Homonymy and Polysemy Found in Toy Story Movie

Home , Homonym

HOMONYMY AND POLYSEMY FOUND IN TOY STORY MOVIE

SCRIPT: A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

A THESIS

SABRINA BR GINTING

REG. NO. 140705062

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA

MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA HOMONYMY AND POLYSEMY FOUND IN TOY STORY MOVIE

SCRIPT: A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

A THESIS

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. Dra. Roma Ayuni Aminoeddin Loebis, M.A. NIP. 19571117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19680122 199803 2 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATRA UTARA MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T.Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 19540916 1998003 2 003 NIP.19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Wednesday, December 19th, 2018

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Prof. T.Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. ______

Dr. Deliana, M. Hum. ______

Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. ______

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SABRINA BR GINTING DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

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Date :December 19th , 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : SABRINA BR GINTING

TITLE OF THESIS : HOMONYMY AND POLYSEMY FOUND

IN TOY STORY MOVIE SCRIPT: A

SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT

ENGLISH

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REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

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Date : December 19th , 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise the Lord, first of all I would like to thank to my Lord, Jesus Christ for blessing, love, opportunity, health, mercy, grace, and giving everything I need especially to finish this thesis in order to get the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the

Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara. I believe that I could not have this done without His will, because actually I am nothing without Him.

I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Budi

Agustono, M.S., the Head of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A.,

Ph.D., and the Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. for all of the facilities and opportunities given to me during the study. I would like to express a very special gratitude and high appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Deliana,

M.Hum., and my co-supervisor Dra. Roma Ayuni Aminoeddin Loebis, M.A. for the guidance, support, advice and constructive comments during the writing of this thesis, and also thank to all of the lecturers.

A hug gratitude and special for my families who give their endless love and undying support to me. To my wise father, Sentosa Ginting and my super mother,

Maria Br. Sitepu, thank you for helping me through the hard time and always give the love, prayer, give supports, and always try to give the best, in terms of love and material, and also thanks to my sisters Mika Ira Br. Ginting, Meda Pertiwi Br.

Ginting, S.E., Meylia Br. Ginting S.H., Sri Unita Br. Ginting S.E., Lilian Vhani Br.

Ginting for give me the supports, love and attention.

Big thank to the Small Group TRIA GRACELLA, Kak Eva Yun Elisa

Silalahi, S.S., as my spiritual sister, Kak Mariana Simanjuntak, S.S., as my spiritual

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA sister, too, Tetty Marlina Manurung, Wita Afsari Surbakti, S.Sos., for every prayer, help, and supports to me like the sisters in Christ, you guys are not sisters by blood, but sisters by heart. I am very grateful to have some sisters like you. Thank to Frida

Pahla Sitanggang for prayer, helping, and supporting to make me getting better.

Thank to my friend Meli Indriani for always being there for me, thank you for your time, helping, support, and the other things that I can‘t write on here word by word. Thank to my friends Tetty, Titian, Dessy, Anisa, Dhea, Noni for supporting me. Also thank to my friends since Senior High School and until now still counting,

Vika, Helmy, Sella, Hagai, Yulinda for every supports, help, and pray to me. Also thank to Bang Kirno as an admin in English Department who has done a good job and gives support to many students. Last but not least, thank to Qorry as my partner during proposal seminar and final examination, for supporting and helping. Thank to all beloved people who help, give the supports, advice, and the other things that make me have the strength to finish this thesis, big thank to all of you.

I may forget to mention some names, but I thank everyone for helping and supporting me; for every clarity that people brought to me in the crucial moment; every noble deed I received from those whom I forgot. Those days are gone. I thank

God for introducing all of you to me.

Medan, 2018

The Writer,

SABRINA BR. GINTING Reg. No. 140705062

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT Thesis which entitled Homonymy and Polysemy found in Toy Story Movie Script: A Semantic Analysis, analyzing homonymy and polysemy that found in Toy Story movie script. The objectives of this study are to analyze the types of homonymy and polysemy found in Toy Story movie script and to describe homonymy and polysemy that realized in Toy Story movie script. Homonymy proposed by John Saeed (2009) and polysemy proposed by Apresjan J.D (1974). The method of this study is qualitative descriptive. The data of this research are the words that contain homonymy and polysemy. The sources of data of this research are Toy Story movie script. From the analysis, it is found that are 20 pairs of data (34.5%) homonymy that consists of four types of homonymy like Same Spelling – Category there are 9 pairs of data, Same Category – Different Spelling there are 9 pairs of data, Different Category – Same Spelling there are 2 pairs of data, and Different Category – Different Spelling there‘s no found the data this type. Then there are 38 pairs of data (65.5%) polysemy that consists of two types of polysemy, like Regular Polysemy there are 29 pairs of data, Irregular Polysemy there are 9 pairs of data. So, in ‗Toy Story‘ movie script polysemy is more dominant than homonymy because actually polysemy is the same word that has more than one meaning and still interrelated, while homonymy come from two entries same word but has different meaning. The use of polysemy usually much found in the prose works, not academic, and the object of this study is movie script, that is why polysemy is more dominant.

Keywords: homonymy, polysemy, Toy Story movie script, meaning, semantics.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Skripsi yang berjudul Homonymy and Polysemy found in Toy Story Movie Script: A Semantic Analysis, menganalisis homonimi dan polisemi yang ditemukan dalam naskah film ‗Toy Story‘. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis jenis- jenis homonimi dan polisemi yang ditemukan dalam naskah film ‗Toy Story‘ dan untuk menggambarkan homonimi dan polisemi yang direalisasikan dalam naskah film ‗Toy Story‘. Teori homonimi oleh John Saeed (2009), polisemi oleh Apresjan J.D (1974). Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah kata-kata yang mengandung homonimi dan polisemi. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah naskah film ‗Toy Story‘. Dari analisis, ditemukan 20 pasang data (34,5%) homonimi yang terdiri dari empat jenis homonimi seperti Ejaan Sama - Kategori ada 9 pasang data, Kategori Sama - Ejaan Berbeda ada 9 pasang data , Berbeda Kategori – Ejaan Sama ada 2 pasang data, dan Kategori Berbeda - Ejaan Berbeda tidak ditemukan data jenis ini. Kemudian ada 38 pasang data (65,5%) polisemi yang terdiri dari dua jenis polisemi, seperti Polisemi reguler ada 29 pasang data, Polisemi tidak teratur ada 9 pasang data. Jadi, dalam naskah film ‗Toy Story‘ polisemi lebih dominan daripada homonimi karena sebenarnya polisemi adalah kata yang sama yang mempunyai lebih dari satu makna dan maknanya masih saling terkait, sementara homonimi berasal dari dua kata entri yang sama tetapi maknanya berbeda. Penggunaan polisemi biasanya banyak ditemukan di dalam karya prosa, bukan yang bersifat akademik, dan objek penelitian ini adalah naskah film, itu sebabnya polisemi lebih dominan.

Kata kunci: homonimi, polisemi, naskah film Toy Story, makna, semantik.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vii ABSTRACT ...... ix ABSTRAK ...... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xi LIST OF TABLES ...... xiv

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2. Problem of the Study ...... 5 1.3. Objective of the Study ...... 5 1.4. Scope of the Study ...... 6 1.5. Significance of the Study ...... 6

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Semantics ...... 7 2.2 Scope of Semantics ...... 8 2.3 Meaning Relation ...... 8 2.3.1 Synonymy ...... 9 2.3.2 Antonymy ...... 9 2.3.3 Hyponymy ...... 11 2.3.4 Meronymy ...... 12 2.3.5 Member-Collection ...... 13 2.3.6 Portion-Mass ...... 13 2.4 Homonymy ...... 14 2.4. Types of Homonymy...... 14 2.4.1.1 Same Spelling – Category ...... 14 2.4.1.2 Same Category – Different Spelling ...... 15 2.4.1.3 Different Category – Same Spelling ...... 15 2.4.1.4 Different Category – Different Spelling ...... 15

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.5 Polysemy ...... 16 2.5.1 Types of Polysemy ...... 17 2.5.1.1 Regular form of Polysemy ...... 18 2.5.1.2 Irregular form of Polysemy ...... 19 2.6 How to Distinguish Between Homonymy and Polysemy ...... 20 2.7 Movie Script ...... 22 2.8 Theoretical Basis ...... 23 2.9 Conceptual Framework ...... 24 2.10 Relevant Studies ...... 25

CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design ...... 28 3.2 Data and Data Sources ...... 29 3.3 Data Collection Procedures ...... 29 3.4 Data Analysis Method ...... 30

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Data Analysis ...... 32 4.1.1 Types of Homonymy Found in Toy Story Movie Script .....32 4.1.1.1 Same Spelling – Category ...... 32 4.1.1.2 Same Category – Different Spelling ...... 39 4.1.1.3 Different Category – Same Spelling ...... 45 4.1.1.4 Different Category – Different Spelling ...... 46 4.1.2 Types of Polysemy Found in Toy Story Movie Script ...... 47 4.1.2.1 Regular Polysemy ...... 47 4.1.2.2 Irregular Polysemy ...... 69 4.2 Data Findings ...... 74 4.2.1 The Realization of Homonymy and Polysemy found in Toy Story Movie Scrip ...... 75

xii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ...... 77 5.2 Suggestions ...... 77 REFERENCES ...... 79

APPENDICES

xiii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Data Finding of The Types of Homonymy ...... 74 Table 2 Data Finding of The Types of Polysemy ...... 74 Table 3 The Percentage of The Realization of Homonymy and Polysemy ....75

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Semantic is one branch of linguistics that studies the meaning. Then meaning is the semantic relationship between the elements within a vocabulary system.In semantics, there is a meaning relation, that is the meaning contained in a word that refers to the concept of the word itself which is related to the meaning relation. Meaning relation in semantic has many types actually, there are synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, member-collection, portion-mass, and etc. In this research, the writer just focuses to find out about the homonymy and polysemy in Toy Story movie script.

Homonymy comes from Greek, homos and onuma. The word respectively means 'similar' or 'equal' and 'name'. In linguistics, this term is defined as the words the shape and manner of pronunciation are the same, but have different meanings. Homonymys are words which sound alike orspelled alike, but have different meanings. In language, homonyms can still be differentiated over homographs and homophones,because the similarity of forms can be seen from the spelling or speech. If the same is ‗pronunciation‘ it is called homophone, but if the same is ‗spelling‘ then it is called homograph. That is including of the types of homonymy. Homonymy belong to both, both are the part of homonymy.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Polysemy is the different meanings of word that has connection between eachother. Polysemy comes from the word poly and sema, which means 'many' and 'sign'. Thus, Polysemy means a word that have many meanings.

The writer analyzehomonymy andpolysemy because the writer sawactuallyhomonymy and polysemy are often consider as almost same, although the fact is different. Homonymy and polysemy often lead to misunderstandings even in writing or in communication. Many people are confused with both of them,because that‘s so difficult to distinguish between polysemy and homonymy, or which words or sentences contain polysemy as well as containing homonymy, whereas many of the decisive factors that lead to the occurrence of polysemy and homonymy.

Not only that, many experts unite polysemy and homonymy in one subtitle to be discussed together, it is because polysemy and homonymy are very important to know. As according toSaeed (2009:64) ―There is traditional distinction made in lexicology between homonymy and polysemy. Both deal with multiple senses of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked if the senses are judged to be related. This is an important distinction for lexicographers in the design of their dictionaries.

Then according to J.D. Parera (1990:58) “Kami sengaja membicarakan dua relasi makna ini dalam satu subjudul. Masalah yang muncul ialah kapan kita katakana atau tentukan dua kata berhubungan secara homonimi dan kapan dua kata itu masuk dalam relasi polisemi”. "We deliberately discussed these two

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA meaning relation in one subtitle. The problem that arises is when we say or specify two words related to homonymy and when the two words enter the polysemic relation”. Then Stephen Ullman is also uniting between homonymy and polysemy into one subtitle, and there‘re so many more say thatthese two things are very important to be analyzed.

