Ideologically Correct Science
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Knowledge Control and Social Contestation in China's
Science in Movements This book analyzes and compares the origins, evolutionary patterns and consequences of different science and technology controversies in China, including hydropower resistance, disputes surrounding genetically modified organisms and the nuclear power debate. The examination combines social movement theories, communication studies, and science and technology studies. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the book provides an insight into the interwoven relationship between social and political controls and knowledge monopoly, and looks into a central issue neglected by previous science communication studies: why have different con- troversies shown divergent patterns despite similar social and political contexts? It is revealed that the media environment, political opportunity structures, knowledge-control regimes and activists’ strategies have jointly triggered, nur- tured and sustained these controversies and led to the development of different patterns. Based on these observations, the author also discusses the significance of science communication studies in promoting China’ssocialtransformation and further explores the feasible approach to a more generic framework to understand science controversies across the world. The book will be of value to academics of science communication, science and technology studies, political science studies and sociology, as well as general readers interested in China’s science controversies and social movements. Hepeng Jia is a professor of communication at Soochow University, Suzhou, China. He has worked as a leading science journalist for 20 years and is also a pioneering researcher in the field of science journalism and communication in China. Chinese Perspectives on Journalism and Communication Series Editor: Wenshan Jia is a professor of communication at Shandong University and Chapman University. With the increasing impact of China on global affairs, Chinese perspectives on journalism and communication are on the growing global demand. -
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B
Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B. M ü ller, G ü nter P. Wagner, and Werner Callebaut, editors The Evolution of Cognition , edited by Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber, 2000 Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Development and Evolutionary Biology , edited by Gerd B. M ü ller and Stuart A. Newman, 2003 Environment, Development, and Evolution: Toward a Synthesis , edited by Brian K. Hall, Roy D. Pearson, and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2004 Evolution of Communication Systems: A Comparative Approach , edited by D. Kimbrough Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2004 Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems , edited by Werner Callebaut and Diego Rasskin-Gutman, 2005 Compositional Evolution: The Impact of Sex, Symbiosis, and Modularity on the Gradualist Framework of Evolution , by Richard A. Watson, 2006 Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment , by Robert G. B. Reid, 2007 Modeling Biology: Structure, Behaviors, Evolution , edited by Manfred D. Laubichler and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2007 Evolution of Communicative Flexibility: Complexity, Creativity, and Adaptability in Human and Animal Communication , edited by Kimbrough D. Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2008 Functions in Biological and Artifi cial Worlds: Comparative Philosophical Perspectives , edited by Ulrich Krohs and Peter Kroes, 2009 Cognitive Biology: Evolutionary and Developmental Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior , edited by Luca Tommasi, Mary A. Peterson, and Lynn Nadel, 2009 Innovation in Cultural Systems: Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology , edited by Michael J. O ’ Brien and Stephen J. Shennan, 2010 The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited , edited by Brett Calcott and Kim Sterelny, 2011 Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology , edited by Snait B. -
Russian History: a Brief Chronology (998-2000)
