Imagen Y Legitimación De La Medicina En El Cine De La República De Weimar

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Imagen Y Legitimación De La Medicina En El Cine De La República De Weimar UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE MEDICINA DEPARTAMENTO DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA Y SALUD PÚBLICA E HISTORIA DE LA CIENCIA TESIS DOCTORAL Imagen y legitimación de la Medicina en el cine de la República de Weimar MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Antonio David Sánchez Samos DIRECTOR Ángel González de Pablo Madrid, 2017 © Antonio David Sánchez Samos, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE MEDICINA DEPARTAMENTO DE MEDICINA PREVENTIVA Y SALUD PÚBLICA E HISTORIA DE LA CIENCIA TESIS DOCTORAL Imagen y legitimación de la Medicina en el cine de la República de Weimar MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Antonio David Sánchez Samos DIRECTOR Ángel González de Pablo Madrid 2015 2 Con la luz del día, Hutter se puso en camino para indagar en el terror de sus noches Nosferatu Para Cova. Para Margarita, Antonio y Elena. 3 4 Todo mi agradecimiento para mi tutor Ángel González de Pablo y para Covadonga Martinez Díaz-Caneja. Imagen p.3 por cortesía del Archivo Fotográfico del Museo Thyssen Bornemisza de Madrid: Kurt Schwitters Merzbild 1A (El Psiquiatra). (1919) Óleo, assemblage y collage de objetos diversos sobre lienzo. COPYRIGHT © Según indicaciones de los Titulares/ Entidad de Gestión de los derechos. Procedencia: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. 5 6 Índice Introducción ...................................................................................................................... 9 I. Contexto histórico y cultural ................................................................................. 9 II. Estado de la cuestión y justificación .................................................................... 14 III. Hipótesis y objetivos ............................................................................................ 16 IV. Material y métodos .............................................................................................. 17 Resultados ........................................................................................................................ 21 I. Los legados tenebrosos ........................................................................................ 23 I.1.1. El baño de acero. ............................................................................................ 25 I.1.2. La pantalla en guerra ...................................................................................... 38 I.2.1. «Tu Amo y Señor»: Dr. Caligari ................................................................... 43 I.2.2. El magnetizador en Weimar........................................................................... 58 I.3.1. «El médico. El jugador. El criminal»: Dr. Mabuse ....................................... 80 I.3.2. Psicoanálisis, hipnotismo y muerte ................................................................ 95 II. Nuevas objetividades ......................................................................................... 109 II.1.1. El hombre enfermo. .................................................................................... 111 II.1.2. «¿Qué es lo que me sucede?». Nerven y la reacción médica a la Revolución ............................................................................................................................... 116 II.1.3. Tras el corazón médico: Opium y Der Gang in die Nacht ......................... 121 II.1.4. «Salve sus manos, sus manos son su vida». El entorno del enfermo ......... 129 II.1.5. El Reino de los ciegos ................................................................................ 136 II.2.1. Humanos, demasiado humanos .................................................................. 142 II.2.2. La imagen médica de la homosexualidad: Anders als die Andern ............. 145 II.2.3. Diferente al Diferente: Visión no médica de la homosexualidad ............... 151 II.2.4. Madre o vampira: la supervisión médica de la mujer ................................. 161 7 II.2.5. Y el médico creó a la mujer: Metropolis y Alraune ................................... 169 III. Viaje al fin de la mente ...................................................................................... 175 III.1.1. La luz que sana .......................................................................................... 177 III.1.2. Antes de Holstenwall: Der Student von Prag ........................................... 179 III.1.3. El relato curativo: Von morgens bis mitternachts y Phantom ................... 182 III.1.4. Schatten, un filme erótico-ocultista-terapéutico........................................ 191 III.1.5. La navaja y el ojo espiritual: Geheimnisse einer Seele ............................. 