Based on that, the writer is interested to make the research about homonymy and polysemy and then find out the types of homonymy and polysemy that contained in Toy Story movie script. There are many objects that can be used as the main data to analyzing polysemy and homonymy. Such objects can be magazines, newspapers, novels, songs, movie scripts and much more. In this study, the writer use the script of the movie as the object, in particular animated

Toy Story movie script. The writer choosesToy Storymovie script as the object because there are many words that are somewhat confusing and likely to have more than one meaning or the meaning is different of homonymy and polysemy which there are confusing words when the writer think about it, whether it is homonymy or polysemy in this script.

Toy Story is a movie with computer-made images or animation, first released by Disney. This story was telling about the adventures of toys that were described can to living if there are no people.

Sometimes when we watcha movie, there are words that we do not understand or have more than one meaning or the same word but the meaning is different for example in a conversation in a movie script.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA For examples from Toy Story movie script: The piggy bank flips one last penny into his coin slot. Just then Buzz banks under some power lies and soars upward. This word ‗bank‘ included in homonymy, the word ‗bank‘ usually refers to the place of save the money which is called as Bank, and the first sentence the word ‗bank‘ means „celengan‟ which is also to save the money, but in the second sentence, the word ‗bank‘ means „membelok‟, both of the words have no relation.Then the exemples of polysemy in Toy Story movie script: He looks back to discover Buzz stuck in the fence.They separate, sending the two toys upward and RC into the back of the truck.The word back in this sentence included polysemy because the word ‗back‘ has more than one meaning. The first sentence the word back means kembali, and the second sentence the word back means belakang.

Based on the examples, the writer feel curious about homonymy and polysemy, its mean that the writer would like to find out and describe how homonymy and polysemy realized in Toy Story movie script. From knowing how homonymy and polysemy realized in Toy Story movie script, we can see that how the description and quantity of homonymy and polysemy found in Toy Story movie script.

That's what makes the writer more interested in choosing a movie script, especially the movie Toy Story. Apart from that, the writer has ever watched this movie, then the writer felt that the words and the sentences of this movie has the misunderstanding meaning, its mean when the writer watched this movie, the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA writer found the same words but actually the meaning is different orcontains the same word but the meaning is more than one.

So that‘s why the writer is more interested in choosing this movie. Then this movie also contains values and morals in family life, especially the relationship between toys and the kids. Beside it, this movie is also in great demand by almost all circles, children and adults, so interesting enough to be studied.

1.2 Problems of the Study

To get the results of research needed a formulation of the problems. Based on the background of the study above, some problems can be identified as follows:

1. What types of homonymy are found in Toy Story movie script?

2. What types of polysemy are found in Toy Story movie script?

3. How are homonymy and polysemy realized in Toy Story movie script?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Based on the formulation of the problems above, the purpose of research

are as follows :

1. To analyze the typesof homonymythat found in Toy Storymovie script.

2. To analyze the typesof polysemy that found in Toy Story movie script.

3. To describehomonymy and polysemy that realized in Toy Story movie

script.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.4 Scopes of the Study

This research just focus on the title which is find about polysemy and homonymy words, phrases and sentences in Toy Story1movie script (1995) by

John Lasseter, after getting it, the writer analyze about the types ofhomonymy and polysemy that found in Toy Storymovie script, then findout which one is more dominantofhomonymy and polysemy that found in Toy Story movie script.

1.5 Significances of the Study

This study is expected to be able to succeed well, that can achieve the goal optimally, generating a systematic report and can be useful in general. In studying a research must have the benefits theoretically or practically.

Theoretically the results of this research will add to the richness of research in the field of linguistics related to the semantic especially about the polysemy and homonymy.

Practically the results of this study is expected to increase the appreciation of the work, movie, also useful in adding insight and knowledge for writers and readers, especially know about homonymy and polysemy.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Semantics

Semantics is the study of meaning of linguistics expression.Semantic word comes from the Greek language, sema that is noun, it‘s mean sign or symbol, or semaino that is verb, it‘s mean to mark or symbolize. By studying semantics, people can identify what the meaning implies in a word or sentences, in other words by studying semantics, it makes it easier for people to be better understand the meaning contained.

Saaed (2009:3) defined semantics as “The study of meaning of words and sentences” while according to Lyons (1995:3) “Semantics is traditionally defined as the study of meaning; and this is the definition which we shall initially adopt”.Then according to Palmer (1981:1)“Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is part of language, semantics is a linguistic”.

Some linguists have given the definition of semantics. Here are the definitions of semantics based on some linguists:

 Saeed (2003: 1)―Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through

language‖.

 Palmer (1976: 1) ―Semantics is the technical terms used to refer to the

study of meaning‖.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  Lyons (1977: 1) ―Semantics is generally designed as the study of

meaning‖.

Semantics is a branch of linguistics that examines meaning. The meaning under study by semantics is context-free meaning.

2.2 Scope of Semantics

Based on the definitions above, everybody would agree that Semantic is a study of meaning, and the main point of Semantic is meaning itself. There are at least two major approaches to know how the way meaning in a language is studied. The first is linguistic approach. The second is philosophical approach.

There are three basic terms of semantics, i.e (1) meaning, (2) sense, and (3) reference.

2.3 Meaning Relation

Meaning relations is also called sense or semantics relations. It is therelationships of meaning or sense that may be set up between two individual andgroups of lexical items.

Meaning relation or lexical relation according to Saeed (2009:63) “There are a number of different types of lexical relations such as homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy, member-collection, and portion- mass”.

There are number of different types of lexical relation/meaning relation, as we shall see. A particular lexeme may be simultaneously in a number of these

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA relations, so that it may be more accurate to think of the lexicon as a network, rather than a listing of words as in a published dictionary.

2.3.1 Synonymy

According to Saeed (2009:65) “Synonyms are different phonological words which have the same or very similar meaning”. For example: big and large, toilet and lavatory, etc. Another examples: couch/sofa, lawyer/attorney.

2.3.2 Antonymy

In traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposite with meaning (Saeed 2000: 66). Furthermore, Saeed mentions five types of opposition namely:

(1) Simple Antonymy

This is the relationship between pairs of words that if one is positive, then the other negative. These couples are often also called complementary pairs or binary pairs.

Examples : dead/alive (of e.g. animal), pass/fail (a test), hit/miss (a target)

(2) Gradable Antonymy

This is a relationship between opposites where the positive of one term does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, e.g. rich/poor, fast/slow, young/old, beautiful/ugly. This relation is typically associated with adjectives and has two major identifying characterstics: firstly, there are usually intermediate

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA terms so that between the gradable antonyms hot and cold we can find:Hot (warm tepid cool) cold.

(3) Reverses

The characteristics reverse relation is between terms describing movement, where one term describes movement, where one term describes movement in one direction  and the other the same movement in the opposite direction ; for example the terms push and pull on a swing door, which tel you in which direction to applyforce. Other such pairs are come/go, go/return, ascend/descend. When describing motio the following can be called reverses: (go) up/down, (go) in/out, (turn) right/left. By extension, the term is also applied to any process which can be reversed: so other reverses areinflate/deflate, expand/contract, fill/empty orkni/unravel.

(4) Converses

The relationship between two entities from the alternate viewpoint.

Example: own/belong, above/below, employer/employee.

(5) Taxonomic Sisters

The term antonymy is sometimes used to describe words which are at the same level in a taxonomy. Taxonomies are classification systems; we take as an example the colour adjectives in English, and give a selection below:

red orange yellow green blue purple brown

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA We can say that the words red and blue are sisters members of the same taxonomy and therefore incompatible with each other. Hence one can say: His car isn‘t red, it‘s blue.

Other taxonomies might include the days of the week: Sunday, Monday,

Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturdayor any of the taxonomies we use to describe the natural world, like types of dog: poodle, setter, bulldog, etc.

2.3.3 Hyponymy

According to Saeed (1997:68-69) Hyponymy is the relation of inclusion.

The more general term is called superordinate or hypernym. Much of the vocabulary is linked by such system of inclusion, and the resulting semantic networks from the hierarchical taxonomies mentioned above.

For example: dog and cat is hyponym of animal.

sister and mother are hyponyms of woman.

Hypernymy

Bird

Crow Hawk Duck etc

Kestrel Sparrowhawk etc Hyponym of bird

Hyponym of hawk Hyponym of bird

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Here, kestrel is a hyponym of hawk, and hawk is a hyponym of bird. We assume the relationship is transitive so that kestrel is a hyponym of bird. Other taxonomies reflect classifications of human artifacts, like:

tool

hammer saw chisel etc

hacksaw jigsaw etc

2.3.4 Meronymy

According to Saeed (1997:70) Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items‖ This definition is suit to the origin of the Greek word meronym, meros 'part' and onima 'name'.

Example: page 'halaman' is a meronym frombook 'buku'.

Meronymy reflects hierarchical classifications in the lexicon somewhat like taxonomies: a typical system might be:

car

wheel engine door window etc

piston valve etc

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Meronymy hierarchies are less clear-cut and regular than taxonomies.

Meronyms vary for example in how necessary the part is to the whole. Some are necessary for normal examples, such as nose as a meronym of face, other are usual but not obligatory, like collar as a meronym of shirt, still other are optional like cellar for house.

2.3.5 Member-Collection

Member-collection is the relationship between a word in a unit and a word commonly used for a collection of units. As Saeed said “This is a relationship between the word for a unit and the usual word for a collection of the units”.

For example: tree and forest is namely member-collection.

Ship—fleet, Tree—forest, Fish—shoal, Book—library, Bird—flock,

Sheep—flock, Worshipper—conregation.

2.3.6 Portion-Mass

The portion-mass relationship shows the relation between a mass noun and its usually unit of measurement. Mass nouns are nouns that cannot be directly modified by a numeral. In order for a mass noun to be pluralised it must be preceded by a unit of measurement or measure word. Some examples of mass nouns are water, and rice. In English the unit of measurement is a count noun.

Count nouns are nouns that can be modified directly by a nominal. For example, the words cup and grain.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4 Homonymy

According to Saeed (2009:63) “Homonyms are unrelated sense of the same phonological word” but this definition is somewhat different from the definition of Matthews (1997: 164) which calls homonymy as a relationship between words of the same shape but different meaning and can not be connected.

Palmer (1976: 67) states that “Homonymy is when there are several words with same shape”

Homonymy include the relation between the word pronunciation and the same form, but the meaning is unrelated. Based on the explanation, the writer argues that homonymy is the word that has same pronunciation and same form, but the meaning is different.

For example:

1. ‗Bank‘ means the place to save the money.

2. ‗Bank‘ means riverside.

2.4.1 Types of Homonymy

Saeed divided Homonymy into 4 types :

2.4.1.1 Same Spelling – Category.

Example : lap ‗circuit of a course‘ and lap ‗part of body when sitting down‘. The word of lap, that issame pronunciation and same form, but the meaning is different.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.1.2 Same Category – Different Spelling (Homophone)

Example : verb ring and wring.

1. I‘ll ring you up later.

2. She wring water from the cloth.

The word 'ring' in the first sentence, has a meaning to telephone somebody, and the word ‗wring‘ in the second sentence has a meaning to twist and squeeze clothes, etc, in order to get the water out of cloth.

2.4.1.3 Different Category – Same Spelling (Homograph)

Example : verb keep and the noun keep

1. We handled together to keep warm.

2. It‘s about time you got a job to earn your keep.

The word keep in the first sentence has a meaning to stay in a particular condition or position, and the word keep in the second meaning has a sense as food, clothes, and all the other things that a person needs to live.

2.4.1.4 Different Category – Different Spelling

Example : not and knot

1. I do not know. 2. Tie the two rope together with a scure knot.

The word not in the first sentence has a meaning as used to form negative of the verbs be, do, and have, and the modal like can, must, etc. And the word

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA knot in the second sentence has a meaning as a join made by tying together two pieces of ends of string, rope, etc.

