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Universidad Nacional Del Altiplano Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas Escuela Profesional De Biología UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA BALANCE DE MASA DEL GLACIAR QUEÑUANI DE LA CORDILLERA DE CARABAYA, PUNO- PERÚ TESIS PRESENTADO POR: Bach. MAGNA MOLLINEDO MACHACA Bach. ANGEL QUISPE HUAHUASONCCO PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE: LICENCIADO EN BIOLOGÍA PUNO – PERÚ 2017 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE BIOLOGÍA CORDILLERA DE CARABAY A, PUNO- PERÚ TESIS PRESENTADO POR: Bach. MAGNA MOLLINEDO MACHACA Bach. ANGEL QUJSPE HUAHUASONCCO PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE: LICE CIADO EN BIOLOGÍA APROBADA POR EL JURADO REVISOR CONFORMADO POR: PRESIDENTE: PRIMER MIEMBRO: SEGUNDO MIEMBRO: DIRECTOR/ ASESOR: ÁREA: CIENCIA BIOMÉDICAS LÍNEA: RECURSOS NATURALES Y MEDIO AMBIENTE SUBLlNEA: CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO DE RECUR OS NATURALES TEMA: ECOSISTEMAS AL TO ANDINOS Fecha de sustentación: 23- 12- 2017 AGRADECIMIENTOS Primeramente, a la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano -Puno, por habernos abierto sus puertas y habernos aceptado, dándonos la bienvenida, y brindado oportunidades de formarnos como profesionales. A nuestra facultad Ciencias Biológicas, por habernos acompañado de cerca y acogido cálidamente, brindándonos oportunidades para crecer y formarnos como personas y profesionales. A nuestros maestros formadores por habernos brindado las mejores lecciones y haber compartido sus conocimientos y motivaciones para seguir adelante. A nuestro director y gran amigo Herminio Rene Alfaro Tapia, por aceptar recurrir a su capacidad, por su perseverancia antes, durante y después, por su paciencia y su gran apoyo y haber sido nuestro guía. DEDICATORIA A nuestros padres, los principales motores, por todos sus esfuerzos y habernos brindado su apoyo moral y económico, por su perseverancia en nuestra formación, gracias a ellos tenemos nuestras metas cumplidas. A nuestros hermanos(as), por conformar parte de nuestras vidas, por habernos dado lecciones de vida, y por sus apoyos del día a día. Tú, quien has sido mi mano derecha, durante este tiempo, por echarme la mano siempre que lo necesité, por todos los buenos momentos, eres una gran persona, gracias por estar aquí. ÍNDICE GENERAL RESUMEN .................................................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 I. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................... 12 OBJETIVO:................................................................................................................. 13 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ...................................................................................... 13 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ............................................................................. 14 2.1. ANTECEDENTES ................................................................................................. 14 2.2. MARCO TEÓRICO .............................................................................................. 16 2.2.1. Glaciar ........................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2. Formación del hielo glaciar ........................................................................... 16 2.2.3. Tipos de glaciares .......................................................................................... 16 2.2.4. Erosión glaciar ............................................................................................... 17 2.2.5. Glaciares del mundo ...................................................................................... 18 2.2.6. Glaciares tropicales ....................................................................................... 18 2.2.7. Cordilleras nevados del peru ......................................................................... 20 2.2.8. Descripción de las cordilleras ........................................................................ 21 2.2.9. Deglaciación ................................................................................................. 25 2.2.10. Cambio climático ......................................................................................... 25 2.2.11. El cambio climático en el perú. ................................................................... 28 2.3. MARCO CONCEPTUAL ................................................................................. 29 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .............................................................................. 30 BALANCE DE MASA ........................................................................................... 31 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ............................................................................ 42 4.1 BALANCE DE MASA DEL GLACIAR QUEÑUANI EN LA CORDILLERA DE CARABAYA EN ÉPOCAS DE PRECIPITACIÓN Y ESTIAJE. ....................... 42 4.1.1. Medidas de dispersión de las balizas instaladas en el glaciar Queñuani. ...... 42 4.1.1.1. Análisis de varianza……………………………………………………43 4.1.1.2. El clúster análisis ....................................................................................... 43 4.1.2.2. Analisis de varianza .................................................................................... 45 4.1.2.3. Clúster análisis ............................................................................................ 46 4.2. BALANCE DE MASA GLACIOLÓGICO ......................................................... 47 4.2.1. Balance de masa para la zona de ablación en el glaciar queñuani ................ 47 4.2.3. Balance de masa del glaciar queñuani en la cordillera de carabaya en época de precipitación. ...................................................................................................... 48 4.2.4. Balance de masa del glaciar queñuani en la cordillera de carabaya en épocas de estiaje. .................................................................................................................... 50 4.2.5. Balance neto específico ................................................................................. 51 V. CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................... 53 VI. RECOMENDACIONES ........................................................................................ 54 VII. REFERENCIAS .................................................................................................... 55 ANEXOS……………………………………………………………………………….60 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Formación del hielo en glaciares tropicales (Tarbuck & Lutgens, 2005). ...... 16 Figura 2. La erosión de los glaciares (Aguilon, et al., 2011). ......................................... 17 Figura 3. Localización de las cordilleras nevadas en el Perú (ANA, 2014). .................. 20 Figura 4. Los glaciares monitoreados en el Perú (ANA, 2014). ..................................... 24 Figura 5. El Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya, región Puno en el 2016- 2017. ... 30 Figura 6. Puntos de instalación de balizas y pozos en el Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya, Setiembre 2016 a setiembre 2017. ................................................ 31 Figura 7. Método glaciológico directo realizado por el ANA, 2014. ............................. 32 Figura 8. Ubicación de pozos y balizas, en el Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya, periodo setiembre 2016- setiembre 2017. ...................................................... 33 Figura 9. Dendograma de la zona de ablación, del Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya, realizado de setiembre 2016 a setiembre 2017. .............................................. 44 Figura 10. Dendograma de la zona de acumulación en el Glaciar Queñuani, en la Cordillera Carabaya, realizado en setiembre 2016 a setiembre 2017. ........... 46 Figura 11. Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya en ablación, periodo diciembre 2016. ........................................................................................................................ 52 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Los glaciares tropicales en el mundo (CAN, 2013). ......................................... 18 Tabla 2. Detalle del cálculo de balances de masa para el año hidrológico, realizado en el Glaciar Queñuani, entre setiembre 2016 a setiembre 2017. ........................... 34 Tabla 3. Medidas de dispersión de las balizas, en el Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya, realizado de Setiembre 2016- Setiembre 2017. ............................. 43 Tabla 4. Medidas de dispersión en la zona de acumulación, Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya, setiembre 2016 a setiembre 2017. ................................................. 45 Tabla 5. Balance de masa para la zona de ablación en el Glaciar Queñuani, Cordilera de Carabaya. Setiembre 2016- setiembre- 2017. ................................................ 47 Tabla 6. Balance de masa para la zona de acumulación, según sus altitudes, Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya. Periodo setiembre 2016 a setiembre 2017. 48 Tabla 7.Balance de masa en época de precipitación en el Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera Carabaya en setiembre 2016 a setiembre 2017. ............................................. 48 Tabla 8. Balance de masa, época de transición en el Glaciar Queñuani, en la Cordillera de Carabaya entre setiembre 2016 a setiembre 2017. .................................... 49 Tabla 9. Balance de masa, época de estiaje para el Glaciar Queñuani, Cordillera de Carabaya, realizado de setiembre
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