DOCSLIB.ORG

Efficiency of Beach Clean-Ups and Deposit Refund Schemes (DRS) to Avoid Damages from Plastic Pollution on the Tourism Sector in Cape Town, South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Efficiency of Beach Clean-Ups and Deposit Refund Schemes (DRS) to Avoid Damages from Plastic Pollution on the Tourism Sector in Cape Town, South Africa Efficiency of beach clean-ups and deposit refund schemes (DRS) to avoid damages from plastic pollution on the tourism sector in Cape Town, South Africa Authors: Jain, A., Raes, L., Manyara, P. May 2021 GLOBAL MARINE AND POLAR PROGRAMME About IUCN IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together. Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,400 Member organisations and some 18,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards. IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development. www.iucn.org twitter.com/IUCN/ Efficiency of beach clean-ups and deposit refund schemes (DRS) to avoid damages from plastic pollution on the tourism sector in Cape Town, South Africa Authors: Jain, A., Raes, L., Manyara, P. This policy brief is the summary of the Master’s thesis for University of Nantes, 2019-2020. The thesis was completed at IUCN, Switzerland as part of the Marine Plastics and Coastal Communities (MARPLASTICs) project. The following report is an analysis of the costs and benefits of current beach clean-ups in Cape Town, and it aims to estimate the cost efficiency of implementing a Deposit Refund Scheme (DRS) in conjunction with beach clean-ups. (Full Thesis). The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organisations. IUCN is pleased to acknowledge the support of its Framework Partners who provide core funding: Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland; Government of France and the French Development Agency (AFD); the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea; the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad); the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida); the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the United States Department of State. This publication has been made possible by funding from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) from the Marine Plastics and Coastal Communities (MARPLASTICCs) project in Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Thailand and Viet Nam. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, Global Marine and Polar Programme Copyright: © 2021 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Jain, A., Raes, L., Manyara, P., Efficiency of beach clean-ups and deposit refund schemes (DRS) to avoid damages from plastic pollution on the tourism sector in Cape Town, South Africa. Switzerland: IUCN. 10 pp. Authors: Aanchal Jain, Leander Raes (Economic Knowledge Unit, IUCN), Peter Manyara (IUCN ESARO) Editors: Jennifer Ross-Jones, Lynn Sorrentino (Publication Coordinator) Reviewers IUCN: Janaka de Silva, Lynn Sorrentino Cover Photo: Beach in Kenya, White Rhino Films. Design and layout: Imre Sebestyén, jr / Unit Graphics Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Global Marine and Polar Programme (GMPP) Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org/theme/marine-and-polar/our-work/close-plastic-tap-programme/reports Table of contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Impacts of beach litter on tourism and its economic cost ...........................................................1 Measures to remove plastic litter from the coastlines ..................................................................1 Study area ...................................................................................................................................1 Study objective ........................................................................................................................... 2 Results .............................................................................................................................................4 Impacts on tourism revenue ......................................................................................................4 Impact on tourism employment .................................................................................................4 Beach cleaning efficiency for all coastal plastic litter ..................................................................4 Beach cleaning efficiency for plastic bottles ...............................................................................4 Impact on plastic bottle collection with the implementation of a DRS ......................................4 Total cost of clean beaches (with beach clean-ups and DRS) ...................................................... 5 Cost efficiency of clean beaches ................................................................................................ 7 Impact on employment after DRS implementation .................................................................. 