Of course variations in pronounciation mean that not all speakers have the same set of homonyms. Some English speakers for example pronounce the pairs click and clique, or talk and torque, in the same way, making these homonyms which are spelled differently.

2.5 Polysemy

According to Saeed (2009:64) ―There is traditional distinction made in lexicology between homonymy and polysemy. Both deal with multiple senses of the same phonological word, but polysemy is invoked if the senses are judged to be related”. This is an important distinction for lexicographers in the design of their dictionaries, because polysemous senses are listed under the same lexical entry, while homonymous are senses given separate entries. Lexicographers tend to use criteria of ‗relatedness‘ to identify polysemy. These criteria include speakers‘ instuitions, and what is known about the historical development of the items. We can take an example of the distinction from the Collins English

Dictionary (Treffry 2000:743) where, as below shows various senses of hook are treated as polysemy and therefore listed under one lexical entry:

For example hook ‗kail‘ and hook ‗pengait‘.

While according to Lyons (1977:550) “Polysemy is where one lexical form has two or more related meaning”.Then polysemy is the different meanings of word that has connection between each other. Then Apresjan (1974) defined

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that polysemy is the phenomenon that a single word has several distinct but related meanings.

Klein & Murphy (2002) also defined that polysemy is the existence of more than one meaning for a given word that is the capability of a word to convey the different information about objects and phenomena of extra linguistics reality.

From that description, the writer argues that polysemy is a word which has more one meaning.

Meaning 1

Meaning 2 Word POLYSEMY Meaning 3

Meaning 4

Illustation of Polysemy

Dictionaries recognize polysemy by making a polysemous item a single dictionary entry, as examples head is one entry. Producers of dictionaries often make decision in this regard on the basis of etymology, which is necessarily relevant, and in fact separate entries are necessary in some instances when two lexemes have a common origin.

2.5.1 Types of Polysemy

Apresjan (1974) in Johannes Dölling‘s Journal (2018: 1) defined that polysemy is the phenomenon that a single word has several distinct but related meanings.Apresjan (1974) divided into two types of polysemy systematic

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (regularpolysemy) wherethe same relation holds between the meanings for a series of lexical items, and non-systematic (irregularpolysemy where the relation is particular to a single one. For example : (1) a. John put a glass on the table.

b. Mary enjoyed a glass of wine.

Due to the different selectional restrictions of the verbs it is combined with, the noun varies in its meaning: In (1a), glass is used to refer to a container, while in (1b) it is used to refer to a unit of liquid. As amongst others bottle, cup, pot, jar, bucket, barrel, bowl and spoon can have the same two kinds of meaning, glass is to be considered to instantiate systematic polysemy, as are the other items mentioned.

2.5.1.1 Regular Polysemy

According to Apresjan(1974) describes the polysemy of a word (A) with the meanings (ai) and (aj) as being regular if, in the given language, there exists at least oneother word (B) with the meanings (bi) and (bj), which differ from each other in exactly the same wayas (ai) and (aj), and if (ai) and (bi), (aj) and (bj)are not synonymous.

Then according to Klein and Murphy, 2001) regular form of polysemy defined as form of systematic, recurring polysemy. The words have a systematic relationship between them. In other word, word A is called regular if in the given language there exist at least one other word B with meaning which is semantically distinguished to each other in the same way and non synonymous.

For example:

Back to nature.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The word back on that sentence included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. The word back means ‗belakang‘ but in that sentence the word back means

‗kembali‘.Other example in the English word girl which can mean both small female and girlfriend.

2.5.1.2 Irregular Polysemy

According to Apresjan (1974), regular polysemy is typically associated with senses generated by metaphorical relations.

Then according to (Klein and Murphy, 2001) polysemy is called irregular if the semantic distinction between (ai) and (aj) is not exemplified in any other word of given language.

For example:

That is a new brand in the area of home decoration, which is

making efforts to enter the local market.

The word enter on that sentence included in irregular polysemy because it has same meaning or true meaning with other word even it has similar meaning to come in, get in is „memasuki‟.

Irreegular polysemy is also typically associated with senses generated by metaphorical relations,it does not have systematic relation. For example: cherry, it can be the name of fruit or kinds of colours. It has different meaning related to the context of word.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In this study, the writer chose the theory of Apresjan J. D because here they have explained about the polysemy clearly, then he described about the types of polysemy, meanwhile the theory of Saeed, he didn‘t describe about the types of polysemy clearly.

2.6 How to Distinguish Between Homonymy and Polysemy

Senses are represented differently in dictionaries. Different word senses are grouped and given entries based on their meaning. A dictionary might be consulted when one is in doubt whether a word is homonymous or polysemous. In dictionaries polysemic items are treated as a single entry, even if each entry represents many distinct senses (one lexeme, many senses), while homonyms have separate entries for each sense they represent (many lexemes each with one sense). Therefore, dictionaries treat homonyms as separate lexemes with separate senses while polysemous words have several senses grouped under one lexeme with each sense being derived from a dominant sense. The decision whether a word deserves a single or multiple entries is based upon two main factors.

The first is the etymology: words that are etymologically distinct are treated as separate lexemes (Palmer 1976). For example, in the case of different word forms with different origins these words are treated as homonyms and given a separate entry. On the other hand, words are treated as polysemous when they are known to be of a single origin, and therefore are given only one single entry.

A second way of determining the word sense and deciding whether the word is homonymic or polysemic is the notion of a core or a central meaning.

Polysemic words are believed to possess a core meaning while homonyms are

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA believed not. According to Palmer (1976) we cannot rely on dictionaries in order to determine whether a word is representing polysemy or homonymy. The approach used by dictionaries to decide whether a word is polysemic or homonymic is arbitrary, as dividing words based on their etymology and possession of a core meaning is not always as straightforward as it might appear.

According Keraf (2006:37) to determine whether a form is a polysemic or homonym is not always easy.

1. Establish the word based on its etymology or historical conjunction.

Forexample the word coffee is also a homonym although the word coffee comes from the coffie dutch language which means the name of the tree and the fried beans for the beverage while the word coffee II comes from the Copy language which means the copy (letter and so on).

2. By knowing the principle of the expansion of meaning from a basic meaning, one of them is a metaphor. such as the primary referent for words: mouth, eyes, head, feet. hands, and so are the parts of the human body. but in its expansion based on the metaphorical principle of that part of the body can also be used to refer to parts of: rivers, needles, troops, mountains, chairs and so on. the relationship is born from the similarity of function or form between the referents.

According to Chaer (2003: 304): The meanings that exist in polysemic though different but can be traced etymologically and semantically, that meanings still have a relationship. For example: the word pacar "inai" and the word pacar

"kekasih". The meanings in the two forms of homonymy have no connection at all. For example: "head" on the shape of the head of the letter and the meaning of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA "head" on the head of the needle can be traced from the lexical meaning of word

―head‖.

2.7 Movie Script

A film is also called a movie or motion picture. It is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects. The process of movie making has developed into an art form and industry

Bordwell and Thompson (2008: 20) examine that there are: two principal ways of grouping movie. One way is by genre. When we label movie a science fiction movie, a horror movie, or a musical, we're using genre categories. We are also usually classifying movie by some conception of the movie‘s relation to reality or to its manner of production. So, besides live-action fiction movie, we recognize documentaries, animated movies, and experimental movie. These types also exemplify non-narrative approaches to overall form.

Movie genres are various forms or identifiabletypes; there are action, adventure, comedies, crime and gangster movie, drama movie, epics/historical films, horror, musicals/dance film, war films, western, animation, thrillers. https://sennacademyhs.enschool.org/ourpages/auto/2017/8/14/42377035/Film%20

Art_An%20Introduction_Bordwell_8th%20Pt1.pdf

Scriptis a written work by screenwriters for a movie, video game, or television program. These scripts can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. In them, the movement, actions, expression, and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dialogues of the characters are also narrated. Based on Oxford Advanced

Learner‘s Dictionary“Script is a written text of a play, film/movie, broadcast, talk, etc…”

2.8 Theoretical Basis

To answer the first problem in this study, the writer used the theory of

Saeed (2009) in identifying the types of homonymy found in Toy StoryMovie

Script.

To answer the second problem in this study, the writer used the theory of

(Apresjan J. D 1974) in identifying the types of polysemy found in Toy

StoryMovie Script.

In connection with the formulation of the third problem, the writer used the formula of Nawawi to calculate to percentage of homonymy and polysemy that realizedin Toy StoryMovie Script. The writer used the The formula based on

(Nawawi, 1991: 68) 100% = N

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.9 Conceptual Framework

SEMANTICS

MEANING RELATION

Based on the theory of John I. Saeed

Synonymy Antonymy Homonymy Hyponymy Meronym Polysemy Member-Collection Portion-Mass y

Same Spelling-Category Regular form of Polysemy

Same Category-Different Spelling Irregular form of Polysemy

Different Category-Same Spelling Based on the theory of Apresjan J. D

Different Category-Different Spelling

Based on the theory of John I. Saeed

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.10 Relevant Studies

There are the researches that related to the writer‘s research. There are :

Diah Ayu Setianingrum (2017) ―A polysemy Analysis Of Vocabulary In

The Handbook Of Islamic Banking Major‖. This research was conducted based on the phenomenon of polysemy which made the students confusing between polysemy and homonomy in semantic class, whereas the multiple meaning of polysemy word still mutual related each other and homonomy are not related at all. In addition the research of polysemy analysis in English Education of

Tarbiyah Faculty at Raden Intan State Islamic University

Lampung has never be done researched before and it becomes an interesting one that researcher made. Therefore, polysemy which comprising the lingual unit form of vocabulary, the type of lingual unit form of polysemy and the type of polysemy as the object in this research. The researcher took the Handbook of Islamic

Banking as the subject of this research because this book concluded all the references that students‘ of Islamic Banking need and the researcher would focus into Economy context particularly in Islamic Banking. So that, this research discussed a polysemy analysis of vocabulary in the Handbook of Islamic Banking.

The objective of this research was to find out and describe the lingual unit form of vocabulary that contained polysemy, the type of lingual unit form of polysemy and the type of polysemy that appeared in the Handbook of Islamic Banking, book of English for Economy at Islamic Banking Major.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA That is different from the writer‘s study, on her research she analyzed about polysemy only, while the writer analyze about homonymy and polyemy, its mean that just focus of that. Then the contributions of this relevant study towards this study are; the writer can to increase knowledge about polysemy and look at the theory of polysemy and the methodology of that relevant study.

Sutadi (2013) ―Analysis of Meaning Relations in Abdullah Yusuf Ali‘s

Translation of Surah Ya-Sin of the Holy Qur‘an‖. While studying the data, thematic approach semantics analysis will be employed. The steps include collecting and selecting every word which has relation in the meaning of surah

Ya-Sin. Afterwards, classifying them according to typologies, and analyzing them. With these steps, a whole framework of this analysis will be revealed. The writer used Saeed‘s Theory to classify the lexical relation. In addition, they are homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, opposites (antonymy), hyponymy, meronymy, member-collection, and portion-mass. After that, he used both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. This research has the objectives to find out the type of lexical relations and to find out the most dominant type of lexical relation.

That is different from the writer‘s study, on his research he analyze about the meaning relation, while the writer analyze about homonymy and polysemy, its mean that just focus of that. Then the contribution of this relevant study towards this study is about the theory of Saeed which is explaining about the meaning relation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Sofianah Anah (2013) “Homonimi Dan Polisemi Pada Novel Harry Potter

DanThe Prosoner Of Azkaban Karya J. K. Rowling: Kajian Semantik”. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the homonymy and polysemy contained in the novel "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Karya J.K.

Rowling", the meaning contained in homonymy and polysemy, then identifying which use is dominant between homonymy or polysemy contained in the novel"

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Karya J.K. Rowling ". The method used in writing this thesis is a descriptive method in which the steps are collecting data by identifying sentences containing homonymy and polysemy.

