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Variações Das Geleiras Nas Cordilheiras Apolobamba E Carabaya, Andes Tropicais, Entre 1975 E 2015 Usando Sensoriamento Remoto

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Variações Das Geleiras Nas Cordilheiras Apolobamba E Carabaya, Andes Tropicais, Entre 1975 E 2015 Usando Sensoriamento Remoto IV Simpósio Brasileiro de Geomática – SBG2017 Presidente Prudente - SP, 24-26 de julho de 2017 II Jornadas Lusófonas - Ciências e Tecnologias de Informação Geográfica - CTIG2017 p. 352-356 VARIAÇÕES DAS GELEIRAS NAS CORDILHEIRAS APOLOBAMBA E CARABAYA, ANDES TROPICAIS, ENTRE 1975 E 2015 USANDO SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO BIJEESH KOZHIKKODAN VEETTIL SÉRGIO FLORÊNCIO DE SOUZA JEFFERSON CARDIA SIMÕES Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS Instituto de Geociências Porto Alegre - RS {bijeesh.veettil, sergio.florencio, jefferson.simoes}@ufrgs.br RESUMO - Quantificação decenal da área das geleiras nas cordilheiras Carabaya (Peru) e Apolobamba (Bolívia-Peru) (14o00'-14o39'S, 69o14'-70o19'O) foi feita usando imagens Landsat. A perda média de área glacial estimada entre 1975 e 2015 nas cordilheiras Apolobamba e Carabaya foi de cerca de 50% e 79%, respectivamente. As geleiras situadas abaixo de 5.000 m a.n.m. foram quase desaparecidos (nas cordilheiras Apolobamba e Carabaya 93% e 95,5%, respectivamente). Durante este período, a área as geleiras acima de 5.500 m a.n.m. foram relativamente estáveis (13,5% e 31% em Apolobamba e Carabaya, respectivamente). Palavras chave: Andes tropicais, Cordilheira Apolobamba, Cordilheira Carabaya, monitoramento glacial. ABSTRACT – Decadal quantification of glacier area in the cordilleras Carabaya and Apolobamba in Peru and Bolivia (14°00′–14°39′S; 69°14′–70°19′W) was done using Landsat images. The estimated glacier mean area loss between 1975 and 2015 in the Cordillera Apolobamba and the Cordillera Carabaya was about 51% and 79%, respectively. Glaciers situated below 5000 m a.s.l. nearly disappeared (93% and 95.5% in the cordilleras Apolobamba and Carabaya, respectively) during this period, but glaciers above 5500 m a.s.l. were relatively stable (13.5% and 31% in Apolobamba and Carabaya). Key words: Tropical Andes, Cordillera Apolobamba, Cordillera Carabaya, glacier monitoring. 1 INTRODUÇÃO outro perigo associado com o derretimento das geleiras (Chevallier et al., 2011). As geleiras tropicais são conhecidos por sua rápida resposta às perturbações climáticas (Vuille et al., 2008), Neste estudo, analisamos a evolução das geleiras porque sua sazonalidade de balanço de massas difere nas últimas décadas (1975 - 2015) em duas cadeias de daquelas geleiras fora dos trópicos (Kaser, 1999). A montanhas, a Cordillera Carabaya e a Cordilheira acumulação apenas durante a estação chuvosa (verão Apolobamba, nos Andes orientais do Peru e Bolívia, austral) com ablação durante todo o ano é comum nos aplicando métodos automáticos às imagens de satélite. As trópicos (Kaser e Osmaston, 2002, Sagredo e Lowell, taxas de recuo das geleiras em diferentes zonas de 2012, Sagredo et al., 2014). No entanto, a acumulação e a elevação e aspectos foram calculadas separadamente para ablação ocorrem ao longo do ano nos trópicos internos compreender os gradientes de recuo de geleiras. devido à falta de uma estação de precipitação específica (Kaser, 1999). As geleiras Andinas tropicais, 2 ÁREA DE ESTUDO