Russian History: A Brief Chronology (998-2000) 1721 Sweden cedes the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea to Russia (Treaty of Nystad). In celebration, Peter’s title Kievan Russia is changed from tsar to Emperor of All Russia Abolition of the Patrarchate of Moscow. Religious authority passes to the Holy Synod and its Ober- prokuror, appointed by the tsar. 988 Conversion to Christianity 1722 Table of Ranks 1237-1240 Mongol Invasion 1723-25 The Persian Campaign. Persia cedes western and southern shores of the Caspian to Russia Muscovite Russia 1724 Russia’s Academy of Sciences is established 1725 Peter I dies on February 8 1380 The Battle of Kulikovo 1725-1727 Catherine I 1480 End of Mongol Rule 1727-1730 Peter II 1462-1505 Ivan III 1730-1740 Anne 1505-1533 Basil III 1740-1741 Ivan VI 1533-1584 Ivan the Terrible 1741-1762 Elizabeth 1584-98 Theodore 1744 Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst arrives in Russia and assumes the name of Grand Duchess 1598-1613 The Time of Troubles Catherine Alekseevna after her marriage to Grand Duke Peter (future Peter III) 1613-45 Michael Romanoff 1762 Peter III 1645-76 Alexis 1762 Following a successful coup d’etat in St. Petersburg 1672-82 Theodore during which Peter III is assassinated, Catherine is proclaimed Emress of All Russia Imperial Russia 1762-1796 Catherine the Great 1767 Nakaz (The Instruction) 1772-1795 Partitions of Poland 1682-1725 Peter I 1773-1774 Pugachev Rebellion 1689 The Streltsy Revolt and Suppression; End of Sophia’s Regency 1785 Charter to the Nobility 1695-96 The Azov Campaigns 1791 Establishment fo the Pale of Settlement (residential restrictions on Jews) in the parts of Poland with large 1697-98 Peter’s travels abroad (The Grand Embassy) Jewish populations, annexed to Russia in the partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, and 1795) and in the 1698 The revolt and the final suppression of the Streltsy Black Sea liitoral annexed from Turkey. -
The Mendel Newsletter
THE MENDEL NEWSLETTER Archival Resources for the History of Genetics & Allied Sciences ISSUED BY THE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY New Series, No. 20 June 2015 IN THIS ISSUE John Marius Opitz Papers at the American Philosophical Society — Charles Greifenstein 3 Animal Genetics Collections at Edinburgh University Library Special Collections — Clare Button 6 Rethinking Russian Studies on the Genetics of Natural Populations: Vassily Babkoff’s Papers and the History of the “Evolutionary Brigade,” 1934–1940 — Kirill Rossiianov and Tatiana Avrutskaya 15 Centrum Mendelianum: The Mendel Museum Moved to the Former Premises of Mendel’s Scientific Society — Anna Matalová and Eva Matalová 25 Resident Research Fellowships in Genetics, History of Medicine and Related Disciplines 36 THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LIBRARY Philadelphia The Mendel Newsletter June 2015 The Mendel Newsletter American Philosophical Society Library 105 South Fifth Street Philadelphia PA 19106-3386 U.S.A. www.amphilsoc.org/library Editor Managing Editor Michael Dietrich Earle E. Spamer, American Philosophical Society Department of Biological Sciences [email protected] 215 Gilman Hall, HB 6044 Dartmouth College Hanover NH 03755 The Mendel Newsletter [email protected] [email protected] Editorial Board Mark B. Adams, University of Pennsylvania Barbara Kimmelman, Philadelphia University Garland E. Allen, Washington University Martin L. Levitt, American Philosophical Society John Beatty, University of Minnesota Jane Maienschein, Arizona State University Frederick B. Churchill, Indiana University Diane B. Paul, University of Massachusetts, Boston Michael R. Dietrich, Dartmouth College Jan Sapp, York University,Toronto Bernardino Fantini, Institut Louis Jantet d’Histoire Vassiliki Beatty Smocovitis, University of Florida de Medicine, Geneva The Mendel Newsletter, New Series, No. -
Stalinist Terror and Democracy: the 1937 Union Campaign
Stalinist Terror and Democracy: The 1937 Union Campaign WENDY GOLDMAN IN A PRISON CAMP IN THE 1930S, a young Soviet woman posed an anguished question in a poem about Stalinist terror: We must give an answer: Who needed The monstrous destruction of the generation That the country, severe and tender. Raised for twenty years in work and battle?^ Historians, united only by a commitment to do this question justice, differ sharply about almost every aspect of "the Great Terror":^ the intent of the state, the targets of repression, the role of external and internal pressures, the degree of centralized control, the number of victims, and the reaction of Soviet citizens. One long- prevailing view holds that the Soviet regime was from its inception a "terror" state. Its authorities, intent solely on maintaining power, sent a steady stream of people to their deaths in camps and prisons. The stream may have widened or narrowed over time, but it never stopped flowing. The Bolsheviks, committed to an antidemocratic ideology and thus predisposed to "terror," crushed civil society in order to wield unlimited power. Terror victimized all strata of a prostrate population.^ 1 would like to thank the American Council of Learned Societies for its support, and William Chase, Anton D'Auria, Donald Filtzer, J. Arch Getty, Lawrence Goldman, Jonathan Harris, Donna Harsch, Aleksei Kilichenkov, Marcus Rediker. Carmine Storella, and the members of the Working Class History Seminar in Pittsburgh for their comments and suggestions. ' Yelena Vladimirova, a Leningrad communist who was sent to the camps in the late 1930s, wrote the poem. -