That is different from the writer‘s study, because on her research she find out about the meaning of homonymy and polysemy as the problems of the study, she found the meaning, whether the meaning of conceptual meaning or ect, meanwhile on the writer‘s study, the writer find out the types of homonymy and polysemy which is containing in movie script, while her research she used the novel as the object. Then the contributions of this relevant study towards this study just like the theory of semantics, the theory of homonymy, etc.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

The definition of research is an effort done to solve the problem by using systematic process and methodology. Research appears because there are some problems, which appear to solve that problem needed to do research in order to get effective and correct solving problem. Research may be done because there searcher‘s curiosity.

In this study, the writer used qualitative descriptive which is used as a method of research because the result of this study is intended to describe

Homonymy and Polysemy found in Toy Story Movie Script.

According to Creswell (2009: 3) research design is plan and the procedures for research to detailed methods of data collection and analysis.

Moreover, Creswell (2007: 37) state that qualitative research begins with assumption, a worldview, the possible use of a theoretical lens, and the study during of research problems inquiring into the meaning individuals of groups ascribe to a social human problem, builds a complex, holistic, picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting. During the data analysis, the writer follows path of analyzing the data to develop an increasingly detailed knowledge of the topic being studied.

Then according to Mahsun (2007:257) qualitative research aims to understand the linguistic phenomena being studied. Therefore, qualitative analysis

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA focuses on the designation of meaning, description, clarification, and placement of data in their respective contexts and often depicts them in the form of words rather than numbers.

The research design is in accordance with the research, the writer is actively involved with the phenomenon being studied. This study describes

Homonymy and Polysemy found in Toy Story Movie Script.

In this study, the writer chooses descriptive qualitative method because the purpose of this study is to describe the phenomena of semantics study, especially about the meaning relation, there are polysemy and homonymy. This research is also accomplished byfinding and collecting the words or sentences which contain polysemy and homonymy in Toy Story Movie Script, classifying the words or sentences which is contain polysemy and homonymy, then analyzing the data, and making some conclusions.

3.2 Data and Data Sources

The data of this study were all of words in sentences which contain

Homonymy and Polysemy found in Toy Story Movie Script. The source of data in this study is Toy Story Movie Script, and it is retrieved from https://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Toy-Story.html.

3.3 Data Collection Procedures

Data collection according to Mahsun (2007: 32) is the stage of providing or collecting data related to providing activities and the availability of data.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Technique can be seen through: questionnaire, interview, observation, documentation, etc. In this study the writer used the method of documentation to collecting the data. Data documentation according to Sugiyono (2005: 83) can be in the form of writing, pictures, and works.

In collecting the data, the writer used documentation method is intended to obtain data directly from the research, including relevant books, studying, and relevan tresearch data. This study, documentation method is the way to take data by watching the movie and reading the source and making the list of collected data. Then the writer used note technique to collecting and taking note about homonymy and polysemy found in Toy Story Movie Script.

In collecting the data, the writer did these following steps:

a) Reading Toy Story movie script.

b) Searching the words or sentences that have homonymy and polysemy

characteristics.

c) Selecting the words or sentences which contain homonymy and polysemy

in Toy Story Movie Script.

d) Collecting and taking note about homonymy and polysemy found in Toy

Story Movie Script.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

All data are words in sentences containing expressions that have homonymy and polysemy found in ―Toy Story‖ movie script will be analyzed.

The method used in writing this thesis is a descriptive analysis method. Gay

(1987: 28) explained that“a descriptive method is a method of research or to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA answer questions concerning the current status of the study of the object. The descriptive study determines and reports the way thing share ” . Whitney

(1960:160) explained that “a descriptive method is a search of facts with correct interpretations”

Based on the author's definition toward the method, the writer answers the questions contained in the problems of the study, the steps are:

a) Collect data by identifying sentences that contain homonymy and

polysemy.

b) Then group these words into two groups namely groups which include

homonymy and polysemy. Homonymy grouped into four types and

polysemy grouped into two types.

c) Analyzed data based on each type used the theory.

d) To get the meaning of each words the writer consult Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English.

e) Calculating the data to find the dominant kind of homonymy and

polysemy found in the source of data by Nawawi‘s formula (1991: 68)

100% = N

X : The number of homonymy and polysemy.

Y: The number of all data.

N : The percentage of homonymy and polysemy.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Data Analysis

First thing the writer is doing the data collecting according to the theory. In this study, the data was taken from the source of data, which is from Toy Story

Movie Script. Words or sentences which contain homonymy and polysemy that found in Toy Story Movie Script are the data of this study, which is in Toy Story

Movie Script there are 79 scenes and 53 pages. The writer used the script of Toy

Story. The method used in writing this thesis is a descriptive analysis method to analyzing the data.

This part contains about the findings and discussion, findings were shown in the tables with supported data analysis. The end of this chapter gave the discussion about the finding. Homonymy theory proposed by Saeed (2009) is used in analyzing data and polysemy proposed by Apresjan (1974). Homonymy grouped into four types and polysemy grouped into two types, then analyzed data based on each type used the theory. To get the meaning of each words the writer used Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English.

4.1.1 Types of Homonymy Found in Toy Story Movie Script

According to the theory of Saeed (2009).

4.1.1.1 Same Spelling – Category.

There are 9 pairs data of this type Same Spelling – Category that found in

Toy Story movie script.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. (a) The RC Car rockets forward. Speeding along the dividing line in the road. (Scene 75 at street/back of moving truck, page 51)

(b) The bedroom is lined with cloud wallpaper giving the impression of sky.(Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom, page 1) Meaning:

(a) Line /´lʌɪn/ : A long, narrow mark or band.

(b) Line /´lʌɪn/ : Refers to the verb, to cover the wall with a layer of different

material.

Analysis:

The word line in the first and second sentence above included in

Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word line comes from two entries word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word line in the first sentence has the meaning a long narrow mark or band „garis‟, while the word line in the second sentence has the meaning refers to cover the wall with a layer of different material „dilapisi‟ and this is refers to the verb.

As the meaning of homonymy is derived from different words but the form and pronunciation are the same but the meaning contained is not interrelated or different.

2. (a) Andy‘s hand lowers a ceramic piggy bank in front of Mr. Potato Head and shakes out a pile of coins to the floor (Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom, page1) (b) Pig Pile! (Scene 71 at the street, rear of moving truck, page 48) Meaning:

(a) Pile /´pʌɪl/ : Refers to stack of object, in this case is the coin.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Pile /´pʌɪl/ : Siting down suddenly and loudly(noun).

Analysis:

The word pile in the first and second sentence above included in

Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word pile comes from more than one entry word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word pile in the first sentence has the meaning refers to stack of object (coin) „tumpukan‟, while the word pile in the second sentence has the meaning refers to sitting down suddenly and loudly „tindihan‟.

As the meaning of homonymy is derived from different words but the form and pronunciation are the same but the meaning contained is not interrelated or different. That‘s why these words included in same spelling – category.

3. (a) You saved the day again, Woody. (Scene 1 at Andy‘s bedroom, page 2)

(b) Okay, save your batteries!(Scene 4, page 6) Meaning:

(a) Save /´seɪv/ : Refers to rescue something.

(b) Save /´seɪv/ : Refers to keep the batteriesso it doesn‘t run out.

Analysis:

The word save in the first and second sentence above included in

Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word save comes from more than one entry word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word save in the first sentence has the meaning refers to rescue something „penyelamat‟, while the word save in the second sentence has the meaning refers to keep the batteries so it doesn‘t run out „hematkan‟

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA As the meaning of homonymy is derived from different words but the form and pronunciation are the same but the meaning contained is not interrelated or different. That‘s why these words included in same spelling – category.

4. (a) I couldn‘t find my Buzz. I know I left him right there. (Scene 25, Upstairs hall/Andy‘s bedroom, page 20)

(b) Ok, so that‘s two lefts and then a right, huh? (Scene 28 at gas station- a few minutes later, page 23) Meaning:

(a) Left /lɛft/ : Refers to moving away from someone/something or the second

verb (past tense) of ‗leave‘

(b) Left /´lɛft/ : Has the meaning ‗kiri‘

Analysis:

The word left in the first and second sentence above included in

Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word left comes from more than one entry word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word left in the first sentence has the meaning refers to moving away from someone/something „meninggalkan‟ or past tense of the verb

‗leave‘, while the word left in the second sentence has the meaning „kiri‟

5. (a) But what if Andy gets another dinosaur? A mean one? I just don‘t think I can take that kind of rejection.(Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous, page 5)

(b) Now thank you all for your kind welcome (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom- continuous, page 12)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Meaning:

(a) Kind /´kʌɪnd/ : Refers to a group of people or things having similar

characteristics.

(b) Kind /´kʌɪnd/ : Refers to showing a friendly, generous, and considerate

nature.

Analysis:

The word kind in the first and second sentence above included in Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word kind comes from more than one entry word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word kind in the first sentence has the meaning refers to a group of people or things having similar characteristics „jenis‟, while the word kind in the second sentence has the meaning refers to showing a friendly, generous, and considerate nature.

As the meaning of homonymy is derived from different words but the form and pronunciation are the same but the meaning contained is not interrelated or different. So that‘s why these words included in same spelling – category.

6. (a) Quick! Make a space! This is where the spaceship lands. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous, page 9)

(b) I‘m Buzz Lightyear, Space Ranger, Universe Protection Unit(Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous, page 11) Meaning:

(a) Space /´speɪs/ : Refers to giving the gap.

(b) Space /´speɪs/ : Refers to the sky ‗angkasa‘

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word space in the first and second sentence above included in

Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word space comes from more than one entry word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word space in the first sentence has the meaning refers to giving the gap „spasi‟, „celah‟, while the word space in the second sentence has the meaning refers to the sky „angkasa‟.

7. (a) Only it sounds like a car ran over it. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous, page 12)

(b) Great idea, Woody! I like your thinking! (Scene 30 Delivery Truck, page 24) Meaning:

(a)Like /´lʌɪk/ : Having the same characteristics or qualities as; similar to.

(b)Like /´lʌɪk/ : The things one likes or prefers.

Analysis:

The word like in the first and second sentence above included in Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word like comes from more than one entry word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word like in the first sentence has the meaning refers to having the same characteristics or qualities as, similar to „seperti‟, while the word like in the second sentence has the meaning refers to the things one likes or prefers „suka‟.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA As the meaning of homonymy is derived from different words but the form and pronunciation are the same but the meaning contained is not interrelated or different. So that‘s why these words included in same spelling – category.

8. (a) Where was the last place you left him? (Scene 39 Andy‘s house, page 30)

(b) The mutant toys part to reveal the recent victims of Sid‘s last “operation‖: The Jennie Doll and Pterodactyl. (Scene 54 Sid‘s room, page 38) Meaning:

(a) Last /´lɑːst/ : Coming after all others in time or order; final.

(b) Last /´lɑːst/ : Things that have happened, past things.

Analysis:

The word last in the first and second sentence above included in Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word last comes from more than one entry word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word last in the first sentence has the meaning refers to coming after all others in time or order final „terakhir‟, while the word last in the second sentence has the meaning refers to the things that have happened or past things „lalu‟

9. (a) Just then Buzz banks under some power lines and soars upward again. (Scene 75 at street / back of moving truck, page 51)

(b) Hamm, piggy bank flips one last penny into his coin slot. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 3)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Meaning:

(a) Bank /baŋk/ : Refers to the verb, to turn.

(b) Bank /baŋk/ : Refers to save money or place to save money.

Analysis:

The word bank in the first and second sentence above included in Homonymy which is types of same spelling – category, because the word bank comes from more than one entry word, whose form and pronunciation are the same but have different meaning. The word bank in the first sentence has the meaning refers to the verb, that is to turn „membelok‟, while the word bank in the second sentence has the meaning refers to save money or place to save money „celengan‟.

4.1.1.2 Same Category – Different Spelling (Homophone)

There are 9 pairs data of this type Same Category – Different Spelling that found in Toy Story movie script.

1. (a) A porcelain figurine of the shepherdess, Bo Peep is brought into the scene. (Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom, page 1)

(b) Where‘s my ear? Who‘s seen my ear? (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom- continuous, page 9) Meaning:

(a) Scene /siːn/ : Refers to the place or area.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Seen /siːn/ : Refers to look something.

