A Biological Assessment of the Alto Madidi Region and Adjacent Areas

Home , Cordillera Apolobamba, Echinopsis (sea urchin), Ixiamas, Trigonia

Rapid Assessment Program RAP

Working

Papers

F A Biological Assedsment of

the Alto Madidi Region

and adjacent areas of

Northwest Bolivia

May 18 - June 15,1990

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL

DECEMBER 1991 Rapid Assessment Program

Knowledge of the pl;unet's biota is uneven. While some regions have been st~~diedextensively by biologists, others have scarcely been touclieci by scientific exploration. In recent years, large-scale changes in land use worldwide have made it impel.ative that we analyze as Inany of these un-

k~iow~i11, '1 ?* ft'lts ns, , possible while they continue to exist in relatively pristine states. Rapid assessments allow conservationists to evaluate anel compare areas as a means of determining the biological base for conservation priorities. Conservation International's Rapid Assessment Progra~n(RAP) as- sembles teams of world-renowned experts and host country scientists to generate first-cut assessments of the biological value of different sites, areas, ancl regions around the worlcl. RAP aims to identify regions of highest biological importance for conservation. An area's importance can be characterized by its total biocliversity, its elegree of encle~nism,the ~~niq~~eness of an ecosyste~n,or the elegree of risk of extinction on either a national or a global scale. As a conservation tool, RAP precedes long-term scientific inventory. When satellite images of an area targeted for a RAP assessment are available, the team consults them prior to a trip to determine the extent of forest cover ancl likely areas for exploration. Once in-count~y,the scientists make overflights in s~nallplanes or helicopters to identify forest types ancl points for field transects. Groi~ndtravel is more difficult: Oftcn a combination of vehicles, boats, pack animals, ancl foot travel is required to get the team to re~notesites where few, if any, roads exist. Trips may last from fo~~rto eight weeks. On each trip, in-country scientists form a central part of the team. Local experts arc especially critical to ~~nclcrstandingareas where little exploration has been ~unclertaken. Furthermore, any subsequent research and protection of habitats following a RAP trip will invariably depend on the initiatives of local scientists and conservationists. We hope that Rcrl., Wol.Itilig PCIIICI.Swill contribute to scientific knowledge of the earth's biodiversity. But even more i~nportant,we hope these st~~dieswill provide conservation groups around the world with data they need to help preserve the earth's biological heritage for future generations.

Ted Parker ancl Brent Bailey Series Editors Rapid Assessment Program RAP

Working

Papers

A Biological Assessment of

the Alto Madidi Region

and adjacent areas of

Northwest Bolivia

May18 - June 15,1990

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL

DECEMBER 1991 Rapid Assessnzerzt Working Pa11er.s are occasional reports published three to five times a year. For subscription information write to:

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Library of Congress Catalog Card

Number 9 1-078 133

@ Printed on recycled paper Table of Contents

Acknowledgments 2

Participants 3

Organizational Profiles 4

Overview 6

Conclusions 6

Opportunities 9

Summary Of Field Work I I

Further Research 12

Technical Report 14

Alto Madidi Region 14

Pampas Region 25

Apolo Region, Mid-Elevation Wet Forest 26

Apolo Region, Mid-Elevation Dry Forest 30

Appendices 34

1. Birds of the Alto Madidi 36

2. Birds of the Lower Rio Heath, Bolivia/Peru 48

3. Birds of Ixiamas 61

-- 4. Birds of Calabatea

5. Mammal List 72

6. Observations on the Herpetofauna 74

7. Plant List: Alto Madidi, Bajo Tuichi, and the Foothill Ridges

8. Plant List: Apolo-Mid-Elevation Wet Forest 93

9. Plant List: Apolo-Mid-Elevation Dry Forest 100

10. Plant List: Pampa-Ixiamas 104

Bibliography 107 Acknowledgments

Many people contributed to the success of this trip and production of the report. Our thanks go to Eduardo Forno for coordinating extensive pre- trip arrangements and anticipating numerous details. Ana Martinet de Mollinedo, Marina de Montafio, and Lourdes Larea of the CI Bolivia of- fice cheerfully accommodated the team and provided logistical support. Marcelo Sommerstein generously offered use of the Madidi camp and support from camp personnel. Padre Nivardo graciously provided assistance with field transportation. Maria Marconi and Isabel Mercado of the Bolivian Conservation Data Center provided valuable review of the appendices. Dr.Sydney Anderson generously shared records from his files on Bolivian mammals. Stephen Nash prepared the map of the region, Leonor Greenidge helped prepare the manuscript, and John Carr and Tom Schulenberg provided valuable editorial assistance. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the MacArthur Foundation for establishing the Rapid As- sessment Program, and the Beneficia Foundation and CI members for additional financial support.

Editors' Note

This report is both a synthesis and compilation of the findings of the RAP team. The Overview section provides highlights of the trip, and integrates suggestions and conclusions that were shared by team members after ana- lyzing their results. The Technical Report provides more detailed information on species and natural communities, and is derived from separate reports submitted by the individual team members. Authorship of separate sections is attributed to the contributors whenever possible, though some sections were combined in order to avoid overlap or repetition.

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Participants

SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL Flavio Hinojosa

Mammalogist Instituto de Ecologia Theodore A. Parker, Ill

Ornithologist FIELD ASSISTANCE Conservation International

Hermes Justiniano Robin B. Foster Pilot; Director, Fundaci6n Amigos de la Plant Ecologist Naturaleza, Santa Cruz Conservation International Bolivia

Louise H. Emmons Abel Castillo

Mammalogist Fundaci6n Amigos de la Naturaleza Conservation International Brent Bailey

Alwyn H. Gentry Director of Biological Programs Conservation International Botanist Conservation International Edward Wolf

Editorlwriter Stephan Beck Conservation International Botanist Herbario Nacional de Bolivia EDITORS

Silvia Estenssoro Theodore A. Parker, Ill Botanist Centro de Datos para la Conservacibn de Bolivia Brent Bailey

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Organizational Profiles

servation of living resources of Bolivia. View- Conservation International (CI) ing conservation as the appropriate use of these Conservation International (CI) is an interna- resources, with the goal of improving the qual- tional, nonprofit organization based in Wash- ity of life of present and future generations, the ington, D.C., whose mission is to conserve CDC promotes sustainable development that biological diversity and the ecological proc- integrates ecological, social, and economic fac- esses that support life on earth. CI employs a tors with basic principles of conservation. The strategy of "ecosystem conservation" which CDC's central mission is to provide the techni- seeks to integrate biological conservation with cal base for the development of strategies, poli- economic development for local populations. cies, programs, and projects of protection and CI's activities focus on developing scientific rational use of the country's biological heri- understanding, practicing ecosystem manage- tage, and focuses on bridging the gap between ment, stimulating conservation-based develop- those who generate biological information and ment, and assisting with policy design. those who use it. Conservation International (CI) Centro de Datos para la Conservacion 1015 18th St. NW de Bolivia (CDC) Washington, D.C. 20036 U.S.A. Calle 26, Cota-Cota Casilla 11250 202-429-5660 La Paz, Bolivia CI-Bolivia (5912) 797399 Avenida Villaz6n #1958, Of. 10-A Casilla 5633 La Paz, Bolivia Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (5912) 341230 Herbario Nacional de Bolivia is a botanical research center, established in 1983 by agree- ment between the Universidad Mayor de San Centro de Datos para la Conservacibn AndrCs and the Academia Nacional de Cien- de Bolivia (CDC) cias de Bolivia under the sponsorship of the The Centro de Datos para la Conservaci6n de Neotropical Flora Organization in La Paz. Bolivia (CDC) is a private, nonprofit Bolivian The Herbarium's principal goal is the organization created to contribute to the con- study of the flora of Bolivia, through floristic

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program inventories, establishment of botanical collec- Fundacion Amigos de la Naturaleza tions, and development of basic and applied re- The Fundaci6n Amigos de la Naturaleza search projects, thereby contributing to (FAN) is a private, nonprofit organization es- scientific training at national and international tablished in 1988. FAN'S mission is to protect levels in the Neotropical region. Bolivia's biological diversity. In collaboration Herbario Nacional de Bolivia with other nongovernmental organizations, the Casilla 10077 Bolivian government, and the international La Paz, Bolivia conservation community, FAN provides vital (59 12) 792582 and 7924 16 technical and financial assistance to Noel Kempff and Amboro National Parks and the lnstituto de Ecologia de Bolivia Rios Blanco y Negro Wildlife Reserve, pro- The Instituto de Ecologia de Bolivia is a scien- tected areas comprising a total of almost 7.5 tific training and research center of the Univer- million acres. A long-term goal of FAN is to sidad Mayor de San AndrCs de La Paz. Its expand the system of protected areas from the principal objective is the enhancement of scien- current 2 percent to at least 10 percent of Bo- tific capacity to resolve ecological problems in livia's national territory through the estab- Bolivia. To realize this goal, the Instituto lishment of new areas, training of conservation trains professional biologists with an ecological professionals, and a public environmental edu- orientation and undertakes basic and applied cation program. research in programs of conservation, agro- Fundacion Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN) ecology, and inventories of Bolivian flora and Av. Irala 42 1 fauna. P.O. Box 2241 Instituto de Ecologia de Bolivia Santa Cruz, Bolivia Campus Universitario (591-33) 33806 Cota-Cota, Calle 27 (591-33) 41327 (fax) Casilla Correo Central 10077 La Paz, Bolivia (5912) 792582 or 792416

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Overview

From 18 May to 15 June 1990, Conservation International's Rapid As- sessment Program team (Louise H. Em~nons,Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, and Theodore A. Parker, 111) and counterparts from Bolivian insti- tutions (Stephan Beck, Silvia Estenssoro, and Flavio Hinojosa) undertook rapid evaluations of fauna and flora of lowland and montane forests in the department of La Paz, on the eastern slope of the Andes in northwester11 Bolivia.

The purpose of the expedition was to assess quickly the biological importance of a vast, largely unexplored wilderness area in Provincia Itur- ralde, along the upper reaches of the Rios Heath, Madidi, and Tuichi. The region encompasses nearly 50,000 sq km of pristine forest and grassland, none of which currently receives protection under Bolivian law.

CONCLUSIONS

Results for this area of Bolivia indicate a high diversity of flora and fauna that rivals the richest known sites on the globe. Habitat heterogeneity, the general species richness of Amazonian and Andean forests and their proximity to each other, relatively high precipitation, and nearly complete absence of long-term human perturbation are among the related probable causes for the high levels of species diversity encountered by the group. The region of northern La Paz, from the high Andes to the mouth of the Rio Heath in the lowlands, is likely to harbor more bird and mammal species than any other comparable area of Bolivia. It is possible that more than 1,000 species of birds, or an amazing 11 percent of all bird species on earth, will eventually be recorded along a transect from the Andean grasslands near Lake Titicaca to the lowland forests and savannas near the mouth of the Rio Heath. The region hosts what are probably the most

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

species-rich forests in all of Bolivia on the an- (and birds are the best-known vertebrate cient river terraces and the adjacent slopes of group!). hills and ridges. Combined with the adjacent The lowland savannas (pampas) are not Tambopata-Candamo reserve in Peru, this area a priori expected to be richer in plant species could become a biodiversity reserve unsur- near the northwestern frontier with Peru, but passed in all of South America. they may contain more endemic species and We saw in our overflights that most of a certainly are less disturbed here than anywhere Results for this vast region of northern La Paz is uninhabited else north of the Rio MamorC. Although its or virtually so. It is therefore in an ideal state mammal list may not be large, the Pampas del area of Bolivia for long-term land-use planning for conserva- Heath may be one of the only undisturbed tion and sustainable development. natural habitats of its type, and serves as a ref- indicate a high uge for species that are persecuted elsewhere We had already suspected that the forests and in need of protection. The pampas clearly near Bolivia's frontier with Peru at the base of diversity of represent an important conservation priority in the Andes (known as the 'lower yungas') Bolivia and South America. flora and would be the richest in plant species of any for- At Ixiamas we found several grassland est in Bolivia. Our rapid assessment confirms bird species that are declining throughout most fauna that this to our satisfaction. The region has good of their ranges in central South America (e.g., representation of the southwest Amazonian bi- Cock-tailed Tyrant, Alect~.urus tricolor, and rivals the ota. One component, the floodplain forests, Black-masked Finch, Coryphaspiza melano- may be richer away from the Andes where the tis). That large populations of such species richest known rivers meander more, and we suspect (but still survive in northern and central Bolivia under- do not know) that the middle or upper yungas scores the conservation opportunities that still sites on the (mountain slopes) are also richest in species exist in this region. near the Peruvian border. globe. In addition to the northwestern border The Alto Madidi and portions of the evaluated here, one could make a similar argu- lower Madidi have virtually intact faunal and ment about the conservation importance of Bo- floral assemblages. Only in the immediate vi- livia's other border regions. The southern cinity of the airstrip and catnp have some of the border with Argentina and Paraguay has prob- Cedrelinga (‘mars nzacho' in Spanish) trees ably the greatest richness within Bolivia of been cut out. It is astonishing to see large Ce- subtropical biota. The eastern border with Bra- drzla (cedro) near the lumber camp. The ab- zil (e.g., the Serrania de Huanchaca) certainly sence of Swietenia (mahogany, known as nzara should have the greatest richness within Bo- or caoba), either as a result of much earlier log- livia of Brazilian Shield species. The cerrado ging or for lack of suitable habitat, is very for- vegetation is disappearing in Brazil to a much tunate. It means there will be little logging greater degree than in the smaller area in Bo- pressure on this area for several more years. livia. The absence of hunting has left even the large Bolivia is not at the heart of any one of game animals near the rivers. these large biotas, but it can claim to be the The Andes provide numerous habitat most important transitional country between types, including four elevational zones above the major biotic regions of southern South the lowlands, all of which host different bird America. Our goal is not to single out Bolivia and small mammal faunas. Our fieldwork at as the ideal parkland for southern South Ameri- Alto Madidi (14 days) reveals how little we can biota, but rather to draw attention to its know of bird distribution in northern Bolivia enormous biological wealth and relatively low

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program population pressure. The pressures of growing value of these forests, in addition to their bio- population and development on the neighbor- logical importance, is inestimable. The upper ing countries may in many cases be too strong montane section of the proposed border reserve It is possible to protect these biotic systems. In Bolivia it is could be extended southeast to the Apolo-La still very possible. Paz highway currently under construction. The that.. 11 benefits of limiting colonization along such . roads (e.g., to limit erosion that results from de- percent of all CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES forestation for subsistence agriculture) are often overlooked or ignored. bird species on The biological surveys discussed in this report indicate that lowland and montane forests in 3 Establishment of a second conservation earth, will northern La Paz support the richest plant and area for watershed management, the protec- animal communities in the country. We there- tion of diverse ecosystems, and development eventually be fore suggest the following opportunities for of ecotourism in the drainage of the Rio their protection: Tuichi. This could include the higher eleva- recorded along tions of mid-montane forest south of the Tuichi 1 Establishment of a large conservation up to the burned plateaus northeast of Apolo. a transect from unit in the department of La Paz that would This would encompass several long trails from include large areas of lowland and foothill Apolo to the lower Tuichi which could be the Andean forest along the upper Rios Heath and maintained for trekking, patrolling, and re- Madidi (including the entire upper drainage search, now that new access roads and air- grasslands of the Alto Madidi), and the higher ridges to planes make the trails of little use to the the south (e.g., the Serrania de Tutumo). population around Apolo. near Lake The very high biodiversity of the Alto Madidi The tall, lower montane forests of the region, particularly that of lowland forests at Serrania de Eslabbn, along the western side of Titicaca to the the base of the mountains, but also of montane this valley, probably support the richest mon- forests on outlying and higher ridges to the tane plant and animal communities in Bolivia. lowland forests west, could be protected in a reserve that would The existing tourist lodge at Laguna Santa border the Tambopata-Candamo Reserve lying Rosa would be an excellent base for biological and savannas along the Peruvian side of the Rio Heath. The inventories of the surrounding lowland forests resulting bi-national reserve would encompass as well as of montane forests to the west. Like near the mouth some of the richest forests in upper Amazonia, the Alto Madidi site described above, the lodge including the most diverse forests in all of Bo- is strategically located for monitoring eco- of the Rio livia. Up to 12 percent of all bird species on nomic development along the river. earth, for example, and the highest plant spe- Heath. cies diversity yet reported from Bolivia, have 4 Creation of extractive reserves around been found between 400 and 4,000 meters in the proposed Madidi conservation unit could the headwater region between the Rio Tam- lead to the rational, long-term exploitation of bopata, Peru, and the Rio Alto Madidi, Bolivia. forest-based products. Economically important forest resources, including large popula- 2 Extension of the boundaries of this Alto tions of valuable trees such as Swieterlia Madidi protected area southward along the macrophylla and Cedr.ela odorata, occur in Bolivia-Peru border to include the full gradi- this region. Unfortunately, these are being ex- ent of montane forests up to treeline (includ- ploited rapidly, and perhaps not rationally, by a ing the humid paramos). The watershed number of logging companies that have already

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 been granted concessions. Establishment of theriverarealready protected by law as part of extractive reserves where harvesting of such theTambopata-CandamoReserve butarevery species could be monitored and studied would small compared to those on the Bolivian side. benefit the Bolivian economy far into the fu- Bolivians and Peruvians living along the river ture. Forests along the lower Rio Heath, sup- below the grasslands could find opportunities port large numbers of castafia trees (Bertholettia for employment in managing and protecting the excelsa), which already yield economic re- reserve. wards for local people. As one of the last remaining Boliv- ian pampas not overrun by cattle and seem- 5 Construction of a dual-purpose bio- ingly unique in floristic composition, the logical station and guard post at the site Pampas del Heath should be kept free of of the recently abandoned Aserradero roads. The river and small airstrips pro- Moira sawmill at Alto Madidi. The stra- vide adequate access and control. tegic importance of this base for scientific studies as well as for surveillance cannot 7 Protection of representative examples be overstated. Access by airplane is a of the unique plant communities that oc- wonderful convenience for the operation of cur in the semiarid valleys of the north- a station, requiring only maintenance of the ern yungas, such as the Rio Machariapo airstrip. Also essential is maintenance of dry forest. Numerous potentially threat- the road to Ixiamas. An improved network ened plant and animal species may be re- of trails around the station would facilitate stricted to small geographic and elevational biological explorations of the surrounding zones within the yungas region. There is forests. Floral and faunal inventories of an urgent need for rapid and intensive bio- the unexplored ridges, some as high as logical inventories of such areas. 1,800 m, to the west of Alto Madidi would reveal the presence of large numbers of en- 8 Promotion of reforestation projects in demic species. As a guard post, the station the densely settled inter-Andean valleys could also monitor exploitative practices such as that surrounding Apolo. We such as timber extraction and gold mining. were surprised to learn that soldiers at the At present there seems to be little control local military base are sent up to 50 km over such activities. away to gather firewood and building mate- rials from existing native forests. Eucalyp- 6 Establishment of a protected area en- tus plantations, which commonly supply compassing the Bolivian Pampas del He- firewood to the local populations in other ath and surrounding forests, the only dry Andean valleys, have not been culti- extensive areas of undisturbed pantanal- vated here. We would encourage the plant- like grassland remaining in northern Bo- ing of other tree species, preferably livia. This could be accomplished without fast-growing native species. much difficulty, as the human population along the lower Rio Heath is very small 9 Extension of a reserve or protected and few if any cattle graze there. A bio- area along the Peruvian border to the logical reserve would protect healthy popu- northwest tip of Pando. This would add lations of many large mammal species, as many primate and small mammal species well as a high diversity of birds (see Ap- not found further south, and would result pendix 2). Pampas on the Peruvian side of in a reserve rivalling Parque Nacional

