Elaine J. O’Quinn Professional Resource Connection

Elaine J. O’Quinn, guest columnist

“Where the Girls Are”: Resource and Research

or more than a year now, her statements in the NYT book their attention? How do portrayals there has been a rash of bad section and on the Oprah Winfrey of girls ultimately influence their F publicity surrounding texts for Show. Ms. Wolf’s criticisms aside, it choices? Where are the divides teenage girls because of Naomi is not news that socio-cultural between girls’ lived experiences Wolf’s public attack on Alloy context influences literature written and the fictional representations of Entertainment’s series books like for girls. Recall that Little Women them? Missing in Wolf’s conversa- Gossip Girls and the A-List. Some and Elsie Dinsmore came out the tion is a balanced consideration of argue that these books break faith same year, despite having very the texts in which young female with what they believe makes different perspectives on who girls protagonists courageously work Young Adult Literature valuable, are and who others think they through complicated life experi- and in many ways they are correct, should be. Both have been in ences rather than simply enacting as these books clearly fall more into continuous publication while superficial social norms in a limited the romance novel category than serving the reading interests of context. Had she shown she was the YAL category. However, as quite diverse groups. The struggle aware of more than just the stories those who study YAL know, these for the minds, bodies, souls, and, I that sensationalize the lives of texts constitute just one example of might add, pocketbooks, of girls is some girls in some environments, the books available to young a long one; in part, Ms. Wolf’s she would have better served women. Reasons for supporting comments make it clear the fight everyone concerned, including the their continued publication are continues. girls themselves. To define and more complex than they at first Of more critical interest to condemn the reading habits of girls appear and have as much to do those who study girls or who just through such limited examples is to with encouraging reading as generally care about their well- determine a very narrow view of allowing girls to vicariously work being, should be the questions and who they are and who they may be. through issues and situations that issues that Ms. Wolf’s critique Although our interest in how in many ways do apply to them. I raises that move beyond the texts: “realistically” girls are represented suggest a deeper investigation of What is the influence of culture and and treated in the books teens read these texts is cause to aggressively society on girls? How are myths of is important, we should also take question the material values and what it means to be a girl perpetu- care to note the social realities that, male-centric images of teen girls ated through texts? What power like it or not, form those impres- represented in the larger society, as does the imposed positioning of sions. From girls’ relationships to opposed to questioning the value of girls actually have on them? How themselves, to how they attend to YAL, something I wish Ms. Wolf do girls fare in a social environment others, to public and private had spent more time examining in that is so clearly in competition for perceptions, it is critical that those

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c8_14_TAR_Sum08 8 5/3/08, 12:49 PM of us who teach, study, work, and however, that I find accessible for a live with girls understand the To make gains in our quick overview of what charts the varying and complicated structures most comprehensive story of that have held and continue to hold understandings of how to adolescence is Teenagers: An them in place. It is also imperative American History, by Grace that we note the oppressive forces best allow girls to thrive, Palladino. This well researched and from which they have managed to we must have a clear readable text introduces useful break free. Many images we have of concepts for further study that girls that we tend to think of as a picture of how they have frequently have been applied to thing of the past continue to impact gender specific trends by various their young lives today, and more been continuously envi- scholars and writers. It is a must social constructs than we realize sioned and manipulated read for anyone trying to get at the still determine to a large degree breadth and depth of teen culture. what constitutes an appropriate by any variety of forces. A few of the issues Palladino covers girlhood experience. In a sense, Ms. that apply specifically to the lives of Wolf’s argument against the girls include: the economics of aforementioned texts is undermined continue to impact socio-cultural girlhood; the commercial sexualiza- by her reference to the more thinking and popular culture tion of girls; girls as proponents of traditional “girls” texts (Austin, trends? To make gains in our popular culture, as mass media Alcott) that she considers edifying. understandings of how to best consumers, as juvenile delinquents, Other readers may not see her allow girls to thrive, we must have and as individuals determined to recommendations quite the way she a clear picture of how they have define a culture of their own. It is does. On the one hand, her ideal of been continuously envisioned and my intent to explore briefly texts texts that uphold a particularly manipulated by any variety of that connect to these concepts and pleasing image of girlhood, while forces, as well as how they have suggest what they might contribute admirable at some levels, might be imagined and enacted their own to our work as teachers, scholars, found limiting and stifling at others. sense of personhood despite these parents, friends, and advocates of Just as the Gossip Girls represents a forces. A review of some contempo- girls. cultural niche that is somewhat rary resources that locate images of Recently, a graduate student of alien to me (not totally, I might girls in text, media, and a material mine was transcribing some notes add, since I participate in the culture context will greatly expand for me from Joan Jacobs consumer culture referenced our insight as to why girls choose Brumberg’s The Body Project: An throughout), so might the texts Ms. texts as varied as those from the Intimate History of American Girls. Wolf applauds feel equally alien to Clique series to Angus, Thongs, and He told me that as he began the a wide host of girl readers for any Full-Frontal Snogging to Stargirl. work, he thought he would simply number of reasons. The point here This investigation should prove skim through my notes and type is that no one book will satisfy the fruitful in filling out our thinking of them up. However, as he started to reading needs, desires, and plea- how girls are portrayed in the read about what girls give up and sures of all. literature that is written for them must negotiate in the name of their Most of us interact with girls and how they respond to those bodies, he became interested on a daily basis, but Wolf’s con- portrayals. enough to read Brumberg’s book cerns make me wonder how much Numerous books exist that cover to cover. The end result, he we actively think about those girls provide a foundational understand- said, was mind-boggling. What he as both pawns and agents in ing of the history of adolescence in had in the past attributed to evolving perceptions of adolescence America, including the popular A “hormones and phases” was and gender in American culture. Tribe Apart, by Patricia Hersch, and quickly replaced with concrete How DOES the presence of girls in Thomas Hines’ The Rise and Fall of evidence of what consumerism, unsanctioned roles and situations the American Teenager. The one, social pressure, and the era changes

