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Marine litter entails economic costs and Josses to fisher­ Just some rubbish, isn't it? men, boat owners in general, coastal communities (ta x pay­ l'v[arine litter (marine debris) - is that really a problem? Surely, ers), farmers, power stations and individuals. it is just some ugly rubbish on the beach that you can quite easily remove and be rid of. It cannot really be a major prob­ Marine litter spoils and fouls. It is an eyesore and it de­ lem in the marine and coastal environment, compared to all stroys the beauty of the sea and the coastal zone. This deg­ the threats of toxic pollutants, eutrophication and coastal hab­ radation of waters and shores makes us avoid them - if we itat destruction? Or can it? Unfortunately, the answer is that have a choice. marine litter has become a more and more serious environ­ mental, economic, health and aesthetic problem around the "'''hen done deliberately, the release of marine litter items world. - garbage, waste, trash - is an expression of disrespect to­ wards the sea and towards other living beings. Ifthrowing Marine litter items travel widely, over long distances, with your solid waste into the sea is considered acceptable, what ocean currents and winds. Marine litter travels around sea stops us from using seas, lakes and rivers as dumps for o ther areas and between oceans. It is found not only in the water, pollutants? on seabeds or on the bea ches of densely populated regions, but also in remote places far away from obvious sources. Found where it should not be Marine litter is long-lived and active for decades, directly Marine litter (marine debris) includes all objects that do not and indirectly. It consists to a very great extent of plastics, naturally occur in the marine and coastal environment ­ and of metal and glass - materials that do not break down water surface, water column, seabed, shore - but are never­ easily or quickly. Plastic litter is a source of persistent or­ theless found there. As defined by UNEP GPA, marine litter ganic substances being spread in the marine environment. is 'any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed ofor abandoned in the marine and coast­ .. Marine litter is a visible threat to wildlife, but also an invis­ al environment'. ible one. It is found in horrendous quantities on the sea­ Marine litter includes items and material tbat are either bed, where it kills and injures out of our sight. 'Ghost fish­ discarded directly (tbrown or lost directly into the sea), ing' by discarded or lost fishing nets is just one of several brought to the sea indirectly by rive rs, sewage, storm water examples of that. or winds, or left by people on beaches and shores. Marine litter consists of articles that have been made or Marine litter is a vicious killer of marine mammals, sea­ used by people and, subsequently, deliberately discarded or birds and many other life forms in the marine and coastal accidentally lost. In most cases, it is the result of careless hand­ environment. Marine litter injures and causes physical pain ling or disposal of items of solid waste, including containers and suffering to a wide range of animals, from the largest of liquid waste. However, it can also be material lost at sea in to the smallest of creatures. bad weather (fishing gear, cargo). Once in tbe water, it can blow around, remain floating on the water surface, drift in Medical and sanitary waste, and pieces of broken glass or the water column, get entangled in algae on shallow bottoms, metal, constitute a health hazard and can seriously injure sink to the deeper seabed, or be washed up onto beaches people, directly or indirectly. Discarded fishing nets can be sometimes many miles away. a safety risk to boaters and divers. Marine litter consists mostly of very slowly degradable waste items - items made ofpersistent materials such as plas­ Marine litter also threatens marine and coastal biological tics, polystyrene, metal and glass - from a large number of diversity by destroying coastal ' nurseries', where new life different sources. In many regions, plastics today constitute would otherwise emerge. And litter items can function as as much as 90-95 per cent of th e total amount of marine means of transport for invasive species between sea areas. litter. These large amounts of plastics constitute a significant source of pollution with wide-ranging ecological and eco­ Jerry cans. nomic impacts in many regions of the world. Pens, combs, shoes and other items. Marine litter includes, among others, galley waste and Toys. cargo room waste from commercial shipping, fishing nets Industrial packaging, including pallet shrink wrap. and fishing boxes from fishing vessels, household waste, waste Nets (entire fishing nets, pieces of nets, fishing line). from industrial production or distribution, medical waste, Strings, cord, strapping bands, lobster tags. and sewage-related waste. Among the many