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Manu of Peru as the biologically richest pro- cies in 14 days along a transect of roughly six tected areain the world. kilometers by 200 meters. Of these, nine were first records for the country, 30 were recorded in the country for only the second time, and 52 SUMMARY OF FIELD WORK species were new for the department of La Paz. Among the 45 species of mammals Emmons Over a two-week period, the group sur- and Hinojosa identified in that period were veyed lowland evergreen forests at Alto abundant populations of tapirs and spider mon- Madidi, a logging camp on the west bank of the keys, testimony to the absence of local human Rio Madidi about 20 km south of the Peruvian impact. Of particular interest were two species border and 100 km northwest of the nearest of mammals previously unrecorded for Bolivia: small town, Ixiamas. Another ten days were a little big-eared bat (Mieonycter.is ~~icefor.i), spent in the area of Apolo, 125 km southwest and a spiny tree rat (Mesomys Izispidus). In a of Ixiamas, in mid-elevation wet and dry for- rare sighting of the Short-eared Dog (Atelo- ests. Brief field time was spent on the low cyrzus nzic~.otis),the individual carried a frog in ridges and savannas around Ixiamas. Over- its mouth; this is the first record of food habits flights crossed the broad Pampas del Heath for a wild individual. northwest of Ixiamas along the Bolivia-Peru Botanical results from the Madidi camp border, and southeast of Ixiamas to Rurren- are equally exciting, showing an unusually abaque on the Rio Beni. high diversity of plant species. Forests on Field methods varied according to each floodplains, high terraces and slopes, and specialist. Gentry and Estenssoro collected ridgetops, each host distinctive floras and con- plants and data on woody species along a series tribute to the overall richness of the area. In a of transects 2 meters and 50 m long in different tenth-hectare sample on forested low rolling types of forests. Foster made qualitative as- hills, Gentry found 204 species greater than 2.5 sessments of the vegetation structure and plant centimeters in diameter. According to his community composition of all habitats within analysis, the average moist forest transect walking distance, made lists of all the plant yields 152 species. Many of the species found species observed, and contributed voucher at Madidi are new to Bolivia; some of them are specimens of important plant species not found likely to be new to science. in the transect. During overflights, he identified forest types in the region from the air. Beck While we were fortunate to have two did general collecting of plant specimens, and productive weeks in the lowland forest, obtained specimens of grass species for his weather and logistical problems limited exten- own research. Emmons made daily and nightly sive coverage of the region's savannas. Our forest walks (totalling 85 hours at Alto brief exposure to Pampas del Heath and the Madidi), recording all mammal species seen area around Ixiamas, as well as our past experi- and heard, in addition to those caught in small ence on the adjacent Peruvian pampas, how- live traps. Hinojosa mist-netted bats and also ever, clearly point to the grasslands of the trapped small mammals. Parker and Castillo region as a high priority for further exploration surveyed birds with the use of tape-recorders and conservation work. Botanically, initial in- and mist nets. dications are that the region's various savannas At the Alto Madidi camp, where weather, constitute a far more complicated mosaic of logistics, and absence of human perturbation isolated habitat islands than a glance at the map were optimal, Parker identified 403 bird spe- would suggest.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Remarkable as these findings are, they south and east to west. Alluvial fans should be represent only the first step in a recommended compared along the whole length of the base of Future rapid research and conservation endeavor for the re- the Andean foothills. From this, scientists gion. Much remains to be discovered: A rapid could determine if the Beni river has really assessments assessment is a preliminary indicator of an been a major isolating mechanism, blocking area's biological importance and appropriately the migration of species from northern Bolivia are urgently generates more questions than answers. From to central Bolivia as some evidence suggests. this expedition, however, it is clear that longer- Similarly, the low foothill ridges should be needed in term, systematic biological inventories will compared along the base of the Andes. This confirm the value of northern La Paz as a re- would be especially instructive if different Bolivia pository of impressive biological diversity that kinds of ridges could be categorized as they is of global significance. Simultaneously, in- have been in this report. concentrating formation from this initial assessment is suffi- Up to now, collecting in montane forests cient to call attention to the conservation value on specific has extended to little more than along the few of the region and to stimulate initiatives for its good roads down from the altiplano. A much long-teim management and protection. habitats, broader comparison is needed to distinguish different communities if they exist, to deter- physiographic mine the variation in altitudinal differences of DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH these communities, and to discover important types, and differences between areas in diversity and en- demism. It is urgent that the inter-Andean dry Rapid Assessments valleys be studied to find how many, if any, are vegetation The RAP team's overview of the mosaic of still reasonably intact and how much variation vegetation types of northern La Paz serves its exists among them. types. . .the purpose by focusing international attention on the importance of this region. Future rapid as- All of these suggested surveys are pampas and sessments are urgently needed in Bolivia con- needed soon. But the pampas and dry valleys centrating on specific habitats, physiographic must be an urgent priority because so few re- dry valleys types, and vegetation types. main untouched by human activity. Many other important habitats or vegetation types in Bo- The pampas offer a good starting point. livia-ranging from puna to chaco woodland- must be an It became obvious to us from our brief surveys require an initial rapid assessment. of the westernmost patnpas of northern La Paz urgent priority that they differ radically from each other as well as differing from pampas in the Beni and Remote Imagery because so few Santa Cruz region. To evaluate the conserva- Many regions of special interest to conservation importance of the different Bolivian savan- tion are subject to frequent cloud cover or have remain nas, an expert team of botanists, zoologists, not been given priority by government officials and ecologists should be organized soon to infor remote-sensing information. Frequently, untouched by ventory and compare them. modern radar and multispectral images are not The team should go from one to another immediately available to the RAP team. Nev- human activity. in succession, surveying all the different habi- ertheless, once the image information is avail- tats within each pampas area. A smaller team able, and especially once it can be processed by check should be done in high-water periods. computer to reveal fine-scale patterns in Floodplains should be evaluated for vari- ground cover, the information can quickly be ation along the length of rivers, and compari- put to use and extrapolated to larger areas for sons made between floodplains from north to mapping. It remains to be seen how many of

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program the wet-forest plant communities recognizable Similarly, climatic maps rarely provide on the ground can be distinguished with these information of importance to the organism. To- images. It is already clear from this trip that tal rainfall, for example, is not as important as satellite images are not sufficient (at least by its frequency during the year, its variation from eye) to distinguish several of the important year to yeas, its extremes, the cloud cover and plant communities. wind over an area, the amount of fog precipitation, and draining or flooding once the precipitation reaches the ground. Geology and Climate More research and mapping of this na- Most of the plant communities are strongly ture, none of it very easy, will tell us much of subject to the effects of geological substrate what we need to know about the distribution and climatic variation. Scientists could prob- and maintenance of biotic communities impor- ably map community distribution without ever tant to conservation. Short of that, the plant looking at an organism if enough information communities themselves can be the best indica- were available on the geographic distribution tors. of geology and climate. Unfortunately, the geological maps that exist are crude and inap- Follow-up Inventory and Field Guide propriate, focusing on fault lines and the age of Production the substrate. Within any geological age there The Madidi-Tuichi region, with its consider- can be a huge assay of different kinds of rock, able importance to conservation in Bolivia, is often with radically different effects on the clearly a priority for thorough inventory. Field vegetation (e.g., quartz sandstones and lime- guides developed to identify the different stones). But we have no maps indicating the groups of organisms and describe the commu- kind of rock exposed on the surface nor at the nities in this area will almost certainly cover level where plants have their roots, and we lack the great majority of species in the rest of the an analysis of these substrates for the charac- lower yungas in Bolivia, as well as the south- teristics that are important to the soil and or- ernmost populations of many species known ganisms above them. Most soil maps based on mainly in countries to the north-but with a soil samples fail to take into consideration the better chance of survival in Bolivia. Any fol- effect of the vegetation itself on the soil, and low-up in providing such reference tools will the importance of deeper layers that are have an impact far beyond the Madidi area it- reached by plant taproots. self.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Technical Report

ALTO MADlDl REGION

From 18-3 1 May 1990, the RAP team surveyed lowland evergreen forests at Alto Madidi, a lumber camp on the south bank of the Rio Madidi about 20 kilometers south of the Peruvian border and 100 kilometers northwest of the nearest small town, Ixiamas. This camp was a perfect base for study, being situated in lowland forest at the base of the Sessania del Ti- gre, the easternmost ridge of the Andes. The camp was within walking distance of a variety of forest types, including young river-edge forest, more mature floodplain forest, and older forest on ancient river terraces and slopes of hills and higher ridges to the south and west.

Physiography of Alto Madidi, Bajo Tuichi, and the Foothill Ridges (R. Foster)

Ridges

According to the available geological maps, the foothill ridges that reach about 1,000 m altitude are composed of Ordovician, Devonian, and Creta- ceous rock layers pushing up through ~~ndulatinghills of Tertiary age. The older rock is of the same age as that forming the higher (up to 2,500 In altitude) mid-elevation ridges of the middle yungas. These are separated from the foothill ridges by a broad Tertiary trough known as the Madidi- Quiquibey Sincline, along which pass the Alto Madidi, lower Tuichi, and Quiquibey rivers. The Rio Beni bisects this trough between Rurrenabaque and the Serrania Chepite. The foothill ridges are mostly very steep on both flanks, forming knife-edge crests. Most higher ridges exposed by landslide have a pale whitish or yellowish color in contrast to the red of the Tertiary hills. But the rock is far from uniform in compositio~~.Large portions of the main

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assess~ilentProgram ridge and smaller outlying ridges are conlposed together differently depending on the condi- Throughout of a quartzite-like material often revealed in tions of deposition. This results in a mosaic of rectangular blocks on the tops of ridges, and soils, at least in the recent alluvium, the most thehilk... with considerable eroded sandy sediment obvious difference being between sandy and around the base. Recent landslides may ac- clayey soils. The abundance of sandy beaches along the east count for somewhere between a fifth to a tenth on the Madidi is a testament to the importance of the surface area. of quartzites or sandstones in the surrounding side of the lower ridges. The lack of meander formation in the Hills rivers draining the Madidi-Quiquibey Sincline Tuichi, The low Tertiary hills and terraces are mostly is attributable to both the slope of the drainage and to its confinement by ridges and hills. composed of a distinct dark pinkish-red clayey one-third of the rock. On exposed banks of the high, non- The river beaches in valleys with only weakly developed meanders are nearly static. flooded Quaternary terraces, a few meters of suij4me area red Tertiary strata are always visible below the They flood many times a year during the rainy season, which eliminates the temporary vegeta- upper layer of gravel and boulder sediment. consists of The rivers are apparently wearing down tion, but they only rarely or slowly form levees from which a permanent vegetation can de- through the recent sediment and into the older exposed recent material while simultaneously the Tertiary velop. More frequently, the river changes course abruptly, forming an island, leaving a strata are being lifted up by the same tectonic landslides or forces that are raising the foothill ridges. low abandoned channel, or leaving a broad pile of landslide rubble. Anomalous within the red hills are a few ero- Young sion-resistant shields of what appear to be To the northeast of the foothills, the ero- sandstone or quartzite (e.g., the Serrania del sional sediment abruptly spreads out into a se- vegetcrtion on Tutumo southwest of Ixiamas). ries of overlapping alluvial fans formed by Where the Tertiary strata are compressed landslides and by all of the streams draining landslides . . . it and subject to faulting, they are raised in from and through the foothills. These fans of blocks at a steep angle forming irregular hills. well-drained alluvium form a band of variable is probably a These blocks of soft red material are especially width along the base of the foothills, inter- prone to landslide. Throughout the area of Ter- rupted by inundated or poorly drained areas permanent tiary hills (e.g., those along the east side of the with increasing frequency at greater distance lower Tuichi), an impressive one-third of the from the foothill ridge. As is typical on alluvial dyiucmic surface area consists of exposed recent land- fans, the streams draining the ridge constantly slides or young successional vegetation on make major jumps in their courses. They are condition. landslides. Though this could have been appropriately referred to as arroyos since they caused by severe earthquake, it is more likely are frequently dly, having only small rainfall the consequence of the angle and softness of catchment areas and considerable underground the strata and is probably a permanent dynamic flow in the loose rocky soil. condition. Plant Communities of Alto Madidi, Alluvium Bajo Tuichi, and the Foothill Ridges The hills are interrupted by landslide alluvium (R. Foster) from higher ridges and reworked sediment from the current river systems. The sediment Beach and early riverine succession is of course derived from both the high ridges The annual beach community of herbs and as well as the hills, and tends to sort out or nix seedlings of woody plants only flourishes to-

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 ward the end of the dry season. We were not abundance may be somehow related to disper- able to determine if this was a particularly rich sal and establishment problems on such sub- or poor community based on the tiny plants strate. starting to appear on the banks of the Alto On the upper pebbly and rocky beaches Madidi in late May. Nearly all of them would a more stable community develops, consist- be weedy species of minimal conservation in- ing usually of 1nlpei.ata grass, the shrubs terest because of their pre-adaptation for colo- Ca1liar1dr.a ar~g~rstifoliaand Adenaria flori- nizing human clearings. bunda, and on steeper banks, the tree Pithe- The successional flora of river deposits cellobi~rmlongifolium. Thickets of bamboo along the upper Rio Madidi is typical of most (Guadua sp.) occur locally on the floodplain; of upper Amazonia, starting with the fast- they are associated with areas of forest disin- growing treelets Tessal-ia ir~tegi.ifolia,Bac- tegration where floodwaters spill over a bank charis salicifolia, Salis kun~boldtiaiia, and with sufficient force to take down trees or Gynei.ium sugittatum. In the later stages deposit a smothering layer of sediment. The there is a predominance of such species as dense, spiny stands seem capable of persist- balsa (Ochromcr pyramidale) that succeed ing in one spot for many years, probably un- better on the sandy alluvium predominating til the population finally flowers or gets on these rivers. Cecropia membi.anacea, swept away by the river. These thickets on more abundant on mud or silt beaches, is pre- low floodplains could have been caused by sent but not common. Some species absent human clearing but we found no evidence for from the Alto Madidi study area may in part this to be so. However, the bamboo thickets be limited by the paucity of finer silt depos- on higher floodplain terraces did seem to be its. In any case, such forests are neither as from human intervention, the only source of abundant or as species-rich as one would ex- forest disturbance large enough for bamboo pect to find on a more-meandering, silt-de- to become established within this commu- positing river system. From the overflight it nity. appeared that the lower Madidi would be such a system. Older floodplain forest

What distinguishes the area from the The more mature floodplain forest, higher average young floodplain forest on meander- but still subject to occasional flooding, is ing rivers is the absence of strong dominance similarly not as abundant or as rich in species by the canopy species Ficus insipida and Ce- as on more extensive floodplains to the north dizla odoi-ata, and a greater representation of away from the mountains. It would, how- the smaller interstitial species such as Acacia ever, be misleading to imply that it is impov- loretensis, Nectandra i.eticulata, Tei.minalia erished, since there are hundreds of woody obloilga, and species of Inga, Erythrina, and plant species, and it is significantly richer Sapium. This is to say that the community than floodplain forests seen in the Beni to the had much more "evenness" in relative abun- south (Foster, unpubl.). Nevertheless, this dance among the component species. Many forest is mostly dominated by a single spe- of the scattered successional forests on the cies, Poulser~ia ar.nlata, among the canopy Alto Madidi floodplain may result from the trees, with occasional individuals of the ex- sudden destruction and deposition following pected large Dipterys, Hura, Ceiba perltaiz- massive landslides in the headwaters or radi- dra, Bi.osimum alicastrum, and Sloarzea cf. cal shifts in river course. The relative inabil- obtusifolia. In the understory Astr.occrryun~ ity of the fig and cedro to colonize in macr.ocaIy,~predominates, but with conspicu-

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program ous numbers of Socratea esor.l.hiza, 1riar.tea ameter, they make up a significant fraction of deltoidea, Otoba yarvifolia, 11.ya11thera the biomass and crown area, and probably of jurense, TrYchilia pleeana, and Quarcir.ibea edible fruit production. Many of the tapir scats wiffii. encountered were made up principally of fruit material of this species, and Ficus spheno- High terraces and low ridge slopes phylla fruits are likely an important food re- Probably the most species-rich forests in all of source for many other vertebrates and insects, Bolivia are on the ancient river terraces and es- especially as their fruiting is not confined to pecially the slopes of the hills and ridges. In one season. most areas these would be separate physi- Other conspicuously abundant large trees ographic entities with sufficiently distinct flo- include Apuleiu, Cedr.elinga, Copaifern, ras to be treated as distinct communities. Here Hlrber.ode/~dr.on Hyerolzinza alchor~neoides, their close proximity and overlap in flora jus- Manilkar.a, Parirzar.i, Pterygota, Sterculia, tify lumping them together. Tachiguli, and Terr.agastris. Abundant smaller The terraces are more uniform in topog- trees are Apeiha nzenzb~.anncea, Batocarpus raphy than the slopes and as a consequence are an~uzonicus,Irzgu, various Lauraceae, Pour- also more uniform in community composition ounza minor-, Tetr~or~chicliunz,and Virola culo- throughout, and apparently less species-rich. phylla. Abundant treelets and shrubs are Virtually all the species of the terraces were Cayl.7ar.i~ sola, Coussareci sp., Hirtella 1.0- also found on the slopes, but the reverse was cernosa, Hyospathe elegans, Pa1icour.e~ far frorn true. The terraces are probably more purzicea, Pausandra tr.iarzue, Perebeu hlmzilis, diverse than they would otherwise be because Piper augusturn, Piper obliqun~,Pleu~.othyriunz of the seed rain coming in from the slopes. krxkovii, Sipar.~i~zadecipiens, and Stylogyne cauliflora. The slopes, in addition to frequently having a year-round source of groundwater from On the alluvial fans of the larger drain- higher up, have more heterogeneity in moisture age canyons at the base of the main foothill conditions, soil conditions, light conditions, ridges (e.g., near Ixiamas), the distinction blurs and a patchwork disturbance regime in the between floodplain, terrace, and slope commu- form of landslides and lateral slumps along nities. The species distinctive of each are often streams. The latter not only permits the long- found mixed together, solnetimes even with term survival of numerous rare species from ridgetop species. Species distributions on these chance colonization of the clearings, but it also areas tend to be extremely patchy, often with provides the conditions (long-term minimal local dominance by just a few species even competition) for many of the well-dispersed when the species-richness of the whole area is floodplain species to get established. An exam- high. ple is Poulsenia, which is found down on the (A. Gentry): Structurally, the Madidi floodplain and up on the slopes, but not on the lowland forest is fairly typical of Amazonian intervening high terraces. forests. The most unusual structural feature is These forests have unusually large adult the relatively high density of lianas (93 lianas populations of Ficus spherzophylla. These 2.5 cni diam. in 0.1 ha vs. a Neotropical aver- enormous-crowned, large-fruited trees seem to age of 69). Also noteworthy is that many of occur at a density of one per two or three hec- the climbers are hemiepiphytic, with the fern tares throughout the area. While not register- Polybotrya (the second most common species ing as abundant along transects by counting the in the entire sample) especially prevalent. This number of tree stems greater than 10 cm in di- is a feature usually more closely associated

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 with cloud forests than with Amazonian for- shrub species mainly in three families: Ruta- ests. The implication is that the Madidi area ceae (Eryth~.ochito~z,Galipea, Esenbeckia, enjoys unusually high rainfall. The density of etc.), Euphorbiaceae (e.g., Acirloton), and Viol- trees 10 cm dbh is also greater than normal in aceae (Ri1zor.e~ spp.). Amazonia. Many of the larger trees are palms, My suggestion as to why this community with seven individuals of Il.ial.tea and six of is distinct is that it supports species with un- Eutelpe making these the two most common usual drought tolerance. The drainage, wind taxa of trees 10 cm dbh. This structural preva- exposure, and the annual lack of precipitation lence of palms contrasts with their relatively during several months of dry season probably low diversity. impose severe water stress on seedlings as well as adult plants, and only the most tolerant Wet ridgetops plants survive. Many of these plants are appar- We were unable to visit any of the highest foot- ently unable to compete in the more mesic con- hill ridgetops which approach 1,000 m in alti- ditions elsewhere. The only other feasible tude. On a somewhat lower (600-700 m) explanation is that these ridges have some un- ridgetop at the northernmost tip of the outlying usual geochemical composition. However, range near the Alto Madidi (a ridge summit judging from other places where I have seen touched by clouds intermittently, though with these same species growing, the first hypothe- few large trees), the woody plant composition sis seems the more probable. was almost indistinguishable from that of the (A. Gentry): The forest on the low ridg- lower slopes. The most striking difference is etops that form the first row of Andean foot- the abundance of epiphytes and the moss cover hills is distinctly different. A 0.1 ha transect on trunks and branches on the ridgetop. Very sample between 360 and 380 m on the first few species of trees from mid-elevation wet ridge was made and compared with the transect forest were found (Clusia, Calyl~tr.anthes,and on the lower slopes. Incredibly, there is an another Myrtaceae). overlap of only about 23 spp. out of the ap- The higher ridges probably have the proximately 200 spp. in each of these samples! same species composition, but with an increas- (Identifications in III~Uand Lauraceae could ing frequency of mid-elevation wet forest spe- modify this number slightly). In well-known cies and an increasing density and diversity of and speciose families like Bignoniaceae and epiphytes. Palmae, none of the species occur in both habitats. Dry ridgetops (A. Gentry): The ridgetop forest differs On the steep slopes below the wet ridges and from the lowland forest not only at the species on lower ridgetops that do not reach the cloud level, but also in the relative importance of dif- level, there is a distinctive community of ferent families. Although Leguminosae (18 plants. Some of the species (e.g., Rinorea vi- and 20 spp.) is the most diverse family in both ridifolio, Mou1.ir.i nzyl.tilloides) occur in the samples (as nearly everywhere in Amazonia), lower areas but have their peak abundance on the next most speciose family on the ridgetop is the dry ridges. Many others seem to be found Rubiaceae (ca. 18 spp. vs. 3 in the lowland only in this habitat. The most characteristic sample). This remarkable diversity is more plants are a new tree species in the Sterculi- characteristic of premontane than of lowland aceae that was recently described by Gentry as forests. Other speciose families noticeably bet- Reevesiu smithii and previously collected on ter represented on the ridgetop are Euphor- the foothills to the south in Beni, and several biaceae, Bombacaceae, and Sapindaceae.

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Several interesting montane elements found tomataceae, Meliaceae, Myristicaceae, Myrta- only on the ridge include Aiphn~zes, Con- ceae, and Chrysobalanaceae); some intrinsi- hzineu, and Styr.us. cally tropical families such as palms, Annonaceae, Connaraceae, Lecythidaceae, and Quartzite ridgetops Piperaceae are relatively underrepresented On the ridges or portions of ridges with quartz- compared to adjacent Peru. Others like Sapo- ite outcrops, there is a high proportion of gen- taceae, Meliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and such era and species not seen anywhere else in the southern families as Myrtaceae and Proteaceae, foothill region. The trees are short with small, are unusually well represented. To what extent tightly packed crowns of uniform height, giv- these may be sampling artifacts, perhaps asso- ing the ridge a bald or slick look from a dis- ciated with edaphic peculiarities of the limited tance. Many of the taxa, such as area surveyed, or to what extent they represent GI-ujjferlr.iedia,Aparisthmiiml, Frezier.cr, Stjlr.~,~, broader biogeographical patterns remains un- Aspletzizrnl rutcrceunz, and Mupro~rnen, are clear. For several families like Rutaceae (3 known to be associated with more acidic, nutri- spp.), Moraceae (18 spp.), and Bignoniaceae ent-poor soils. The upper slopes of these (16 spp.), the Madidi lowland forest 0.1 ha ridges are dominated by two species of Aspi- sample is among the most species-rich yet sam- clos11er.nlcr and Hurrzir,iastr-iml trees, and the pled in the world. The unusually well-repre- shrub layer is dominated by Geonoma clever-sa sented families are generally those associated and an unusual, small-leaved Psychotr-ia. with relatively rich soils, and it is likely that the Among the other distinctive plants throughout Madidi soils are relatively fertile for Ama- the knife-like ridges are the lianas Distictellu zonia, which may also account for the high and Br-edenzej1er.a. mammal biomass of the area. From their altitude (500-700 m) and po- Some of the plant species are rare ones, sition with respect to the main foothill ridge, many are new to Bolivia, and a few are new to the quartzite ridges visited on this trip would science. A new Arr-uhiduea (Gentry 70382) otherwise have qualified as "dry ridgetops," will be described as A. uffiirzis, a new Distictis though with very few species in common with (Gentry 70258) as D. occiclentalis. Several the latter. Perhaps the substrate has different other Bignoniaceae are new to the country. At water retention characteristics than other the generic level, the palms Wettirzia and Wend- ridges. In any case, it remains to be seen what lurzeliella are also new to Bolivia, as are the would be the community composition of a genera Ar~thocliscirsof the Caryocaraceae, and "wet" quartzite ridge higher up in the clouds. Pter-ygota of the Sterculiaceae, the latter being quite abundant here. Even many of the common species such as Aspidosl~e~.nzutanzboput- Phytogeography of Alto Madidi, Rio ense (the latter only recently described from Bajo Tuichi, and the Foothill Ridges Peru) have apparently never been collected in (A. Gentry) the country before.