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THE ALAN REVIEW Summer 2008

c8_14_TAR_Sum08 9 5/3/08, 12:49 PM able in accepting they exist, that we them for their own purposes. Her Girls once concerned with truly forget the harm they continue text is as scholarly as it is engaging, to cause. Slut!: Growing Up Female and it takes a stand that enables mere pimples and “baby with a Bad Reputation by Leora girls rather than simply analyzing Tanenbaum explores important their dilemma. fat” are now faced with ground in broadening the scope of Other groundbreaking texts dermabrasion and even what labels mean to girls. Once that take a close look at girls and “named” a slut herself, Tanenbaum work to deconstruct popular plastic surgery. looks at the stories of how good cultural images include American girls are stereotyped in this destruc- Sweethearts: Teenage Girls in 20th tive manner for any number of Century Popular Culture by Ilana from a repressive society to an reasons, some more vicious than Nash; Where the Girls Are: Growing obsessive one has actually cost others (Story of a Girl). After Up Female with the Mass Media by girls. Brumberg’s work deepens the sharing her own story, Tanenbaum Susan J. Douglas; and Some Wore issues attended to in many YA texts, exposes the socio-historical roots of Bobby Sox: The Emergence of but especially those that concern what will later come to define girls Teenage Girls’ Culture, 1920-1945 by themselves with body image. as tramps, loose, and outsiders. She Kelly Schrum. All three of these Characters in Perfect, Life in the Fat further explores how the crime of books provide insightful analysis of Lane, and Fix take on added rape is often turned against girls to how pop culture has been a dimensions as we begin to under- become a “she asked for it” continuing influence in both stand how girls once concerned mentality that has the capacity to exploiting and defining girls since with mere pimples and “baby fat” both silence (Speak) and destroy the earliest inceptions of postwar are now faced with dermabrasion (Inexcusable). Tanenbaum forces adolescence. These texts consider and even plastic surgery. From readers to consider the on-going everything from literary images of breasts to thighs, from smoking to war waged against girls in a never girls (think Nancy Drew) to pop dieting, from sexual pressure to ending attempt to possess and stars (dare I say Britney) to movie, sexual freedom, Brumberg directs name them. Other texts in this music, and television icons. The readers toward the battleground genre worth exploring include Fast authors look closely at how girls that girls’ bodies are and have been Girls: Teenage Tribes and The Myth have been (mis)represented and for a long time. Because their of the Slut by Emily White and The controlled by the media since the bodies are always at the forefront of Secret Lives of Girls: What Good era of silent films to the more how others perceive them, it is Girls Really Do—Sex Play, Aggres- recent advent of “girl movies.” critical that we consider what this sion, and Their Guilt by Sharon They make a strong case for how means to girls in more than a Lamb. All of these books can open public mediums have blurred the merely speculative way. Certainly, our eyes to how to better help girls lines of girlhood and personhood this kind of awareness about girls deal with imposed labels and the and made it extremely difficult, if and their bodies can help us have restrictive norms of female sexual- not impossible in some cases, for conversations about situations in ity. They also help readers come to girls to know who they are outside books like Gossip Girls that allow us better understandings of the of the culture that grabs them to meaningfully question how some emotions and feelings girls experi- before they are out of the cradle. girls view their bodies and what ence around these issues. A book in Schrum’s book is slightly different they represent, rather than simply this category that takes a more in that it focuses a bit more on dismissing the characters in the academic approach is Deborah fashion, beauty, and eras, all books as poor role models with Tolman’s Dilemmas of Desire: important pieces to a good under- unhealthy ideals of femininity. Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality. standing of how girls respond to Double standards have a long Tolman strongly advocates teaching and create trends. The author also and documented history, but I fear girls to own their desires to prevent recognizes more fully how girls we may have become so comfort- others from colonizing and labeling themselves drive popular culture.