7 Sensitivity Analysis. 7 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................9 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................10 Introduction Introduction Impacts of beach litter on tourism and its economic cost Plastic debris is commonly found on many employment (Jang, 2011). According to a survey beaches (Hammer, 2012). The quantities of conducted in Cape Town, South Africa, clean plastic debris items found vary greatly over beaches are one of the most important factors the course of any year and differ by location for tourists; plastic litter can dissuade them (Thompson et al., 2009a). Accumulation of from coming to the beaches (Ballance, 1996). plastic debris is greater near densely populated For instance, €25 and €40 million represent areas and on more frequently visited beaches. the estimated loss in tourism revenue due to Plastic litter on beaches is primarily sourced coastal litter in South Korea and California, from adjoining land areas (Hammer, 2012). The respectively (Jang et al., 2014; Leggett et al., build-up of plastic litter on beaches can have a 2014). Dirty beaches also increase the costs for large impact on a country’s economy, wildlife, governments, local municipalities, and NGOs and the physical and psychological wellbeing to ensure clean, attractive, and safe beaches of individuals (Moore et al., 2001; Donohue et al., for tourists. These costs include the collection, 2001). transportation and disposal of litter, and the associated administrative costs. In most cases, The major economic cost of this plastic debris the costs spent on cleaning are justifiable; the is the reduced aesthetic appeal of coastal areas. benefits harvested from doing so are generally This adversely affects the tourism industry, much higher (Ryan, 2000). leading to a loss of output, revenue, and Measures to remove plastic litter from the coastlines There are several solutions to address the coastlines. Lastly, addressing consumer coastal litter problem. Preventative measures behaviours (such as implementing taxes on include strengthening producers’ extended plastic bottles) can also reduce plastic littering responsibility, implementing a ‘Deposit Refund by discouraging the consumption of plastic Scheme’ (DRS), and/or improving waste materials in the first place. This study focuses management practices. Removal measures on the costs and benefits of implementing DRS involve the direct removal of litter from the in conjunction with beach-clean up actions. Study area This study focuses on Cape Town City, one employment. For instance, the tourism sector of the most touristic regions in South Africa, directly employed 43,566 people in 2018. Total where beaches are a natural, focal attraction employment in the tourism sector in Cape Town (Sowman, 1990). Cape Town is one of the has grown over 2.6% over the last decade (City of most visited cities in South Africa with 49% Cape Town, 2019). of international tourists and 20% of domestic tourists (City of Cape Town, 2019). Tourism in A large number of tourists visit Cape Town, Cape Town not only contributes significantly which is known for its coastline that stretches
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Marine Litter: How to Reduce and Prevent
    Research Project by François DE TAXIS DU POËT 29th June 2018 Supervisor: Pieter Van BEUKERING MARINE LITTER: HOW TO MONITOR, REDUCE AND PREVENT OCEAN DEBRIS Focus on plastics and microplastics VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Research Project François DE TAXIS DU POËT Preface The global production of plastics is continuously increasing and millions of tons of plastic waste have found their way to the oceans. It is everywhere, from the sea surface to the sea floor, from the Arctic to the Antarctic, from remote islands to our rivers shores. Microplastics in particular are found in a large variety of marine organisms, including in species we consume as seafood. Knowledge of the sources, fate and impact of plastics in the marine environment is far from complete, but what is known is worrying. This has serious environmental, social and economic consequences. In addition to harming the environment, marine litter damages activities such as tourism, fisheries and shipping. Due to the plastic persistency, these impacts are growing as each year we generate more plastic waste. The magnitude of the seas and oceans (combined surface of 350 million km² and a volume of 1,300 million km³) makes the removal of plastic litter an immense challenge. At the same time, valuable material that could be brought back into the economy is lost, once littered. The potential economic and environmental benefits of a more resource-efficient and circular approach are not realized. The need to tackle these problems and reduce the environmental, economic and social harm is widely recognized. Although our knowledge is still fragmented, what we already know shows we should not wait before taking action.