Floristically, there seem to be some minor peculiarities associated with the Madidi forests. Human Impact on Vegetation Although the forest is composed of typical (A. Gentry and R. Foster) Amazonian elements, with Leguminosae and Moraceae being the most speciose families rep- Except within a kilometer or (at most) two resented in the transect sample (followed by from the airstrip and sawmill, the forest ap- Bignoniaceae, Lauraceae, Sapotaceae, Melas- pears to be virtually undisturbed, unless ma-

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 The hogany (or 'mara,' Swietenia macrophylla in cluding those of the current floodplain on the the Meliaceae) had been removed sometime flatlands and those of the adjacent foothill conservation earlier when it was a military prison camp. ridges. We made note of 113 families, 528 This area was remote to begin with and the genera, and 988 species in a little over a week. implications mere presence of the prison may have consid- (See Appendix 7 .) erably discouraged lumbering. Ironically, the The floodplain flora alone at Alto are obvious: location of the sawmill was based on the misi- Madidi is probably significantly less rich in dentification from the air of the numerous species than floodplain forests further out on Protection of a 'mara macho' (Cedrelhga carenaefor.nzis, Le- the Amazon plain, even along the same river. guminosae) which greatly resemble mahogany. The ridges and slopes constrain any large de- large section of Once constructed, the mill was mainly used to velopment of floodplain forest; meanders are saw mahogany brought in from the Amazon limited and oxbow lakes are rare. This con- rainforest in plain to the east. The abundant remains of for- finement probably restricts dispersal into and mer prisoners and associated rumors of ghosts maintenance of species on the active flood- this region will have also had a considerable effect on keeping plain. The recent floodplain of the upper Rio the lumbermen from wandering or hunting far Madidi, while not poor in species, does not preserve as from the camp. have the richness of other larger meandering Ced/.elinga is a very valuable and rivers I have seen to the north in Peru. good a sample sought-after wood in the rest of the upper Ama- However, the adjacent hills and higher zon, and it is now greatly reduced in most of ridges provide numerous small refuges and dis- of biological Latin America. But in this area, it has only turbance opportunities maintaining a large been cut down right near the sawmill. There plant species pool that is available to colonize real estate as were several large intact trees right along the the nearby lower slopes and the non-inundated main entry road. Among the large trees in the high floodplain terraces. They also provide a would transect sample is a Cedr-ela 52 cm in diameter. heterogeneous soil derived from the alluvial Apparently in this region of Bolivia, one of the mixing of two or more distinct geological sub- conserving a last places where mature mahogany trees still strates. Consequently these areas have an es- occur in appreciable numbers, harvesting pres- pecially high diversity of plant species in more sure on even the second most valuable hard- comparison to areas of extensive and uniform wood species has been negligible to date, old floodplain terraces without adjacent hills, equatorial one. another argument for the conservation impor- and are comparable in richness to almost any tance of the region. other upper Amazonian forest. Finally, the high density of large lianas While neither the ridge flora nor the re- (5 individuals greater than 10 cm in diameter in cent floodplain flora itself may be unusually 0.1 ha) provides an independent indicator that rich in species in comparison to similar habitats the forest is old, since an abundance of large li- farther north in Peru, the mixing of these flo- anas is probably the single best physiognomic ras, in the intermediate habitats which domi- indicator of very old or primary forest. nate this area probably accounts for part of the high regional diversity. Plant Diversity (R. Foster and Except for on the ridgetops, the precipi- A. Gentry) tation in this area does not appear to exceed 2 to 3 m per year. Even if the total rainfall is (R. Foster): The unusually high plant species higher, the land is probably still subject to a diversity of the Alto Madidi area results from prolonged annual dry season of 3 to 4 months. the close juxtaposition of different floras, in- The epiphyte load on the trees appears little

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program different from that along the Rio Manu, Peru, lated to the unusually high precipitation at the which has an annual rainfall of less than 2 m. base of the adjacent "corner" of the Andean The higher ridges (above 900 m) clearly re- foothills. The conservation implications are ceive more precipitation, at least in the form of obvious: Protection of a large section of rain- fog drip from the frequent clouds; mosses, forest in this region will preserve as good a leafy liverworts, and filmy ferns are abundant. sample of biological real estate as would con- Lower slopes-benefit from this higher precipi- serving a more equatorial one. Data from plant tation on the ridgetops through a year-round transects corroborate the high diversity noted abundance of groundwater percolating down in the area (See Table 1.) from above. The local habitats most subject to drought are probably the lower ridges and Birds of Alto Madidi (T. Parker) higher hills that do not reach cloud line, and secondly, the high, flat terraces on sandy-grav- The avifauna of the lowland forests in the Alto elly alluvium. These areas probably suffer a Madidi area was found to be unusually rich and severe drop in water table when rainfall de- is similar to those of two well-studied localities clines during the dry season, though the latter in nearby southern Peru, the Tambopata Re- some moisture from early habitat may get serve (Parker 1982; Donahue and Parker, un- morning low fog. publ. data) and the Cocha Cashu Biological (A. Gentry): The most striking aspect of Station in Manu National Park (Terborgh et al., the Rio Madidi forest is its high diversity. The 1984; Terborgh et al., 1990). The latter lists, 204 species greater than 2.5 cm dbh in a tenth both of ca. 540 spp., are based on inventories hectare transect-sample of the forest on the low in areas of roughly 5,000 and 1,000 ha, respec- rolling hills just behind the floodplain is as tively. The area surveyed at Alto Madidi over high as in the Iquitos, Peru area. It is signifi- a period of only 14 days, consisted mainly of a cantly higher than the values for equivalent transect ca. 6 km-long by 200 m, through samples in adjacent Madre de Dios, Peru, young river-edge forest (ca. 100 m), mature which average about 140 species. In general, floodplain forest (ca. 400 m), and older forest forests from areas with stronger dry seasons are on somewhat hilly alluvial terraces (ca. 5.5 less diverse, and in Amazonian Peru the more km). southerly forests are the least diverse. One In this small area we recorded 403 spe- could therefore assume that the Bolivian forests cies of birds (Appendix 1). This number prob- would be (relatively) floristically depauperate. ably represents about 95 percent of the resident Thus the extremely high (plant community) di- bird community. Based on more prolonged versity of the Alto Madidi area is a distinct sur- fieldwork at Tambopata and Cocha Cashu, we prise. Although actual data are scarce, the high predict that an additional 75 species will even- plant diversity of the Madidi area may be re- tually be found at Alto Madidi, including a

TABLE 1. VEGETATION TRANSECTS - LOWLAND MOIST FORESTS. At each site, sum of 10 transects, each 2x50 m, includes plants with stems diameter 22.5 cm, at breast height.

l of Total Total Liana Liana Tree Tree Trees 2 Tree z fam. SPP. ind. SPP. ind. SPP. ind. 10 cm dbh lOcm dbh SPP. ind.

Avg. Mois~Forest 46 152 373 35 68 116 304 42 64 Madidi 6 1 204 434 53 93 151 341 56 86

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 small number of uncommon or rare residents, most of which occurred in river-edge forests. and a larger number of austral and Nearctic mi- Four aerial species could not be assigned to a grants. The absence of oxbow lakes and their habitat. A comparison of bird diversity within marshes accounts for the few waterbirds on the ter.r.rrfir.n~eand riverine forests in other parts of list; the Tambopata and Cocha Cashu study ar- Amazonia (Table 2) shows the Alto Madidi for- eas include large oxbows with numerous resi- ests to be equally diverse, and the total list of dent and transient water and marshbirds. resident forest species to be almost as high as The high avian diversity at Alto Madidi those available for the richest known sites. was not unexpected. It reflects both the habitat The total bird list would be much higher heterogeneity of the region, especially the com- if we had included lower montane forests (at bination of riverine and hill forest habitats in a 900- 1200 m) on the ridges within 15 km to the small geographic area, as well as the general west of the st~tdysite. At these elevations on species richness of upper Amazonian forests the Serrania Pilbn, a southerly extension of near the base of the Andes (see Terborgh 1985 ridge just a few kilolneters to the south of the for a discussion of additional causes). A break- Alto Madidi camp, Parker recorded (during down of Alto Madidi bird species diversity by fieldwork in June 1989) 43 bird species not habitat reveals that upland (ter.r.cr ,firme) forest listed in Appendix 1. Many additional species supports the richest community (1 82 spp.), fol- occ~trat even higher elevations to the west (see lowed by floodplain/river-edge forest (143 Appendix 4), ant1 in natural grasslands along spp.), marsh/water birds (33 spp.), low second- the Rios Heath and Madidi to the east (see Ap- growth (21 spp.), and migrants (20+ spp.), pendices 2 and 3).

TABLE 2. BIRD SPECIES RICHNESS AT 16 AMAZONIAN FOREST LOCALITIES OF COMPARABLE SIZE. SPECIES TOTALS

Sites Upland forest Floodplain forest* Total Latitude Reference

Limoncocha, EC 19O+ 513 2O 55's Pearson et al. 1977 Sucusari, PE 207 50 1 3' 16's Parker unpubl. list Yanamono, PE 220 510 3'23's Parker utipubl. list Vainilla, PE 20 1 328 3'46's Robbins et al. in press, Parker unpubl. data Rio Shesha, PE 216 360 8" 09's O'Neill et al. unpubl. list Mucden, BO 207 288 1 lo 00's Remsen and Parker unpubl. list Cocha Cashu, PE 217 526' 11°51'S Terborgli et al. :984 Tambopata, PE 196 142 554 12' 36's Parker unpubl. list Alto Madidi, BO 182 143 403 13' 10's Parker unpubl. list Huanchaca, BO 192 14' 00's Bates and Parker unpubl. list Cachoeira NazarC, BR 236 82 447 lo0 20's Stotz and Schulenberg unpubl. list Fazendas Esteio 23 1 i0 59's Stotz and Bierregaard 1989 P. Alegre, Diamona, BR Reserva Ducke, BR 209 35 1 2O55'~ Willis 1977, Stotz in litt. Raleigli Falls, SU 225 362 4O SO'N Davis 1982, rnirneographed list Itaituba, Rio Tapajos, BR 190+ 35O+ 4O SO'S Parker and Schulenberg unpubl. report Altamira, Rio Xingu, BR 15O+ 260 3O 20's Graves and Zusi 1990

*Additional species restrictetl to floodplain forest

I Upland species poorly known Country abbreviations: BO-Bollv~a,BR-Braz~l, EC-Ecuatlol.. PE-Peru, SU-Sul.iname.

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program We predict that more than 1,000 bird served small groups in the canopy and flying species, or an amazing 11 percent of all bird overhead, and occasionally noted as many as Our fieldwork species on earth, will eventually be recorded 12 in one flock. The abundance of this and along a transect from the Andean grasslands several other parrot species may have been re- at Alto Madidi near Lake Titicaca to the lowland forests and lated to the presence of large numbers of fruit- savannas near the mouth of the Rio Heath. ing fig trees (Ficus spherlopl~ylladescribed reveals how Our fieldwork at Alto Madidi reveals above). Red-and-green Macaws (Al-ir cl~loi-011- little we know of how little we know of bird distribution in te1.u) were also common. Large cracids, in- northern Bolivia (and birds are the best-known cluding heavily hunted species such as bird distribution vertebrate group!). Of 403 species found, nine Razor-billed Curassow (Mitu tuher.osa) and were new to the Bolivia list, 30 were recorded Spix's Guan (Per~elopejacqucrc~c), were also in northern in the country for only the second time (the relatively numerous. first records of these were reported by Parker The large number of antbirds (42 spe- Bolivia . . . Of and Remsen in 1987), and 52 species were new cies) found in the study area reflects the mixing for the department of La Paz. of foothill (e.g., Mjlrn~ecizrrfortis) and riverine 403 species Species new to Bolivia include an in- forest species (M)rr.rneciza goelclii). Some species, such as the Rufous-capped Antthrush conspicuous parrot (Nar~nol)sittcrcuclcrchillecre) found, 9 were recently discovered in southern Peru (O'Neill (Foi.rnicai.ius coln~ir),were inexplicably scarce, whereas others known from nearby areas to the et al., 1991), the little-known and uncommon new to the Scarlet-hooded Barbet (Ellbucco tricinkrre), north (e.g., Myr.n~otheiula oi.rzcrtu) were not found at all. Crested Foliage-gleaner (Autonlolus clor.scrlis), Bolivia list, 30 Rufous-tailed Xenops (Xer~opsnlillei.i), Undu- The Alto Madidi avifauna, especially lated Antshrike (Fr-eclerickena ~lnd~tligeru), when combined with that of the montane for- were recorded Ash-breasted Gnateater (Cor~opopl~agcrper.uvi- ests close by to the west and that of pristine sa- arlcr), Olive-striped Flycatcher (Mionectes oliva- vannas not far to the northeast along the Rio in the country ceus), Black-and-white Tanager (Conothi.a~rpis Heath (see Appendix 2), is unquestionably the sl~ec~iliger.cr), and Casqued Oropendola richest known from any region in Bolivia, if for only the (Cly/>icter.us oseiyi). By far the most unex- not all of South America. Furthern~ore,about pected species observed during our days in 10 percent of the bird species found in these ar- second time . . . lowland La Paz was an Arctic Tern (Sterner eas are endemic to a relatively small (<100,000 parailisaea) found and photographed at km2) section of southwestern Amazonia. This 52 species were Laguna Santa Rosa along the lower Rio Tuichi further underscores the conservation impor- during our reconnaissance of that area on 24 tance of the region. new for the May. Not only was this species previously unknown in Bolivia, it is also the first record of department of this pelagic tern for the interior of South Amer- Mammals of Alto Madidi ica. (1. Emmons) La Paz . Interesting features of the resident avifauna at Alto Madidi included the presence of In 12 days at this site, 45 species of mammals nine species of forest tinamous, an unusually were identified (Appendix 4), which should large number for such a small area, and 16 spe- represent about 50 percent of the non-flying cies of parrots. Orange-cheeked Parrots mammal fauna and about 15-20 percent of the (Pionopsittu bar.i.abancli), although here re- bats. This is a good result for the time spent ported for only the second time in Bolivia, and provides an accurate picture of the nature were unusually common; we repeatedly ob- of the fauna.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 The mammal fauna of the Alto Madidi keys (Ateles paniscus), which respectively region is similar to that of the Tambopata Re- dominate the terrestrial and arboreal biomass. serve (82 species known; Emmons and Bar- The four core RAP members have travelled kley, unpubl.), about 100 km to the northeast in extensively throughout the Neotropics, and adjacent Madre de Dios, Peru. Most of the dif- none of us has previously seen an area with so ferences between the two lists are likely to dis- much evidence of tapirs or a primate fauna so appear when both faunas are more completely dominated by spider monkeys. Members of inventoried. However, there are two notewor- our group saw three tapirs and heard others, but thy species present at Tambopata but not found their high numbers were largely inferred from at Alto Madidi. Green Acouchys (Myoprocta incredible numbers of tracks throughout all pratti) would certainly have been seen by us if parts of the forest, and the appearance of many present, and were unknown to residents of the tracks daily wherever we worked. The terrain logging camp; and two-toed sloths (Choloepus at Alto Madidi is characterized by steep, sp.) also were unknown to the workers at Alto eroded ridges with unstable soils that con- Madidi, although three-toed sloths were said to stantly slump downhill in mudslides and sub- occur in the area. The Rio Heath may be the sequently grow up in secondary scrub. It is southern distributional limit for these two spe- possible that this mosaic of vegetation stages cies. (clearly seen throughout the region during According to informants, White-lipped overflights) is highly favorable habitat for Peccaries (Tayassu peca1.i) are also absent from browsers such as tapirs. Another favorable cir- the area, as they may now be from the Tam- cumstance is the absence of human inhabitants bopata Reserve, but they are said to occur far in the region, especially indigenous hunters, down the Rio Madidi. Local opinion is that who tend to severely decimate tapir popula- they used to occupy the whole region, but that tions. The abundance of large game species at they were exterminated by the petroleros (oil- Alto Madidi suggests that the area has been lit- drilling crews). However, in recent years tle hunted for decades. white-lips have had an abrupt and severe popu- The primate fauna at Alto Madidi in- lation crash on the Rio Manu, with epidemic cludes seven species, almost exactly the same disease as the most likely cause. As the status as at the Tambopata Reserve, but depauperate of the white-lipped peccary is unclear and lo- when compared with the 13 species at Cocha cally endangered over much of Amazonia, it is Cashu Biological Station, Parque Nacional important to report its presence or absence Manu, about 350 km to the north. We believe from given areas. that the primates of the immediate area of the At the Alto Madidi site we found two camp were all identified, because local hunters species of mammals (apparently) previously had not seen additional species. Five of the unrecorded in Bolivia: a spiny tree rat (Meso- species were very abundant; only Squirrel nzys hispidus), and a little big-eared bat (Micro- Monkeys (Sain2ir.i sciurrus) and Red Howler rzycteris nicefor-i). That two species were Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) were relatively added to the Bolivian list in only a few days uncommon. Cebus albifrons can be expected suggests that a complete inventory of the area to occur in the region although it was not found would turn up many more. near the camp. Expedition members made un- The community structure of mammals at confirmed sightings of this species in forest on Alto Madidi has some unusual features. The the ridge west of Ixiamas. Because spider most striking is its extraordinarily high number monkeys have disappeared or are scarce in of tapirs (Tapirxs terrestris) and spider mon- heavily hunted areas throughout Amazonia, the

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program high numbers at Alto Madidi are of consider- species (29 percent) not previously recorded able importance for conservation. from the department of La Paz (see Appendix There are large populations of Kinkajous 3). All of these were known in Bolivia from (Potos flavus) and Olingos (Bassar.icyon gab- only a few localities to the east and south in the bii) at Alto Madidi. Both these and spider department of Beni. These discoveries reflect monkeys may benefit from the unusually high the paucity of distributional data available for numbers of enormous, free-standing figs (Ficus Bolivian grassland vertebrates. Of more than sphenophylla) in this forest. three large areas of grassland in lowland La As is typical of most of lowland Ama- Paz, not one had been previously inventoried; zonia, the terrestrial, nocturnal fauna is domi- in fact, only one reliable bird list is available nated by spiny rats (Proechinzys spp.). Two for the ca. 100,000+ sq km of natural, lowland species were collected, but the habitats were grasslands in the country (see Remsen 1986). not adequately sampled for rodents, and other The ecological distributions of grassland bird species of Proechinzys may occur. Many other species within the complicated mosaic of sa- small mammals are to be expected. vanna plant communities (see Haase and Beck 1989) are largely unknown. Of special interest for conservation were two sightings, by Parker and Castillo, of a At Ixiamas we found several grassland Short-eared Dog (Atelocynus microtis). This is bird species that are declining throughout most one of the rarest mammals in Amazonia, with of their ranges in central South America (e.g., few reliable recorded sightings by scientists. Cock-tailed Tyrant, Alectl-uvus t~.icolo~.,and In one sighting, the dog had a large frog in its Black-masked Finch, Corypkaspiza rnelanotis). mouth, which is the first record of food habits That large populations of such species survive for a wild individual. Although short-eared in northern and central Bolivia underscores the dogs could occur in all lowland Amazonian importance of establishing reserves of one kind parks or reserves from Colombia to Peru, and or another in Bolivia. south of the Amazon in Brazil, there is appar- Residents of Ixiamas reported that large ently no information to confirm that they are areas of fairly pristine grassland and gallery actually present in any of them. It would there- forest, with few or no cattle, are situated in un- fore be of importance for the conservation of populated areas between Ixiamas and the Rio this species to preserve an area where they are Beni to the east. Even large mammals (e.g., definitely known to be present. marsh deer) are said to survive in numbers The forest 13 km west of Ixiamas seems there. Identifying and preserving (at least por- to be an extension of lowland evergreen forest tions) of such areas should be given high prior- similar to that at Alto Madidi. The eight mam- ity. mals recorded at this site are all common and One pristine grassland area of significant widespread throughout western Amazonia. conservation importance is situated along the The area seen had clearly been under consider- Boliviaperu border on the lower Rio Heath. able subsistence hunting pressure for some Our overflights of the Pampas del Heath re- time. vealed large expanses, possibly of as much as 10,000 hectares, of pantanal-like grasslands, and cerrado-like woodlands surrounded by PAMPAS REGION very extensive riverine and upland evergreen forests. Vertebrate and plant surveys in these Parker and Castillo found 135 bird species in habitats on the Peruvian side of the river re- the savanna habitats at Ixiamas, including 40 vealed high bird diversity (including the only

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Peruvian populations of at least 14 grassland APOLO REGION, MID ELEVATION species), large populations of large mammals, WET FOREST (CALABATEA) and undisturbed grasslands and cerrado-like vegetation which differ floristically from those to the south (see Appendix 2; Parker, unpubl. Physiography of Mid-elevation data; Gentry, unpubl. data). Yungas: Apolo to Calabatea (R. Foster) The initial Gentry saw only one species of plant on indication is the Ixiamas pampas that was held in common The middle yungas is an extensive area of high relief mostly between 1,000 and 2,000 m, and with the Peruvian pampas. We noted 57 fami- Apolo is in the center of this region. The area that these lies, 120 genera, and 169 species in the area. west to the main Andes is geologically mapped (See Appendix 10.) Beck observes that the as completely of Ordovician age. It is dis- various Ixiamas pampa has little in common floristi- sected with an irregular reticulate drainage cally with the savannas he has studied farther from a labyrinth of twisting and turning ridges. savannas to the east. The initial indication is that these To the east by contrast, the ridges are long, various savannas constitute a far more compli- constitute a far straight, and sharply defined, separated mostly cated mosaic of isolated habitat islands than a by long gradual slopes and occasional vertical- glance at the map would suggest. more walled mesas. These are mapped as narrow parallel strata of Ordovician, Devonian, Car- complicated boniferous, Cretaceous, and Tertiary age (not The Pampas del Heath is as yet almost occurring in any predictable order). Apolo is mosaic of unexplored for mammals, but as one of the in a broad, gently sloping valley bordered by a only pristine grassland systems not yet de- steep escarpment on its east flank and rolling hills to the west. isolated habitat graded by cattle or severely hunted and too-frequently burned by man, it represents one of the The significance of this contrast between islands than a chief conservation priorities and opportunities the western and eastern parts of the northern in Amazonian South America. Marsh Deer yungas is not yet clear since we were only able glance at the (B1nstocer.u~ clichotomus), extremely endan- to fly over the eastern part. From the air, how- gered or threatened over much of their geo- ever, the eastern part seemed to have consider- map would graphic range, are found in the Pampas del ably more diversity of vegetation types, Heath. There are also persistent rumors of Ma- presumably from the exposure of very different suggest. ned Wolves (Ckrysocyon hrachyurus). On our geological strata. overflight we saw that the Bolivian pampas are The Ordovician substrate, as seen in the criss-crossed with innumerable, deeply worn road cuts in the Yuyu drainage to the south of tracks of large mammals, presumably made by Apolo and in exposure throughout the denuded tapirs or deer. Parts of the savannas are Apolo Valley, is a wild variety of thin, soft densely studded with termite mounds, which strata tilted at a steep angle or even vertical. should provide favorable habitat for anteaters Most of these multi-colored layers are like soft and armadillos. Although its mammal list may clay- you can stick your fingers all the way not be large, the Pampas del Heath may be one in-and most of the rest are at best very brittle of the only undisturbed natural habitats of its shale. The hardest strata seem to be the narrow type and a refuge for species that are perse- bands of sandstone. These are also most likely cuted elsewhere and in need of protection. to be on ridgetops.

