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UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title A three-dimensional quantitative investigation of frontal sinus morphology and function in mammalian carnivores Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ts7c0b1 Author Curtis, Abigail Ann Publication Date 2014 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles A three-dimensional quantitative investigation of frontal sinus morphology and function in mammalian carnivores A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biology by Abigail Ann Curtis 2014 ! ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A three-dimensional quantitative investigation of frontal sinus morphology and function in mammalian carnivores by Abigail Ann Curtis Doctor of Philosophy in Biology University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Chair Mammal skulls contain up to four mucosal-lined, air-filled cavities called paranasal sinuses within the bones surrounding the nasal chamber, including the maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal. Paranasal sinuses are highly variable in presence and morphology among mammals, and their function is not well understood due to the fact that they are hidden within the skull and inaccessible without use of destructive methods. The leading hypothesis to explain sinus function is that they opportunistically form where bone is mechanically unnecessary. Sinuses may also help dissipate stress more evenly across the skull during feeding and other behaviors. To test these hypotheses, I conducted the first quantitative and comparative investigation of how frontal sinus morphological disparity relates to skull morphology, ecology and diet in mammalian carnivores. To do so, I used non-destructive CT scans and applied a novel technique to quantify the three-dimensional shape of sinuses. Cranial shape, body size, diet, and ! ii! ecology vary markedly within Carnivora, with many examples of convergence, making them an ideal framework within which to examine sinus function. I quantified frontal sinus morphology for fifty-six carnivore species, including a large intraspecific sample of coyotes (Canis latrans) with associated age and diet information. Results support the hypothesis that frontal sinuses from where bone is mechanically unnecessary, but several taxa lacked frontal sinuses, suggesting that there may be phylogenetic constraints on which taxa can develop frontal sinuses. Among Carnivora with frontal sinuses, sinus morphology was strongly correlated with the size and shape of the frontal bone, and was also correlated with allometric differences in skull shape between families that relate to biomechanical function. Skull shape disparity related to ecology also appears to affect frontal sinus morphology. Dorsal flattening of the skull roof in aquatic and fossorial carnivores was associated with reduced or absent frontal sinuses. Large, anteriorly oriented eyes and foreshortened snouts of arboreal species also appear to limit space where a sinus can form. Intraspecific variation in sinus shape suggests frontal sinus morphology is affected by diet-related skull utility, and that frontal sinus morphology can vary throughout an organism’s life and be modified to improve skull performance. ! iii! The dissertation of Abigail Ann Curtis is approved. Michael Edward Alfaro Sotirios Tetradis Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2014 ! iv! TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION……………………………………………...………… ii COMMITTEE PAGE…………………………………………………………………………….iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………………….vii VITA……………………………………………………………………………………………...ix CHAPTER 1……………………………………………………………………………………..11 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..12 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………13 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………..21 Results……………………………………………………………………………………29 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………..36 Tables…………………………………………………………………………………….43 Figure Legends…………………………………………………………………………...47 Figures……………………………………………………………………………………48 Supplementary Information……………………………………………………………...58 Literature Cited…………………………………………………………………………..61 CHAPTER 2……………………………………………………………………………………..65 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..66 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………67 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………..68 Results……………………………………………………………………………………70 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………..72 Supplementary Information……………………………………………………………...77 Literature Cited…………………………………………………………………………..83 CHAPTER 3………………………………………………………………………………..........87 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………88 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………..92 Results……………………………………………………………………………………98 