    [Show full text]
  • Malapascua Island Philippines As a Case Study
    The Issues of Solid Waste Management on Small Islands: Malapascua Island Philippines as a Case Study. Allard van der Graaf Masters of Advanced Studies, Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego Table of Contents Page No. ● Figures 2 ● Preface 3 ● Project summary 4 ● Waste disposal with infrastructure 5 ● Waste disposal without infrastructure 8 ● Background 10 ● Research questions 15 ● Trash site location and approach to disposal 17 ● Resort Collective Solid Waste Removal 18 ● Mayor Loot and Local Government 24 ● Economics and solid waste creation 26 ● Sachets what are they and how do they contribute to waste on Malapascua? 26 ● Education and solid waste disposal management 28 ● Increased solid waste, social media and Malapascua 30 ● Netherlands gets it right. Can Malapascua do the same? 32 ● Workable solutions to deal with solid waste management Malapascua 40 ● Multinational Corporations and corporate social responsibility. A solution? 40 ● Government funding and “Bags for Cash” 41 ● Jo the final solution 45 ● Conclusion 46 ● Endnotes 48 ● A special thanks 49 ● Appendix 53 1 Figures Figure 1:Modern Waste Removal Truck ​ Figure 2: Typical segregated waste disposal bins. ​ Figure 3: Colour coding waste. ​ Figure 4:Map of the Philippines showing the location of Malapascua Island.(Google Maps) ​ ​ Figure 5: Thresher sharks on Monad Shoal, Photos by A.van der Graaf. ​ Figure 6: Photographic Map Created using drone footage of Southern Malapascua highlighting ​ location of waste sites. (Courtesy Blue Nomads, Allard van der Graaf) Figure 7: Map showing waste collection points used by the resorts. ​ (map created using collected aerial footage, A.van der Graaf, Blue Nomads, during project) Figure 8: Cart used for transporting waste to beach pick up area.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plastic Waste Problem- a Pledge for Volunteer Activities
    Kurdistan Journal for Applied Research kjar.spu.edu.iq Volume 2, Issue 3, August 2017 P-ISSN: 2411-7684 – E-ISSN: 2411-7706 The plastic waste problem- a pledge for volunteer activities Yolande G. Kolstee Royal Academy of Art The Hague The Hague, The Netherlands [email protected] Abstract: In this explorative study, an overview of up to and Instagram. There are numerous websites showing date data on plastic waste is given. Different methods of places where ‘you don’t want to be’ in a top-10 of the handling the plastic waste problem are described. The worlds most polluted and or dirtiest rivers beaches and focus lies on volunteering. lakes. Without going into detailed theoretical In order to get a picture of the plastic waste problem, a implications of the impact of social media or the power of non-exhaustive overview is given of recent scientific and pictures, we might detect a global growing awareness of policy reports in paragraph 2. In paragraph 3 the the environmental impact of the human lifestyle. guidelines of the UNEP and ISWA report on Global In urban areas in the western world, waste collection and Waste Management is described. Other sources sustainable waste disposal is a serious responsibility and emphasize the importance of additional measurements. ongoing concern of (health) authorities. Cleanliness of the Those are e.g. self-organising volunteer activities in area, or at least invisibility of waste, is increasingly (higher-) education and volunteer cleaning up activities, important in the image of a city and the country. Three respectively described in paragraph 4 and 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring and Assessment Programme on Plastic Litter in Viet Nam Shoreline Report 2019 Greenhub, IUCN Viet Nam
    Monitoring and assessment programme on plastic litter in Viet Nam shoreline Report 2019 Greenhub, IUCN Viet Nam INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 1 About IUCN IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together. Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world`s largest and most diverse environmental network, harnessing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,300 Member organisations and some 10,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards. IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scientists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development. Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve people`s well-being. www.iucn.org https://twitter.com 2 Monitoring and assessment programme on plastic litter in Viet Nam shoreline Report 2019 Greenhub, IUCN Viet Nam 3 The designation of geographical entities in this report, Citation: IUCN Viet Nam & Greenhub (2021). and the presentation of the materials, do not imply the Monitoring and Assessment programme on expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of plastic litter in Viet Nam shoreline – Report 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollution in The
