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Marine Waste: State and Prospects of Use in the Primorsky Krai

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Marine Waste: State and Prospects of Use in the Primorsky Krai MARINE WASTE: STATE AND PROSPECTS OF USE IN THE PRIMORSKY KRAI GAFFOROVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna, KORSHENKO Alexander Igorevich, KORSHENKO Elena Borisovna School of Economics and Management, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok Today, pollution of oceans, seas and coastal areas by waste of artificial origin is one of the most important environmental issues recognized at the international level. This problem is expressed in a negative impact on the marine flora and fauna, has a multifaceted character, and as foreign and Russian practice shows, requires to unite the efforts of all levels of government, the business sector and civil society to overcome it. This article presents the basic steps of leading foreign companies and regional authorities addressed at solving the problem of marine debris. Litter in the sea is unexplored component of marine pollution due to the limited geographic extensions of its study that makes difficult to obtain a complete understanding of the problem. In the past, some of the data of marine debris have already been published, however, only since the 1930s this issue has received serious attention and marine litter has become an interesting issue for many scientists who focused on its impact on marine life and human activities. Special concern is expressed on this subject by the Governing Council of United Nations (UN) through Environment Programme Regional Seas, which gives the following definition of marine litter - "human-created waste that has deliberately or accidentally been released in a sea, ocean or waterway." At the present time a large number of studies that show the serious threat of marine litter to marine ecosystems have revealed [5]. For example, the particles of microplastics can get into stomach of fish, and then through the food chain into humans. Also, many inhabitants of the seas easily take pieces of colored plastic as something edible. This plastic blocks the airways and digestive tract of marine animals, causing death [7]. Researches of Barnes, Frazer, Andrady and Mayer also highlight the potential threat to the marine environment due to the appearance of alien species [1,2]. Brown and Galloway studied the negative effects of the absorption of plastic particles by marine creatures and their entanglement in ropes and nets that eventually leads to the extinction of certain species of marine life and destruction of underwater fauna [3, 4]. According to the UN every year about one million seabirds, one hundred thousand turtles and other marine mammals entangle in fishing gear and die. The problem of marine pollution is also relevant for Primorsky Krai of the Russian Federation. Together with the fund "Center of environmental cooperation in the region of Japan Sea", whose goal is to build a system of cooperation with the regional authorities, to study the actual situation of Japan Sea pollution, since 1997 international collaborative studies are held in Russian, Japan, China and Korea. In 2013 in Primorsky Krai 8 bays were investigated, where about 6310 grams of marine debris is an average per 100 m2, and a number of collected waste units is about 143. Figure 1 shows the amount of marine debris per 100 m2 at studied bays and inlets of Primorsky Krai, it means that Amur Bay is turned to be with the most polluted coast (34%) while Pjat’ Ohotnikov Bay is the most unaffected (3%). XI nil nil 8 65n il (6 ■ Nakhodka Bay mi 3 ■ LashkevichBay ■ SudohopBay ■ cape Grozny ■ Murav'inaja Bay ■ Amur Bay 90nil IX nil °) ■ Pjat' Ohotnikov Bay 10 nil 9 n il ■ Olga Bay Figure 1 The number of collected marine debris units per 100 m2 at bays of Primorsky Krai (compiled by the authors on the basis of the report "Project NEAR research of marine debris") The weight distribution of marine debris on 100 m2 of coves and bays in Primorye is presented at Figure 2, which shows that the largest proportion of weight of collected litter, one third of the total investigated material, was found at the cape Grozny. ■ Nakhodka В ay ■ LashkevicliBay ■ SudohopBay ■ cape Grozny ■ Mnrav'inaja Bay ■ Amur Bay ■ Pjat' Ohotnikov Bay ■ Olga Bay Figure 2 Weight of collected marine debris per 100 m2 at bays of Primorsky Krai (compiled by the authors on the basis of the report on "Project NEAR research of marine debris") It should be noted that a large proportion of studied marine debris is a material such as plastic and polystyrene that are followed by glass and ceramics. If considering the results of all the countries who participate in the project, the coast of Japan is the most polluted. Today, marine debris in Primorsky Krai is disposed in specially organized landfills, where due to its long-term storage the air is contaminated by sulfur dioxide, various harmful organic compounds. It may lead not only to a deterioration of the environment, but also to the occurrence of infectious diseases, the pollution of groundwater, soil and air. Therefore, the concept of environmental entrepreneurship can be considered as a solution for the problem. One of the first who dared to use the litter floating in the ocean, are the studio Cyrene Jones and the studio Swain (UK), which proposed the project of transforming collected waste into furniture. Their first collection of chairs was released in 2012 and presented at the exhibition in Milan. Another company, Adidas, together with the organization for the protection of the environment Parley For The Oceans has developed a new design of running shoes made of plastic and discarded fishing nets in the sea where the key points is waste-free production.. Municipalities from different countries also began to take actions: in order to familiarize young people with the current situation in the area of environmental pollution, they hold workshops for the manufacture of handicrafts made from marine litter, which are exposed at various environmental activities. In Primorye since 2012 the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection and Japan Toyama Prefecture, held similar workshops. Another significant issue is the lack of government support of projects related to the using of marine waste. Speaking about the possible activities in this direction, it should be noted the experience of stimulating fishermen not to throw but deliver trapped in the network objects to shores which are equipped with a special reception centers, where they can take marine debris, perhaps even for a certain payment. Thus, to create decent living conditions for the people, the use of natural resources must be highly efficient, which in turn presupposes not familiar disposal of waste in designated places, but their reuse and recycling. Of course, the solutions for the problem of marine waste proposed by companies and government cannot solve this global problem, but their actions in the sphere of recycling marine litter can become an example for other entrepreneurs. References 1. Andrady A.L. Microplastics in the marine environment // Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2011. № 62. P. 1596-1605. 2. Barnes, D.K.A. Biodiversity-invasions by marine life on plastic debris // Nature. 2002. № 416. P. 808-809. 3. Browne M.A., Ayake A., Galloway T.S., Lowe D.M., Thompson R.C.Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the Mussel, Mytilusedulis // Environmental Science and Technology, 2008. № 42. P. 5026-5031. 4. Cole M., Lindeque P., Halsband C., Galloway T.S. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review // Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2011. № 62. P. 2588-2597. 5. Debrot A.O., Meesters H.W.G., Bron P.S. Marine debris in mangroves and on the seabed: Largely-neglected litter problems// Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013. № 72. P. 1. 6. Moore S.L., Allen M.J. Distribution of anthropogenic and natural debris on the mainland shelf of the southern California Bight // Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000. № 40 (1). P. 83-88. 7. Shalimova L.A., Khefel M.S. Ecological problems of formation of plastic islands in the oceans: threat for security // Health of the Nation is a pledge of state security, 2015, № 1, pp. 332-336..
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