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………104 Tables…………………………………………………………………………………...109 Figure Legends………………………………………………………………………….112 Figures…………………………………………………………………………………..114 Literature Cited…………………………………………………………………………125 LIST OF TABLES Chapter 1 Table 1-1…………………………………………………………………………43 Table 1-2…………………………………………………………………………44 Table 1-3…………………………………………………………………………45 Table 1-4…………………………………………………………………………46 Table 1-5…………………………………………………………………………47 Table S1-1………………………………………………………………………..58 Table S1-2………………………………………………………………………..59 Table S1-3………………………………………………………………………..60 Chapter 2 Table 1…………………………………………………………………………...68 ! v! Table 2…………………………………………………………………………...69 Table 3…………………………………………………………………………...70 Table 4…………………………………………………………………………...74 Table 5…………………………………………………………………………...75 Table S2-1………………………………………………………………………..81 Chapter 3 Table 3-1………………………………………………………………………..109 Table 3-2………………………………………………………………………..110 Table 3-3………………………………………………………………………..110 Table 3-4………………………………………………………………………..111 Table 3-5………………………………………………………………………..111 Table 3-6………………………………………………………………………..111 LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 1 Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………..48 Figure 2…………………………………………………………………………..49 Figure 3…………………………………………………………………………..50 Figure 4…………………………………………………………………………..51 Figure 5…………………………………………………………………………..52 Figure 6…………………………………………………………………………..53 Figure 7…………………………………………………………………………..54 Figure 8…………………………………………………………………………..55 Figure 9…………………………………………………………………………..56 Figure 10…………………………………………………………………………57 Chapter 2 Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………..67 Figure 2…………………………………………………………………………..69 Figure 3…………………………………………………………………………..70 Figure 4…………………………………………………………………………..70 Figure 5…………………………………………………………………………..71 Figure 6…………………………………………………………………………..72 Figure 7…………………………………………………………………………..73 Figure S2-1……………………………………………………………………….77 Chapter 3 Figure 3-1……………………………………………………………………….114 Figure 3-2……………………………………………………………………….115 Figure 3-3……………………………………………………………………….116 Figure 3-4……………………………………………………………………….117 Figure 3-5……………………………………………………………………….118 Figure 3-6……………………………………………………………………….119 Figure 3-7……………………………………………………………………….120 Figure 3-8……………………………………………………………………….121 Figure 3-9……………………………………………………………………….122 Figure 3-10……………………………………………………………………...123 Figure 3-11……………………………………………………………………...124 ! vi! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Dr. Blaire Van Valkenburgh for providing invaluable mentoring that has helped me become a more independent and skilled scientist. I also thank the rest of my dissertaion committee, Drs. Michael Alfaro, Sotirios Tetradis, Robert Wayne, and Andrew Farke, for all of their valuable guidance that greatly improved my dissertation and skills as a researcher. Dr. Graham Slater, Deborah Bird, Dr. Anthony Friscia, Jeffrey Wolf, and other past and present graduate students and postdocs in Dr. Blaire Van Valkenburgh’s and Dr. Michael Alfaro’s lab have all generously given their time to offer advice, discussions, and technical expertise, for which I am greatly appreciative. I am grateful to my family, especially my parents, Daniel Curtis, Sr. and Kathleen Curtis, siblings, nieces, and nephews, friends, and mentors who have always supported and encouraged my love of learning and science. Chapter 1 is a version of Curtis A, Van Valkenburgh B. In press. Beyond the sniffer: frontal sinuses in Carnivora. Anat Rec. A. Curtis was the primary author of this article, and developed the study concept and design, data analysis, and interpretation. A. Curtis collected all frontal sinus and skull morphometric data and conducted all data analyses. B. Van Valkenburgh was the secondary author and involved in study design, data analysis, interpretation, and contributed to the writing of this article. Chapter 2 is a reprint of Curtis AA, Lai G, Wei F, Van Valkenburgh B. 2014. Repeated loss of frontal sinuses in arctoid carnivorans. J Morphol DOI:10.1002/jmor.20313, and is reprinted with permission from the Journal of Morphology granted to A. Curtis (License Number: 3464400629058). A. Curtis was the primary author of this article. A. Curtis developed the study concept and design, as well as data analysis, and interpretation. G. Lai and A. Curtis ! vii! collected all frontal sinus volume and skull morphometric data and conducted all data analyses. F. Wei provided the CT scans of the giant panda. B. Van Valkenburgh was the secondary author, and involved in study design, data analysis and interpretation. All authors contributed to the writing of this article. Chapter 3 is a version of Curtis A, Orke M, Tetradis S, Van Valkenburgh B. In prep. Intraspecific disparity in frontal sinus and cranial morphology in relation to diet-related skull use and age in coyotes (Canis latrans). A. Curtis was
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