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program This substrate seems remarkably perme- High Forest able to water. For all the heavy rain we wit- The best-developed forest (up to 30 m tall) is at nessed at the Calabatea Road Camp, the the bottom of the valleys, and comes up the streams down the slopes hardly increased. Ero- slopes especially on old landslide debris. Simi- sion seemed almost entirely caused by land- larly, species richness is greatest in this forest slides except for along the large stream at the but clearly decreases up slope to the ridge. bottom of the valley. The Apolo valley floor is While tree ferns are common and epi- similarly surprising in the lack of stream ero- phytes certainly more abundant than in lowland sion in spite of the heavy rains, severe denuda- forest, there was not such a superabundance of tion, and near absence of soil. Presumably the epiphytes nor heavy moss cover to suggest water percolates through the "rock." It would year-round high humidity except on the very be instructive to find out how far the water ta- topmost ridges. ble drops during periods of drought, and the ef- The most abundant tree appeared to be fect this has on the plants. Hyer-or~imasp. (Euphorbiaceae), but the forest The center of the middle yungas is prob- is most easily characterized by the numerous ably the driest part. Layers of moist air coming tree species of Rubiaceae (Cirlchona and close from the east off the Amazon plain over the relatives), Melastomataceae (Topobea, Mico- lower Tuichi valley and from the southwest up nia, etc.) and Lauraceae. the deep river valleys of the Mapiri drainage are intercepted by the series of high ridges both Stunted Forest east and west of the Apolo area. Forest on ridges is clearly shorter (less than 20 m), as is expected. But on large parts of the Plant Communities (R. Foster) ridges the forest is stunted with a canopy often no more than 5 to 10 m tall. The easiest expla- The elevation range observed (1,000 to 1,650 nation is that the stunting (without much differ- m) is where the montane flora (e.g., Clethr-a, ence in flora) has to do with the water-holding Laplacea, Podocarpus, Schefflera) meets the capacity of the soil. However, nothing was lowland flora (e.g., Simarouba, Sloanea, Synl- seen to substantiate or refute this idea. It is phorzia, Tachigali). The overlap is consider- possible that areas deliberately burned in ex- able, with even the palms Dictyocar-yum ceptionally dry years regenerate in a stunted lamar-ckianum and Iriar-tea deltoidea growing form. Several areas of recent burning to pro- side by side in places. Even the montane gen- vide forage for pack animals were found along era Hedyosnlunz and Br.unellia were found to an old trail down the ridge. These are now be more common at the valley bottom than on growing back to bracken feln (Pteridi~m~aquil- the ridges above. Gentry considers the distinc- inun~)except in the more settled areas where tion between montane and lowland forest types the burning is continued to keep an area open here to be more abrupt than I have presented. for cattle pasture. His sample trarlsect of 0.05 ha at 1,500- 1,550 m was comprised almost entirely of lowland Palm Forest taxa. Although Gentry could not sample the While palm species in general are few in this montane forest at Calabatea, he states that "a area (six seen), some ridges and slopes are sample from Incahuara, farther south in the de- dominated by the conspicuous emergent palm, partment of La Paz in the same ridge system, is Dictyocar.yum 1amur.ckianum. These areas are available and appears to represent the same so conspicuous that from a good vantage point vegetation type." with binoculars one can easily pick out all the

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 patches for a distance of many kilometers. The Although almost certainly drier than the area of palm forest appeared to be somewhere Calabatea forest, it is striking that the forest between 5 and 10 percent in this region. Some patches that remain in the Apolo matorral are isolated large patches of Dictyocaryum palm almost identical in composition (though with forest were seen from the air northeast of fewer species) to that wet forest. According to Apolo, half-way to the Rio Tuichi. The areas Beck, the grasses are nearly all species known where these palms dominate are all associated from the pampas at a much lower elevation. with a sandstone substrate. This corresponds Among the shrubs and small trees are a few to personal observations in the Yanachaga and species also found in the patch of cerrado vege- Pantiacolla mountains of Peru, that stands of tation at Chaquimayo. There appears to be little Dictyocaryum are associated with sandy, acid in the flora that is unique or distinctive, which substrate. is surprising given the unusual and isolated vegetation type over this large an area. I would Bamboo Forest argue that the long history of human habitation in this area, pre-Columbian as well as the last Slopes with high concentrations of bamboo few centuries, has created this vegetation from (Guadua, different from the lowland species) what was originally a moist forest not too dif- are occasional and not extensive in the Yuyu ferent from that at Calabatea. Gentry argues on drainage area. But in the overflight of the high the contrary that it is "likely that much of the valleys to the northeast near the Tuichi, one now ecologically devastated area around Apolo could see many areas of several square kilome- was originally cerrado to judge from a few iso- ters dominated by bamboo. It is not immedi- lated trees of Tahehuia ockracea and Cyhistas ately obvious what sort of disturbance lead to arztisyphilitica that we saw en route to Calaba- the invasion of bamboo. It does not regenerate tea." in the shade of closed canopy and only rarely establishes in single treefall gaps. The skinny, clambering bamboo, Chusquea, does, however, Phytogeography (A. Gentry) take advantage of these smaller gaps, and is common in the ridgetop forest. The floristic composition of the Calabatea sample is distinctly unexpected in view of the Apolo Matorral southerly latitude of Bolivia. Since there is a In the Apolo valley and the rolling hills and general tendency for montane plant communi- ridges paralleling it on either side, the only for- ties to be lower on mountains farther from the est remains are in small pockets in the hills equator, one would expect lowland tropical ele- both in ravines and up on slopes. The rest is ments to be restricted to altitudes near sea burned frequently, though there is much ex- level. Instead, the opposite occurs and these posed substrate and the vegetation is a thin lowland plants, both the individual species and cover of grass and other herbs mixed with the higher taxa, appear to occur at higher eleva- gnarled shrubs and small trees, notably an tions than elsewhere in Latin America. Re- abundant Alclzor.nea (Euphorbiaceae). Closer cords of lowland families like Caryocaraceae, to Calabatea the matorral is more lush, with Quiinaceae, and Humiriaceae, genera such as Didymopanas moi.ototoni (Araliaceae) scat- Roucheria, Curarea, and Callichlamys, and tered throughout. However, this area is far species like Iriar.tea deltoidea above 1,500 m from the population center and presumably has appear to represent new altitudinal extremes. suffered less human intervention and for a The potential conservational significance of shorter time. this surprising result, if any, remains to be elu-

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program cidated, but its discovery, especially if borne (Gentry): The 110 spp. in 500 m2 at out as a general pattern, is of more than trivial Calabatea implies that at least 140-150 spp. oc- theoretical significance. cur in 0.1 ha, about the same as in the Inca- Prior data from a second, higher eleva- huara sample (147 spp.). Because of the tion site at Sacramento Alto (2,500 m) in the incomplete sample from Calabatea, only a very Coroico valley, department of La Paz, are also broad outline can be suggested with respect to available and are of interest in comparison with species diversity and floristic composition. data from Calabatea and Incahuara. At this al- The two most diverse families are melastoms titude, the switch from lowland to montane and rubiacs (ca. 12 spp. each), with legumes (9 taxa has been completed with a concomitant spp.), Lauraceae and Moraceae (6 spp. each), loss in species diversity to 91 spp. 2.5 cm dbh and Bignoniaceae (4 spp.) following as the in 0.1 ha. Melastomataceae (15 spp.) and Ru- most speciose. The forest at Incahuara is char- biaceae (10 spp.) are the most speciose fami- acterized by a predominance of melastoms (18 lies, just as they are at Calabatea. With a spp.) and Rubiaceae (12 spp.) in the understory reduced number of species, Lauraceae (7 spp.) and lower canopy, but differs in the over- share canopy dominance with such montane whelming diversity of Lauraceae in the canopy trees as species of Alchornea, Clethra, Gordo- (24 spp. in 0.1 ha -- the greatest Lauraceae di- nia, Hedyosmum, Meliosn~a,Myrsine, Rhanl- versity yet found in my 0.1 ha samples nus, Syn~plocos, and Weinn~annia. At this throughout the world, and the majority of the altitude, Compositae completely dominate the species are likely undescribed). How the ex- liana component of the flora (7 of 16 free- treme prevalence of this preeminently bird-dis- climbing species). Forests such as this un- persed family might be related to the local doubtedly occur above 2,000 m on the slopes avifauna or other elements of the biota remains west of Calabatea. an unexplored question.

Plant diversity (R. Foster and Birds of Mid-elevation Wet Forest A. Gentry) (Calabatea) (T. Parker)

(Foster): The floristic richness observed here is The Calabatea avifauna is comprised of a mix- nothing exceptional (we noted 1 13 families, ture of highland and lowland species (Appen- 251 genera, and 390 species - see Appendix dix 4). Of 169 species found between ca. 8). It is certainly far less than forest at similar 1,300 and 1,600 m, 80 species are montane, elevations in southern and central Peru. There most occurring in low- and mid-elevation for- was no clearly dominant large tree, but the ests (900-1,500 m) from Colombia south to same one or two dozen common tree species could usually be found throughout the area central Bolivia. The rest are lowland species from ridgetop to ravine bottom, from high for- which were at or near the upper limits of their est to stunted forest, and from palm forest to elevational ranges. Ten of the montane species bamboo forest. Even the remnant pockets of are endemic to the yungas region of extreme forest on the hills adjacent to Apolo many kilo- southern Peru/northern Bolivia, as are numer- meters away had almost the same composition. ous well-marked subspecies. Most of the mon- The unimpressive diversity and uniformity is tane bird species found at Calabatea occurred surprising given that this is the transition zone primarily above 1,500 n~ in forests charac- between montane and lowland floras with con- terized by numerous highland plant genera (see sequent mixing of species from each. above).

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Bird species diversity in the Calabatea APOLO REGION, MID ELEVATION forest is similar to that found in the only other DRY FOREST (CHAQUIMAYO, VALLE well-worked cloud forest site at the same ele- DEL MACHARIAPO) vations in Bolivia: Serrania Bellavista, department of La Paz, where 184 species were recorded during >60 days of fieldwork (Rem- Physiography of the Machariapo sen, unpubl.). Comparable lists from Ecuador- Valley (R. Foster) ian and Peruvian cloud forests contain slightly The Machariapo valley lies to the northwest of higher totals (Davis 1986, Parker and Parker Apolo and drains north into the Alto Tuichi. It 1982, Robbins et al. 1987, Schulenberg et al. is deep (1,000 m at the bottom) but fairly 1984, Terborgh and Weske 1979, Fitzpatrick et broad, with steep slopes, above which are high al., unpubl.), but sampling biases are difficult plateaus punctuated with rounded peaks. The to interpret. Based on available data it seems rock underlying the valley is geologically safe to say that lower and middle Andean forest mapped as of Devonian age. The exposed rock bird communities are very similar in structure visible along the trails and river-cuts is radi- and species composition along the entire east- cally different from that on the Ordovician of em slope from southeast Colombia to north- Apolo and the area southwest. Instead of a west Bolivia. "baklava," pastel-colored assortment of differ- The two most speciose bird families rep- ent thin layers, the head of the valley (Chaqui- resented at Calabatea are Tyrannidae (32 spe- mayo) is uniformly covered with dark grey, cies) and Emberizidae (42 species). Tanagers hard slate. A few kilometers down the valley (especially 9 Tangara spp.) comprised a high this changes into a light colored conglomerate percentage of total individuals in canopy of rounded rocks, not associated with the cur- flocks. Two species not previously reported rent floodplain but going way upslope. The from Bolivia were found, the Sharpbill latter is similar in appearance to the old allu- (Oxyruncus cristatus) and Chestnut-breasted vium bordering the river draining the center of Wren (Cyphorhiizus thoracicus). We were un- La Paz. However, no difference in vegetation able to reach the tallest ravine forests at Cala- was seen between the two rock types. batea, where additional (important) lower montane species might have been found (e.g., Plant Communities (R. Foster and Terenura sharpei, Odoiztorchilus branickii, and A. Gentry) Tangara chrysotis). In summary, the Calabatea forests sup- Deciduous Forest port a rich but fairly typical lower montanelup- Because the valley is mostly walled in on all per tropical avifauna. About 10 percent of the sides, it is truly drier than the nearby Apolo taxa are endemic to the yungas region of north- valley. Nevertheless, given the overwhelming em Bolivia, and this number will be even evidence of previous forest cutting, burning, larger in upper montane forests to the west. and coffee planting in the understory, the com- Humid montane forests, especially at lower pletely deciduous character of the valley slopes elevations (800- 1,500 m), are in urgent need of must be seen as an artifact of human influence protection. Tall, montane forests at these ele- favoring the deciduous species. Left to itself, vations to the east and south (e.g., above the the forest would probably return to a more Rios Beni and Tuichi) probably support some- semi-deciduous character, with the slower- what richer, but very similar avifaunas. growing, deep-rooted species moving back in

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program from their refuges in the ravines and river more diverse. Myroxylon balsamum, usually banks. The forest in these latter areas is nearly fairly rare, is common here, and forms the basis evergreen. for a local "balsam of Peru" industry (we The deciduous forest continues down the shared our charter flight from Apolo to La Paz valley as far as the eye can see. It is probable with a cargo of Myroxylon bark). Since the that the Alto Tuichi to which this valley drains species is so common, it might form the basis has similar vegetation, as would the valleys of a forest product economy. parallel to and north of the Machariapo on into Peru. It is important to explore this possibilty Ridge Savanna-Cerrado on the chance there are some valleys with less- disturbed vegetation. On the promontory ridge at the head of the val- The overwhelmingly dominant tree (in ley (1,500 m), the deciduous forest on the steep the transect sample, half of all trees 20 cm dbh slope changes rather abruptly into an unusual and two-thirds of all trees 30 cm) is Anadenan- savanna-like vegetation (isolated trees or small thera colubrina, a mimosoid legume with a clusters of trees surrounded by a matrix of distinctive spreading crown "noted for its hal- grassland) as the slope starts to flatten out. lucinogenic indole alkaloids." Also abundant Above this narrow area, on the divide over to in the canopy is an Acacia, Astrorziurn, Schiiz- Apolo, the terrain turns back into the denuded opsis, and a short Ceiba. Understory trees in- soil with isolated pockets of stunted wet forest clude a conspicuous large Echinopsis? cactus, vegetation typical of the rest of the Apolo val- Triplaris, and Capparis. Distinctive and com- ley. mon shrubs include the startling combination This small anomolous area of only a few of a strange Opuntia (60 plants in 0.1 ha, by far hectares seems to have a combination of small the most common species in the sample) with tree species known from the periodically small, flattened joints and straight, erect stem flooded savannas of the Beni in Bolivia and the occasionally reaching 12 cm dbh and 12 m or dry, open-forest cerrado vegetation further east more tall, mixed with Clavija and a small in Brazil. The most abundant tree is a dwarf Trichilia. Epiphytic orchids and bromeliads Terminalia sp., mixed in the open, regularly are abundant. The evergreen patches include burned areas with Jacalnnda, Pseudobombax, typical lowland moist forest trees such as Gall- Tabebuia, Byrsonima, and in the thickets with esia, Platyrniscium, Myroxylo~z, Clarisia bi- Diospyros and Dilodendron. There is almost flora, Cecropia polystachya, Ficus juruerzsis, no floristic overlap with the adjacent dry forest. etc. Structurally this forest is not very differ- Binocular observation of the surrounding ent from moister forests, with 465 stems 2.5 cm rim of the valley did not reveal any more areas dbh including 77 trees, 2 lianas, and a strangler like this one, though there were possibly a few 10 cm dbh. The most striking structural anom- very small patches. aly is the presence of 134 individual lianas (compared to an average of 71 for all dry for- Other ests sampled) probably relating to a history of past disturbance. On a sloping mesa high up one side of the val- Scattered individuals of commercially ley, an estimated 90 percent or more of the important timber taxa such as Amburana cear- trees are an evergreen Vochysia-presumably ensis, Tabebuia impetiginosa, and Cedrela sug- the result of former human clearing on a sub- gest that the forest may formerly have been strate different from that of the valley slopes.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Diversity and Phytogeography from La Paz department; our collection of fe- (A. Gentry and R. Foster) male flowers is the first for the species. The distribution and abundance in the yungas of A 0.1 ha sample of this forest confirmed that it this unexpected vegetation type is currently un- has many typical dry forest features, such as known, and presumably rare (though Beck relatively low diversity (we noted 71 families, notes that there are interesting savanna ele- 190 genera, and 275 species.-see Appendix ments in degraded vegetation around Caranavi 9), extreme prevalence of legume trees and bignon vines, and the occurrence of families and Coroico). such as Cactaceae and Capparidaceae. The 79 species 2.5cm dbh in 0.1 ha is quite typical of lowland Neotropical dry forests, which average 60 spp. in similar samples. The 29 families Birds of Mid-elevation Dry Forest represented is comparable to the average of 25 (Machariapo Valley) (T. Parker) represented in similar samples. (See Table 3.) This isolated dry forest includes a num- The montane, deciduous forests along ber of taxa new to Bolivia that may have con- the Rio Machariapo north of Apolo at ca. 1,000 servation importance, including two lianas m contain an interesting mixture of species, es- known previously from easter.11 Paraguay and pecially cloud forest forms not previously southern Brazil-Mansoa difficilis and A,.- known from such a dry area, and a smaller ruhicluecr selloi. Near the river, the American number of the more expected dry forest spe- staghom fern, Platycer.i~~mnr7cliriun7, was not cies. The most unusual bird species found (as uncommon on trunks. This is similar in habitat to its previously known locations in semi-de- identified on tape-recordings made by L. Em- ciduous forest in central Peru where it was sup- mons and E. Wolf), appears to be an unde- posed to be restricted. It is the only scribed species of Herpsilochr7ius antwren, Neotropical species of staghorn fern. It is probably an isolate of the ~triccrl,illusgroup. likely that some plants such as the two domi- The discovery of this species, along with our nant cacti (still unidentified) are endemic to sightings of the Green-capped Tanager (Tari- Bolivia, if not to these very dry forest valleys. QN~Nr~~e)~er~de~chcri~e~~seei), until now known Even though the species in the small from only one valley in Puno, Peru, in dry patch of cerrado savanna on the ridge are wide- scrub near Apolo, suggests that other endemic spread outside Bolivia, they are n~ostlypoorly bird taxa with very restricted ranges probably known within the country and all but one of the occur in the dry, upper portions of the Rio species for which there are distributional data are new to La Paz department. Diloder~clr-or? Tuichi and similar river drainages in northern bipinnatum, for example, was previously La Paz. Additional inventories of the flora and known from four Bolivian collections, none fauna of these valleys are urgently needed.