particularmente na Bolívia e no Peru, funcionam como bons indicadores de mudança climática (Kaser e As cordilheiras orientais do Peru e Bolívia, nos Osmaston, 2002) e atuam como amortecedores críticos Andes tropicais, acomodam inúmeras geleiras de dos recursos hídricos durante a estação seca (Vuille et al., montanha e lagos glaciares. Calculamos as alterações da 2008). Os riscos relacionados com as geleiras, como as área glaciar na cordilheira Carabaya (Peru) e na inundações provocadas pelos lagos glaciares, constituem Cordilheira Apolobamba (Peru-Bolívia) (Figura 1). A Cordilheira Carabaya (14o00'-14o22'S; 69o38'-70o19'O) B.K. Veettil; S. F. Souza; J. C. Simões ISSN 1981-6251 IV Simpósio Brasileiro de Geomática – SBG2017 II Jornadas Lusófonas - Ciências e Tecnologias de Informação Geográfica - CTIG2017 está localizada na Província de Carabaya, entre a Cordilheira Vilcanota, no noroeste que abriga a maior calota de gelo tropical do mundo (a Quelccaya) e a Cordilheira Apolobamba na sudeste. As montanhas glaciarizadas importantes na região de Carabaya incluem Allin Qhapaq (pico mais alto, 5.780 m a.n.m), Wayna Qhapaq (5.721 m a.n.m), Chichi Qhapaq (5.614 m a.n.m), e Wila Kunka (5.350 m a.n.m) (Figura 2). A Cordilheira Apolobamba (14o39'S; 69o14'O) está localizada perto da fronteira Peru-Bolívia e a maioria dos picos cobertos de gelo nesta cordilheira pertencem ao Peru. O pico mais alto é Chawpi Urqu ou Chawpi Orco (6.044 m a.n.m). Figura 2 – Landsat subconjuntos de imagem das montanhas amplamente glaciarizadas nas cordilheiras Carabaya e Apolobamba. 3 MÉTODOS E RESULTADOS O contraste entre a refletância muito alta da superfície de gelo na porção visível (0,4-0,7 μm) e a refletância muito baixa na porção infravermelha (0,7-1,0 μm) do espectro eletromagnético é utilizado para o mapeamento automático de geleiras sem detritos (Burns e Nolin, 2014). Vários métodos automáticos que são freqüentemente usados para identificar gelo livre de detritos são relações de banda e índice de neve de diferença normalizada (NDSI), aplicando limiares adequados (Silverio e Jaquet, 2012). A seleção do limiar depende das coberturas da nuvem e a data de aquisição da imagem. Os valores do limiar aplicado podem influenciar a exatidão dos resultados (Kamp e Pan, 2015). 3.1 Dados Os dados de sensoriamento remoto utilizados neste estudo são imagens Landsat (MSS, TM e OLI) e o modelo digital de elevação (MDE) de ASTER GDEM-v2. As imagens MSS e TM têm uma resolução radiométrica Figura 1 – Localização geográfica das cordilheiras de oito bits. Para aplicar o mesmo algoritmo a todas as Carabaya e Apolobamba no Peru e na Bolívia (geleiras imagens, convertemos as imagens OLI de 16 bits em demonstradas em pontos vermelhos. dados de 8 bits antes do processamento. Essas imagens foram fornecidas com correções radiométrica e Observa-se que as montanhas de altitudes elevadas geométrica antes de serem baixadas do GloVis do United com declives muito íngremes são desprovidos de States Geological Survey (USGS) cobertura geleira e alguns picos de baixa elevação com (http://glovis.usgs.gov/). A adequação de imagens de encostas mais suaves são fortemente glaciarizadas nesta sensoriamento remoto para mapeamento das geleiras região. Uma investigação visual simples das imagens depende de muitos fatores como a cobertura de nuvens, a Landsat mostrou a formação de lagos glaciares nas presença de neve sazonal e a geometria de iluminação