk to me. The staff at the MIT Archives and Special Collections and the library of Congress went above and beyond the call of duty to make records accessible. I gratefully acknowledge permission from the Union of Concerned Scientists to use papers from the Union of Concerned Scientists collection at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archives and Special Collections. Thanks to J. Craig Jenkins for the data on protest events used in chapters 2 and 4, and Alan Mazur for the Union of Concerned Scientists petitions used in chapter 5. This dissertation was supported by an Indiana University Center on Philanthropy Dissertation Fellowship, two research grants from the Indiana Center on Philanthropy, a University of Arizona Graduate College Summer Dissertation Fellowship, and by National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Grant #9101174. I am grateful to all three institutions for their support. Members of the Sociology Department at the University of Arizona provided invaluable intellectual and moral support for this project. Irene Browne, Carol Diem, Ken Dauber and Ronnelle Paulsen have provided a wonderful combination of moral and intellectual support. Each member of my committee--Elisabeth Clemens, Debra Friedman, Woody Powell, Kathleen Schwartzman and David Snow--has been challenging and helpful throughout the project (although I cannot say that I have always been able to incorporate their wise advice). Without the friendship of James Lowenthal, Donald Murray, Nancy Shipp Paranka, Caitlin von Schmidt, and L.L. Mooky Ree, this project would never have been undertaken or finished. Finally, my greatest thanks to Doug McAdam, whose work inspired me to go to graduate school in the first place, and whose indefatigable intellectual and moral support over the last seven years has allowed me to finish. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . .. 8 LIST OF TABLES. .. 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................... 10 ABSTRACT ............................................... " 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................... 13 1.1 Introduction. .. 13 1.2 Social Movements as Sources of New Collective Identities .. .. 16 1.3 Forming Collective Identities . .. 24 1.4 Collective Identity and the Development of New Organizational Forms . 26 1.5 Accounting for the Differential Ability of Organizations to Survive .... 33 1.6 Defining Organizational Forms .............................. 3 1. 7 Analytic Strategy ....................................... 40 1.8 An Overview of SIPI, UCS, and SftP . .. 45 CHAPTER 2 THE ORIGINS OF PUBLIC INTEREST SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONS ................................ 55 2.1 Introduction . .. 55 2.2 The Origins of Financial Ties Between Science and the State ........ 57 2.3 Social and Intellectual Implications of Federal Sponsorship of Science .. 71 2.4 "The Scientist's Movement," 1945-6, and the Fallout Information Groups, 1958-1963 ...................................... 77 2.5 The Rise of Campus Protest and Formation of Public Interest Science Organizations, 1965-1970 . .. 85 2.6 Conclusion ........................................... 97 CHAPTER 3 DOING GOOD WHILE DOING SCIENCE: CREATING NEW COLLECflVE IDENTITIES. .. 108 3.1 Introduction. .. 108 3.2 The Founders of SIPI, UCS, and SftP . .. 110 3.3 The Creation of a Collective Political Identity .................. 112 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - continued 3.4 Collective Identities and New Organizational Fonns . .. 121 3.5 The Empirical Case I: What Did Scientists Have to Negotiate in Joining Science and Politics? . .. 123 3.6 Collective Identity and the Formation of SIPI, UCS, and SftP . .. 130 3.7 Differences Between the Three Organizations .................. 160 CHAPTER 4 THE SHIFTING LANDSCAPE . , . .. 167 4.1 Introduction . .. 167 4.2 The Shifting Landscape I: Fragmentation Among the Left. .. 169 4.3 The Shifting Landscape II: The Changing Institutional Political Context 174 4.4 The Shifting Landscape ill: Science and the State ............... 176 CHAPTER 5 NEGOTIATING THE SHIFTING LANDSCAPE ............. 188 5.1 Introduction . .. 188 5.2 The Development of SftP, UCS, and SIPI . .. 227 5.3 Explaining the Trajectories ............................... 245 CHAPTER 6 THE CONSEQUENCES OF SCIENTISTS' INVOLVEMENT IN THE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OF THE1960s . .. 245 6.1 Introduction . .. 245 6.2 Outcomes of Social Movements. .. 246 6.3 Political Capacities . .. 247 6.4 The Reemergence of Top-Down Models of Social Movements ...... 252 6.5 The Provision of Scientific Information to the Public ............. 263 6.6 The Development of Political Competence and Conciousness ....... 272 6.7 Conclusion .......................................... 283 CHAPTER 7 THEORETICAL OVERVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS ........ 288 7.1 Introduction . .. 288 7.2 Understanding the Outcomes of Cycles of Political Protest ......... 289 7.3 The Development of New Organizational
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