TABLE 3. VEGETATION TRANSECTS - MID-ELEVATION DRY FORESTS

# of Total Total Liana Liana Tree Tree Trees 2 Trees z farn. SPP. ind. SPP. ind. SPP. ind. lOcm dbh lOcrn dbh SPP. ind. Dry For. Avg. 25 60 294 13 71 47 22 1 24 5 1 Chaquitnayo 29 79 465 29 134 50 43 1 29 7

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Prograrn Mammals of Mid-elevation Dry and known from only eight individuals. One Forest (Machariapo valley) specimen was collected in "Yungas, Bolivia" in (1. Emmons) 1867. All individuals from known habitats are from lowland evergreen rainforest, so it is noteworthy to have seen it in dry forest at 1,000 m. Five of the six mammals identified in the dry The Rio Machariapo area was under in- forest at Rio Machariapo are species known tense hunting pressure. Hunters with dogs from lowland evergreen rain forest. However, scoured the valley bottom on two of the three the overwhelmingly dominant rodent in the days we spent there and we heard several gun- area, Oryzon~ysnitidus, (12 captures), is usu- shots. Nonetheless, the dense spiny under- ally rare in rain forest. Its optimal habitat may growth provides some protection for large therefore be dry forest, a fact that may not have terrestrial mammals, and deer and agoutis per- been previously recorded. It is probably the sist along the river. chief wild vector of plague (Yer.sirzia pestis), which is endemic around Apolo. Another rodent, Akodorz aer.osu.r, was found both in the wet cloud forest at Calabatea and in the dry for- CONCLUSION est along the Rio Machariapo. It is typical of This one-month assessment of the biological the eastern slopes of the Andes at around resources of northwest Bolivia represents a 1,000 m. starting point for the conservation of the re- The most unusual mammal found at gion. Due to its global importance, the area Machariapo was a bushy-tailed opossum (Cli- clearly merits international support for explora- rorzia veriusta), which was seen emerging from tion, research, and conservation. A concerted, a tree hole and climbing to the canopy in a prompt effort to study and protect Madidi and patch of older dry forest with a well-developed environs could make a lasting contribution to understory. This forest appeared to have been the world's natural heritage bank. In an era of free from fire for longer than most of the other unprecedented land alteration worldwide, such dry forest we saw. Glir.oiziu is extremely rare opportunities are rare.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991

APPENDIX 1 Birds of the Alto Madidi Area Theodore A. Parker, 1990

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

T. tao Fh T S F t Cr)~ptur.elluscirzere~is Ft T S C t

C. undulatus Z,Ft T S C t C. variegatus Fh T S R t* C. bartletti Ft T S U t PHALACROCORACIDAE (1)

Phalacrocoras hrasilier~sis R W S.G 1J si ANHINGIDAE (1)

Ardea cocoi S W S U si Egretta alba S W S U si E. thlrla S W S U si Butorides str.iatus M W S R si A~.deolaibis C,s T S,G F si

Mpcteria an~ericana S Jahiru n~ycter.ia S W S R si

Mesenzhrinibis caver~nerzsis Fsm T.W S U si

ANATIDAE (2) Neocken jubata S T S U si Cairina rnoschata R,M W S U si CATHARTIDAE (3)

Sar.coran~ph~rspapa Ft T S F si Corag)lps atratus S,Z,Ft T G U si Cathartes nzelambrotus Z.Ft.Fh T S F si

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats Gan7psor1yss~~air~sorzii Rm,C A S R si* Fh Upland forest

Ft Floodplain forest

Fs Swamp forest

Fsni Forest stream margins

Fo Forest openings

Astltr.itra nitida Rm,Z,C ? S R si* Z "Zaboio" B Bamboo

C Clearing

R River Birteognllrts rrr.rtbirirzga Rm,S T, U S U si Km River margins Morphnrrs ,qrrinrzerrsis Ft,Fh Sc,C S R si* S Shores

M Marsh

0 Overhead

Foraging Position

T Terrestr~al

U Undergrowth

Sc Subcanopy

C Canopy

W Water

A Aerial

Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs

Falco rrrfinrrlaris Rm,C A S F t G Gregarious

CRACIDAE (4) M Mixed-species flocks A Army ant followers

Abundance Penelope jacqrracir Ft,Fh C,Sc,T S,G F t C Common Abrrrria pipile Ft,Z C S U si F Fairly common Mitrr trrherosa Ft,Fh T S R t U Uncommon

I< Rare

(&I) Migrant

OPISTHOCOMIDAE (1) (Mn) Migrant from north

Opistl~ocon~ushoazin Rm U,Sc,C G C si (Ms) Migrant from south Evidence

sp Specimen

t Tape

ph Photo

Rallrts r~igr.icans M T,W S R si* si ID by sight or sound Aranzides cnjaneu Ft,Fsm T S F si * First record for La Paz Laterallrrs esilis M,C T, U S F t + First record for Bolivia

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

EURYPYGIDAE (1)

Plioetuso sinrp1e.r

RHYNCHOPIDAE (1)

Rvrichous r~iqr.a R W S R si COLUMBIDAE (7)

Leptotila r.rrfa.rilla z,c T S F t Geotrygori niorrtorin Ft,Fh T S F t PSlTTAClDAE (1 7)

A. nianilata Ft C G R s i Aratitlga leuco/~/ithrrlnirrs Z, Ft C G U t

Pioriopsitrn bnr.rabrrtirli Fh Sc,C S ,G F t

A. fnritiosn Ft,Fh C S ,G F t CUCULIDAE (8)

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociably Abundance Evidence

Habitats

Fh Upland forest

I;t Floodplain fared

FS Swamp forest

Fsn~ Forest stream margins

STRlGlDAE (7) Fo Forest openings

Otrrs cl~olihn z,c Sc,C S R si Z "Zaboio" I3 Bamboo

C Clearing

R River

11111 River margins

S Shores

hl Marsh

0 Overhead

Foraging Position

T Terrestrial

U Undergrowth

Sc Subcanopy

C Canopy

\fl Water

A Aerial

Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs

G Gregarious

hl Mixed-species flocks

A Army ant followers

Abundance

C Common

I; Fairly common

U Uncommon

R Rare

(M) Migrant

(hln) Migrant from north

(kls) Migrant from south

P. r.irber. Ft,Fh U S C t Evidence

Flor.isrrga r~~elli~~or~u Ft,Fh Sc,C S U si* sp Specimen

t Tape

ph Photo

si ID by sight or sound

* First record for La Paz

+ First record for Bolivia

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

T. ~~iolace~rs Ft, Fh Sc,C S ,M F t ALCEDINIDAE (5)

C. anler.icor7a Fsm,Rm W S U si C. irrrla Fsm W S U si C. artlea Fsm W S U si

GALBULIDAE (2) Galbtrlo cyarlescetrs Ft,Fo U,Sc S ,M F t

BUCCONIDAE (7)

Eirhrtcco r~ichar~clsorri Ft,Fh Sc,C S,M F t E. trrcir~kae Z,Ft C,Sc S,M R t+ RAMPHASTIDAE (8)

P. becrrrl~cr~~r~aesii Ft,Fh C G U t Se1etrider.a reir~w~arrltii Ft, Fh Sc,C S F t*

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessn~entProgram APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats

Fh Upland forest

Ft Floodplain forest

Pic~rnzrrrcsborbae Ft,Fh Sc,C S,M U si Fs Swamp forest

Chr.ysor>tilitspirrzcti,~srla z,c Sc,C S R t Fsm Forest stream margins

Fo Forest openings

Z 'Zabolo"

B Bamboo

C Clearing

R River

Rm River margins

S Shores

M Marsh

0 Overhead

Foraging Position

T Terrestrial

U Undergrowth C. r.irhricollis Ft,Fh U,Sc S F t Sc Subcanopy DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (14) C Canopy W Water

A Aerial

Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs

G Gregarious

M Mixed-species flocks

A Army ant followers

Xiphocolaptes pronzer.opir. Fh U,Sc S,M R t Abundance Drtrrlrocolrrptes cet.tlzia Ft,Fh Sc S,M,A F t C Common F Fairly common

U Uncommon

K Rare

(PI) Migrant

(Mn) Migrant from north

(Pls) Migrant from south

Evidence

sp Specimen t Tape

pl~ Photo

si ID by sight or sound

* First record for La Par

+ First record for Bollvia

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

F~.eclerickerrorordrrli,qer.rr Ft, Fh U S R t+ Trrrohn nrrrjor z,c U S U t

Ft, Fh Ft,Fll

Myr.nrot11er.rilrr l~r~rrclryr~ro Ft, Fh Sc,C M C t M. scloteri Ft,Fh C M C t

Ter.er~rrral~rrrtrer~olis Ft, Fh C M F SP* C~~r~cor~rrrcr~rtci~~er~see~~s Ft,Fh S c S,M C t

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Itapid Assess~l~entProgram APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats

Fli Upland forest

Ft Floodplain forest M. fot.ti.r Fh T, U S,A F sp* Fs Swamp forest

Fsni Forest stream margins

Fo Forest openings

Z 'Zabolo'

I3 Bamboo

C Clearing

11111 River margins

S Shores

11 Marsh

0 Overhead

Foraging Position

T Terrestrial

U Undergrowth

Sc Subcanopy

C Canopy

A Aerial

Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs

G Gregarious

i\l Mixed-species flocks

i\ Army ant followers

Abundance

C Common

F Fairly common

U Uncommon

TYRANNIDAE (66) R Rare

(bln) Migrant from north

(Xls) Migrant from south

Evidence

sp Specimen

t Tape

pl~ Photo

si ID by sight or sound

* First record for La Paz

+ First record for Bolivia

RAP Working Papers One APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Corythopis torquota Ft,Fh T S F t

Ochthoeca 1ittor.alis Rm,S T, A S F t Muscisasicola fllrviatilis Rm,S T S U si

Satrapa icterophrys Rm Sc S,M R(Ms) s i

Laniocera hppopyrra Ft,Fh Sc,C S ,M F t Sirystes sibilrrtor. Ft,Fh C,Sc S ,M F t

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats

Fh Upland forest

Ft Floodplain forest

Fs Swamp forest

Fsn~ Forest stream margins

Po Forest openings

Z 'Zabolo'

B Bamboo

C Clearing

R River

11111 River margins

S Shores

1 Marsh Tityr.~CCI)~OIICI Ft C S F si* 0 Overhead T.ser~~ifrrsciotcr Ft.Fh C S U t Foraging Position

T Terrestrial

U Undergrowth

Attic.or.cr ,fc/scioto R,C A G C t C Canopy Neoclieliclo~itibialis Fh A G U sp* w Water A Aerial

Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs Cyrrriocor~ns~~io~acerrs Z,F~ Sc,C G,M C t* G Gregarious TROGLODYTIDAE (7) M Mixed-species flocks

A Army ant followers

Abundance

C Common

I; Fairly common

U Uncommon

R Rare

(*I) Migrant

(hln) Migrant from north

(kls) Migrant from south

Evidence

sp Specimen

t Tape

ph Photo

si ID by sight or sound

* First record for La Paz

+ First record for Bolivia

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Cly/~ic.ter~rsoserpi Ft C S, G R ti- PsarocoIirts cIecrrt~~ar~rrs Ft,Fh C G,M F t

Leistes srrper~ci1irrr.i~ C T, U S,G R(Ms) si PARULIDAE (2)

THRAUPIDAE (25)

Chlor~oplrot~icrcyotlen Ft,Fh C M R(M?) t

T. sckrnnkii Ft,Fh U,Sc,C M C t T.,vnr~rlrogrrstr.a Ft, Fh C M R si

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 1

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats

Fh Upland forest

Ft Floodplain forest

Fs Swomp foresl

Fsnl Forest stream margins

Hetnirl1rarrpis flnvicollis Ft, Fh C M F t Fo Forest openings Z "Zabolo"

U Bamboo Lnrnpr.ospiza rnelar~olertca Fh,Ft C M F sp" C Clearing

R River

11111 River margins

S Shores

PI Marsh

0 Overhead

Foraging Position

T Terrestrial

U Undergrowth

Sc Subcanopy

C Canopy

\\ Water

A Aerial

Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs

C, Gregarious

h1 Mixed-species flocks

A Army ant followers

Abundance

C Common

F Fairly common

U Uncommon

R Rare

(hl) Migrant

(Pln) Migrant from north

(&Is) Migrant from south

Evidence

sp Specimen

t Tape

ph Photo

si ID by sight or sound

* First record for La Paz

+ First record for Bolivia

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 2 Birds of the Lower Rio Heath, BoliviaIPeru Theodore A. Parker, 1990 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

TlNAMlDAE (8)

Rl~yricl~otrtsr.rrfesceris P T S F ? S P PHALACROCORACIDAE (1)

Atrhirfga ntilrirrgcr R W S R si* ARDEIDAE (7)

Arrlecr cocoi S W S U si* . . Egr.ertrr albrt S W S u SIX

Arrleoln ibis S T S,G F i*

Myctet.in crr7rericrrrrn S W G,S U si* .Irrhirrt r?l\,cter.ia S .P W S R si*

Meser~rhr~irrihiscrtye~~r~etisis Fsm T,W S U si* Ainia airria S W G IJIR si*

CATHARTIDAE (5)

Corngyps utr.rrtrrs S,Z,Ft T G U si* Cotlinr.res arrra Z,Ft,Gf T S U/R si

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence Habitats

Gampsonj,\- s~~airrsor~ii Rm,Z A S R si A Aguajaies Gf Gallery forest Elarroirles forflcatrrs Ft A S,G R si* LIII LIII Lake margin Leptodor~cajar~errsis Ft,Fh C,Sc S U si* P Pantanal-like grassland Chor~dr~ohier~aslrr7cir1atlrs Ft C S R si* Fh Upland forest Ft Floodplain forest Ictir7ia pllrn~becr Ft, Fh A S,G F si* Fsni Forest stream margins Accipiter hicolor. Ft U,Sc S R si Fo Forest openings Z "Zaboio' B Bamboo C Clearing Lelrcopter.r~iskrrhli Fh S c S R si R River Ft T,Sc S U t L. schistacea * Rnl River margins S Shores Brrteo,~alllrs~rr~rrbitiri,~a Rm,S T,W S U si* kl Marsh 0 Overhead Foraging Position

T Terrestrial U Undergrowth S. tyrarrrlrrs Z,Ft Sc,C S U t* Sc Subcanopy Ger.crrio.spiza caer~lrlesce~rs Ft T,U,Sc S U si* C Canopy W Water PANDIONIDAE (1) A Aerial

S Solitary or in pairs C Gregarious RI Mixed-specles flocks Micr.rrsrrrr r.rrficollis Fh U,Sc S R si* A Army ant followers M. gil~~icollis Ft,Fh U,Sc S U t Rm,S T,C S ,G U t* Duptr.i~rsater C Common D. nn~ericarirts Ft,Fh Sc,C G F t* F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare (A¶) Migrant (kln) Migrant from north (Ms) Migrant from south Evidence

sp Specimen

t Tape ph Photo Ah~rrr.icrniuile Ft,Z,Gf C S C si* si Species ID by sight Asterisked species were observed on both the Bolivian and Peruvian sides of the Rio Heath; those without ' were noted in Peru oniv.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Helior.r~isfi~lico R W S U si* EURYPYGIDAE (1)

Errr.ypygo llelias Ft,Fsm,S T,W S U si*

Char.udr.irrs collor.is S T S U t * SCOLOPACIDAE (5)

Plloetlrsrr sirl1ple.1 R W,A S U si* Ster.r~crsrrper.ci1ior.i.~ R W,A S F si* RHYNCHOPIDAE (1)

COLUMBIDAE (9)

Colrrr~rhaspecioso Gf C S,G F t

C. srrh~~ir~crceer Ft C S U t* C. plrrr~~ben Ft, Fh C S C t*

A. ~~racuo Ft, Fh C S,G F t*

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence Habitats

A Aguajales A. r7rci11ilcrtcr A C G C t* Gf Gallery forest Lrn Lake marQin P Pantanal-like grassland Fh Upland forest A. ~t~eclclellii Z,Ft C G C t* I;t Floodplain forest A. crrrr.ecr Gf C S ,G F sp* Fsm Forest stream margins Pyr.r.hrrr.cr r~rrpic~olcr Ft,Fh C G U t* Fo Forest openings Forprrs sclrrteri Ft, Fh C S U t* Z "Zabolo" B Bamboo C Clearing Nrrrrr~opsittacoclrtclrilleoe Ft C S R t* K River G Torrit I~rretii Ft C R t * Rnl River marains pi or rite.^ ler~r~o,prr.str~. Ft, Fh C G C t * S Shores Piorropsirtrr I~nrr~crhrr~rrli Fh Sc,C S,G F t* XI Marsh 0 Overhead Foraging Position

' Terrestrial U Undergrowth Sc Subcanopy C Canopy 5 Water A AeriaL Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious hl M~xed-speciesflocks A Army ant followers Abundance

C Common 0trr.s choliho Gf Sc,C S U t 1; Fairly common 0. ~vertsor~ii Ft, Fh Sc,C S C t* U Uncommon R Rare (RI) Migrant (.\In) Migrant from north (Rls) Migrant from south Evidence

sp Specimen t Tape ph Photo si Species ID by slght Asterisked species were observed on both the Bolivian and Peruvian sides of the Rio Heath; those without ' were noted in Peru only

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 DIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociaiify Abundance Evidence

Stt.eptopr.ocne zo~rur.is 0 A G U si*

C. bracliyrrra 0,Gf A G,M R si*

Helion~asterlo/leirosr~.is Z.C C S R si*

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence Habitats

C. ir7clcr Fsm W S U si A Aguajales Gf Gallery forest Lm Lake margin MOMOTIDAE (3) P Pantanal-like grassland Sc C Electrotr platgr~hprrclirrm Ft,Fh S t* Fh Upland forest Ft Floodplain forest Motiiotrrs tnonrota Ft,Fh Sc S U t FSIII Forest stream margins GALBULIDAE (4) Fo Forest openings Brcrchy~albcrcrlbogrrlar~is Z A,C S R si* Z "Zabolo" B Bamboo C Clearing R Rivei Km River margins S Shores M Marsh 0 Overhead Foraging Position

Nystnlrrs chac~rrrr Gf C S F S P '1. Terrestrial U Undergrowth Sc Subcanopy C Canopy W Water A AeriaL Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious kl Mixed-species flocks A Army ant followers Abundance

C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare P. nrur.iae Ft, Fh C G F t * (kI) Migrant Pteroglossrrs healrharrlaesii Ft,Fh C G U t* (hln) Migrant from north Ratnphastos c~tlnrir~arrrs Ft, Fh C S,G C t* (hls) Migrant from south Evidence

sp Specimen R. tnco Gf C S R t t Tape PlClDAE (15) ph Photo Pic~rr~lnrtsr.~rfi\~eritris Z U,Sc S ,M R SP si Species ID by sight Asterisked species were P. borhae Ft Sc,C S,M U si observed on both the Bolivian and Peruvian sides of the Rio Heath: those without ' were noted in Peru only.

RAP Working Papers One Deceniber 1991 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

C. torqrratrts Ft Sc,C S R t*

I/e/lilior.r1is pcrsser.irrrrs Z Sc,C S ,M F t* I/. affinis Ft, Fh Sc,C M F t *

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (14)

D. /1ie1ir71111i.r Ft, Fh U,Sc S,A U t *:

Phi1)~rlor~er.yt11r~ocer~crrs Fh, Ft Sc M U SP

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessn~entProgram APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence Habitats

A Aguajales Gf Gallery forest Lm Lake margln P Pantanal-like grassland Fh Upland forest Ft Floodplain forest Fsnl Forest stream margins Fo Forest openings Z 'Zabolo" B Bamboo C Clearing I< River Rm River margins T. .sc~l~istncerrs Ft,Fh Sc M C sp* S Shores Py,qiprila .srellor~i.s Ft,Fh Sc,C M F t h1 Marsh 0 Overhead Foraging Position

T. ar~rn:otricrr.\ Gf U,Sc S,M F t U Undergrowth Myrt~lotl~er~rrlaht~crclrgrrr~n Ft, Fh Sc,C M C t* SC Subcanopy C Canopy W Water A AeriaL Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs M. lerrco/~htholt~irr Ft,Fh U M U t ? G Gregarious M. ~.rrllnris Ft, Fh U,Sc M C sp* hl Mixed-species flocks M. longi/~er~t~is Fh U,Sc M R? SP A Army ant followers Abundance M. rilenett~ie.sii Ft,Fh Sc M C sp* C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare (hl) Migrant (Mn) Migrant from north (XIS) Miarant from south Evidence

sp Specimen

t Tape ph Photo si Species ID by sight Asterisked species were Hy~~ooienroirlesr~rocrrlicarrrln Fsm T,U S U t observed on both the Bolivian and Peruvian Pet~ctros~olalophotes Z,B T,U S F t* sides of the Rio Heath; those without ' were noted in Peru only.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

G)~nir7opitkyssal~~irri Ft,Fh U A F SP Hylol~liylasl~oecilirrota Ft, Fh U S,A U t Plilegol~sisnigron~crcrrlata Ft T,U S,A U t*

Liparrgrrs vocifer.crr7s Ft, Fh Sc,C S c, t* Coti/i,gu nia)lriarra Z,Ft C S F si* Gynir~oclerrrsfoetidrrs Ft C S,G F si*

Heter.ocer.c~rslinreatrts Ft? Sc S R si Tyr.ar~r7errtesstolzn7anrti Ft, Fh Sc S C t * Ma/~ac~r.~ntalioc~rs Ft,Gf U S U SP Machner.ol~fer.rrspyroceplialrrs Ft Sc,C S F SP Pipra cor.ot~atcr Fh U,Sc S R SP P. fnsciicarrcla Ft U,Sc S F t P. r~rr11r.ocapilla Fh U,Sc S F SP

P. clrlor~on~er~os Ft U.Sc S U SD TYRANNIDAE (65)

Zininierirrs grncilil~es Ft,Fh C S,M F t * Or.nitl7io/1ir~errne Ft, Fh C S,M F t*

S~rhle,qatrrsobscrrrio~. Z Sc,C S ,M R si* Pkneoniyins nrrrr.iner Z C S,M U t* Tyra/~rirrl~rselatlts Ft, Fh C S,M F t * Myiopa~is,qaimar.rlii Ft,Fh C M C t*

E. par.~~irostris Z C S,M U(Ms) si*

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence Habitats

A Aguajales E, chiriqlret~sis G f C S U S P Gf Gallery forest Itlezia itlorr7ata Z,Gf Sc,C G,M F(Ms?) si* Lni Lake margin Euscartlzn~usn~elotyphlts Z,Gf U S R(Ms?) t P Pantanal-like grassland Miotzectes oleagirleus Ft, Fh Sc,U M U SP Fh Upland forest M. n1ciccor7r1elli Ft,Fh U,Sc M R SP Ft Floodplain forest Leptopogon an~crrrr~ocepIraIlrs ~t U, Sc MS F t * Fsm Forest stream margins Cor.ythopis torq~rata Ft,Fh T S F t Fo Forest openings Myiort~isecalrclatlrs Ft Sc,C S F t Z 'Zabolo" Henzitr.iccus zostero/~s Ft,Fh Sc S F t B Bamboo H. iohar~t~is Z,Ft Sc S U t* C Clearing R River H. striaticollis Gf Sc,C S F SP Rni River margins Toclirostr~rn~1atirostr.e Z U S F t* S Shores T. n~aculatlrnz Z Sc,C S,M F t* k1 Marsh T. cl1r~ysocrotapl1~rn7 Ft, Fh C S,M F t* 0 Overhead Foraging Position Ranlpl7otrigorl rlrficarrda Ft,Fh Sc S F t* T Terrestrial Toln1on7yias sul~~h~rr.esce~~s Ft C M U/R si* U Undergrowth T. assin~ilis Ft,Fh C M F t Sc Subcanopy T. polioce~~halrts Ft,Z Sc,C S ,M U t* C Canopy T,f/avivet~tr.is z Sc,C S,M F t* W Water A Aerial Platyrit~cl~uscot.onatus Ft U,Sc S F SP* Sociality Or~gchor~hytzcl~lrscoronatlrs Ft,Fh,Fsm U,Sc S,M U si S Solitary or in pairs Ter~enotr~icc~rser.ythr.ur.lrs Ft,Fh U,Sc S,M U t* C Gregarious M)liophohrrs fasciatlrs Gf,Z U S ,M F t* hl Mixed-species flocks Lathrotr.icc~rselrleri Ft,Z,B U,Sc S F t A Army ant followers Cnemotriccrrs firscatlts Gf,Z U,Sc S U t* Abundance Pgr.ocepka11rs rlthirzrrs Rm,Z,Gf C,A S F(Ms) si* C Common F Fairly common Ochthoeca littoralis Rm,S T,A S F t* U Uncommon Mlrscisasicola flulliatilis Rm,S T S U si* R Rare Fluvicola pica Rm,S T S R(Ms) si* (M) Migrant Satrapa icterophrys Rm,Z Sc,C S,M R(Ms) si* (1Mn) Migrant from north (Ms) Migrant from south Attila holiviat~rrs Ft Sc,C S,M F t * Evidence A. sl~adicelrs Ft, Fh Sc,C S,M F t * sp Specimen Rhytipter.rla sinlples Ft,Fh Sc,C S,M C t* t Tape Sirystes sibilaror. Ft C,Sc S ,M F t* ph Photo Myiarchrts s~~ainsor~i Gf,Z,Ft C M U(Ms) t ? si Species ID by sight Asterisked species were M. feros z,c Sc,C S,M F t* observed on both the Bolivian and Peruvian M. t)~ratrnulus Ft,Fh C S,M F(Ms) t sides of the Rio Heath; those without ' were Pitarlglrs sul/~/~~rr~at~ts Rm,Z U,Sc S F t* noted In Peru onlv. Megar.ytzchrrs pita17gua c,z Sc,C S F t* Myiozetetes cayat~ensis Lm u,c S U si* M, sinlilis Rm,Z C S,G C t*

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Tityrn cc1)~cr11n Ft C S F si~ T. irr~rrisifor. Ft C S U si*

CORVIDAE (1)

Cycrr~ocorn.i-~~io/ncerrs Z,Ft Sc,C G,M C t* TROGLODYTIDAE (7)

T. igr~ohilis Z T,C S,G F ? si*

MOTACILLIDAE (1)

A17rhrrs Irrtesce~~s P T S IJ/R sn?