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THE ALAN REVIEW Summer 2008

c8_14_TAR_Sum08 10 5/3/08, 12:49 PM disciplines such as psychology, ence of Growing Up Working Class They make a strong case anthropology, sociology, and by Michelle Tea (ed.). All of these history. Driscoll approaches the books listen to the voices of girls for how public mediums study of girls through a and women who reflect on what Foucauldian lens, arguing that the life is like for those who are not have blurred the lines of idea of girlhood is much bigger and white, not always middle class, not girlhood and personhood broader than the narrow definitions necessarily Christian, and not a traditionally attached to it. Jiwani, part of the mainstream culture. If, and made it extremely et. al., provide a variety of essays as teachers, we ever needed more that complicate lingering notions of conclusive evidence as to why we difficult, if not impossible girls as simply “sugar and spice” should be familiar with texts like in some cases, for girls to and that find new meanings in the Born Confused, Who Am I Without multitude of ways 21st Century girls Him, Midnight at the Dragon Cafe, know who they are out- have come to define themselves. or Keeping you a Secret, these books The essays Harris includes cover provide that rationale. They remind side of the culture that everything from analytical interpre- us loudly and clearly that every day grabs them before they tations of post-feminisms to we interact with girls who do not fit research actually conducted with the socio-cultural notion of All- are out of the cradle. and by girls. These sources are not American Girl. More than we for those looking for a quick read, imagine, girls of sub-groups are left but are worth the time spent for the out and their particular experiences comprehensive and comparative and understandings are mostly Further, the emphasis on consumer analysis they provide. Between the ignored. As people who care about culture and its impact on girls is three of them, the authors have girls, we must and can do better to historically fascinating and crucial provided a broad spectrum of encourage and listen to the stories to any study of this particular concerns and considerations for of the lives of all girls, not just aspect of girlhood. No surprises girlhood studies. those most familiar to us. here as to why Serena and Blair of As is too often the case in A fun but nonetheless eye- the Gossip Girls have learned to thinking about human groups in a opening text for those who appreci- prefer Tiffany’s to Wal-Mart and monolithic manner, we tend to ate the importance of visual Victoria’s Secret to Hanes. lump all members of them together representations of culture is Three texts that take a cultural and ignore the fact that race, Teenage Confidential: An Illustrated studies and theory approach to ethnicity, class, sexual preference, History of the American Teen by their investigation of girlhood and even spirituality greatly impact Michael Barson and Steven Miller. include Catherine Driscoll’s Girls: the individual and unique lives they This graphic text contains numer- Feminine Adolescence in Popular know. Some texts that provide ous illustrations that are an excel- Culture and Cultural Theory; invaluable insights into growing up lent supplement to some of the Jiwani, Steenbergen, and Mitchell’s under the gaze of the white, more weighty academic texts (ed.) Girlhood: Redefining the heterosexual, middle-class “norm” already discussed. It proves the Limits; and Anita Harris’ (ed.) All while standing clearly outside of it point that a picture really IS worth About the Girl: Culture, Power, and are Iris Jacob’s My Sisters’ Voices: a thousand words as it takes Identity. All of these texts are for Teenage Girls of Color Speak Out; readers from media sweethearts to the serious researcher wanting to Under Her Skin: How Girls Experi- B-rated thrill seekers gone wild. explore both national and interna- ence Race in America by Pooja The emphasis here is on the media tional girl culture scholarship on Makhijani (ed.); Sugar in the Raw: representation of teens as rebels everything from racism to classism, Voices of Young Black Girls in and delinquents, but only after power and violence, to the expand- America by Rebecca Carroll; and juxtaposing that position with the ing theories of girlhood as seen in Without a Net: The Female Experi- equally dangerous one of