Analysis:

The word scene in the first sentence has the meaning refers to the place or an area „lokasi‟ and the second sentence the word seen has the meaning refers to look something „melihat‟. Both of the words have different meaning, but pronunciation or category is same. The word scene and seen have the same pronunciation or sound but spelling is different, that‘s why both of the words included in same category-different spelling or homophone.

2. (a) Say good bye to the wife and tatertoots. (Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom, page2)

(b) I‘m actually from a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buy-out. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous, page 12) Meaning:

(a) Bye /bʌɪ/ : Refers to say the statement good-bye.

(b) Buy /bʌɪ/ : Take the things and giving the money.

Analysis:

The word bye in the first sentence has the meaning refers to say the statement good bye „selamat tinggal‟ and the second sentence the word buy has the meaning refers to take the things and then giving the money „membeli/dibeli‟. Both of words have different meaning and different spelling, but the sound or category is same. As the meaning of homophone which is the word that have same sound or pronunciation but spelling is different, so that‘s why the word bye and buy included in same category-different spelling or homophone.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. (a) Pardon me. I hate to break up the staff meeting, but they‘re here!(Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 6)

(b) Stay calm, everyone! Too late. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 6) Meaning:

(a) To /tu:/ : Similar with the word ‗for‘

(b) Too /tu:/ : Similar with the word ‗So‘, ‗Very‘

Analysis:

The word to in the first sentence has the meaning „untuk‟ and the second sentence the word too has the meaning „terlalu‟. Both of words have different meaning and different spelling, but the sound or category is same. As the meaning of homophone which is the word that have same sound or pronunciation but spelling is different, so that‘s why the word to and too included in same category - different spelling or homophone.

4. (a) The present is four feet long.(Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 6)

(b) The word I‘m searching for I can‘t say because there‘s pre-school toys present. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom, page 12) Meaning:

(a) Four /fɔː/ :Refers to the number.

(b) For /fɔː/ :Similar with the word ‗to‘.

Analysis:

The word four in the first sentence has the meaning refers to the number

„empat‟ and the second sentence the word for has the meaning „untuk‟. Both of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA words have different meaning and different spelling, but the sound or category is same.

As the meaning of homophone which is the word that has same sound or pronunciation but spelling is different, so that‘s why the word four and for included in same category - different spelling or homophone.

5. (a) Did you see my ear? (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous, page 9)

(b) A sea of sound and lights overwhelm the place. (Scene 32 when at pizza planet - front entrance – continuous, page 25) Meaning:

(a) See /siː/ : Look ‗melihat‘

(b) Sea /siː/ : Like a river, but sea is larger than river;

Analysis:

The word see in the first sentence has the meaning refers to look „melihat‟ and the second sentence the word sea has the meaning like a river but sea is larger than river „laut‟. Both of words have different meaning and different spelling, but the sound or category is same.

As the meaning of homophone which is the word that has same sound or pronunciation but spelling is different, so that‘s why the word see and sea included in same category - different spelling or homophone.

6. (a) What the heck is up there? (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous, page 10)

(b) My eyeballs could‘ve been sucked from their sockets! (Scene 24 Andy‘s bedroom in the morning, page 16)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Meaning:

(a)There /ðɛː/ : Refers to the direction or position.

(b) Their /ðɛː/ : Refers to relative pronoun of ‗they‘

Analysis:

The word there in the first sentence has the meaning „disana‟ and the second sentence the word their, has the meaning refers to relative pronoun of ‗they‘

„kepunyaan mereka‟. Both of words have different meaning and different spelling, but the sound or category is same.

As the meaning of homophone which is the word that has same sound or pronunciation but spelling is different, so that‘s why the word there and their included in same category - different spelling or homophone.

7. (a) My ship has crash landed here by mistake (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous, page 11)

(b) Do you hear me? (Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom, page 16) Meaning:

(a) Here /hɪə(r)/ : Used when gesturing to indicate the place intended

(b) Hear /hɪə(r)/ : Listen or pay attention to.

Analysis:

The word here in the first sentence has the meaning „disini‟ and the second sentence the word hear has the meaning refers to keep the ear in order to take the sound „mendengar‟. Both of words have different meaning and different spelling, but the sound or category is same.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA As the meaning of homophone which is the word that has same sound or pronunciation but spelling is different, so that‘s why the word here and hear included in same category - different spelling or homophone.

8. (a) He stares out the sun roof, still reeling from everything. (Scene 27 at van - continuous, page 21)

(b) Son of a bulding block, it‘s Woody!(Scene 49 Sid‘s window/ Andy‘s bedroom window – continuous, page 36) Meaning:

(a) Sun /sʌn/ : The star round which the earth orbits.

(b) Son /sʌn/ : A man, kid, boy.

Analysis:

The word sun in the first sentence has the meaning refers the star round which the earth orbits „matahari‟ and the second sentence the word son has the meaning refers to a man, kid, boy „Anak/putra laki-laki‟. Both of words have different meaning and different spelling, but the sound or category is same.

As the meaning of homophone which is the word that has same sound or pronunciation but spelling is different, so that‘s why the word sun and son included in same category - different spelling or homophone.

9. (a) The claw is our master (Scene 34 Crane game, page 26)

(b) It should be good for hours. (Scene Sid‘s room – continuous, page 31) Meaning:

(a) Our /aʊə/ : Refers to personal pronoun of ‗we‘, related to ‗us‘

(b) Hour /aʊə/ : Refers to the time.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word our in the first sentence has the meaning refers to personal pronoun of ‗we‘ „kepunyaan kami‟ and the second sentence the word hour has the meaning refers to the time „berjam-jam‟. Both of words have different meaning and different spelling, but the sound or category is same.

As the meaning of homophone which is the word that has same sound or pronunciation but spelling is different, so that‘s why the word our and hour included in same category - different spelling or homophone.

4.1.1.3 Different Category – Same Spelling (Homograph)

There are 2 pairs data of this type Different Category – Same Spelling that found in Toy Story movie script.

1. (a) They‘re going to see a live show in Pizza Planet (Scene 32 in Pizza Planet, page 24)

(b) Now, they live in the new house. (Scene 79 Andy‘s new bedroom, page 52) Meaning:

(a) Live /´lʌɪv/ : Directly.

(b) Live /´lɪv/ : Spend the rest of one's life in a particular place or particular

circumstances

Analysis:

The word live in the first sentence has the meaning „langsung‟ and the second sentence the word live has the meaning refers to spend the rest of one‘s life in a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA particular place or particular circumstances „tinggal‟. Both of words have different meaning but same spelling, and the sound or category is different.

As the meaning of homograph which is the word that has same spelling but the sound or pronounciation (category) is different, so that‘s why the word live included in same spelling- different category or homograph.

2. (a) The word I‘m searching for I can‘t say because there‘s pre-school toys present. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom, page 12)

(b) Woody presents the staff meeting in front of podium. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 4) Meaning:

(a) Present /´prɛz(ə)nt/ : Existing or occurring in a place or thing.

(b) Present /prɪ´zɛnt/ : Giving some statements in front of people.

Analysis:

The word present in the first sentence has the meaning existing or occurring in a place or thing „hadir‟ and the second sentence the word present has the meaning giving some statements in front of people „mempresentasikan‟. Both of words have different meaning but same spelling, and the sound or category is different.

As the meaning of homograph which is the word that has same spelling but the sound or pronounciation (category) is different, so that‘s why the word present included in same spelling- different category or homograph.

4.1.1.4 Different Category – Different Spelling

There‘s no word or sentence that found containing this type in the Toy Story movie script.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.2 Types of Polysemy Found in Toy Story Movie Script

According to the theory of Apresjan 1974.

4.1.2.1 Regular Polysemy

There are 29 pairs data of this type Regular Polysemy that found in Toy Story movie script.

1. (a) Alright everyone, this is a stick up! Don‘t anybody move! (Scene 1when toys inAndy‘s Bedroom, page 1)

(b) Can we leave this up ‗till we move? (Scene 3when Andy was talking to his mother, page 2) Meaning:

(a) Move /muːv/ : Go in a specified direction or manner; change position.

(b) Move /muːv/ : Refers to the change position.

Analysis:

The word move in the first sentence has the meaning „bergerak‟. While in the second sentence the word move has the meaning „pindah‟ So, the word move included regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non-synonymous, in usual it can be means as „bergerak‟ but in this second sentence the word move mean as „pindah‟

So, both of the words included in regular polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word move included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

2. (a) A row of moving boxes lie on the floor of the room. (Scene 1 when toys in Andy‘s bedroom, page 1).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Woody lies limp on the sofa while is heard talking to his mother. (Scene 3 in the downstairs living room, page 2) Meaning:

(a) Lie /´lʌɪ/ : The way, direction, or position in which something lies.

(b) Lie /´lʌɪ/ : A person or animal be in or assume a horizontal or resting

position on a supporting surface.

Analysis:

The word lie of Toy Story Movie Script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In usual it can be means as „berbaring‟ but in the first sentence the word lie means „terletak‟, and the second sentence has the meaning „berbaring‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word lie included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

3. (a) A group of toys have been crowded together in front of the bank box (Scene 1 when toys in Andy‘s bedroom, page 1) (b) Hamm, the piggy bank flips one last penny into his coin slot (Scene 4 when toys in Andy‘s bedroom-continuous, page 3) Meaning:

(a) Bank /baŋk/ : Refers to save something, in this case the place of the toys.

(b) Bank /baŋk/ : Refers to save the money, in this case the place of money

that shaped ‗pig‘

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word bank in the first sentence has the meaning „penyimpanan‟ and the second sentence the word bank has the meaning „celengan‟. The word bank included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In usual it can be means as „bank/penyimpanan uang‟ but in the second sentence the word bank means „celengan‟

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word bank included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning, that is the place to saving money/thing.

4. (a) Quiet Bo Peep, or your sheep run over! (Scene1 Andy‘s bedroom, page 1) (b) This is it! This is it! Quiet, quiet! (Scene 11 Andy‘s bedroom, page 8) Meaning:

(a) Quiet /ˈkwʌɪət/ : Making little or no noise.

(b) Quiet /ˈkwʌɪət/ : Refers to making to be calm.

Analysis:

The word quiet in the first and second sentence has the meaning „diam‟ and

„tenang‟, both are refers to keep calm, so the word quiet included regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In usual it can be means as „tenang‟ but in the first sentence the word quiet has the meaning as „diam‟.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word quiet included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

5. (a) Reach for the sky (Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom, page 1) (b) Woody then lunges for the strap but it stays just out of reach. (Scene 69 Andy‘s driveway, page 47) Meaning:

(a) Reach /riːtʃ/ : Refers to verb, in order to touch or grasp something.

(b) Reach /riːtʃ/ : Refers to the noun, in order to touch or grasp something.

Analysis:

The word reach in the first sentence has the meaning „menggapai‟ and the second sentence has the meaning „jangkauan‟, both are same but in the first sentence the word reach refers to the verb, and the second refers to the adverb, the word reach has more than one meaning actually, but in this case both are still have related meaning, so that‘s why the word reach included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In usual it can be means as „menggapai‟ but in the second sentence in Toy Story movie script has the meaning as „jangkauan‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word reach included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

6. (a) You can‘t touch me Sherrif! I brought my attact dog with a built in force field! (Scene 1 when toys in Andy‘s bedroom, page 1)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Buzz‘s space ranger logo is on the screen over a field of stars. (Scene 42 Sid‘s house, page 32) Meaning:

(a) Field /fiːld/ : An area which is or is to become the scene of a battle or

campaign.

(b) Field /fiːld/ : An area that shows a side.

Analysis:

The word field on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In usual it can be means as „bidang‟ but in the first sentence of Toy

Story movie script it means as „medan‟. So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but it has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word field included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

7. (a) C‘mon, Molly. Oh you‘re getting heavy! (Scene 4, Andy‘s bedroom- continuous, page 3) (b) In heavy rain, woody unlocks the back door of the truck and tries to lift up thedoor. (Scene 69 Andy‘s driveway-continuous, page 47) Meaning:

(a) Heavy /´hɛvi/ : Great weight; difficult to lift or move.