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessll~el~tProgram APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence Habitats

A Aguajales Vireo olivace~rs Ft,Fh,Z,Gf C G,M C(Ms) t* Gf Gallery forest

- - Lnl Lake margin Hvlonhillrs so. P Pantanal-like grassland Fh Upland forest Scr~~~lridrrrcror.)izivor.a Rm,S,P T,C S ,G F t* Ft Floodplain forest Psnr.ocolirrs dec~rnranrrs Ft, Fh C G,M F t* Fsn~ Forest stream margins Fo Forest openings

Crrcictrs cela Ft,Z Sc,C G,M C t * B Bamboo C Clearing I< River RIII River marains S Shores

PARULIDAE (1) hl Marsh 0 Overheod Foraging Position

T Terrestrial U Undergrowth Sc Subcanopy C Canopy 1' Water Ft, Fh C M F si A AeriaL Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious bl Mixed-species flocks A Army ant followers THRAUPIDAE (20) Abundance

C Common I; Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare (kl) Migrant (kln) Migrant from north (bls) Migrant from south Evidence

sp Specimen t Tape ph Photo si Species ID by sight Asterisked species were observed on both the Bolivian and Peruvian sides of the Rio Heath: those without * were noted in Peru only.

Taclrgphor~rrscrislnrlrs Fh C M U SP Tacl~y/~lrorr~lslrrctrrosrrs Z,Ft,Fh Sc,C M F t*

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 2

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

S. coer~rlescer~s z,c u,c S F t Prrr.oar.icr gularis Rm u,c S,M F si*

Sporophila plrrn~hea P U S U SP S. caer~~rlescet~s P,M T,U G,M C(Ms) si* S, castarzeivet~tris P,M U,c S,M U si*

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Birds of Ixiamas Area APPENDIX 3 Theodore A. Parker, 1990 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats

A Aguajales Gf Gallery forest Wooded grasslands P Pantanal-like grasslands Fs~n Forest stream margins Fo Forest openings

Z 'Zabolo" B Bamboo Arden cocoi M W S U s i C Clearing

Egrertcc crlba M W S U si 1\1 Marsh Brrblrlcrrs ibis C,P T S,G F si 0 Overhead

Foraging Position

T Terrestrial U Undergrowth

Sc Subcanopy

C Canopy

A Aerial

Sociality

S Solitary or In pairs G Gregarious hl Mixed-species flocks t Army ant followers Ccrir.irrn r,~osc,hntrr M W S U s i Abundance CATHARTIDAE (3) C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon I< Rare

(hl) Migrant (hln) Migrant from north (hls) Migrant from south

Evidence

sp Specimen

t Tape

ph Photo si Species ID by sight * Species new to La Par department

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

SCOLOPACIDAE (1)

COLUMBIDAE (5)

CUCULIDAE (2)

TYTONIDAE (1)

CAPRIMULGIDAE (1)

N\ctidr.or~lrrs rrlbicollis Gf.Gw A S C t

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapitl Assessment Program APPENDIX 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats A Aguajoles

Gf Gallery forest Gw Wooded grasslands P Pantanal-like grasslands Fsm Forest stream margins Fo Forest openings

Z "Zabolo"

15 Bamboo

C Clearing i\l Morsh 0 Overhead

Foraging Position

T Terrestrial U Undergrowth

Sc Subcanopy

C Canopy RAMPHASTIDAE (3) W Water

A Aerial

Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious kl Mixed-species flocks Dryocoprts lit~eattrs Gf Sc,C S F si A Army ant followers

Abundance

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (2) C Common Rij11lorhyr1chlr.sglrttatlrs Gf Sc,C S,M F si F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare FURNARIIDAE (8) (&I) Migrant Plrrt7ar.irrs le~rcoprrs Gf,Fsm T S U t (Mn) Migrant from north Syr~allasi.sj~or~trrlis* Gf U S R ? t (Rls) Migrant from south S. hgpospodia* P U S C t Evidence S. alhescens* P U S F t sp Specimen t Tope S. grrjarlerlsis Gf U S F t ph Photo Certlliasis cirrr~anron~ea* M U S U s i si Species ID by sight Phacelloclonrrrs r.rrher.* GW U S F t * Species new to Berleoschin rikeri* Gf C S U si Lo Paz department

TVRANNIDAE (20)

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Habitats Forag~ng Sociality Abundance Evidence

Elrrer7ia fla~,oga.ster. Gw,Gf C S C t

TROGLODYTIDAE (4)

Cyclar.1ri.s grrjar~rr~.sis Gf C S,M F t Vireo olivacerrs Gf C S.M F(Ms) si

Sicalis sp. P T S ,G R si

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 3

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

S. r~rrficollis* P U G R si Habitats Spor~opl~ila*sp. P U G R si A Aguajales Gf Gallery forest Glv Wooded grasslands P Pantanal-like grasslands Fsn~ Forest stream margins Fo Forest openings Z 'Zabolo' B Bamboo C Clearing M Marsh 0 Overhead

Foraging Position

Coer.eba flaveola Gf C S U t T Terrestrial PARULIDAE (1) U Undergrowth Sc Subcanopy

C Canopy W Water

Psarocolirts decrrmar~~rs Gf C G,M C si A AeriaL - Sociality Cacicrrs cela Gf C G,M C si S Solitary or in pairs Leistes srr~~ercilinris P,M T,U G F si G Gregarious

Gr~or~imopsarclropi* Gw,A T,C G F t hl Mixed-species flocks A Army ant followers

Abundance c Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare (bl) Migrant (Mn) Migrant from north (Ms) Migrant from south

Evidence sp Specimen

t Tape

ph Photo si Species ID by sight * Species new to La Paz department

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 4 Birds of Calabatea Theodore A. Parker, 1990 Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Tiria~iirrstao Fh T S F t

C~~vat~rr~ell~rsobsoletrrs Fh T S C t CATHARTIDAE (1)

COLUMBIDAE (3)

Colrrnrba l~l~r~~rbecr Fh C S C t

CUCULIDAE (2)

Pinpa capalra Fh,Sg Sc,C S,M F t

Ciccaha (hrrlrrrlrr) Fh C S U t

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Prograni APPENDIX 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats Fh Montane forest Fe Forest edge B Bamboo Se Second arowth Foraging Position I' Terrestrial U Undergrowth Sc Subcanopy c Canopy 1' Water A AeriaL Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious kl Mixed-species flocks A Army ant followers Abundance

C Common I; Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare (hl) Migrant Monrotlrs ner/rrcr/or~inlis Fh Sc,U S U t (hl11) Migrant from north (his) Miarant from south Evidence sp Specimen t Tape

-ph Photo si ID by sight or sound * First record + First record for 8olivia

Picrtlrrs r~rr/~i,gir~osrrs Fh C S ,M F t Canrl~e/~hilrrsr~rrhr.icollis Fh U,Sc S F t DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (4)

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Syrrdactyla r.rrfos~rperciliata Fh,B U S,M U t

Xerrops rrrlilar~s Fh C M F t Sclerlcrrts so. Fh T S R t

Cliunrneza can~uanisor~a Fh T S F t

Scvtalor~rissp. 1 Fh T,U S C t Scgtalopus sp. 2 Fh T,U S U t COTlNGlDAE (4)

TYRANNIDAE (32)

E. alhiceps Fe,Sg C M F(Ms?) si E. ohscura Fh,Fe C S,M C t

Mior~ectesstriaticollis Fh Sc,C S ,M F si

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

Habitats Henlifr.icclrs spocliol~s Fe,B U,Sc S F t Fh Montane forest Fe Forest edge B Bamboo Se Second growth Foraging Position T Terrestrial U Undergrowth Sc Subcanopy C Canopy \ Woter A AeriaL Sociality S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious i\l Mixed-species flocks A Army ant followers Abundance

Myiozetetes sirnilis C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare (hl) Migrant (bin) Migrant from north (his) Miarant from south Evidence

s11 Specimen t Tope ph Photo si ID by sight or sound * First record Cyar~ocor.aayr~cas Fh Sc,C G,M U t + First record for Bolivia TROGLODYTIDAE (4)

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 4

Habitats Foraging Sociality Abundance Evidence

THRAUPINAE (37)

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Progra111 APPENDIX 4

Habitats Foraging Sociaiity Abundance Evidence

PARULINAE (5) Habitats Fh Montane forest Fe Forest edge B Bamboo Sg Second growth Foraging Position B. cor.or~otrrs Fh u S,M R hd T Terrestrial U Underarowth Sc Subcanopy C Canopy \V Water Psar.ocolirrs rlecrrmntirrs Fh,Sg C S,G,M F t A Aerial CARDUELIDAE (1) Sociality

S Solitary or in pairs G Gregarious hl Mixed-s~eciesflocks A Armv ant followers Abundance

C Common F Fairly common U Uncommon R Rare (IM)Migrant (kln) Migrant from north (Ms) Migrant from south Evidence

t Tawe ph Photo si ID by sight or sound * First record + First record for Bolivia

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 5 Mammal List Louise H. Emmons,l990

Alto Rio Madidi 13 km W, lxiamas Caiabatea Rio Machariapo

Opossums

Anteaters

Tomn~~rlrrotetr.acloctylrr X Bats

Primates

Ateles pnriiscrrs X

Saprrirlrrs frrscicollis X X Carnivores

Bnssar.icgo11 gobhii X Felis pnrdalis X

Potos flal~rrs X X Tapir

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 5

Alto Rio Madidi 13 krn W, lxiarnas Caiabatea Rio Machariapo

Artiodactyla Specimen collected

Tavassit taiacu X Rodents

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 6 Observations on the Herpetofauna Louise H. Emmons,l990

The small collection of herps identified so far At Alto Madidi both river turtles (Poclocr~et~~is includes no species new to Bolivia. One urlifilis) and white caiman (Coinlcrn cr.ococlilrrs) Phyllon~edusucollected at both Alto Madidi were common right by the camp, again and Ixiamas is a new species currently being attesting to the lack of intensive subsistence described by Ron Crombie of the Smithsonian hunting at this site. P~leoszrcl~rrstr.igor~ntrrs Institution. A nu~nberof specimens of this were common throughout the quebradas in the species are already known from Bolivia. A forest, and even in the roadside tlitches, but no Brrfo of the t~y~honiusgroup awaits revision of P. prrll~ehr~osrtswere recognized. the taxon, which is being split.

Alto Rio Madidi 13 km W, lxiamas Caiabatea Rio Machariapo

Frogs

Brrfo (t!phoriirrs group) x*

ElerrtIier.odoctyI~~scf. rliscoicloles Hyl~frrscioto x*

Pliyllor~irdrr,scrsp. nov. x* x" Pl~yllor~iedrrsn~~oilloriti x*

Snakes

Lizards

Crocodilians

Coirlloll crocodillls X Prrleosrrclrtrs trigorrrrtrrs X Turtles

* Specimen collected.

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessllie~ltProgram Plant List: Alto Madidi, Bajo Tuichi, APPENDIX 7 and the Foothill Ridges

Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, Stephan Beck, 1990 T tree (dbh 10 crn, height 5 m)

The list con~piledhere is a combination of the were neither flowering nor fruiting. They are s shrub field lists of plants observed by R. Foster with certainly at least 90-95% correct, but should the plant collection lists of A. Gentry and S. still be used with caution. Many species occur v herbaceous vine Beck. These identifications are based on the in a wide range of habitats but are listed here H herb experience of the authors and made without only once in the habitat of their apparent E epiphyte direct benefit of herbarium comparisons, greatest abundance or greatest relative published references, or detailed study. Most importance.

Sandy-Silty Beach Young Flood~Iain COMPOSITAE ACANTHACEAE

Srri~cltezicrper.rt~~icrrrc/ S ? sp. S

GRAMINEAE ? sp. S AMARANTHACEAE

Chanrissoa crltissinlcr H SALICACEAE - ANNONACEAE

G~rrrtter.ianc~rtissitl~rr cf. T BOMBACACEAE

Stable River Bank 0chr.onra pyr~na~iclcrle T - - AMARANTHACEAE BORAGINACEAE Iresirre sp. H

CAPPARIDACEAE CHRYSOBALANACEAE

Cleorlre sp. H COMBRETACEAE

COMPOSITAE EUPHORBIACEAE

- ELAEOCARPACEAE

GRAMINEAE

Irnper.nto sp. H Scr/~ir/rili.1-ir~rncrserrse T LEGUMINOSAE-MIM Snpilrrrr nrar.~trieri T LAURACEAE

Nectnrrdr.~r.eticrrlntn T LYTHRACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-CAES

Serrr~rtsp. S MALVACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-MIM

? sp. H Acocin 1or.ererlsis T

RAP Working Papers One APPENDIX 7

Young Floodplain continued

lrzga ruiziana T URTICACEAE Piutarlenia so. L Boelzn~erinsp. S LEGUMINOSAE-PAP

VERBENACEAE MARANTACEAE

MELASTOMATACEAE

MELIACEAE

Trichilia quadriirr~a T MORACEAE Older Flood~lain Cecropia n~enzhr.anacea T ACANTHACEAE

Ficus nzasin~a T Jrrsticirr sp. H Sorocen r~ileatcr T Pachgstackps spicata S MUSACEAE

Helicorzia eui.scor~cili.s H ANACARDIACEAE PIPERACEAE

Piper. longestylos~rn~ S ANNONACEAE Piper. obovat~rn~ S Cr.enratospe~.n~asp. T POLYGONACEAE Oaar~draacrrnzi~~ata T Rollinin pittieri T RUBIACEAE R~iizoclenrlr~or~ovale T Unorrol~sisflor~ibrrr~da T

SOLANACEAE Xglopia crrspidata S

Cestr.itn1 refleaunl cf. S APOCYNACEAE Citatresia foster; S Aspidospern~nsp. T Pncolrr.ia boli~~iensis L Strnosoleri sp. L STERCULIACEAE Taber~naenror~rcrr~nsp. T Byttrleria acirleata L ARACEAE Byttner.ia l~escnpr.aeifolia L Bgttner.ia sp. S

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assess~nentProgram APPENDIX 7

tree (dbh 10 crn, COMMELINACEAE height 5 rn)

shrub Diclror~isar7clr~aso. H liana Syr7eor1irrn7 sp. E CUCURBITACEAE herbaceous vine ARALIACEAE herb Fe~lilleacor.rlifolia L epiphyte CYPERACEAE

Tetr.acer.a par.vijlor.cr L ELAEOCARPACEAE

Sloar~errgrriar~er~sis T Sloar~eoobrrrsifolia cf. T Bira rrr.rrcrrr.rrr7a T EUPHORBIACEAE BOMBACACEAE

D1.)111etes sp. S

BORAGINACEAE

Cordirc sp. T FLACOURTIACEAE

BURSERACEAE Hasseltia florihrrnda T Tetrrrerrstris so. T Lncistetl7cr sp. S CAMPANULACEAE

Cer7tr.opogor1cor.rlrttrrs H Magila oclor.ata S CAPPARIDACEAE GESNERIACEAE

CARICACEAE GRAMINEAE

Plrnr.rrs sp. H CELASTRACEAE

Chr~\~sochlnmvsso. T CHRYSOBALANACEAE HIPPOCRATEACEAE

Hir.tella sp. T Cheilocli17irrnr sp. T Per.itassa l~rrar~rrcrrrracf. L Par.ir7or.i pnr.ilis cf. T Solocia sp. L COMBRETACEAE

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 7

Older Floodplain continued

LAURACEAE Narrcleopsis kr.rrkovii cf. T

LEGUMINOSAE-CAES Sor.ocea steinbachii cf. T MUSACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-MIM

LEGUMINOSAE-PAP Otoba 11ar.vifo1ia T

MYRSINACEAE

LORANTHACEAE MYRTACEAE Psidirrnr fr.ieclricl~stl~crlin,~rr,llcf. T

NYCTAGINACEAE

MARANTACEAE OLACACEAE Calathea cr.ota1ifer.n H Calatl~ealrrtea H Calatkea nricar~s H ORCHIDACEAE Calatkea sp. H ? sp. H Mor~otcrgn~asp. H PALMAE MELASTOMATACEAE

Micor~iatri~~linervis S Bactris actirlone~rra S MELIACEAE Cl~an~aeclor.easp. S Tr.ic11ilian~nyr~asiar~a T Errter.11e /~r'ecator.ia T Tr.icl~ilicrpleerrr~a T Geonon~asp. S

Tr.ic11iliaSD. T 1riar.tea cleltoiclea T MENISPERMACEAE Socratecr e-I-or.r.hizo T Anon~ospern~rrn~grar~difolirrn~ L PHYTOLACCACEAE MONlMlACEAE Petiver.ia alliacea S Mollir~eclicrr.acenrosa S Tricl~ostign~aoctarrdr.a L Sipar.rrrra sp. S PIPERACEAE MORACEAE Peper.on7ia n~ncr.ostachya E Clar.isin 11iflor.n T Piper. Icre~~igatrrn~ S Clar.isia r.acen~oscr T POLYGONACEAE Ficrrs sp. T Coccolol~crsp. S Ficrrs killipii T T~~i~~lar~ispoeppigiarla T

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Progra~n APPENDIX 7

PTERIDOPHYTA Po~rzolziasp. S T tree (dbh 10 cm. height 5 m) VERBENACEAE Lon1ario1)sisjaprrrensis E s shrub Polgpodirrn~po1)~poclioides E Aegi~~hilacrrrleata S I. iiana RHAMNACEAE Aegipkila harrghtii S \. herbaceous vlne

VIOLACEAE H herb Gorrania sp. L -. - E epiphyte RUBIACEAE Leorlra sp. 1 ZINGIBERACEAE

Renealn7ia sp. H

High Terrace & Slopes ACANTHACEAE

Aphelandra sp. S Apkelcrr7clra goorlspeeclii H Met~dor~ciasp. V Rar~diasa. no)'. S Me~~donciasp. V SAPINDACEAE

Rrrellia tar.apotorla S ? so. S SAPOTACEAE ANACARDIACEAE Politeria /~ar.ir.p cf. T Astronirrn~gra~~eoler~s T ANNONACEAE

SIMAROUBACEAE Al~asagol.ensp. T Picr.an711ialatifolia S SMILACACEAE Osarlclra sp. T

STAPHYLEACEAE Rollinia sp. T

- APOCYNACEAE STERCULIACEAE

THEOPHRASTACEAE

For.ster.onin sp. L For.steronia sp. L

ULMACEAE Taber~r~aen~or~tn~~asp. S Tcrber.~~aen~orltanosp. T Cellis schinnii T ARACEAE URTICACEAE Ar~tktrrirrn~sp. H

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 High Terrace & Slopes continued

Ar~thrrrirr/rrenrirrens cf. E Ar~thrcr~irrn~ernestii E Ar1thrrr.irrn1 krrntlrii cf. E Dieffenbachio sp. H Herer.o~sisohlorrgifoliu V

Mor~ster.asp. E Morrsier.a srrhpirir~atn E Pkilorler~clr.or~sp. E Pkilorler~rlr~or~sp. V

P/~ilorlen~Ir~orrer.rrestii E Tyrrnrtr~tlrrrssp. L Rhorlosl~rrtllcrsp. E Xantl~osorrrosp. H BOMBACACEAE

Chor.isirt sp. T

- - ASCLEPIADACEAE Poc11ir.o sp. T

BORAGINACEAE BEGONIACEAE Cnrflio sn. T BROMELIACEAE Bro~nelio?sp. H Srr.el~tocnIy.\-lorrgifolicr E BURSERACEAE