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THE ALAN REVIEW Summer 2008

c8_14_TAR_Sum08 11 5/3/08, 12:49 PM “Kleenteens”. In movies, books, and delightfully entertaining, Robbins’ who are never afraid to use their advertising, girls are depicted as text is enlightening, as well, as it power, be it for good or evil, in erroneously as wide-eyed innocents parallels the socio-cultural history order to achieve a larger end. as much as they are come-hither detailed in books like Palladino’s. Robbins’ books are well researched sex kittens. From Shirley Temple to Readers find a blown-up concept of and will surely provide hours of lipstick stealing mobsters to man girl culture as seen by consumers of important reading for anyone crazed girls of the night and back comic media. From “Betty and interested in the way girls might again to prom perfect romantics, Veronica” to graphic novels like The respond to comic heroines who Teenage Confidential provides Tale of One Bad Rat, readers follow move beyond the current porno- readers with a visual panoramic of the trajectory of issues for girls and graphic comic representations of bad girls on the loose, as well as how they are positioned over time. women with super strength and going-steady hipsters who know All readers will learn something of power. exactly how to act on a date. While importance here. For those with a serious on the surface these images seem to Another look at comics that interest in girls and their comics, I serve as mere artifacts, the histori- Robbins takes is through the lens of would suggest starting with Wonder cal implications of the girls repre- super women. The Great Women Woman: The Complete History by sented are of a more serious nature. Super Heroes is a fascinating history Les Daniels. This is a beautiful text When coupled with texts like Mary of how “powerful” girls have been that traces the birth of this contro- Odem’s Delinquent Daughters: envisioned by others and what that versial character as she grew from Protecting and Policing Adolescent vision has meant to girls. Begin- the ideas of Harvard-educated Female Sexuality in the United ning, of course, with Wonder William Marston (inventor of the lie States, 1885-1920 or Sherrie Inness’ Woman who we know is “Beautiful detector) in 1941 to become an (ed.) Delinquents & Debutantes: as Aphrodite, wise as Athena, iconic figure still replicated and 20th Century American Girls’ stronger than Hercules and swifter recognized around the world. With Cultures, the on-going contesting, than Mercury,” Robbins invites her face and image attached to commodification, and commercial- readers to join her on a lively romp everything from dolls to lunch ization of girls independence, through the female super heroes boxes to a special edition of “liberation,” and sexuality becomes that girls have turned to over time. macaroni and cheese touted by starkly defined. Teenage Confiden- Black Cat, Miss Victory, Ultra Violet Kraft industries in 1998, this comic tial brings to life the dense textual and, of course, Supergirl are just a book Amazon has even had a US interpretations of a number of the few of the many women heroes that commemorative postal stamp in her other books. girls have known in their reading. honor. Since her creation almost 70 Because many readers really do These are strong, brave women years ago, generation after genera- enjoy seeing historical perspectives tion of young women have identi- through pictures, I would also fied and claimed Wonder Woman suggest a look at two of Trina for their own. The story of why is Robbins’ texts. The first, From Girls The Great Women Super one that should be of interest to to Grrrlz: A History of Women many readers, but is mandatory for Comics from Teens to Zines, is a Heroes is a fascinating anyone doing a serious study of wonderful compendium that covers history of how “powerful” graphic novel portrayals of girls. more than 50 years of comics for A final important text that is girls. The first interesting fact that girls have been envi- the first of its kind is a two-volume Robbins points to is that girls encyclopedia entitled Girl Culture, actually once read more comic sioned by others and what edited by Claudia Mitchell and books than did boys. Given the that vision has meant to Jacqueline Reid-Walsh. This text is messages embedded in the comics unique in that it includes long and she presents, this is not the light- girls. short essays about girls and their hearted read it might appear. While culture, as well as shorter entries