(b) Heavy /´hɛvi/ : Refers to the rain or explaining the rain that heavy.

Analysis:

The word heavy on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In usual it can be means as „berat‟ but in the second sentence of Toy

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Story movie script it means as „lebat‟, but both are still have related meaning, so that‘s why the word heavy included in polysemy.

8. (a) Okay, everybody. Coast is clear! (Scene 4 when Woody in Andy‘s bedroom-continuos, page 3)

(b) All is clear, no sign of Andy. (Scene 24 in the morning in Andy‘s bedroom, page 14) Meaning:

(a) Clear /klɪə/ : Refers to safe condition.

(b) Clear /klɪə/ : Refers to obvious condition.

Analysis:

The word clear on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy, because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In usual it can be means as „jelas‟ but in the first sentence the word clear has the meaning as „aman‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word clear included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

9. (a) Oh… Well alright, you can be red if you want(Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 3)

(b) Red Alert! Red Alert! Andy is coming upstairs! (Scene 20 in living room, page 9) Meaning:

(a) Red /rɛd/ : Refers to the color.

(b) Red /rɛd/ : Refers to the meaning of red that is dangers or fire.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word red in the first sentence refers to the color, but in the second sentence the word red refers to meaning of red, that is danger. But both of words have still related meaning, so that the word red included regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous, in usual it can be means as „merah‟ but in the second sentence the word red has the meaning as „bahaya‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word red included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

10. (a) Got a staff meeting, you guys, come on, let’s go!(Scene 4 in Andy‘s bedroom, page 4) (b) Say there, Lizard and Stretchy Dog. Let me show you something. (Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom from the toys box, page 15) Meaning:

(a) Let /lɛt/ : Not prevent or forbid; allow.

(b) Let /lɛt/ : Used as a polite way of making or responding to a suggestion,

giving an instruction, or introducing a remark.

Analysis:

The word let on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In usual it can be means „biarkan‟, biar‟ as the second sentence. But in the first sentence the word let means as „ayo‟.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word let included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

11. (a) Remember, I‘m just a couple of blocks away.(Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom- continuous, page 4)

(b) The toys suddenly appear and block their path to the doorway. (Scene 40 Sid‘s Room- continuous, page 31) Meaning:

(a) Block /blɒk/ : Refers to the noun, a large solid piece of hard material,

especially rock, stone, or wood, typically with flat surfaces on each

side.

(b) Block /blɒk/ : Refers to the verb, hinder something.

Analysis:

The word block on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word block refers to the noun, a large solid piece of hard material especially rock, stone, or wood, typically with flat surfaces on each side „blok‟, and the second sentence the word block refers to the verb, hinder something „menghalangi‟. In usual it can be means ‗blok‗, but in the second sentence the word block means as „menghalangi‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word block included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

12. (a) The toys crowd together as Woody steps up to the podium. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous, page 4)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Woody steps down from the podium and walks towards the crowd. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous, page 5) Meaning:

(a) Crowd /kraʊd/ : A large number of people gathered together in a

disorganized or unruly way.

(b) Crowd /kraʊd/ : The mass or multitude of people (noun).

Analysis:

The word crowd on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word crowd refers as a verb, „berkerumun‟

„berkumpul‟, and the second sentence the word crowd refers as a noun, „keramaian‟.

In usual it can be means „ribut, ramai, kerumun„, but in the second sentence the word crowd means as „kerumunan‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word crowd included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

13. (a) Too much cake and ice cream, I suppose. It‘s just a mistake. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous, page 10)

(b) With permanent ink, too. (Scene 24 Andy‘s bedroom, in the morning, page 15) Meaning:

(a) Too /tuː/ : Similar with the word ‗so‘ very‘

(b) Too /tuː/ : Similar with the word ‗also‘

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word too on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word too refers to say ‗so‘, „terlalu‟, and the second sentence the word too refers to say same like ‗also‘, the word too if put in front of adjective, the meaning to be „terlalu‟, but if the word too is put after of the sentence, the meaning to be „juga‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word or comes from one entry word, even though the meaning of the words have a bit different, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word too included in polysemy because the words still have a bit related meaning even though it depends on the sentence.

14. (a) I‘ve crash landed on a strange planet. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom, page 11) (b) You are a sad strange little man and you have my pity. (Scene 27 in Van- continuous, page 22) Meaning:

(a) Strange /´streɪn(d)ʒ/ :Refers to a place that didn‘t know before

(b) Strange /´streɪn(d)ʒ/ : Refers to the thing that silly

Analysis:

The word strange on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word strange refers to a place that didn‘t know before „asing‟, and the second sentence the word strange refers to the thing that silly,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA „aneh‟. In usual it can be means „asing„, but in the second sentence the word strange means as „aneh‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word strange included in polysemy because the word still have related meaning.

15. (a) This is my spot, see, the bed here. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom, page 11)

(b) Woody turns around and through the video game he spots. (Scene 32 in Pizza planet, page 25) Meaning:

(a) Spot /spɒt/ : Refers to the place.

(b) Spot /spɒt/ :Mark or become marked with spots.

Analysis:

The word spot on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word spot refers to the place „tempat‟, and the second sentence the word spot refers to mark or become marked with spots „tandai‟.

In usual it can be means „tempat‟, but in the second sentence the word spot means

„tanda‟

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word or comes from one entry word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word spot included in polysemy.

16. (a) Slinky presses the button on Buzz‘s arm , activating his laser light. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom, page 12)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Suddenly, the door flies open revealing Woody, entangled in Christmas lights, standing atop a pile of boxes to be at doorknob height. (Scene 45 Upstairs hallway, page 34) Meaning:

(a) Light /´lʌɪt/ : Refers to ray or glow.

(b) Light /´lʌɪt/ : Decorative illuminations

Analysis:

The word light on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word light refers to shining „cahaya‟, and the second sentence the word light refers to the noun „lampu‟. In usual it can be means

„cahaya„, but in the second sentence the word light means as the noun or the thing of the light „lampu‟

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word light included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

17. (a) The roar blasts Potato Head‘s features right off his face. (Scene 22 Andy‘s bedroom – later, page 14)

(b) Didn‘t want to face the fact that Buzz just might be Andy‘s new favorite toy, so you got rid of him. (Scene 25 Upstairs hall/Andy‘s bedroom, paged 19) Meaning:

(a) Face /feɪs/ : The front part of a person's head from the forehead to the

chin.

(b) Face /feɪs/ : Refers to through something.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word face on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word face refers to the part of body, especially the front part of the person‘s head, the name is face „wajah‟, and the second sentence the word face refers to the verb, and the meaning has been „menghadapi‟, but these words are still have the relation. In usual it can be means „wajah„, but in the second sentence the word face has the meaning as the verb „menghadapi‟

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word face included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning.

18. (a) Well, I must get back to repairing my ship. (Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom, page 15)

(b) Woody looks across the desktop at Buzz sitting dejectedly with the rocket strappedat his back. (Scene 56 Sid‘s room, page 40) Meaning:

(a) Back /bak/ : So as to return to an earlier or normal position or condition.

(b) Back /bak/ : The position directly behind someone or something.

Analysis:

The word back on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word back has the meaning „kembali, and the second sentence the word back has the meaning „belakang‟, but these words are still

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA have the relation. In usual it can be means „kembali„, but in the second sentence the word back has the meaning „belakang‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word back included in polysemy because the two words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

19. (a) Oh okay, so you want to do it the hard way, huh? (Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom, page 15)

(b) Wait a minute! No Buzz! This way! (Scene 32 In Pizza Planet, page 25) Meaning:

(a) Way /´weɪ/ : A method, style, or manner of doing something; an optional

or alternative form of action.

(b) Way /´weɪ/ : A means of entry or exit from somewhere, such as a door or

gate.

Analysis:

The word way on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word way has the meaning „cara‟, and the second sentence the word way has the meaning „jalan‟, but these words are still have the relation. In usual it can be means „cara„, but in the second sentence the word way has the meaning „jalan‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word way

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

20. (a) Both Mrs. Davis and Andy exit the van while baby Molly sleeps up front in her car seat. (Scene 27 in van – continuous, page 21)

(b) The two toys fly off the seat and out the open side door of the van. (Scene 27 in van – continuous, page 21) Meaning:

(a) Seat /siːt/ : A thing made or used for sitting on, such as a chair or stool.

(b) Seat /siːt/ : Refers to the place or spot.

Analysis:

The word seat on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word seat has the meaning „kursi‟, and the second sentence the word seat has the meaning „tempat‟, but these words are still having the relation. In usual it can be means „kursi„, but in the second sentence the word seat has the meaning „tempat‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word seat included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

21. (a) Molded on the underside of the cover are three words: Made In Taiwan. (Scene 42 Sid‘s room, page 33)

(b) He covers Woody‘s mouth with his hand. (Scene 41 Upstairs hallway, page 31)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Meaning:

(a) Cover /´kʌvə/ :Part as a cover for something or object to be closed

(b) Cover /´kʌvə/ :An act to cover.

Analysis:

The word cover on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word cover has the meaning „sampul‟, and the second sentence the word cover has the meaning „menutupi‟ that is the verb, but these words are still having the relation. In usual it can be means „sampul„, but in the second sentence the word cover has the meaning „menutupi‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word cover included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

22. (a) What, dear? What was that? (Scene 44 Sid‘s house, page 34)

(b) Out of Sid‘s view, Woody presses against the inside, hanging on for dear life. (Scene 54 Sid‘s room, page 39) Meaning:

(a) Dear /dɪə/ : Call for a love ones or a beautiful call to hear.

(b) Dear /dɪə/ : Refers to the things that good, beautiful, well.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word dear on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word dear has the meaning „sayang‟, that is a calling to someone that loved, and the second sentence the word dear has the meaning „indah‟ „menyenangkan‟, but these words are still having the relation. In usual it can be means „sayang„, but in the second sentence the word dear has the meaning „indah‟, „menyenangkan‟.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word dear included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

23. (a) I think a big success and we want to thank Mr. Spell for putting that on for us. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 5)

(b) Oh Buzz, you‘ve had a big fall. (Scene 56 Sid‘s room, page 40) Meaning:

(a) Big /bɪɡ/ : Of considerable size or extent.

(b) Big /bɪɡ/ : Refers to severe or a big fall.

Analysis:

The word big on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word big has the meaning „besar‟, and the second sentence the word big has the meaning „keras‟, but these words are still

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA having the relation, because both of words refers to big situation. In usual it can be means ‗besar‗, but in the second sentence the word big has the meaning ‗keras‘ that refers to big fall.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word big included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

24. (a) Baby face crawls out and bangs in code on the side of Sid‘s metal bedpost. (Scene 56 Sid‘s room, page 42) (b) Buzz bangs on the side of the monitor (Scene 79 Andy‘s new bedroom, page 53) Meaning:

(a)Bang /baŋ/ : A sudden loud, sharp noise.

(b) Bang /baŋ/ : A sudden painful blow

Analysis:

The word bang on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word bang has the meaning „membenturkan‟, and the second sentence the word bang has the meaning „memukul‟, but these words are still having the relation.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word bang included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 25. (a) Hannah doesn‘t notice Ducky stuck to the porch floor by his plunger. (Scene 65 Front doorway, page 43)

(b) He looks back to discover Buzz stuck in the fence. (Scene 69 Andy‘s driveway, page 46)

Meaning:

(a) Stuck /stʌk/ : Be fixed in a particular position or unable to move or be

moved.