Pr.otirrn1 sp. 1 T P~.orirrrnsp. 2 T Pr.otirrn1 sp. 3 T Pr.otirrn~~~nifoliolatrrrrr T

CACTACEAE El~i~~hyllrrm~~kgllrr~rtlrrrs cf. E CAMPANULACEAE Ceritropogor~sp. H

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assess~iientProgra~ii APPENDIX 7

CAPPARIDACEAE CYPERACEAE T tree (dbh 10 crn. height 5 rn) Capl~cirissola cf. S - s shrub Scleria secans V Cleorne sp. S L liana CARYOCARACEAE DILLENIACEAE ' herbaceous vine Ar~tllodiscussp. T Dolioculprrs sp. L II herb E epiphyte Car.vocrrr an~verlalifor~n~e T Tetrncer.a sp. L CHRYSOBALANACEAE ? SP. 1. DIOSCOREACEAE Hir.tella brrllrrta cf. T Hir.tella r.crcen1oso S Dioscor.en acar1tl1ogyrie L Hir.rella sp.. T Dioscoren so. 1. ELAEOCARPACEAE Licrrrlia sp. T Slonnea fr.ngr.orrs T Licar~iasp. T Sloat~errsp. T Par.irrori klrrpii T Sloarieo sp. T COMBRETACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE Brrchena~~iasp. T Acal)~~~ll,hnobo,wta T Con~br,etrtnrsp. L Aca1)plla sp. L Con~brerrrn~sp. L Alcllor.nea glatic/rrlosa T Conrbretrrnl sp. L Cr.orot1 rnatortr.ensis T Dq1pete.s sp. T COMMELINACEAE Dr.ypetes rrrnnzonica T

Floscopci elegarrs H Heven brnsilierrsis T COMPOSITAE Hyer.onin~aolclrorrleoirles T Mrrben sp. T Mar~i/?otsp. CONNARACEAE v

Corrnnrrrs prrrlctrrrrrs cf. L ? sp. L Ric1rer.i~r.aceniosa T CONVOLVULACEAE Se~~efelrlerasp. T Maril~rrper.rrvinr~a L Tetrorcl~irlirrnrsp. T

CUCURBITACEAE .7 sp. T Caynl~oriinsp. L FLACOURTIACEAE

? sp. L

? sp. L Casenria oho~~crlis S CYCLANTHACEAE Lacistenrrr sp. S Asl~llrr~clinsp. E Lacistenla uggregafrrnl S Lnetia procern T Lindnckerio palrrclosu T Tetr~nrl~ylocirrrntnrrcr~opkgllrrn~ T

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 High Terrace & Slopes continued ? sp. T

GENTIANACEAE ? sp. T ? sp. T Voyria sp. H GESNERIACEAE ? sp. T Beslerin sp. H ? sp. T

GRAMINEAE

Ar~~rridir7ellaberter.ot~irrrlo H P sp. T Lrrsiacis sp. H ? sp. T 01yr.o sp. H ? sp. T Pnr.iotru sp. H ? sp. T

LECYTHIDACEAE Clrr.ysoc17lor~1)'srrlei cf. T Cnr.irricrtrn cleco17cIro T Gar.ci17io (Rheerlin) r~trrrlr.rrr~o T Gar.cirtin (Rheetlicr) brasilier~sis T Eschrvei1er.o sp. T Mrrrilu sp. T Escl7u~eiler.osp. T LEGUMINOSAE-CAES

Bnrrhirlia giriar~er~sis L Borrl~irlirrl~ir.srrtissin~rr L I/isnriu sp. S Col~aifer.rrr.eticrtlrrtcr T HAEMODORACEAE Hyr,7erloeu ohlorrgifolicr T S~zlar,rzicrsp. T HIPPOCRATEACEAE S+t~ar~tzicrsp. T At1thorlo17rlecrrs.rotrrr~7 L Trrcl7igulr sp. T Snlrrcin sp. T Trrclrignlr sp. T Sulacia sp. L LEGUMINOSAE-MIM ICACINACEAE Acrrcia sp. T

Illgo stiprrlrrr.is It~gcisp. a LAURACEAE Ir7.err so. b T Arribu sp. T It7,qrr sp. c T Cor~yo~loplrr~opsisfosteri T Errrllicl~erirrsp. T It~grrsp. e T

Liccrr.in tricrrrrlrrr cf. T Il7~0Sp. f T Ocotecr cer.trrrcr T Itrgo sp. g T

Per.sen sp. T ltrgn sp. 11 T

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assess~ne~~tProgram APPENDIX 7

Blrrkerr sp. T I tree (dbh 10 crn. height 5 rn) Pitlrecellobirrrri sp. T Clirlen~inheteropliyllrt S s shrub Pirhecellohirrnr sp. T

Leorrclra Iorrgicor?ra S v herbaceous vine LEGUMINOSAE-PAP Micoriicr sp. S 11 herb Micorricr sp. T E epiphyte Micoriicr sp. T

Carrn~~alinsp. L Micotrio sp. Clitorin sp. L Micorrin sp. Micorria crjJirris cf. T

Dil~lotr.opis?sp. T Drrssicr tesstncrtltrii cf. T Mnchnerirrni crrspiclcrrrrnr L Micoriio l~rocrrrriherrs S Miconin sp. T

Myr.o.\-ylori holsot?111r~r T Micorrin sp. S Or.rllositr sp. T Micor1irr tonretrtostr cf. T LOGANIACEAE

Morrri1.i l~er.rr17icrt1rr cf. S Tococo grrior1errsis S Stl~ycl1~lossp. 1) L Tococcr /)(ll.I'jf/(jl'~ S Str.yc'1rtro.s sp. c L MELIACEAE

-- LORANTHACEAE

Strrrthurrtlrrrs so. E LYTHRACEAE

Lofoerisio sp. T Rrtrrgea sp. T MALPIGHIACEAE Rrrp/ilioc~crr.lrorisp. nov. T Hir.rreo sp. L - .? sp. T Tr.ic11ilirr puclryporler cf. T T~.iclrilin~rrlliclrr T MARANTACEAE

Colarheo r.oseopic.ra cf. H Hyloeur1tlre rrr~ilntercrlis H MENISPERMACEAE

Ischrrosi/~lrorisp. H Arrorr~ospet~t?rr~r~rsp. L Clro~rrlorlerrclr.orr sp. L MARCGRAVIACEAE Oc/otrtocr/r~\~asp. L ~--- - Mrrrcgr.cri~icrsp. L ? sn. L MELASTOMATACEAE

RAP Working Papers One PPE NDlX

High Terrace & Slopes Pourounza r~zirror T continued Pseudolnzedicr laevigata T Mollirledia sp. S Sorocea prrilleniir~iar~n T Mollinedia sp. S MUSACEAE Siparlrrla sp.

Sipar~rrzadecipiens T Helicoriia ur~~rir~oscr H Siparltrla sp. S Helicor~iasp. H Sipar.urza sp. S MORACEAE

MYRISTICACEAE

Br.osinrurn crlicastr~rn~ T Iryanthercr sp. T Br.osinr~rn~lactescer~s cf. T Brosinzrrnl sp. T - B~.osinrlrnlsp. T

- Cecropia sp. T ? SD. T Cecrol~inpolystncliyn T MYRSINACEAE Cecropia sciadopliylla T Arclisia ,qlriar~er~siscf. S Co~rssapocrsp. E Cybiar~thlrssp. S Co~rssnpono~wlifolio E Myr.sirle /~ell~rcirla T Dorsterlia rrr~~br.icolacf. S Pnr~ntlresissp. S Ficrrs sp. T Ficlts sp. T MYRTACEAE Ficlrs citrifolia T Ficrrs gonlnleleirn T Cal)~~~trarltheslcrrlceolata aff. Ficrts jlrrrrer1sis E S Can7pon1crr1esiasp. S Eugenia sp. T Errgerlin sp. S Erigerzia sp. S

Ficrrs torldrrzii T Erc~erliasp. S Helicostylis tonler7tosa T Maquircr calophylla T ? sp. S Naitcleopsis sp. T ? sp. T ? sp. T ? SD. s Perehea hrrrl~ilis S NYCTAGINACEAE Perebea sp. T Girapi~.asp. T - Perehen ? sp. T Neeo sp. T Neen holivicrrra T Neen spr.rrcearla S

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 7

Secrrr.irlnccr sp. L T tree (dbh 10 cm. height 5 m) OCHNACEAE POLYGONACEAE s shrub Ortr.rrtea iq~rirosensis cf. S Coccoloha sp. L I. liana

OLACACEAE PROTEACEAE \' herbaceous vine

H herb Par~o~srs?sp. T F epiphyte Rorrpaln r~~or~mr~o T

ORCHIDACEAE PTERIDOPHYTA

OXALIDACEAE Asplerrirrrn ser~r~otrrn~ H Canrpglor~rrtr~rtr?rsp. E Biophytrrn~sp. H PALMAE - Aipharres sp. S Bactr.is sp. S

Georron~asp. S Geonon~nsp. S

Polybotryrr sp. E Georrorr7o sp. S Poly~orli~rrr~sp. E Pte1.i~sp. H Jesserrin harol~ira T Selagirrello sp. H Selo~irrellnsp. H ? sp. E ? sp. H Wettir~iasp. T ? sp. H PASSIFLORACEAE 'treefern' sp. S Passiflorn rr~rr~icrrlatcr L 'treefern' sp. S 'treefern' sv. S PIPERACEAE

Lacrirrnr~iosp. Qrriir~asp. S Qlriina per.rn>inrrn cf. T Piper. cr~assirrer~~iir~?~ S RHAMNACEAE

Piper ohliqirnr cf. S RUBIACEAE Piper sp. S Aliber.tin trrtrtnlillu T Piuer. sv. S Alseis r.eticnlnm T POLYGALACEAE Bothysn sp. T Ber.tier.a grriorler1sis S

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 1 APPENDIX 7

High Terrace & Slopes Crrl~atlirrsp. T continued Mataybcr sp. T Parrllitiia br~acteosrrcf. L Parrllit~iasp. L Talisia sp. T Talisia vr.itrceus cf. T SAPOTACEAE

Corrssa~~ectsp. T Mariilkarn itlrrrrdora cf. T Corrssorea sp. T Microl~holisgrrjotierisis T Corrssar.ea sp. S Microl~holissp. T Corr.s.sat.ea sp. S Porrter.io sp. T Porrterirr sp. T Fot.atnerr ariisoc.rrlya cf. S Porctet.ia sp. T

SIMAROUBACEAE

Picr.crnitiin sp. S Pet1ragoriirr sp. T Posoqrrer.in Irrt~'jolia T SMILACACEAE

SOLANACEAE

Psychotrio sp. S Cy/~lion~nt~dr.asp. S Psycllott.ia sp. S Lyciatltkes glar1rl1rlosrrti1 c:f. V Lycirrt~thessp. S

Rrrrlgea sp. S STERCULIACEAE Urrcar.io sp. L Grrcrrrrnra rrlr~lifolia T

RUTACEAE S~ercrrliasp. T Theob~.otiiacacao T Theobr.onla soeciosa T

Mett.orlor.ecr fla~,i(la cf. T THEOPHRASTACEAE Raprrtia sp. T Claisija kooke1.i cf. S Zati1l~osylrta1acreatitrni T Clavijn lotigifolicr S

SABIACEAE Apeiba n~enihr.crr~acea T Opl~iocat~yot~? sp. T SAPINDACEAE

Allol11r)~lrr.ssp. T T~.i,qotiiasp. L

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 7

ULMACEAE Ar.rahirlaerr cor.crlli~~n L -r tree (dbh I0 cm. height 5 m) Ar.r.crAirlrreo flor.irlo L Anrl~elocercrede/~trrla T s shrub ~frrrurubp. L Trerna nricr.crr7rhn T I. I~ono

VERBENACEAE Par.agoriin pyr.an7idcrtn L \ herbaceous vine Pif/7ecocfenirrr?r (.I~IIC~PCI.III~ L II herb Petr.en n~ay~~er~sis L Pleonofon~rrrnelioiiles L E epiphyte Vites sp. T BOMBACACEAE VIOLACEAE Pserrrlohornhns sp. T Gioeosper.ntrrn7 sp. S BORAGINACEAE Leorrio sp. T Torrr.nefor.tio sp. L CELASTRACEAE

Mrr\jtei~lrsso. T COMBRETACEAE

VOCHYSIACEAE

Qrrnlerr sp. T COMPOSITAE

I/och\1sicr su. T I/rr.rio/ria sp. S CONNARACEAE

Cosfrrs ncr.ecrr~rrs cf. H Rorrr.err sp. L Costrrs sp. H CONVOLVULACEAE

Rer~enlrninsp. H DICHAPETALACEAE

Dry & Wet Ridges AMARANTHACEAE

Iresine so. L DIOSCOREACEAE -- AMARYLLIDACEAE Dioscorra sp. L Errcl1rrr.i~sp. H EBENACEAE ANACARDIACEAE

Mnrrrin? so. T ERYTHROXYLACEAE ANNONACEAE Ervthro.r\~lrrr?rsa. S EUPHORBIACEAE

ARACEAE

Pl7ilorlendr.on sp. E Cr.ofo17 sp. T ARALIACEAE D~.ypetessp. T Didyrnol~nrro.~~rnor.nrofor~i T Mnr~ihotsp. S Scl7efller.o sp. E Sopirrn~sp. T BIGNONIACEAE FLACOURTIACEAE

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Dry & Wet Ridges Norantea sp. L continued Sorrr.orrbea sp. L

Hrrsseltin? sp. T MELASTOMATACEAE Hon~alirrn~?sp. T Micorria sp. T Plerrr~ar~rl~oclet~~Iro~isp. T Morrr.iri sp. S Prockia cr.rrcis S MELIACEAE

GRAMINEAE Grraren sp. T Lasirreis so. H Grrarea sp. T T~.icliilinsp. T

Clrrsia sp. T Trichilin sp. T Grrr.cir~ia(Rl~eeclio) sp. T Tr.icliilia sp. T MENISPERMACEAE

HIPPOCRATEACEAE

? so. L Abrrtrr sp. L LAURACEAE ? so. L Phoebe sp. T ? sp. T ? sp. T Mollinedia sp. S ? sp. T Siaarrrrra so. S ? sp. T MORACEAE ? sp. T LEGUMINOSAE-CAES

Sorocen sp. S LEGUMINOSAE-MIM MUSACEAE Helicor~iasp. H

Calliarrrlr~asp. T Heliconia sp. H LEGUMINOSAE-PAP

Platgn~iscirrn~sp. T MYRSINACEAE

LOGANIACEAE Ardisia ~~~eber.borter.icf. S MYRTACEAE

Cal)~~~l,trantliessp. T ? sp. L Errgenia sp. T ? sp. T MARANTACEAE ? so. T

Calarhea per.rrviarra cf. H NYCTAGINACEAE Neea sp. T MARCGRAVIACEAE OLACACEAE

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 7

Agonarzdra sp. T Pilocarprrs sp. S T tree (dbh 10 crn. height 5 m) Heisreria ovata cf. T SAPINDACEAE s shrub

PALMAE I. liana

\, herbaceous vine Bactris sp. S Parrllir~iasp. L Desnior~crtssp. L 11 herb Pa~rllit7iasp. L E epiphyte Desr~ior~cussp. L Pa11llit7iu sp. L Sclieelea so. T ? sp. T PIPERACEAE SAPOTACEAE Piper. callosrrn~cf. S Chr)~sopliyllumsp. T POLYGONACEAE Porcteria sp. T Coccoloba n~ollis T Coccoloba sp. L Porrter.in sp. T PTERIDOPHYTA Porrter.icr sp. T Adiarlt~tn~sp. H ? sp. T Nephr-olepis sp. E ? sp. T Tectar.ia irzcisa H SMILACACEAE ? sp. H St~~ilassp. L ? sp. H SOLANACEAE RHAMNACEAE Lyciantkes aniatirlarler~siscf. S Gorrar~iasp. L Solat~rrnisp. S Rhanlt7iclirtn7 elaeocarplrn~ T STERCULIACEAE RUBIACEAE Reevesia snritkii T Alibertia niloso cf. S STYRACACEAE

Chor~ieliasp. St)lr.as sp. T THEOPHRASTACEAE Far.an7en qrrinquefloro cf. S Clavija sp. S Gorlzalng~rt7iosp. S THYMELEACEAE Palicorrr.ea n~aci.oborrgs S Posoquer.ia sp. T ? sp. T Ps)~cliotriasp. S VERBENACEAE Ratzdia sp. T Aegiplzila cor-data L Rrrdgea sp. T Cithnres~~lun~sp. T Rustia r.ubr.a S Sinlira sp. VIOLACEAE ? SD. T RUTACEAE

Erythr.ochito11 sp. S Esenbeckia sp. S Galipea jasn~iniflora S Cissrrs sp.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Ouartzite Ridges ? sp. T ANNONACEAE MELASTOMATACEAE

Grrntter.irr sp. T Clirlenlio sp. S APOCYNACEAE G~.afferir.ierliasp. T A.sl~iclo.sl~er.n~osp. T Mic.or~insp. T Asniclosnerr?rrr so. T Mic.or1icr sp. T ASCLEPIADACEAE MYRTACEAE

.? sp. v ? sp. a T ? sn. V ? sp. b T ? sp. c T ? sp. d T ? sp. e T POLYGALACEAE COMBRETACEAE Secrrr.iclnco sp. L

COMPOSITAE POLYGONACEAE

? sp. Br.ecler71e)~er~osp. L CYPERACEAE PTERIDOPHYTA

Scleria so. H Aclicrrrtrrr~r sp. H DIOSCOREACEAE

Diosc,oreo sp. L Dicr.nrrol~ter.is sp. V ELAEOCARPACEAE Lirirlsaerr sp. H ? sp. v EUPHORBIACEAE RUBIACEAE

Alclror~rieasp. T Batlrgsa sp. T

Maherr sp. T Mrrl~ecrsp. T Psyclrotria sp. S Psychotrio cleflesa S GENTIANACEAE SAPINDACEAE I/ovr.in sp. H ? sp. T GRAMINEAE STYRACACEAE Pariorin sp. Styr.aa grriarier~siscf. T THEACEAE Clrrsia so. T Fr.e:iera sp. T

Snco,qlottis sp. T ULMACEAE LAURACEAE Ar?lpelocer.cr sp. T

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assess~l~entProgram APPENDIX 7

Weeds SCIII,~~sp. H T tree (dbh I0 cm. height 5 m) APOCYNACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-PAP 9 shrub

Aeschyr~on~erresp. H I. liona Chaetocalya hr.asilie~~sis V v herbaceous vine H herb BORAGINACEAE Cr.otalaria niterrs H E epiphyte Heliotr.ol~irrn~ir~rlicrrnr H Desn1orlirrn7 sp. H COMMELINACEAE Conlnrelinrr sp. H Stvlosarrthes sp. H COMPOSITAE LOGANIACEAE Mitr.eoln petiolrrtcr H LYTHRACEAE

CONVOLVULACEAE Crrnhen so. H Iponroec~sp. V MALVACEAE CYPERACEAE Sirlo sp. H MELASTOMATACEAE

Aciotis sp. Rl7gr1ckos/1ora sp. H OCHNACEAE

EUPHORBIACEAE ONAGRACEAE Chorlraesgce sp. H Lrrcln~igiorrflir~is GENTIANACEAE Lrrcl~,igiolatifolia

GRAMINEAE Lrrrl~,igiaocto~,al~~is H Lrrdn~igiasp. H Asorroprrs sp. H OXALIDACEAE

Erioc.hlocr sp. H Oarrlis lemerlezioides cf. H PASSIFLORACEAE

Lel~tochloasp. H PHYTOLACCACEAE P~rricrrrl~Ia.rrrn7 cf. H Micr.oteo debilis H Paspalrrn~sp. H Pasl~olrrnrsp. H Setaria sp. H PIPERACEAE HYDROPHYLLACEAE POLYGALACEAE

Hy11tis sp. H PORTULACACEAE Mar~s~~~1iur1tl7essp. H

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 7 RUBIACEAE

RUTACEAE

SCROPHULARIACEAE Linrler.riia sp. H Linrler.riia crrrstoceo H

? sp. H SOLANACEAE

Solan~rn~uoei~uinianrrn~ cf. S VERBENACEAE

Lantarra tr.ifolin S Stachytarpheta sp. H

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program Plant List: Apolo Mid-Elevation Wet Forest Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, Stephen Beck, 1990

Calabatea Forest Sc11effler.nsp. T T tree (dbh 10 cm. height 5 m) Rio Yuyu Drainage BEGONIACEAE s shrub ACANTHACEAE L liana

Apl~elcr~lclr~asp. S \. herbaceous vine Harlsteir~iacrenulata S A~~e~nol~cregi~icrsp. L 14 herb Jrrsticin sp. S K epiphyte .Irrsticia sp. S Merrcloricia sp. L R~rellie~sp. S

Rlrellia sp. S BORAGINACEAE R~relliasp. S Cordia sp. T ? so. S p~ Corclio sp. T ANACARDIACEAE BROMELIACEAE Tapirir.a sp. T Tillcrriclsia sp. E ? so. E ANNONACEAE BRUNNELIACEAE Glratterio sp. T Br~lr~~elliosp. T Grratter.in sp. T BURSERACEAE Glrarreria sp. T Oaariclra sp. T Pr.otirrrn sp. T Xylol~iasp. T CACTACEAE APOCYNACEAE Eainhvlllrr71 al~vllo~~tlr~rscf. E CHLORANTHACEAE P~.esto~fiasp. L ARACEAE CHRYSOBALANACEAE

Ar1tl1rrr.ilrn1sp. E Licr111iasp. T ArrrIrlrr.i11171sp. E CLETHRACEAE

Clerl~msp. T A11rhrrrirrnr sp. E

COMMELINACEAE Philocler~clrorisp. E ? sp. H COMPOSITAE ARALIACEAE Mikar~iasp. L Derrdr.011ar1u.v sp. S Mrrrr~~oziasp. S

Oreopcr11a.r sp. I/er,~ro~~iasp. S Or~eol~ar~assp. T 1' sp. L Schefflera sp. T CONNARACEAE Sc11effler.asp. T Co~~rinrrrssp. L I