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THE ALAN REVIEW Summer 2008

c8_14_TAR_Sum08 12 5/3/08, 12:49 PM about girl specific topics. Covering Works Cited everything from abstinence brace- Covering everything from Barson, Michael & Miller, Steven. Teenage lets to zines, girl related topics of Confidential: An Illustrated History of the American Teen. San Francisco: the past as well as the present are abstinence bracelets to Chronicle Books, 1998. referenced through a variety of zines, girl related topics of Brumberg, Joan. The Body Project: An artifacts, including books, toys, Intimate History of American Girls. New film, concepts, and subcultures. the past as well as the York: Vintage, 1998. This is a gem of a find for anyone Carroll, Rebecca. Sugar in the Raw: Voices of Young Black Girls in America. New wanting to orient to the vast array present are referenced York: Three Rivers Press, 1997. of issues and identities which girls through a variety of arti- Daniels, Les. Wonder Woman: The have aligned themselves with and Complete History. San Francisco: been aligned with over time. If you facts, including books, Chronicle Books, 2000. think you know everything there is Davies, Bronwyn. Frogs and Snails and to know about the lives of girls, toys, film, concepts, and Feminist Tales: Preschool Children and Gender. Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1991. check out a copy of Girl Culture. I subcultures. ———. Shards of Glass: Children Reading can promise you that there are and Writing Beyond Gendered numerous entries that will surprise Identities. Creskill, NJ: Hampton Press, and educate you. 2003. Because girls are present Douglas, Susan. Where the Girls Are: texts they read, and to do that we Growing Up Female with the Mass regularly in most of our lives, it is must understand the more extended Media. New York: Three Rivers Press, easy to assume we know a good meanings that the socio-cultural 1994. deal about them simply through practices presented in those texts Driscoll, Catherine. Girls: Feminine observation. While this may in part have for girls. We can only do that Adolescence in Popular Culture and Cultural Theory. New York: Columbia be true, it does not tell us the if we are willing to read beyond the whole truth of what girls know that University Press, 2002. fiction we recommend to texts that Harris, Anita (ed.). All About the Girl: we do not, and what they assimi- provide greater depth of under- Culture, Power, and Identity. New York: late to as well as rebel against in standing. If we do this, perhaps we Routledge, 2004. larger arenas. Delving more can help girls creatively reinvent Hersch. Patricia. A Tribe Apart: A Journey into the Heart of American Adoles- seriously into their world helps us the world they inhabit in healthy decode troubling cultural messages cence. New York: Ballantine, 1999. and meaningful ways. Hines, Thomas. The Rise and Fall of the that we might otherwise shrug off American Teenager. New York: Harper as mere youth, allowing us an Elaine O’Quinn is an associate Perennial, 2000. opportunity to act more aggres- professor of English at Appalachian Inness, Sheri (ed.). Delinquents and sively on their behalf and to State University, where she is co- Debutantes: 20th Century American encourage them to become their director of the English Education Girls’ Cultures. New York: NYU Press, own agents of change. As our program. She is also a member of the 1998. Jacob, Iris. My Sisters’ Voices: Teenage society has expanded, so too have Women Studies faculty and the Girls of Color Speak Out. New York: Appalachian Studies faculty. Her some of the issues girls face; others Henry Holt, 2002. have been exacerbated or simply courses address the complex issues of Jiwani, Y. C. Steenbergen and C. Mitchell. renegotiated into different prob- teaching English in American society. Girlhood: Redefining the Limits. Dr. O’Quinn’s research interests lems. Research continues to support Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2006. include critical literacy, the Lamb, Sharon. The Secret Lives of Girls: Bronwyn Davies (1991 2003) and sociopolitical dynamics of reading and What Good Girls Really Do—Sex Play, Peggy Rice’s (2000 2002) work that writing, gender in the English Aggression, and Their Guilt. New York: concludes texts alone do not classroom, and democracy and The Free Press, 2002. change the way girls see themselves literacy. Makhijani, Pooja. Under Her Skin: How in the world. Adults are needed to Girls Experience Race in America. help girls appropriate some of the Emeryville, CA: Seal Press, 2004.