no últimas décadas nesta região. Às vezes, a observação de momento da aquisição (Burns e Nolin, 2014). mudanças nos lagos glaciares fornece uma indicação de Selecionamos as imagens sem nuvens adquiridas durante mudança de massa, embora as mudanças do lago possam a estação seca (maio-setembro) para criar mosaicos de ser resultado de processos meteorológicos (chuva, por imagem para o período 1975-2015. As imagens exemplo), glaciológicos e topografia subglacial (Benn e adquiridas durante este período são mais prováveis ser Evans, 1998). desprovidas da neve sazonal também. As imagens do Landsat MSS têm uma resolução espacial de 60 m, enquanto as imagens TM e OLI têm uma resolução de 30 m. B.K. Veettil; S. F. Souza; J. C. Simões ISSN 1981-6251 IV Simpósio Brasileiro de Geomática – SBG2017 II Jornadas Lusófonas - Ciências e Tecnologias de Informação Geográfica - CTIG2017 3.2 Métodos nestas duas cordilheiras consideradas neste estudo são sumariadas no Quadro 1. Em escalas decenais, as mudanças na área das geleiras podem ser usadas como um bom indicador para a Área das geleiras mudança do balanço de massa devido às variações Ano Apolobamba Carabaya Todas climáticas (Bamber e Rivera, 2007). Para todas as 1975 239,9 71,9 311,8 imagens, exceto o Landsat MSS em 1975, calculamos o 1985 195,3 39,6 234,9 índice de neve de diferença normalizada (NDSI = [TM2- 1995 161,3 29,2 190,5 TM5] / [TM2 + TM5]) e aplicamos um limiar (entre 0,50 2005 152,9 22,4 175,3 e 0,60 na maioria dos casos) para calcular a área das 2015 117,9 15,2 133,1 geleiras. Para imagens MSS em 1975, utilizamos 1975-2015 51 79 57 MSS5xMSS6 e, em seguida, aplicamos um limiar para (%) calcular a área (Della Ventura et al., 1983). Os números digitais de todas as imagens brutas foram convertidos para Quadro 1 – As mudanças de área das geleiras. a reflectancia de superfície correspondente antes de calcular as imagens de banda ou NDSI. A variação decenal da área das geleiras em Após as áreas das geleiras foram calculadas, diferentes zonas de elevação, conforme apresentado na separamos a extensão areal das geleiras em três classes de Figura 3, indicou a quase extinção da cobertura glaciar altitude usando o MDE para entender as diferenças na abaixo de 5000 m a.n.m. Nas cordilheiras Apolobamba e taxa de encolhimento de geleiras em diferentes altitudes. Carabaya entre 1975 e 2015. Observa-se que a diminuição Estas três classes são: abaixo de 5000 m a.n.m., entre potencial na área de geleira abaixo de 5000 m a.s.l 5000 e 5500 m a.n.m., e acima de 5500 m a.n.m. Esta ocorreu entre 1975 e 1985. Apenas 31% da superfície classificação seria útil para entender se os glaciares em glaciarizado acima de 5500 m a.n.m. No entanto, a área altitudes mais baixas (abaixo de 5000 m a.n.m.) estavam abaixo de 5500 m a.n.m. mostrou um encolhimento encolhendo mais rapidamente como observado em contínuo durante todo o período de estudo e os padrões de estudos anteriores (Ramirez et al., 2001). O mesmo MDE encolhimento não foram diferentes significativamente nas foi utilizado para separar a área geleira por aspecto, o que duas cadeias de montanhas. ajudaria a compreender as propriedades direcionais da retração glaciar nesta região. 3.3 Resultados As alterações estimadas na área superficial das geleiras entre 1975 e 2015 e nos lagos glaciares entre 1985 e 2015 são descritas em pormenor nas subsecções seguintes.
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