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Calabatea Forest Voyria sp. H Rio Yuyu Drainage GESNERIACEAE continued Besler.icr sp. S CONVOLVULACEAE Besler.ia sp. S Maripn sp. L GRAMINEAE CUNONIACEAE

Al~dropo~o~rsp. H CYCLANTHACEAE Ar.isticla sp. H Asplrorrlirr sp. E Ar.istirla sp. H Aao~~oprrssp. H Asonol~~rssp. H Doliocrrrprrs sp. L A.~oiloprrssp. H Doliocarprrs sp. L Bracl7ia1.ia sp. H Sn~tralriasp. T Clrrrsqlrea sp. S Ch~rsqlterrsp. S ELAEOCARPACEAE Chrrsqlrecr sp. S Sloar~easp. T ERICACEAE 0lyr.a sp. H Cnlvr~dishiasp. E Pa~licrrnrsp. H ? sp. L Prr1ricir171sp. H ERYTHROXYLACEAE Prrricrncr sp. H Erythr~o.~ylrrn~sp. T EUPHORBIACEAE

Alchor.r~easp. T

Cr.otor7 sp. T ? sp. H Crotorl sp. T Cllrsin sp. T Hjer.o~lbnasp. T Clrrsio sp. T Maheo sp. T Clrrsia sp. T Mal~rorrrrensp. T Gar~cir~ia(Rheeclio)sp. T Sa~ilrn~sp. T Tetror.chidi~rnisp. T Alchor.r7ea trir~er.~~i.~? T FLACOURTIACEAE

Casear.ia sp. T Calatola sp. T ? sp. T GENTIANACEAE Hypris 11ir.srrtncf. S Mncr.ocarpaen sp. S Hyptis orlor.nto cf. S Taclrirr sp. S LAURACEAE

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8

T tree (dbh 10 cm. A~iihasp. T Maranta? sp. H height 5 rn) Morzotagnza purvul~rn~cf. H Et~cllicheriasp. T s shrub

Licaria? so. T MARCGRAVIACEAE T liana ? sp. T Marcgravia sp. L 1, herbaceous vine ? sp. T Mar.cgravia sp. L H herb E epiphyte ? so. T ? sp. L ? sp. T ? sp. T MELASTOMATACEAE ? SD. T Aciotis sp. H LEGUMINOSAE-CAES Blakea nzegiae cf. E Swartzicr sp. T Cliclenlia sp. S Tacl~igalisp. T Cliclenzia sp. S - LEGUMINOSAE-MIM Clidenzia sp. S

Acacia sp. L Herir.iettea sp. T Herlriettellu sp. Ir~gnsp. T T Lear~rlrnsu. Ilzga sp. T S Micoriia sp. S Ingo sp. T Micorlia sp. T Irlgrr sp. T Miconia sp. T Pm.kia sp. T -- - Micor~iasp. Pithecellobiltnl so. T Micorlin sp. S LEGUMINOSAE-PAP Micorlia sp. T Lorzchocar.prrs sp. T -- Micor~iasp. T MacJ1aerirrr71sp. Micor~iasp. S Or~nzosiasp. T Micorlia sp. S Platyt~liscirrn~sp. T Tiho~rcl7irlasp. H Tiborrchina sp. T Roiicher.ia so. T - - Tiborrchina sp. S LORANTHACEAE Topobeu sp. T Gaiarlendron sp. S Topol~easp. E Phor.ader~dr.or~sp. E ? sp. S - - Pliorar/er~dt.ot~sp. ? sp. S Str~rctlzar~tlz~rssp. E ? sp. H MALPIGHIACEAE MELIACEAE

? sp. L Cahralea caneer.ana T ? sp. L MENISPERMACEAE

? SP. L Cissnnipelos sp. V MARANTACEAE Curarea sp. L Culathea sp. H 01.thonierle schon~brcrakiicf. L Calatlzecr sp. H

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 8

Calabatea Forest Rio Yuyu Drainage OLACACEAE continued Mollirieclio sp. T ORCHIDACEAE Siparrrr~asp. S ? sp. E MORACEAE ? sp. E Cecr.opia sp. T ? sp. E Co~rssapoasp. T . sp. E Co~rssal~oasp. E ? sp. E Ficrrs sp. T Ficrrs sp. T PALMAE Ficlrs sp. T Helicostylis sp. T Ail~l~a~ressp. S Per.ehea sp. T Cl~an~aerloreasp. S

Porrr.orrn~rrsp. T Ercterpe sp. T Pserrdolnredia sp. T Geotrotlzn sp. S

Pseudolmedia laevis T Socr.ntea eaor.r.hizrr T MUSACEAE PAPAVERACEAE

Helicoriia so. H MUSCl PASSIFLORACEAE

Sl~hagr~rrmsp. H MYRISTICACEAE PIPERACEAE

Viroln ccrlor~h~~llacf. T Peper.otlzirr sp. H MYRSINACEAE Peperonrirr sp. E

? sp. T Pe/~eror?rirrsp. E Cybiaizthrrs sp. S Piper ohliqrrn~cf. S C)~bicrr7thrrssp. T Piper sp. S C)~biccrzthrrssp. S Piper sp. Mvrsiize sn. T Piper sp. MYRTACEAE Piper sp. S Piper sp. S Err~errinsp. T ? sp. S PODOCARPACEAE ? sp. S Porlocalpus sp. T ? sp. T POLYGALACEAE ? sp. T Morirrirln sp. S NYCTAGINACEAE Polygnla gigurlten S

Neen sp. T Polygnln sp. H OCHNACEAE POLYGONACEAE

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8

Coccoloba SD. T Cel~hrrelissp. S T tree (dbh 10 cm. height 5 m) PROTEACEAE s shrub Cel117nelis rrlei? S .I liana

PTERIDOPHYTA Clionrelia sp. L \, herbaceous vine Coccos)~pselrrnzsp. H H herb ? sp. L Corrsscir.ea sp. T E epiphyte ? sp. H Cousscrr.ea sp. ? sp. H Fcir.nniea sp. ? sp. H Farumea sp. T ? sp. E Hillicr sp. E ? sp. E - -- Larle~rbergicr~sp. T ? sp. E Laclerrber~gia? sp. T ? sp. E Lnrletzher~gia?sp. T 'treefern' sp. S Pcilicorrr.en sp. S 'treefern' sp. S Psychofr.ia offici~raliscf. S 'treefern' sp. S Psgchotrin or.chiclecrr.rtn7 S

Asple17irtnz sp. E Psgchotrin sp. S Bleck~zrrnzsp. H Psychotria sp. S Elal1lioglossrrr~7sp. E Ps)~chotr.iasp. S Ela~1lzoglossrrn7sp. E Psychorria sp. S Gleiche~fiasp. L Psgchotria sp. S Lirzclsaea sp. H Rrrrlgea sp. T -- Lgcol~orlirrt~zsp. ? sp. T Olenrzclr~asp. E ? sp. T Pol~~hott~yusp. E ? sp. T ? sp. T

Selrrgi~zellasp. H ? sp. T RUTACEAE

Sela,yi~zellasp. H Zarztliosvlrr~~~so. T Tr.ichomarzes sp. H SABIACEAE Trichonra~~essp. H Meliosma? sp. Triclio~~zar~essp. H T~.iclzo~~zarressp. E Parrllirzia sp. L Tr~iclziaterissn. S

SAPOTACEAE Qrtiirza sp. T Po~rteriasp. T ROSACEAE Politeria sp. T Prlrrrrrs so. T Politeria sp. T RUBIACEAE

Batkysn sp. T SCROPHULARIACEAE

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Calabatea Forest Rio Yuyu Drainage CAMPANULACEAE continued ? sp. H COMPOSITAE SIMAROUBACEAE Chronlolaerln sp. S Picrx1n7nia sp. T Eupator.irrnr sp. S Errpator.i~rn~sp. S SOLANACEAE Lgcoser rs sp. V Brrrnfelsia sp. S Mikrrrlia sp. Cestrrrm sp. S Ver.nonia sp. Jrrar~rrlloasp. E Markea sp. E ? sp. S ? sp. S Solanrrn~arge~~terrrn S Solar~rtr~~sp. T CYPERACEAE SYMPLOCACEAE Brrlbostylis sp. H Eleocl~urissp. H

THEACEAE Fin7brist)~lissp. H

Laplacea sp. T Scler.icr sp. H UMBELLIFERAE

Hyclrocotyle sp. H EUPHORBIACEAE URTICACEAE

GENTIANACEAE VIOLACEAE Crrr.riu sn. H GRAMINEAE VOCHYSIACEAE A~~rlro~ogo~~sp. H Ar.isticla cn~~illncerrcf. H Ar.istida sp. Asonoprrs sp. Brachiaria sv. H Apolo Mattorral Clrrrsqrrerr sp. H Eragrostis sp. H ANACARDIACEAE Pa~licrrnlsp. H ? sp. T Panicrrn~ste~loicles cf. H ARALIACEAE Pnsl~nlrrn~sp. H Prrspnlrrn~sp. H ASCLEPIADACEAE Schizacl~pr~irrmsp. H ? sp. H Schiznckyr.irrnl sp. H BURMANNIACEAE ? sp. H

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 8

LABIATAE r tree (dbh 10 cm. height 5 m) Hyptis sp. S s shrub

I. liana

LEGUMINOSAE-PAP v herbaceous vine

H herb

E epiphyte Stylosnr~tlressp. H

Byrsorlin~asp. T ? sp. S MELASTOMATACEAE

Micorlia sp. S Miconicr sp. S Micotliu sp. S Miconin sp. S Micor~iaN//>~(.(II~S S Micotliu rrfescer~s S Tihoucl7ir1a so. S MYRTACEAE Psidirrn~,q~ic/j(/ja,~a? S

1 sn. h S OCHNACEAE Snrr~~ugesirrsp. H PTERIDOPHYTA

RUBIACEAE

RUTACEAE

SCROPHULARIACEAE

SOLANACEAE

Solur1rrr71sn. S THEACEAE

Ter.11srroen7iusp. T

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 A P P E N D I x 9 Plant List: Apolo - Mid-Elevation Dry Forest Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, 1990

Deciduous Forest BEGONIACEAE Rio Macharia~o Begoriia sp. H ACANTHACEAE

Al~lielnrrrlr~nsp. S Jrrsticin sp. H Jrrsricia sp. H Arrnbidaen cor.nllir7a L Jrrsticia sp. S Ar.rnhiclnerr poeppigii L Rrrellin sp. S Arrahiclaea selloi L Srtncliezicr sp. H Cnllichlon~yslatifolio L AMARANTHACEAE Clytostoniu rrlearlrrnr L

A1ferrrrrrither.rr sp. H An~nr.ctr~thrrs?sp. H Celosia sp. H Chan~issocrsp. V Iresirre sp. L ? sp. H AMARYLLIDACEAE

ANACARDIACEAE BOMBACACEAE

Astr.or~irrr~~sp. T Ceibn sp. T Scl~irio~sissp. T APOCYNACEAE ? sp. T BORAGINACEAE Aspiclospernrn. . sp. T For.ster.or~iosp. L Corrlin ctlliorlor~o off. T For.strr~orricts11ic.nrcr L BROMELIACEAE Prestotlin sp. L Aeclinren sp. E Prestoriia sp. L Bro171elin?sp. H - Tcrbert~cter~~oritnttnsp. S Tillariclsin sp. E Tnbertinen~orrta,~nso. T Tillariclsin so. H ARACEAE ? sp. H Ar~tlirrr.irrr~rcln~~iger.rrrli E ? sp. H Aritlirrr.irrn~sp. H CACTACEAE Aritlirrr.irrn~sp. H Acarithocererts? sp. T Aritl~lrrirrn~sp. E Cer,errs sp. T Pliiloclerrdr~orrsp. E E/1il~hylllrr71phyllct~itlrrrs cf. E ASCLEPIADACEAE Hylocererrs sp. E

Mnteleo sp. V O/~~rrrricrsp. S ? sp. V Per.esXict sp. T

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapitl Assessment Progran~ APPENDIX 9

HIPPOCRATEACEAE .I. tree (dbh 10 crn. height 5 rn) CAPPARIDACEAE s shrub

Cap~nrissp. T LAURACEAE I. lion0

CELASTRACEAE Ocoterr sp. T v herbaceous vine - 11 herb Mrryterlrrs sp. ? sp. T E epiphyte COMBRETACEAE LEGUMINOSAE-MIM

Cotnbr.etrrn~sp. L Acacia sp. T Conrbre/rrtlr sp. L Acrrcia sp. T Acncin sp. L

COMMELINACEAE Ingrr sp. T Cnnr/~elinznr~orria H lrrga erlrrlis cf. T

COMPOSITAE Piptnrle~~iaflcr~~r cf. L LEGUMINOSAE-PAP CONNARACEAE An~brrr.nrrnceorensis T Connul~lrssp. L Cnesalpirlin? sp. T CONVOLVULACEAE Dalbergirr sp. L Ipon~oerrsp. V Lor~chocnrl~rrssp. T ? so. L Mnc~l~ner.irrnrsp. T CUCURBITACEAE Mnchrrerirtnl sp. L Mncl7ner.irrrn sp. L Mgr.o.vylor~halsar~~rrnr T DIOSCOREACEAE Platynliscirtn~sp. T Dioscorerr sp. V Prerocnrprrs sp. T EUPHORBIACEAE ? so. T LORANTHACEAE Acalypha sp. S Phorcrrlenrlr~orrsp. E MELIACEAE Cr.otor1 sp. T Cerlreln sp. T Errphor.hia sp. S Tr.icllilia elegnr~s Tr.ichiliu sp. FLACOURTIACEAE Trickiliu sp. T MORACEAE Xvlosnro so. T - Ceo.opin sp. T GRAMINEAE

Chrrsqrrea sp. S Olpru sp. H

Clrrsia sp. E

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 Deciduous Forest Po1)~porlirrnzsp. E Rio Machariapo RHAMNACEAE continued Gouar~iasp. L NYCTAGINACEAE RUBIACEAE Neea sp. S Pittor~iotissp. T Pisoriia sp. T ? sp. S Rar~diasp. S ? sp. T SAPINDACEAE Allopkylrrs sp. T Ago11ar~r1r.asp. T ORCHIDACEAE Serjania sp. L ? sp. H Serjania sp. L ? sp. E Tliir~orriasp. L ? sp. E Ur.~>illea?sp. L ? sp. E SAPOTACEAE ? sp. E Porrteria sp. T ? sp. E ? sp. E Pradosia sp. T ? sp. H SOLANACEAE

? sp. E Solar~rrrl~sp. S ? sp. E STERCULIACEAE PALMAE

He1icter.e~sp. S PHYTOLACCACEAE THEOPHRASTACEAE Acliatocarprrs sp. T Gallesia ir~te,gr.ifolio T Clavija sp. S Petiveria alliacea S Se~lrierian~acropkglln L Lrreliea grar~clifloracf. T PIPERACEAE

Peperoniia sp. H Trigonia sp. L Peperomia sp. H ULMACEAE Piper sp. S Anipe1ocer.a sp. T

POLYGONACEAE Celtis igrrar~ea L Trip1ar.i~sp. T Celtis sp. PORTULACACEAE Pliyllostylor~sp. T URTICACEAE

PTERIDOPHYTA

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 9

Montane Savanna RUBIACEAE .r tree (dbh 10 cm, height 5 m) Chaquimayo Condan2ineu corjlmhosa S s shrub ANACARDIACEAE SAPINDACEAE

Schinopsis sp. T v herbaceous vine Serjania sp. L 11 herb STYRACACEAE E epiphyte Sfyras sp. S

L~rrhrnsp. S BOMBACACEAE

Pserrdohon~hassp. T CAPRIFOLIACEAE

COMBRETACEAE Ter.nlinalia sp. T COMPOSITAE

EBENACEAE

Diospgros sp. T GRAMINEAE

.7 sp. H

LEGUMINOSAE-CAES Serlria sp. T ------LEGUMINOSAE-PAP

LORANTHACEAE

Srrlrthanthlrs sp. E MALPIGHIACEAE Mascnpr~iaso. L MELASTOMATACEAE

1 sn. S - - -~ ORCHIDACEAE

? so. E PROTEACEAE - - Rolrpnla sp.

RAP Working Papers One December 1991 APPENDIX 10 Plant List: Pampa - Ixiamas Robin B. Foster, Alwyn H. Gentry, StephanBeck, 1990

ACANTHACEAE Cocl7los~1er.rr1~~r1zvitifolirrrr7 T iWencloncia sp. L COMPOSITAE Strr~rrogyr~edirrrr flleroir1e.s c f. H ? sp. H ALISMATACEAE Bacchn~.iscliilccr S Ccrlerr S ANNONACEAE sp. Clibadilrn~sp. S Xj~lopirrfrrrtescens T Conyzn sp. H

APOCYNACEAE ~ - Errprrforirrr~~sp. H Hinrrrtnntl~rrssp. T E~r,/~aforirrrr~sp. S kf~~nrlevillrrsp. V kfikrrnio officir~rrlis H BlGNONlACEAE TTerr7or1irr haccl7rrroirles cf. S At.rrrbirloerr sp. L 1Ternorficr r~~~~cropI~j~l/rr H Vernonia sp. S

- CONVOLVULACEAE Clrsc~rtnsp. H

CYCADACEAE

BOMBACACEAE CYPERACEAE ? sp. H P.selrdobo117brr.usp. T 5lrlbo.styli.sjrrnci1Yo1.r17is cf. H Pse~rrlobon~brrasp. T C~yerlrsl~a.sprrn H Cordio sp. S Cyper~r.~sp. H BURMANNIACEAE E1eochnl.i~sp. H BLI~IIICI~~II~~cnpitrrtrr H Eleoc1lnri.c sp. H B~rr~rnur~r~irrsp. N Flrirena robrrstn cf. H L~I~I~IIIC~~II~~~Isp. H Rl~ynchospor.rrglobosn cf. H B~r~.n~rr~lniosp. H Sclerin hir.tellu cf. H BURSERACEAE Sc/er.in nntnr7s cf. H Proti~rnlsp. T Scler.icr sp. H

CACTACEAE DILLENIACEAE Per.eskia sp. S C~rr.crtelluarnericnnn T

CAMPANULACEAE DROSERACEAE Lohelin sp. H D~.oser.nsp. H

CARYOPHYLLACEAE ERIOCAULACEAE ? sp. H Sy17gonnntll~rsn~rlescens H CHRYSOBALANACEAE S~~rrgonnntl?~r.sgr.rrci/is H Hirtella sp. S S~~ngonur7fl~~rssp. H

COCHLOSPERMACEAE EUPHORBIACEAE

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program APPENDIX 10

T tree (dbh 10 cm. ? sp. H H~ptissp. H height 5 rn) Crrpet.onia pulustrus H LEGUMINOSAE-CAES s shrub Caper.onin sp. H Bu~rhitliasp. S 1. liana \. herbaceous vine GENTIANACEAE Chrrntaect~istersp. H 11 herb C~rrtiater~elln H LEGUMINOSAE-PAP E epiphyte Schultesia sp. H ? sp. L GRAMINEAE Culapogot~i~rn~sp. L ? sp. H Crota/arin sagittntn ? sp. H Ct.otcrlaria sp. ? sp. H Crofulariu sp. H ? sp. H Desti7odi~rtnft.iflorltn~ H Anclropogon sp. H E~Yosetrlnsp. S Aristiclc~ccrpillncen cf. H Et.iosen7cr sp. S At.isfic/cr sp. H 1ndigofet.a lespeclezioides S At.istidcr sp. H Mcrchaeri~rtt~sp. T

Aror~ol~ussp. H S~)J/OS(/I~~~~SSP. H Hettlartllricr ~ltissirl~cr H

H)yer.rhenicr bracteatcr H Hjdrocle~zrsp. H Lolrdetia sp. H Lin7nochnr.i~sp. H Punic~rti~sp. H LYTHRACEAE Pcrniclrttl sp. H Cuphen sp. H Pnnicurt~stetloides cf. H Clrphecr sp. H Pcrsl~al~rrt~sp. H Pasl~nlun~sp. H Sfiga~ophj~l/onsp. L Sncciolepis sp. H MALVACEAE Scrcciolel~issp. H Sacciolepis sp. H A belrtrosch~rs?sp. S Scllizachyri~rn7snl~guir~e~rn~ H Hibisc~rs?sp. S Schiznch,vr.iun~sp. H Peltaen sp. S Sckizncl~j~ri~tnisp. H MELASTOMATACEAE Scl~izacl7yriurt1sp. H Aciotis sp. H Sorgl~rrstr~rrtrstipoides cf H Cliderilicr sp. H Desrt~oscelissp. H

HYDROPHYLLACEAE Rl~~~nchantl~er~asp. H H~~clrolerrsp. H Siphcrt~tl~ern?sp. H MELIACEAE Glrnrzrr sp. T

Hyptis sp. H Hyptis sp. S Siynr~rr~asp. T Hyptis sp. S Sipatxr~crsp. T

RAP Working Papers One December 1991

Robbins, M.B., S. Cardiff, A. Capparella, and R.S. Ridgely. 1992. The avifauna of the Rio Manati and Quebrada Vainilla areas in northeastern Peru. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiad. (in press).

Schulenberg, T.S., S.E. Allen, D.F. Stotz, and D.A. Wiedenfeld. 1984. Distributional records from the Cordillera Yanachaga, central Peru. Gerfaut 74:57-70.

Stotz, D.F. and R.O. Bierrgaard, Jr. 1989. The birds of the Fazendas Porto Alegre, Esteio and Dimona north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 49:861-872.

Terborgh, J. and J.S. Weske. 1979. The role of competition in the distribution of Andean birds. Ecol. 56:562-576.

Terborgh, J.W., J.W. Fitzpatrick, and L. Emmons. 1984. Annotated checklist of bird and mammal species of Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Peru. Fieldiana (Zoology, New Series) 2 1: 1-29.

Terborgh, J., S.K. Robinson, T.A. Parker, 111, C.A. Muna, and N. Pierpont. 1990. Structure and orgallizatio~lof an Amazonian forest bird community. Ecol. Monogr. 60:2 13-228.

Willis, E.O. 1977. Lista preli~ninardas aves da parte noroeste e areas vizinhas de Reserva Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 37:585-601.

CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program