198 III.1.1. Locura, crimen y castigo ........................................................................... 208 III.2.2. «Debo seguir el camino que me persigue»: M .......................................... 214 III.2.3. «Tienes que convertirte en Mabuse» ......................................................... 224 Conclusiones .................................................................................................................. 237 Bibliografía .................................................................................................................... 243 Índice de publicaciones y páginas web ................................................................. 243 Índice de filmes ..................................................................................................... 250 Apéndices ....................................................................................................................... 255 I. Resumen ............................................................................................................ 257 II. Summary ............................................................................................................ 259 8 Introducción ¿Qué significa muerte, qué significa el pasado? Lo que ha pensado y obrado una vez, sigue siendo hoy pensamiento y efecto. ¡Todo lo poderoso vive! Gustav Meyrink El Ángel de la Ventana de Occidente (1927) I. Contexto histórico y cultural Entendemos por República de Weimar el periodo de la historia de Alemania comprendido entre los años 1918 y 1933, cuyo nombre deriva de la ciudad donde la Asamblea Nacional constituyente se reunió para aprobar la Constitución del sistema republicano derivado de la Revolución de noviembre de 1918. Con límites tan oscuros para la historia alemana como la Primera Guerra Mundial y el Tercer Reich, el desarrollo espectacular de la ciencia, la literatura y el arte en el ámbito de una libertad democrática inédita hasta el momento en Alemania, han confirmado lo que el sociólogo Karl Mannheim (1893-1947) pronosticó poco antes de fallecer: que en años venideros la República de Weimar sería considerada como una nueva época de Pericles1. Entre las artes de Weimar, el cine ocupa un lugar preponderante por su capacidad para llegar a las masas y la posibilidad de la colaboración entre las distintas disciplinas artísticas para lograr alcanzar la Gesamtkunstwerk (obra de arte total), algo que fue intuido por los movimientos artísticos de vanguardia desde el comienzo del 1 Gay, P., (1968), La Cultura de Weimar. Paidós, 1ªed., 2011, Barcelona. P.18. 9 periodo republicano2. Una gran parte de las obras cinematográficas de la República de Weimar se consideran fundamentales para la historia del cine. Obras maestras como Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari, Nosferatu o Metropolis y el modo de analizar el cine de Weimar, le han otorgado a éste una falsa sensación de uniformidad, tal y como lo define Vicente Sánchez-Biosca: Una primera ojeada vertida sobre el cine de la Alemania de Weimar permite ver al observador aquello que éste quería descubrir: demonismo, animación del objeto, paisajes románticos, dobles siniestros, tragedias de dimensión metafísica… En este sentido, no cabe duda de que este cine es acogedor. Una mirada más pausada y reflexiva revela pronto que no es lo más llamativo, lo diferente respecto a otras cinematografías, ni lo exportado con éxito, lo único, ni siquiera lo predominante. Si la pantalla germana ha contribuido a la historia del cine a través de sus demoníacas obras maestras, no es oro todo lo que reluce, como tampoco el conjunto de su producción, su media, se rige por estos únicos parámetros.3 Se estima que la producción cinematográfica alemana durante el periodo de la República de Weimar alcanzó los tres mil filmes, de los cuales se conservan alrededor de quinientos (desde fragmentos a películas completas)4. En sus mejores momentos, el cine alemán llegó a conseguir dos millones de espectadores diarios5. Uno de los méritos del cine de Weimar es que gozó de la aceptación de todos los estratos sociales y culturales. Esta sintonía del pueblo alemán con su cine hace plantearse la relación entre la propuesta artística y su público y en qué manera nos puede ayudar a entender la sociedad de la época, tal y como expone el director y escritor Andrew Bergman: 2 Beil, R. (ed.), (2011), The Total Artwork in Expressionism. Hatje Cantz, 1ªed., 2011, Darmstadt. P. 14. 3 Sánchez-Biosca, V., (1990), Sombras de Weimar. Contribución a la historia del cine alemán. 1918-1933. Verdoux, 1ªed. 1990, Madrid. P. 17. 4 Elsaesser, T., (2000), Weimar Cinema and after: Germany’s Historical Imaginary. Routledge, 2ªreimp, 2008, Amsterdam. P. 56. 5 Weindling, P., (1989), Health, Race, and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism 1870-1945. Cambridge University Press, 2002, Nueva York. P. 412. 10 Es imposible
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