things, from a Light sticks. wide range of sources, which end up as litter in the marine Boxes (fish boxes from ships and markets, boxes from environment in all parts of the world, one can find: bakeries and grocers, etc.) Oil drums. Plastic and polystyrene items Hard hats. • Plastic (resin) pellets, raw material for plastics. Furniture and other large items. • Six-pack rings (yokes). Explosive cartridges, drill hole plugs, blasting cap Sweets and crisp wrappers. protectors. Cutlery, straws, cups, saucers, etc. Styrofoam (polystyrene) bits or entire packaging items. Sheeting (from stores or industry). Foamed cups and food containers. Bags and sacks. Buoys. Shrink wrap for household items. Disposable diapers (sewage-related waste). Rubber items Sanitary towels (sewage-related waste). Condoms (sewage-related waste). Tampon applicators (sewage-related waste). Gloves. Cotton-bud sticks (sewage-related waste). Party balloons . Razors (sewage-related waste). Boots. .. Syringes and other medical waste, including bandaging Tyres and tyre belts. and surgical gloves. Food containers (including bottles), caps and lids. Wooden items Plastic bottles used e.g. for detergents, cosmetics, Construction timber. medicine and oil. Pallets. • Injection gun containers. Wood fragments, including pieces of plywood. Cans with oil or other forms of liquid hazardous waste. Crab and lobster pots. Crates. Newspapers and magazines. Corks and ice lolly sticks. Paper towels. Paint brushes. Furniture. Textile and leather items Clothing, including gloves and shoes . Metal items Pieces of cloth. Aluminium or tin drink cans. Cleaning clo ths. Aerosol cans. Cotton rope and strings. Food cans. Sacking. Paint tins. Furnishing. Foil wrappers and bottle caps. Bandaging and swabs (m edical waste). Fishing weights. Sanitary towels, tampons, diapers (sewage-related waste). Needles (on syringes). Oil drums. Glass. pottery and ceramics items Bicycles. Food and beverage bottles, jars and pieces of these. Various metal pieces. Bottles with pills and liquid medicine (m edical waste). Industrial scrap, appliances and car parts. Light bulbs and tubes. Wire mesh. Pots, crockery. Wire straps. Octopus pots. Barbed wire and fencing. Metal sheeting. Chains. Ammunition (still explosive) and firearms. From the surface to the bottom ... Marine litter is found everywhere in the marine and coastal .. Paper and cardboard items environment, all around the world. It has a truly global dis­ Bags. tribution and is a truly global marine and coastal problem. Cigarette packets and cigarette butts. Cups. Marine litter is found floating on the water surface. Almost \,Vaxed beverage cartons. 90 per cent of floating marine litter has been estimated to Cardboard boxes and pieces of cardboard. be plastic or polystyrene items. These light objects can easily be blown around by winds and further transported on the rescent tubes, light bulbs, aerosol ca ns, gasoline cans, ciga­ water surface. rette lighters, copper sheetings, a piece of a truck tyre, a hard bat, a plastic coat hanger, a toy soldier and half a toy air­ Marine litter is also found mixed in the water column, plane, a football, a car floormat, and an astbma inhaler. where it can be temporarily transported vertically and hori­ In 3.6 places on Livingston Island in Antarctica, well over zontally. 1,600 pieces of litter, almost all of them plastic, were found in a survey made in 1997 by Ch il ean scientists. About one Marine litter is found resting or drifting on the seabed at third of the items were strapping bands, ropes and net pieces all depths. In the North Sea, it has been estimated that from fisheries. Well over 700 of the items were made of ex­ some 70 per cent of the marine litter ends up on the sea­ panded polystyrene. bed. Half of the remaining amount is found on beaches Along the shores of Beaufort Sea of the Arctic, aerial sur­ and halfis floating on the water surface. Assessments made veys performed by Environment Canada revealed tbe occur­ in the Dutch sector of the North Sea have indicated an rence of marine litter from oil and gas exploration activities, average of over 110 pieces of litter per km 2 of seabed. If and pieces of polystyrene foam and polypropylene rope. In a this is characteristic of the North Sea at large, a volume of survey made in the North Pacific Ocean, with the entire ocean least 600,000 m 3 of marine litter could be found on the divided into grids, there were sightings of litter in each grid. seabed. During a survey in the Mediterranean, 300 million The foreshores of New Zealand's remote and uninhabited pieces of garbage were found at a depth of 2,500 metres sub-Antarctic territories (Campbell Island and the Auckland between France and Corsica. Consequently, large quanti­ Islands) are becoming polluted with litter that has floated ties of the entire input of marine litter around the world from the mainland or been lost or thrown from boats.
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