(b) Stuck /stʌk/ : Push a sharp or pointed object into or through (something)

Analysis:

The word stuck on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word stuck has the meaning „terjebak‟, and the second sentence the word stuck has the meaning „tertancap‟, but these words are still having the relation. In usual it can be means „terjebak‟, but in the second sentence the word stuck has the meaning „tertancap‟

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word stuck included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

26. (a) Quick! Hold on to my tail! (Scene 73 at street, page 50)

(b) I can‘t hold on much longer! (Scene 75 at street/back of moving truck, page 50)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Meaning:

(a) Hold /həʊld/ : Grasp, carry, or support with one's arms or hands.

(b) Hold /həʊld/ : Keep or sustain in a specified position.

Analysis:

The word hold on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word hold has the meaning „pegang‟, and the second sentence the word hold has the meaning „bertahan‟, but these words are still having the relation. In usual it can be means „pegang„, but in the second sentence the word hold has the meaning „bertahan‟

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word hold included in polysemy because the two words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

27. (a) There‘s gotta be a less painful way to get my attention. (Scene 79 Andy‘s new bedroom, page 52)

(b) Get him! (Scene 71 at street/rear of moving truck, page 48) Meaning:

(a) Get /ɡɛt/ : Come to have (something); receive.

(b) Get /ɡɛt/ : Refers to catch something.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word get on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word get has the meaning „mendapat‟, and the second sentence the word get has the meaning „tangkap‟, but these words are still having the relation. In usual it can be means „mendapat„, but in the second sentence the word get has the meaning „tangkap‟

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word get included in polysemy because the two words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

28. (a) Andy is now opening his first present. (Scene 79 Andy‘s new bedroom, page 53)

(b) The word I‘m searching for I can‘t say because there‘s pre-school toys present. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom, page 12) Meaning:

(a) Present /´prɛz(ə)nt/ : A thing given to someone as a gift.

(b) Present /´prɛz(ə)nt/ : Existing or occurring now.

Analysis:

The word present on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word present has the meaning „hadiah‟, and the second sentence the word present has the meaning „hadir‟, but these words are still

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA having the relation. In usual it can be means „hadiah‟ but in the second sentence the word present has the meaning „hadir‟

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word present included in polysemy because the words still have related meaning and comes from one entry word.

29. (a) Mr. Lightyear wants more tape! (Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom, page 15)

(b) Woody watches helplessly as Sid fishes out a roll of electrical tape from the toolbox. (Scene 54 Sid‘s room, page 39) Meaning:

(a) Tape /teɪp/ : A strip of paper or plastic coated with adhesive and sold in a

roll, used to stick things together

(b) Tape /teɪp/ : A recording on a cassette or reel, „a tape of a talk‟

Analysis:

The word tape on sentence of Toy Story movie script included in regular polysemy because it has same systematically word but different semantically or non synonymous. In the first sentence the word tape has the meaning „plaster‟, and the second sentence the word tape has the meaning „rekaman‟, this word doesn‘t seem to be interrelated, but this word comes from one word entry that makes this word belong to the polysemic type, which means more than one meaning.

So, both of the words included in polysemy because actually both are the same word, but has more than one meaning, and the writer decided the word tape included in regular polysemy.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.2.2 Irregular Polysemy

There are 9 pairs data of this type Irregular Polysemy that found in Toy Story movie script.

1. (a) Woody, a pull-string doll cowboy, enters into the scene opposite the inanimate spud. (Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom, page 2)

(b) Come in, Mother Bird, this is Alpha Bravo. (Scene 11 Andy‘s bedroom, page 8) Meaning:

(a) Enter /´ɛntə/ : Come or go into (a place)

(b) Come in /kʌm´ɪn/ : Go into a place.

Analysis:

The word enter in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗come in‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

2. (a) Andy picks up Woody from the couch and runs upstairs. (Scene 3 Downstairs living room, page 2)

(b) Now go get Molly. Your friends are going to be here any minute.(Scene 3 Downstairs living room, page 2) Meaning:

(a) Pick up /pɪk´ʌp/ : Refers to take or picking up.

(b) Get /ɡɛt/ : Refers to take, getting something or catching.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analysis:

The word pick up in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗get‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

3. (a) C‘mon, let‘s wrangle up the cattle.(Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom, page 2)

(b) Andy races ahead and catches him at the bottom. (Scene 2 Stairwell, page 2) Meaning:

(a) Wrangle up /´raŋɡ(ə)l´ʌp/ : Refers to getting something.

(b) Catch /katʃ/ : Refers to take or getting.

Analysis:

The word wrangle up in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗catch‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

4. (a) Woody covers up Slinky‘s mouth, aware that the other toys in the room are watching. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 3)

(b) Unable to look Woody in the eyes, Slinky closes the blinds. (Scene 53 Sid‘s window, page 37) Meaning:

(a) Cover up /´kʌvə´ʌp/ : Put something on top of or in front of (something)

in order to protect or conceal it.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Close /kləʊs/ : Move so as to cover an opening.

Analysis:

The word cover up in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗close‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

5. (a) Children file towards the front door carrying presents. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 6) (b) Well, I brought my dinosaur, who eats force field dogs!! (Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom, page 1) Meaning:

(a) Carrying /´karɪŋ/ : Support and move (someone or something) from one

place to another.

(b) Brought  Bring /brɔːt/ : Cause (someone or something) to move in a

particular direction.

Analysis:

The word carrying in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗brought‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

6. (a) The bow‘s coming off, he‘s ripping the wrapping paper. (Scene 11 Andy‘s bedroom, page 8)

(b) While Slinky speaks, Potato Head takes off his mouth and kissing his own butt. (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom, page 5)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Meaning:

(a) Coming off /´kʌmɪŋɒf/ : Refers to cast loose, release something

(b)Take off /teɪkɒf/ : Refers to cast loose, release something

Analysis:

The word coming off in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗take off‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

7. (a) While Woody is speaking, Buzz notices the sherrif‘s badge on Woody‘s vest. (Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous. Page 11)

(b) What are you talking about? (Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom, page 15) Meaning:

(a) Speaking /spiːkɪŋ/ : The action of conveying information or expressing

one's feelings in speech.

(b) Talking /´tɔːkɪŋ/ : The action of talking; speech or discussion.

Analysis:

The word speaking in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗talking‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 8. (a) Buzz is about to head off in the opposite direction when Woody grabs him and quickly pulls him down the video corridor. (Scene 32 Pizza planet – front entrance, page 25)

(b) The army men each leapfrog behind the stairway banisters and hold their position while the Sargent surveys the scene below through his binoculars. (Scene 5 Upstairs hallway, page 6) Meaning:

(a) Head off /hɛdɒf/ : To hold back, to keep.

(b) Hold /həʊld/ : Refers to holding back.

Analysis:

The word head off in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗hold‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

9. (a) Just go! I‘ll catch up! (Scene 69 Andy‘s driveway, page 46)

(b) Scud blindly follows them into the traffic and skids to a halt just missing a car. (Scene 71 At street, rear of moving truck, page 48) Meaning:

(a) Catch up /katʃ´ʌp/ : Succeed in reaching a person who is ahead of one.

(b) Follow /´fɒləʊ/ : Go after (someone) in order to observe or monitor them.

Analysis

The word catch up in the first sentence above included in irregular polysemy because it has the same meaning or true meaning with other words even it has no

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA systematic relation. It has similar meaning to ‗follow‘ as the word in the second sentence above.

4.2 Data Findings

Table 4.1 Data Findings of the Types of Homonymy

No Types of Homonymy Frequency

1 Same Spelling – Category 9

2 Same Category – Different Spelling 9

3 Different Category – Same Spelling 2

4 Different Category – Different 0

Spelling

Total 20

Table 4.2 Data Findings of the Types of Polysemy

No Types of Polysemy Frequency

1 Regular Polysemy 29

2 Irregular Polysemy 9

Total 38

Homonymy Polysemy Total

20 38 58

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Percentage of Homonymy x 100% = 34.5%

Percentage of Polysemy x 100% = 65.5%

4.2.1 The Realization of Homonymy and Polysemy found in Toy Story movie

script.

Table 4.3 The Percentage of The Realization of Homonymy and Polysemy found in Toy Story movie script.

No Types of Homonymy No Types of Frequency Percenta

Polysemy ge (%)

1. Same Spelling – 1. Regular form of

Category (9) Polysemy (29) Homonymy: 34.5%

2. Same Category – 20

Different Spelling (9)

3. Different Category – 2. Irregular form of

Same Spelling (2) Polysemy (9) 65.5%

4. Different Category – Polysemy: 38

Different Spelling (0)

Total 58 100%

The table above is the answer of the third problem of thisstudy. It shown the percentage of the existence of homonymy and polysemy recapitulated from the data.

The using of Homonymy and Polysemy that found in Toy Story movie script has

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA been found in the words in sentences. There are four types of homonymy, like Same

Spelling – Category there are 9 pairs of data, Same Category – Different Spelling there are 9 pairs of data, Different Category – Same Spelling there are 2 pairs of data, and Different Category – Different Spelling there‘s no found the data this type. Then, there are two types of polysemy, like Regular Polysemy there are 29 pairs of data,

Irregular Polysemy there are 9 pairs of data.

The realization of the use of homonymy and polysemy that found in Toy

Story movie script can be seen that the total of homonymy there are 20 pairs of data

(34.5%), and polysemy there are 38 pairs of data (65.5%).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

Having discussed and analyzed homonymy and polysemy that found in Toy

Story movie script, completed with the examples and meaning in the preceding chapters, the writer would like to draw some conclusions. They are as follows:

1. Types of homonymy that found in Toy Story movie script are Same

Spelling – Category there are 9 pairs of data, Same Category –

Different Spelling there are 9 pairs of data, Different Category – Same

Spelling there are 2 pairs of data. So, homonymy there are 20 pairs of

data (34.5%).

2. Types of polysemy that found in Toy Story movie script are Regular

Polysemy there are 29 pairs of data, and Irregular Polysemy there are

9 pairs of data. So, polysemy there are 38 pairs of data (65.5%).

5.2 Suggestions

In this part, the writer would like to suggest the readers of this thesis to analyze this subject because studying meaning is very interesting subject. The writer hopes that the readers of this thesis can understand what the meaning relations are, especially homonymy and polysemy through the examples in the movie script Toy

Story and who are interested in this topic should carry out further research concerning with homonymy and polysemy in other works such as songs, short story, magazine, poem, article, newspaper, etc. The writer realize that this thesis is hopeful will be useful as references for those who are interested in homonymy and polysemy.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It will be helpful to know the types of homonymy and polysemy then knowing the meaning of homonymy and polysemy actually. Secondly, the writer hopes of this research can give a beneficial contribution to people and readers especially to the researcher who will conduct a research with the same topic as this research by using other theories to further apply the homonymy and polysemy that more complete and better.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Apresjan, J. D. 1973. Regular Polysemy in: Linguistics. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/12b2/601091e1c8c3442ee4269b893d730956d 7b2.pdf (January 2010)

Apresjan J. D. 1974 in Johanes Dolling. Systematic Polysemy. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326083322/. (March 2018)

Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (1982). Qualitative Research for Education: Anintroduction to theory and methods (Third Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon

Griffith, Pattrick . 2006. An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics: Edinburg University Press.

Indrawan, Jendra, M.I., 2010. The Study of Societies‟ Languages. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Klein, DE.,& Murphy, G.L. Paper has been my ruin: Conceptual relations of polysemoussense Journal of Memory and Language. Retrieved from: http://www.psych.nyu.edu/murphy/Klein-Murphy_02.pdf (July 2002) Leech, Geoffrey. 1981. Semantics. England: Pinguin Book Ltd.

Lyon, John. 1985. An Introduction to Theoritical Linguistics.London: Cambridge University Press. Lyon, John. 1997. Semantics I. London: Cambridge University Press.

Nawawi. 1983. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Sinar Baru Algensindo.

Palmer, F.R. 1976. Semantics A New Outline. London: Cambridge University Press. Parera, J. D. 1990. Teori Semantik. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Rangkuti, R & Muchtar, M . Understanding General Linguistics. Medan: University of Sumatera Utara. Saeed, John I. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.

Saeed, John I. 1997. Semantics. USA: Blackwell Publisher, Inc. Cambridge University Press. Saeed, John I. 2003. Semantics (Second Edition). United Kingdom. MPG Books Ltd.

