Crataegus Spp.) from Central and Southern Mexico

Genet Resour Crop Evol (2008) 55:1159–1165 DOI 10.1007/s10722-008-9316-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Variability of three regional sources of germplasm of Tejocote (Crataegus spp.) from central and southern Mexico Carlos A. Nuń˜ez-Colıń Æ Rau´l Nieto-A´ ngel Æ Alejandro F. Barrientos-Priego Æ Jaime Sahaguń-Castellanos Æ Sergio Segura Æ Fernando Gonza´lez-Andre´s Received: 1 October 2007 / Accepted: 3 March 2008 / Published online: 11 April 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract Tejocote (Crataegus spp.) is a genus of Multivariate statistical methods were used to eluci- fruit-bearing trees distributed widely throughout date patterns of variation in each of these regional Mexico; 13 species are reported for the north and sources. The sources displayed very low intra-source central zones and two or more species may be present variability. The source from Chiapas showed signif- in southern Mexico. Accessions of this genus are icant statistical differences in all morphological safeguarded in the Germplasm Bank of Tejocote at variables evaluated, as a result, this genetic pool is the Autonomous University of Chapingo, mainly considered as different from the other two sources. from three regional sources, i.e. the states of Puebla, The sources from the states of Puebla and Mexico Mexico, and Chiapas, including five different species only differed by 22.79% (with P B 0.05), and thus that belong to series Mexicanae and series Crus-galli. they could be considered as components of a single They can be morphologically characterized by leaves genetic pool. The most highly discriminant variables from different shoot types, flowers and fruits. were from the leaf, such as basal angle, petiole length/major axis length ratio, minor axis length/ major axis length ratio, and number of veins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10722-008-9316-z) contains Keywords Central and southern Mexico Á supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Genetic resources Á Germplasm Bank Á C. A. Nuń˜ez-Colıń(&) Á R. Nieto-A´ ngel Á Mexican hawthorns Á Morphological variability Á A. F. Barrientos-Priego Á J. Sahaguń-Castellanos Rosaceae subfamily Maloideae Instituto de Horticultura, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autońoma Chapingo, Km. 38.5 Carretera Mexico-Texcoco, Chapingo, Estado de Mexico 56230, Mexico Introduction e-mail: [email protected] Several species of genus Crataegus are widely used S. Segura around the world; for example, some Chinese species Centro Regional Universitario Centro Occidente, Universidad Autońoma Chapingo, Morelia, of Crataegus fruits are used for fresh consumption Michoacan 58000, Mexico and processing and as ingredient in Chinese medi- cines. In China, they are regarded as ‘‘fruit for good F. Gonza´lez-Andre´s health’’ (Guo and Jiao 1995). Departamento de Ingenierıá Agraria, E. S. T. Ingenierıá Agraria, Universidad de Leoń, Leon, In Southern USA a mayhaw exists (Crataegus Castilla y Leon 24071, Spain series Aestivales (Sarg. ex Schneider) Rehder) until 123 1160 Genet Resour Crop Evol (2008) 55:1159–1165 recently the fruit of these species has only been used locally in marmalades, butters, preserves, jellies, condiments, syrups, wines, desserts and as food for wildlife (Payne and Krewer 1990). Crataegus mexicana Moc. et Sesse´ is cultivated in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, the Andes of Peru and Ecuador, South of California, Arizona and South Africa. The fruits of this specie, rich in vitamin C, are consumed fresh or processed to marmalade, jam, jelly and syrup. Because of the storability of the fruits and different ripening times in different altitudes, fresh fruits are available for a Fig. 1 Mexican sites sampled for this study; map was created longer time (Bu¨ttner 2001). Also this fruit tree is by using DIVA-GIS software (Hijmans et al. 2002) reported as a good rootstock by drought conditions for apple, pear, quince and several Crataegus species one can observe significant morphological variation (Nieto-A´ ngel and Borys 1999). among accessions, but initial taxonomic determina- The common name in Mexico for species of the tions by Borys and Vega-Cuen (1984) reported that genus Crataegus is ‘‘Tejocote,’’ derived from the the accessions located in the Germplasm Bank were Nahuatl word ‘‘Texocotl,’’ which literally means C. pubescens (Kunth) Steud. (Actually a synonym of stone-fruit (Cabrera 1992). Since, the pre-Hispanic C. gracilior Phipps), with the possibility that some time in Mexico, tejocote fruits were collected for accessions from Chiapas were C. nelsoni Eggl. consumption and sowed in gardens of American However, based on a review of the literature, the Indian villages. More recently, the genus has been most probable species