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 707–713 from tankers, oil discharges by all kinds of ships, and activities Monitoring Polycyclic Aromatic associated with offshore oil and gas exploration and produc- Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Marine tion (6). Immediate negative impacts are expected from oil pol- Environment after the Prestige Oil lution in coastal and offshore environments through acute mortality of marine organisms directly exposed to oil (7, 8). Spill by Means of Seabird Blood For example, lethal short-term effects of large oil spills often involve substantial seabird losses (9). Nonetheless, marine Analysis organisms can also become affected to the long-term exposure of the persistent and bioaccumulative components CRISTÓBAL PÉREZ,† of oil via several indirect processes mediated through the ALBERTO VELANDO,*,† ecosystem (10, 2). Direct effects immediately following an IGNACIO MUNILLA,† oil spill typically attract the greatest public and scientific MARTA LÓPEZ-ALONSO,‡ AND concern (11, 7). In contrast, sublethal effects due to chronic DANIEL ORO§ oil exposure have rarely been explored (some exceptions: Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de see refs 12 and 13). Such research is more costly to conduct Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, because it involves longer time frames and requires evaluation 36310 Vigo, Spain, Departamento de Patoloxía Animal, of multiple mechanisms of potential impact to biological Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de systems (14). Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain, and IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Petroleum products are toxic to seabirds (15). Life history C/Miquel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Majorca, Spain characteristics of seabirds make them particularly vulnerable to oil pollution (14) because they spend much of their lives Received July 24, 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Beach Cleaners Beachtech Beach Cleaners
    Beach cleaners BeachTech Beach cleaners Ground-breaking technology for cleaner beaches Dream beaches for your guests Paradise beaches. For relaxation, sunbathing, dreaming and games for the children. Always as though they were the first to discover them. Every day like new. Free of cigarette stubs, pieces of glass and shells, plastic bottles or flotsam – BeachTech devices clean thoroughly. BeachTech means increased recreational value for your guests. For satisfied tourists who look back on their holiday with pleasure and cherish the memories of their days on the beach. 1 Because we are dedicated to this task: Cleaner beaches and satisfied guests through cost-effectiveness and efficiency in beach cleaning. 2 BeachTech 3000 Power and volume Ideal for large beaches Non-stop perfection The BeachTech 3000 beach cleaner is used for cost-effective and Two hydrostatic pumps move the pick-up roller and the two scree- efficient cleaning of large and expansive beaches. With a working ning belts. The angle of the first screening belt and the depth of width of 2.50 m, the BeachTech 3000 achieves coverage of up to the pick-up roller are set hydraulically via a gear pump. Lowering 30,000 m2/h. The 2-belt screening system facilitates an extremely the screening-raking unit fixes the depth setting and the cleaning high screening capacity. The loading volume of 4.7 m3 guarantees method. Waste is moved to the first screening belt during travel, a large operating range: there is no need for interim trips to the and the sand is then sifted using vibrations. The residual waste unloading station.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 16: Marine Debris
    This document is Chapter 16 of the Volunteer Estuary Monitoring Manual, A Methods Manual, Second Edition, EPA-842-B-06-003. The full document can be downloaded from: http://www.epa.gov/owow/estuaries/monitor/ Voluntary Estuary Monitoring Manual Chapter 16: Marine Debris March 2006 ChapterMarine1 Debris6 Waterbodies have historically been dumping grounds for human-made debris. Rarely can a person visit a stream, lake, river, estuary, or ocean and fail to observe some form of trash. This debris originates from many activities, but is generally categorized as coming from land-based or ocean/inland waterway-based sources. Regardless of its origin, however, marine debris impacts human health and safety; poses an entanglement or ingestion threat to wildlife; and degrades critical habitats. All photos by The Ocean Conservancy Unit Two: Physical Measures Chapter 16: Marine Debris Overview Waterbodies have historically been dumping grounds for human-made debris. Rarely can a person visit a stream, lake, river, estuary, or ocean and fail to observe some form of trash. This debris originates from many activities, but is generally categorized as coming from land- or ocean/inland waterway-based sources. Regardless of its origin, however, marine debris impacts human health and safety; poses an entanglement or ingestion threat to wildlife; and degrades critical habitats. Volunteer groups may be attracted to marine debris monitoring because of the pervasiveness of the problem and the ease with which marine debris pollution can be observed. They may also choose several approaches to dealing with it. Some organizations simply remove trash from shorelines and waterways. Others take it one step further, collecting information about the types and amounts of debris found.