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THE ALAN REVIEW Summer 2008

c8_14_TAR_Sum08 13 5/3/08, 12:50 PM Mazzarella, Sharon and Pecora, Norma White, Emily. Fast Girls: Teenage Tribes Brown, J. and St. Clair, N. Declarations of Odom (eds.). Growing Up Girls: and The Myth of the Slut. New York: Independence: Empowered Girls in Popular Culture and the Construction Berkley Books, 2003. Young Adult Literature 1900-2001. of Identity. NY, NY: Peter Lang, 1999. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Mitchell, Claudia and Reid-Walsh, Young Adult Literature Cited Press, Inc., 2002. Jacqueline (eds.). Girl Culture: An Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. New Clark, Chap. Hurt: Inside the World of Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Green- York: Signet Classics, 2004. Today’s Teenagers (Youth, Family, and wood Press, 2007. Anderson, Laurie Halse. Speak. New York: Culture). Baker Book House, 2004. Nash, Ilana. American Sweethearts: Puffin, 2001. Elkin, David. All Grown Up and No Place Teenage Girls in Twentieth-Century Bates, Judith Fong. Midnight at the to Go: Teenagers in Crisis. Perseus Popular Culture. Bloomington: Indiana Dragon Café. New York: Knopf, 2005. Books Group, 1998. University Press, 2006 Bennett, Cherie. Life in the Fat Lane. New Inness, S. Millennium Girls: Today’s Girls Odem, Mary E. Delinquent Daughters: York: Laurel Leaf, 1999. Around the World. Lanham, MD: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Finley, Martha. Elsie Dinsmore. Nashville: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998. Female Sexuality in the United States TN: Cumberland House Publishing, Kenny, L.D. Daughters of Suburbia: 1885-1920. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2000. Growing Up White, Middle Class, and 1995. Flake, Sharon. Who Am I Without Him. Female. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, Pallidino, Grace. Teenagers: An American New York: Jump at the Sun, 2007. 2000. History. Westview Press, 2005. Friend, Natasha. Perfect. Minneapolis, MN: Mazzarella, Sharon. Girl Wide Web: Girls, Rice, Peggy. “Gendered Readings of a Milkweed Editions, 2004. the Internet, and the Negotiation of Traditional ‘Feminist’ Folktale by Sixth Hidier, Tanuja Desai. Born Confused. New Identity. New York: Peter Lang, 2005. Grade Boys and Girls.” Journal of York: Scholastic, 2003. Milner Jr., Murray. Freaks, Geeks, and Cool Literacy Research 32.2 (2000): 211- Lynch, Chris. Inexcusable. New York: Kids: American Teenagers, Schools, 236. Simon Pulse, 2007. and the Culture of Consumption. ———. “Creating Spaces for Boys and Girls Margolis, Leslie. Fix. New York: Simon Routledge, 2006. to Expand Their Definitions of Masculin- Pulse, 2006. Mintz, Steven. Huck’s Raft: A History of ity and Femininity through Children’s McCormick, Patricia. Sold. New York: American Childhood. Belknap Press, Literature.” Journal of Children’s Hyperion, 2008. 2006. Literature 28.2 (2002): 33-42. Talbot, Bryan. The Tale of One Bad Rat. Mitchell, Claudia and Reid-Walsh, Robbins, Trina. From Girls to Grrrlz: A Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse, 1995. Jacqueline (eds.). Seven Going on History of Women Comics From Teens Peters, Julie Ann. Keeping you a Secret. Seventeen: Tween Studies in the to Zines. San Francisco: Chronicle New York: Little, Brown, 2005. Culture of Girlhood. New York: Peter Books, 1999. Rennison, Louise. Angus, Thongs, and Lang, 2005. ———.The Great Women Super Heroes. Full-Frontal Snogging. New York: O’Keefe, D. Good Girl Messages: How Northampton: The Kitchen Sink Press, HarperTeen, 2003. Young Girls Were Misled by Their 1996. Spinelli, Jerry. Stargirl. New York: Laurel Favorite Books. New York: Continuum Schrum, Kelly. Some Wore Bobby Sox: Leaf, 2004. Publishing Company, 2000. The Emergence of Teenage Girls’ Zarr, Sara. Story of a Girl. New York: Little, Pipher, Mary. Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Culture. 1920-1945. New York: Brown. 2008. Selves of Adolescent Girls. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. Ballantine Books, 1995. Tea, Michelle. Without a Net: The Female Further Reading Quart, Alissa. Branded: The Buying and Experince of Growing Up Working Selling of Teenagers. New York: Basic Austin, Joel. Generations of Youth: Youth Class. Emeryville, CA; Seal Press, 2003. Books, 2004. Culture and History in Twentieth- Tanenbaum, Leora. SLUT! Growing up Simmons, Rachel. Odd Girl Out: The Century America. New York: New York Female with a BAD Reputation. New Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls. University Press, 1998. York: Perennial, 2000. New York: Harvest Books, 2003. Best, Amy. Prom Night: Youth, Schools, Tolman, Deborah. Dilemmas of Desire: and Popular Culture. New York: Teenage Girls Talk About Sexuality. Routledge, 2000. Boston: Harvard University Press, 2005.

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