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North Carolina NORTH CAROLINA North Carolina NORTH CAROLINA Alleghany Northampton Ashe 220 Vance Gates 17 Currituck 51 Stokes Person Roanoke Camden 29 Caswell Granville Hertford MEHERRIN Cherry Surry Henderson Rapids Pasquotank Watauga Lane Rockingham Warren 13 Elizabeth PKY Forsyth 85 561 Halifax City Wilkes Winston- Guilford Perquimans Orange Avery Yadkin Salem 40 Greensboro 1 Mitchell Durham HALIWA-SAPONI Bertie Chowan Davie Alamance Franklin Edgecombe Caldwell Alexander Durham Nash Wake Rocky Mount Nags Head Madison 23 Yancey Burke 95 Tyrrell Dare Morgantown 64 Martin Washington Iredell Statesville Davidson Wilson Williamston 64 Raleigh Asheboro Chatham 40 AshevilleBuncombe McDowell Catawba 77 85 Randolph Pitt Haywood 421 Johnston Washington Beaufort Lincoln Rowan Hyde Cherokee 85 Sanford Greene Swain 74 Cabarrus Montgomery Rutherford Lee 70 Goldsboro 264 Graham CHEROKEE Henderson Stanly Harnett 17 Polk Forest City Lenoir Hendersonville Gaston Moore Kinston Cleveland 220 Wayne Jackson Gastonia Charlotte Craven Cherokee 74 23 Transylvania Mecklenburg Pamlico Macon Union New Bern Clay Richmond Cumberland Hoke FayettevilleSampson Anson Jones 74 Duplin Rockingham Havelock Jacksonville Scotland Carteret Onslow Morehead City RobesonLumberton Bladen Pender40 74 Whiteville Columbus New Wilmington Hanover Brunswick 17 Eastern Cherokee Reservation Federal reservation Great Smoky Mountains of westernmost North Carolina. The Cherokee majority of this land base is known as the Qualla boundary. There Cherokee, Graham, Jackson, Macon, and Swain counties, are six communities within the boundary, covering parts of five North Carolina North Carolina counties; these are Yellowhill, Birdtown, Paintown, Snowbird, Big Cove and Wolftown. The vast majority of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians reservation is forested. The village of Cherokee lies 15 miles from P.O. Box 455 Bryson City, North Carolina and 33 miles from Gatlinburg, Cherokee, NC 28719 Tennessee. In 1838 the federal government forced most Cherokees (704) 497-4951 west into what is now Oklahoma; the Eastern Band of Cherokees Fax: 497-3615 managed to escape removal. In 1866 the state of North Carolina formally recognized the band, and in 1889 finally granted it a state Total area (tribe, 1994) 56,688 acres charter. Only in 1925 were tribal lands finally placed in trust. Other 2 acres CULTURE AND HISTORY Total labor force 2,366 The Cherokees are the largest Indian tribe in the United States. At High school graduate or higher 63.1% the time of European contact, Cherokee territory covered portions Bachelor’s degree or higher 03.8% of what are now eight states. Through a series of treaties between Unemployment rate 17.7% 1721 and 1819 the land area was reduced to the contiguous Per capita income $6,382 mountain regions of North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. In December of 1835, the Treaty of New Echota ceded the Total reservation population 6,311 last of the remaining tribal lands east of the Mississippi to the U.S. Tribal enrollment 10,000 The Eastern Band of Cherokee traces its origin to the more than 1,000 Cherokee members who eluded forced removal westward in LOCATION AND LAND STATUS 1838 and 1839 by remaining in the mountains. Approximately 300 North Carolina’s Cherokee Reservation covers 56,688 acres in the of these individuals were living on tribal lands in 1838 and claimed 483 North Carolina Eastern Cherokee One of Many Businesses U.S. citizenship. Other tribal members living in Tennessee and reservation. The judicial branch provides a court system for the North Carolina towns were not immediately found and removed. Qualla boundary. Throughout much of the 1840s federal agents searched the mountains of North Carolina in attempts to remove the refugees to ECONOMY Indian Territory. By 1848, however, the U.S. Congress agreed to Tourism provides healthy revenues and employment for about recognize the North Carolina Cherokees’ rights as long as the state two-thirds of the local work force. This marks a dramatic shift from would recognize them as permanent residents. The state did not pre-World War II days, when subsistence agriculture was the comply until nearly 20 years later. primary means of survival within the Qualla boundary. More than 200 businesses are located within the boundary, the majority of In 1876 the Temple Survey—the first official survey of Cherokee which are owned by tribal members. The tribe has developed into lands—established the Qualla boundary, officially defining the new a prosperous, vibrant community, while maintaining its strong reservation lands. With a few minor changes, tribal lands today identity and sense of heritage. remain essentially the same as those established in 1876. By 1890, the timber industry had begun to make its presence felt in the AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK region, clearcutting extensively and taking advantage of area Small-scale farms and ranches are owned by individual tribal residents. In 1924, having successfully resisted allotment, the tribe members. Tribal members raise corn, tobacco, potatoes, cattle, and placed its lands in federal trust to ensure that they would remain hogs on approximately 500 acres. Commercial sales of these items forever in Cherokee possession. The creation of the Great Smoky are small. Mountains National Park during the 1930s bolstered the reservation’s economy, which had been battered by the Depression. CONSTRUCTION Thousands of auto tourists began visiting the Park after World War The Cherokee Tribal Construction Enterprise is a tribally owned II, ultimately making tourism the primary industry on the reservation. GOVERNMENT The Eastern Band of Cherokees was incorporated under the laws of North Carolina in 1889. The tribal govern- ment consists of executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The executive branch includes a principal chief and vice-chief, each elected to four-year terms. The legislative branch is the 12-member tribal council whose members are elected to two-year terms. Aside from traditional legis- lative duties, this branch also is responsible for managing and cont- rolling tribal property and for resolving land disputes within the One Example of the Well-developed Infrastructure on the Reservation 484 Eastern Cherokee - Haliwa-Saponi North Carolina business which generates significant annual revenues and part-time personnel for the season. The office operates out of the employment. Cherokee Visitor Center. The program functions with a Board of Directors composed of three tribal representatives, three business ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS owners/managers and the chairman and treasurer of the The Cherokee’s Boys Club was organized in 1964 and has 146 Advertising Committee. employees who provide a wide range of services to meet the needs of the tribe, including bus services, administrative services, grounds INFRASTRUCTURE maintenance, truck and tractor services, a children’s home, a Road access to the reservation is provided by U.S. Highway 441/74 recreation park, and laundry services, to name a few. The club is and by U.S. Highway 19. Commercial air service is available at a also able to provide services to potential investors on the number of area locations, including the Asheville, NC Regional reservation. Airport (56 miles away) and the Macon and Jackson County airports, each about 35 miles from the reservation. Commercial bus FISHERIES lines serve the area, while local shuttle buses are also available for The Tribal Fish and Game Enterprise includes a fish hatchery and a special interest groups. All major commercial trucking and courier distribution network for the tribe’s commercial trout fishing companies serve Cherokee, while railway connections are made in program. Revenues from the hatchery are estimated at $200,000 Whittier, NC, adjacent to tribal land. annually. COMMUNITY FACILITIES FORESTRY Electricity is provided through Nantahala Power and Light, a The vast majority (approximately 42,000 acres) of the Qualla subsidiary of Duke Power Company. Retail gas service is provided boundary is forested . These forests are harvested both for pulp through local independent distributors. The water and sewage wood and hardwoods, providing considerable tribal income. Two systems are furnished by the Tribal Water/Sewer Enterprise. A individual members own small logging companies. hospital, operated by the Indian Health Service, is located on the reservation. The tribe also owns and operates the Tsali Manor senior GAMING citizen care facility. The reservation includes six primary communities, each with its own community center; these are funded The tribe’s Cherokee Bingo features high-stakes bingo and by the communities themselves, the tribe, and individual members. progressive electronic lotto machines. Other facilities include Indian Nation Lotto/Bingo, Tee Pee Village Electronic Lotto, and two tribal casinos. The tribe has entered into a state gaming compact; a new, larger casino, located off Highway 19, is scheduled to open in November of 1996. An estimated 1,000 to 2,200 new jobs will be created once this facility is underway. Coharie Intra-Tribal Council GOVERNMENT AS EMPLOYER State recognized The tribal government and its programs directly provide Coharie approximately 400 jobs to tribal members. Sampson County, North Carolina INDUSTRIAL PARKS Coharie Intra-Tribal Council The tribe maintains two industrial parks, each with major road 7531 U.S. Highway 421 North access and full utilities. The Barclay textile manufacturing company Clinton, NC 20328 leases 250,000 square feet of space within two
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