    [Show full text]
  • International Coastal Cleanup 2017 Report
    Together FOR OUR Ocean International Coastal Cleanup 2017 Report In partnership with volunteer organizations and individuals around the globe, Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup engages people to remove trash from the world’s beaches and waterways, identify the sources of debris and change the behaviors that cause marine debris in the first place. USA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC BANGLADESH 2 OCEAN CONSERVANCY CONTENTS On behalf of all of us at Ocean Conservancy, I would like to thank the more than half a million 1 A Message from Ocean volunteers who made the 2016 International Conservancy’s CEO Coastal Cleanup a success. We simply couldn’t PEOPLE: 504,583 do it without YOU. From 112 countries around 2 Perspectives from the Field the world, volunteers, site captains, state and county coordinators worked tirelessly 4 Volunteers Making a Splash to collect over 18 million pounds of trash. 6 Diving Deeper Thanks to you, we covered enough miles of coastline to walk around the moon twice. 8 Global Spotlight: We’ve collected enough balloons to lift a Stories from Africa POUNDS: 18,399,900 2,200 lb. walrus and enough fishing line to 10 Weird Finds Around the World KILOGRAMS: 8,346,055 reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench – the ocean’s deepest point – nine times over. 12 Data Spotlight It is people like you that continue to inspire my optimism for the future of our ocean. 14 2016 Ocean Trash Index For more than 30 years, volunteers across 20 Status Report: Science, Policy the world have come together to become & Partners a global force for good.
    [Show full text]
  • Volunteer Beach Cleanups: Civic Environmental Stewardship Combating Global Plastic Pollution Bethany Jorgensen, Marianne Krasny, Juan Baztan
    Volunteer beach cleanups: civic environmental stewardship combating global plastic pollution Bethany Jorgensen, Marianne Krasny, Juan Baztan To cite this version: Bethany Jorgensen, Marianne Krasny, Juan Baztan. Volunteer beach cleanups: civic environmental stewardship combating global plastic pollution. Sustainability Science, Springer Verlag (Germany), 2020, 1, 10.1007/s11625-020-00841-7. hal-02919775 HAL Id: hal-02919775 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02919775 Submitted on 21 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Author's personal copy Sustainability Science https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00841-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Volunteer beach cleanups: civic environmental stewardship combating global plastic pollution Bethany Jorgensen1,3 · Marianne Krasny1 · Juan Baztan2,3 Received: 1 December 2019 / Accepted: 16 July 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract Marine litter, the majority of which is plastic, is one of the most pressing global environmental challenges impacting the planet. One way coastal communities respond to this challenge is through the environmental stewardship practice of vol- unteer beach cleanups. Beyond providing temporarily cleaner local beaches, how might these beach cleanups have broader impacts in the global struggle against plastic pollution? Using the lenses of environmental stewardship and civic ecology, we conducted a content analysis of primary source materials created by 50 groups involved in volunteer beach cleanups.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oceancare Commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals
    The OceanCare Commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Supplementary Information to OceanCare’s Quadrennial Report to ECOSOC, 2019 Since 1989, OceanCare has worked for the protection of Italy and France), Amazon River dolphins (Peru) and marine species and the oceans, and proudly developed West African manatee (Guinea Bissau). OceanCare has international recognition as a research, advocacy and maintained a strong involvement in research and con- Seducation nongovernmental organisation (NGO), that servation programs to reduce ship collisions, fervently champions the protection of marine flora and fauna. addressed the impact of ocean noise pollution and ma- rine debris and the interactions between fisheries and Our effectiveness has been amplified by welcoming sperm whales, bottlenose dolphins (Greece, France), others to join our path including many intergovern- Cuvier’s beaked whales (Mediterranean), humpback mental organisations and being entrusted as partners whales, fin whales and orcas (Canada) and loggerhead and members of key United Nations bodies. Strong al- sea turtles (Malta). liances