Saeed, John I. 2009. Semantics (Third Edition). United Kingdom. MPG Books Ltd.

Ullmann, S. 1977. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford: Basic Blackwell.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

1. Homonymy No Same Spelling – Category Pa Scene . ge 1. (a) The RC Car rockets forward. Speeding along the dividing Scene 75 at street/back of moving truck. line in the road. 51

(b) The bedroom is lined with cloud wallpaper giving the impression of sky. 1 Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom.

2. (a) Andy‘s hand lowers a ceramic piggy bank in front of Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom Mr.Potato Head and shakes out a pile of coins to the floor. 1

(b) Pig Pile! Scene 71 at the street, rear of moving truck 48 3. (a) You saved the day again, Woody. 2 Scene 1 at Andy‘s bedroom

(b) Okay, save your batteries! 6 Scene 4

4. (a) I couldn‘t find my Buzz. I know I left him right there. Scene 25, Upstairs hall/Andy‘s bedroom 20 (b) Ok, so that‘s two lefts and then a right, huh? Scene 28 at gas station- a few minutes later 23 5. (a) But what if Andy gets another dinosaur? A mean one? I just (Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous don‘t think I can take that kind of rejection. 5

(b) Now thank you all for your kind welcome. 12 Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous

6. (a) Quick! Make a space! This is where the spaceship lands. Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous 9 (b) I‘m Buzz Lightyear, Space Ranger, Universe Protection Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous Unit. 11

7. (a) Only it sounds likea car ran over it. Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous 12

(b) Great idea, Woody! I like your thinking! Scene 30 Delivery Truck 24

8. (a) Where was the last place you left him? Scene 39 Andy‘s house 30 (b) The mutant toys part to reveal the recent victims of Sid‘s last “operation‖: The Jennie Doll and Pterodactyl. 38 Scene 54 Sid‘s room

9. (a) Just then Buzz banksunder some power lines and soars Scene 75 at street / back of moving truck upward again. 51

(b) Hamm, piggy bank flips one last penny into his coin slot. Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom 3 No Same Category – Different Spelling Pa Scene . ge 1. (a) A porcelain figurine of the shepherdess, Bo Peep is brought Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom into the scene. 1 (b) Where‘s my ear? Who‘s seen my ear? 9 Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom

2. (a) Say good bye to the wife and tatertoots. Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom 2 (b) I‘m actually from a smaller company that was purchased in 12 Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous a leveraged buy-out.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. (a) Pardon me. I hate to break up the staff meeting, but they‘re Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom here! 6 (b) Stay calm, everyone! Too late. Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom 6 4. (a) The present is fourfeet long. Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom 6

Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom (b) The word I‘m searching forI can‘t say because there‘s pre- 12 school toys present. 5. (a) Did you see my ear? Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous 9 (b) A sea of sound and lights overwhelm the place. 25 Scene 32 when at pizza planet - front entrance – continuous,

6. (a) What the heck is up there? Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous 10 (b) My eyeballs could‘ve been sucked from their sockets! Scene 24 Andy‘s bedroom in the morning 24 7. (a) My ship has crash landed hereby mistake. 11 Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous (b) Do you hear me? Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom 16 8. (a) He stares out the sun roof, still reeling from everything. Scene 27 at van – continuous 21 (b) Son of a bulding block, it‘s Woody! Scene 49 Sid‘s window/ Andy‘s bedroom 36 window – continuous 9. (a) The claw is our master. 26 Scene 34 Crane game

(b) It should be good for hours. 31 Scene Sid‘s room – continuous

No Different Category – Same Spelling Pa Scene ge

1. (a) They‘re going to a live show in Pizza Planet. 24 Scene 32 in Pizza Planet

(b) Now, they live in the new house. 52 Scene 79 Andy‘s new bedroom

2. (a) The word I‘m searching for I can‘t say because there‘s pre- Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom school toys present. 12

(b) Woody presentsthe staff meeting in front of podium. 4 Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom

2. Polysemy No Regular Polysemy Pa Scene . ge 1. (a) Alright everyone, this is a stick up! Don‘t anybody move! Scene 1 when toys in Andy‘s Bedroom 1 (b) Can we leave this up ‗till we move? Scene 3 when Andy was talking to his 2 mother 2. (a) A row of moving boxes lieon the floor of the room. Scene 1 when toys in Andy‘s Bedroom 1 (b) Woody lies limp on the sofa while is heard talking to his Scene 3 in the downstairs living room mother. 2

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. (a) A group of toys have been crowded together in front of the Scene 1 when toys in Andy‘s bedroom bank box. 1 Scene 4 when toys in Andy‘s bedroom- (b) Hamm, the piggy bank flips one last penny into his coin 3 continuous slot. 4. (a) Quiet Bo Peep, or your sheep run over! 1 Scene1 Andy‘s bedroom (b) This is it! This is it! Quiet, quiet! 8 Scene 11 Andy‘s bedroom 5. (a) Reach for the sky. 1 Scene1 Andy‘s bedroom (b) Woody then lunges for the strap but it stays just out of Scene 69 Andy‘s driveway reach. 47 6. (a) You can‘t touch me Sherrif! I brought my attact dog with a Scene 1 when toys in Andy‘s bedroom built in force field! 1 (b)Buzz‘s space ranger logo is on the screen over a field of stars. 32 Scene 42 Sid‘s house 7. (a) C‘mon, Molly. Oh you‘re getting heavy! Scene 4, Andy‘s bedroom-continuous 3

(b) In heavy rain, woody unlocks the back door of the truck and Scene 69 Andy‘s driveway-continuous tries to lift up the door. 47 8. Scene 4 when Woody in Andy‘s bedroom- (a) Okay, everybody. Coast is clear! 3 continuos

(b) All is clear, no sign of Andy. 14 Scene 24 in the morning in Andy‘s bedroom 9. (a) Oh… Well alright, you can be red if you want. 3 Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom (b) Red Alert! Red Alert! Andy is coming upstairs! Scene 20 in living room 9 10. (a) Got a staff meeting, you guys, come on, let’s go! Scene 4 in Andy‘s bedroom 4 Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom (b) Say there, Lizard and Stretchy Dog. Let me show you 15 from the toys box something. 11. (a) Remember, I‘m just a couple of blocks away. Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous 4 (b) The toys suddenly appear and block their path to the 31 Scene 40 Sid‘s Room- continuous doorway. 12. (a) The toys crowd together as Woody steps up to the podium. Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom 4 (b) Woody steps down from the podium and walks towards the Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom crowd. 5 13. (a)Too much cake and ice cream, I suppose. It‘s just a mistake. Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous 10

(b) With permanent ink, too. Scene 24 Andy‘s bedroom, in the morning 15 14. (a) I‘ve crash landed on a strange planet. Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom 11 (b) You are a sad strange little man and you have my pity. 22 Scene 27 in Van-continuous 15. (a) This is my spot, see, the bed here. Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous 11 (b) Woody turns around and through the video game he spots. Scene 32 in Pizza planet 25 16. (a) Slinky presses the button on Buzz‘s arm , activating his laser 12 Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous light.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) Suddenly, the door flies open revealing Woody, entangled in Christmas lights, standing atop a pile of boxes to be at 34 Scene 45 Upstairs hallway doorknob height.

17. (a) The roar blasts Potato Head‘s features right off his face. Scene 22 Andy‘s bedroom – later 14 (b) Didn‘t want to face the fact that Buzz just might be Andy‘s Scene 25 Upstairs hall/Andy‘s bedroom new favorite toy, so you got rid of him. 19 18. (a) Well, I must get back to repairing my ship. 15 Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom

(b) Woody looks across the desktop at Buzz sitting dejectedly with the rocket strapped at his back. 40 Scene 56 Sid‘s room

19. (a) Oh okay, so you want to do it the hard way, huh? 15 Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom

(b) Wait a minute! No Buzz! This way! 25 Scene 32 In Pizza Planet

20. (a) Both Mrs. Davis and Andy exit the van while baby Molly Scene 27 in van – continuous sleeps up front in her car seat. 21 (b) The two toys fly off the seat and out the open side door of the van. 21 Scene 27 in van – continuous

21. (a) Molded on the underside of the cover are three words: Made Scene 42 Sid‘s room In Taiwan. 33

(b) He covers Woody‘s mouth with his hand. 31 Scene 41 Upstairs hallway 22. (a) What, dear? What was that? Scene 44 Sid‘s house 34 (b) Out of Sid‘s view, Woody presses against the inside, Scene 54 Sid‘s room hanging on for dear life. 39 23. (a) I think a big success and we want to thank Mr. Spell for 5 Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom putting that on for us. (b) Oh Buzz, you‘ve had a big fall. 40 Scene 56 Sid‘s room 24. (a) Baby face crawls out and bangs in code on the side of Sid‘s metal bedpost. (Scene 56 Sid‘s room, page 42) 42 Scene 56 Sid‘s room

(b) Buzz bangs on the side of the monitor (Scene 79 Andy‘s Scene 79 Andy‘s new bedroom new bedroom, page 53) 53

25. (a) Hannah doesn‘t notice Ducky stuck to the porch floor by his plunger. 43 Scene 65 Front doorway (b) He looks back to discover Buzz stuck in the fence. 46 (Scene 69 Andy‘s driveway 26. (a) Quick! Hold on to my tail! Scene 73 at street 50 (b) I can‘t holdon much longer! Scene 75 at street/back of moving truck 50 27. (a) There‘s gotta be a less painful way to get my attention. Scene 79 Andy‘s new bedroom 52

Scene 71 at street/rear of moving truck (b) Get him! 48 28. (a) Andy is now opening his first present. Scene 79 Andy‘s new bedroom 53

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (b) The word I‘m searching for I can‘t say because there‘s pre- school toys present. 12 Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom 29. Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom (a) Mr. Lightyear wants more tape! 15

(b) Woody watches helplessly as Sid fishes out a roll of 39 Scene 54 Sid‘s room electrical tape from the toolbox. No Irregular Polysemy Pa Scene . ge 1. (a) Woody, a pull-string doll cowboy, enters into the scene Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom opposite the inanimate spud. 2 (b) Come in, Mother Bird, this is Alpha Bravo. 8 Scene 11 Andy‘s bedroom

2. (a) Andy picks up Woody from the couch and runs upstairs. Scene 3 Downstairs living room 2 (b) Now go get Molly. Your friends are going to be here any Scene 3 Downstairs living room minute. 2 3. (a) C‘mon, let‘s wrangle up the cattle. Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom 2 (b) Andy races ahead and catches him at the bottom. 2 Scene 2 Stairwell 4. (a) Woody covers up Slinky‘s mouth, aware that the other toys Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom in the room are watching. 3

Scene 53 Sid‘s window (b) Unable to look Woody in the eyes, Slinky closes the blinds. 37

5. (a) Children file towards the front door carryingpresents. Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom-continuous 6

(b) Well, I brought my dinosaur, who eats force field dogs!! 1 Scene 1 Andy‘s bedroom 6. (a) The bow‘s coming off, he‘s ripping the wrapping paper. Scene 11 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous 8 (b) While Slinky speaks, Potato Head takes off his mouth and Scene 4 Andy‘s bedroom kissing his own butt. 5 7. (a) While Woody is speaking, Buzz notices the sherrif‘s badge Scene 21 Andy‘s bedroom – continuous on Woody‘s vest. 11 (b) What are you talking about? Scene 24 in the morning at Andy‘s bedroom 15 8. (a) Buzz is about to head off in the opposite direction when Scene 32 Pizza planet – front entrance Woody grabs him and quickly pulls him down the video 25 corridor. (b) The army men each leapfrog behind the stairway banisters and hold their position while the Sargent surveys the scene 6 Scene 5 Upstairs hallway below through his binoculars. 9. (a) Just go! I‘ll catch up! 46 Scene 69 Andy‘s driveway

(b) Scud blindly follows them into the traffic and skids to a halt 48 Scene 71 At street, rear of moving truck just missing a car.

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