are C. mexicana Moc. et Sesse´ cultivated in commercial orchards (Nieto-A´ ngel and and C. gracilior Phipps for accessions from Puebla Borys 1993). Species of Crataegus form an important and Mexico, and C. nelsoni Eggl. and Eggleston’s C. part of traditional Mexican culture, and are used in stipulosa (Kunth) Steud. for accessions from Chiapas. the All Saints and Christmas holidays, mainly in the All species belong to series Mexicanae (Loud.) production of fruit-based beverages and as treats Rehder except C. gracilior that belongs to series inside pinãtas (Borys and Leszczyn˜ska-Borys 1994). Crus-galli (Loud.) Rehder (Phipps et al. 1990). Phipps (1997) reported 13 species of Crataegus The objective of our study was to evaluate patterns native to Northern and Central Mexico, of which nine of morphological variability within and among are endemic, three are shared with the United States regional sources of tejocote germplasm and identify of America and one with Peru and Ecuador, but the most important variables for describing and Phipps (1997) did not focus on southern Mexico, discriminating among accessions. where Eggleston’s (1909) classification is the only known to cover this area. Eggleston (1909) noted two species that were not taken into account by Phipps Materials and methods (1997), which may be additional species or synonyms (Nuń˜ez-Colıń et al. 2004). The present study was carried out with accessions Accessions of the genus Crataegus have been from the Germplasm Bank of Tejocote (Crataegus conserved in the Germplasm Bank of Tejocote in spp.) located in the ‘‘San Juan’’ Experimental Field of vivo and ex situ in the Autonomous University of the Autonomous University of Chapingo (BGT- Chapingo (UACh), Mexico, since 1981 (Nieto-A´ ngel UACh) (19°290 North Latitude, 98°530 West Longi- and Borys 1992). The accessions are from the tude, altitude of 2,240 m). highlands of Chiapas, near San Cristo´bal de las Casas; from the eastern part of the state of Mexico, Plant material near and around Texcoco; and from the west-central part of Puebla, near Calpan and Huejotzingo (Borys Ninety-one accessions of the BGT-UACh collection and Vega-Cuen 1984) (Fig. 1). In these collections, were evaluated; 50 from Chiapas, 18 from the state of 123 Genet Resour Crop Evol (2008) 55:1159–1165 1161 Mexico, and 23 from Puebla (Fig. 1 and see Supple- petiole length, petal area, petal Feret diameter, style mental Data, Appendix 1). Accessions represent length/flower length ratio, stamen major axis length individual clones, collected as bud wood between and stamen Feret diameter. 1982 and 1989, and then grafted onto seedling The third principal component showed 10.70% of rootstocks of tejocote. the total morphological variation, and it was strongly associated with three characteristics: teeth number of Evaluated data leaf margins from reproductive shoots, roundness index of leaves from large vegetative shoots, and Fifty-one morphological variables were evaluated, 24 endocarp weight/fruit weight ratio. from leaves of three different shoot types (reproduc- The fourth principal component showed 9.51% of tive shoots, short and long vegetative shoots), 17 the total morphological variation, and it was associ- from flowers and 10 from fruits (See Supplemental ated with two variables: roundness index of leaves Data, Appendix 2); all of them are important from a from reproductive shoots and the Feret diameter of taxonomic point of view (Phipps 1997; Phipps et al. leaves from large vegetative shoots (see Supplemen- 2003). tal Data, Appendix 3). Statistical methods Patterns of variation among accessions We conducted canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) Figure 2 displays the pattern of dispersion of acces- with a Mahalanobis distance and resubstitution test sions across the first three principal components, and and multivariate analysis of the variance (MANOVA) the internal variability ± standard error is shown in with a Tukey test to quantify differences among Fig. 3. sources and to identify those variables best to Internal variability ± standard error (Fig. 3) is not discriminate among accessions. We also employed so high, although the highest intra-variability is in the the internal variability formula developed by Nuń˜ez- Puebla source, followed by Chiapas, and the most Colıń and Barrientos-Priego (2006) to quantify intra- homogeneous source being the State of Mexico. source variation. All analyses were carried out by means of the procedures PRINCOMP, DISCRIM, and GLM in SAS Version 8 (SAS 1999). Results Morphological characteristics The principal component analysis was obtained from the correlation matrix of the evaluated variables, where the first principal component showed 23.79% of the total morphological variation, and it was most

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