and partnerships have been formed with solu- tion-oriented scientific experts, committees and con- We have provided ranger support to monitor pupping servation organisation partners around the world. grounds for Mediterranean monk seals, administered educational programs for fishermen and the local com- In 2011, OceanCare was granted United Nations Eco- munity (Mauretania), and encouraged decision makers nomic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Consultative Sta- at the Abidjan Convention in Côte d’Ivoire about de- tus, through a United Nations (UN) endorsement pro- cisive action needed against poaching of protected cess which is one of the most stringent and difficult aquatic animal species in West, Central and South Af- to achieve.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary Implementing a Deposit and Return Scheme in Catalonia Economic Opportunities for Municipalities
    February 2014 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IMPLEMENTING A DEPOSIT AND RETURN SCHEME IN CATALONIA ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR MUNICIPALITIES RETORNA FUNDACIÓ PER LA PREVENCIÓ DE RESIDUS I CONSUM RESPONSABLE Implementing a DRS in Catalonia. Executive summary Economic opportunities for muncipalities 1. INTRODUCTION Within the context of the campaign in favour of a deposit and return scheme for a series of beverage containers (DRS), the Foundation for the Prevention of Waste and Responsible Consumption was commissioned by Retorna the study of the integrated costs incurred by municipal councils in managing packaging containers – particularly beverage containers – as well as an analysis of the potential for reviewing and resizing the services along with the potential economic savings that the implementation of such a DRS would entail. The starting hypothesis is that the implementation of a DRS would reduce both the weight and the volume of the waste being currently managed by municipalities (including selective collection, undifferentiated waste and street cleaning). This reduction would mean a decrease in both waste collection and treatment costs. The purpose of this study has been to respond to the need to concretize to what extend the implementation of a DRS by Catalonian local authorities would result in cost reductions and diminished income. SCOPE This study has assessed the impact of the implementation of a DRS in the different domains covered by local authorities regarding waste management: · Collection costs · Treatment costs · Waste disposal tax return · Street cleaning · Beach cleaning PROPOSED MODEL This study has taken as a reference a deposit and refund schedule (DRS) that would be applied to tin, plastic, glass containers, and tetra cartons used for packaging water, beer, juices and soft drinks (including energy and slush drinks).
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Proximity to an Urban Center in the Pattern Of
    Marine Pollution Bulletin 81 (2014) 242–247 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul Baseline Influence of proximity to an urban center in the pattern of contamination by marine debris ⇑ A.S. Leite, L.L. Santos, Y. Costa, V. Hatje Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia 40170-290, Brazil article info abstract Keywords: In order to test the relationship between the occurrence of marine debris and the distance from urban Solid waste areas, nine beaches in the metropolitan area of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil and the adjacent northern coast Contamination were studied. Marine debris were collected, sorted in several categories and weighed. It was observed Salvador that plastics were numerically the most abundant component of the collected debris. As expected, the Regression analyses beaches closest to Salvador presented the largest density of debris, with the exception of the Porto da Bahia Barra beach, which has an efficient public cleaning system and does not have any vegetation, making it difficult to accumulate solid waste. Linear regression analyses showed significant relationships between the distance from the urban center (Salvador) and the number of marine debris per m2, the total number of debris per beach (abundance), and the diversity of debris types (richness). The results showed that proximity to urban regions was a key factor in the marine debris distribution along the coast. Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Marine debris represent one of the most important environ- trends, marine debris pollution is ubiquitous in the coast of Brazil mental pollutants of the XXIst century and can be considered a seri- (Hatje et al., 2013).
    [Show full text]