Phenotypic Variation and Heritability of Heading Date in Hexaploid Oat
G Mazurkievicz et al. ARTICLE Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology Phenotypic variation and heritability of heading 19(4), 436-443, 2019 Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. date in hexaploid oat Printed in Brazil 1 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984- Gustavo Mazurkievicz , Itacir de Pierri Ubert , Felipe Augusto 70332019v19n4a61 Krause1 and Itamar Cristiano Nava1* Abstract: The onset of flowering is decisive to the reproductive success of plants. The objectives of this study were to characterize the phenotypic variation in heading date and estimate its heritability in segregating populations of oat (Avena sativa L.). 2F and F3 generations of two large populations, derived from crosses ‘URS Taura × Leggett’ and ‘FL0206B-S-B-S1 × UFRGS 078030-1’, were evaluated. A wide phenotypic variation in the number of days to heading was observed in both populations. Heritability coefficients of 0.68 and 0.46 were estimated for the ‘URS Taura × Leggett’ and ‘FL0206B-S-B-S1 × UFRGS 078030- 1’ populations. Our results demonstrate that genetic differences derived from parents in response to photoperiod and temperature explain most of the phe- notypic variation in heading date of oat populations. Understanding genetic and environmental effects on flowering expression is essential to increase the response to selection for well-adapted and high-yielding oat cultivars. Keywords: Avena sativa L., photoperiod, temperature, vernalization, adaptation. INTRODUCTION Cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) is grown in an area of over 10 million hectares, and roughly 26 million tons of grains are harvested annually around the world (FAOSTAT 2019). The cultivation of oat in many countries is intended to provide grains for human consumption and animal feed. -
Lysenkoism: the Danger of Political Correctness Emily G. Badger
Badger !0 Lysenkoism: The Danger of Political Correctness Emily G. Badger Senior Division Historical Paper Paper Length: 2,334 words Badger !1 What is truth? A simple definition of truth would be anything that can be tested and proven in a universal process, for example, the scientific method. What happens in an environment where truth is not allowed to be tested? What would the consequences be? Unfortunately, there was a time in history when this was true, and it was strikingly recent. In the late 1920’s Mendelian genetics were replaced by Lysenkoism in Soviet Russia, just before the start of World War II. Though the conflict started as a dispute of truth within scientific circles, it quickly became evident that Lysenko’s underlying motive was not to make scientific discoveries, but to gain political power. The tragic result of politically correct truth replacing scientific truth was mass starvation and ultimately the crippling of a world superpower. To understand how such a catastrophic event could occur, it is necessary to understand the political climate of the Soviet Union at the time. First, it is important to note that Russia was a communist state, which meant there was an intense hatred of anyone who was considered bourgeois, a member of the middle class who upheld the interests of capitalism rather than communism (Collins English Dictionary). Bourgeois members of Russian society were hated because they were property owners; they were not considered to be working for a living and thus were the enemy of Communism. Being called bourgeois in Russia at this time was essentially a death sentence, as those who disagreed with Communist values were “removed” by the government. -
Science and Technology Policy Reforms in China - a Critical Assessment
Science and Technology Policy Reforms in China - A Critical Assessment ERIK BAARK and LIU SUYING The last decade has been a period of stock-taking and new adventures for Chinese policies regarding science and technology. After the new leader- ship had established itself in the late 1970s, and it looked back on the achievements and the mistakes of previous years, there was a strong feel- ing of frustration with the fact that levels of technology in China continued to lag behind advanced countries. To inject vitality into what seemed to be a dormant, but potentially powerful, science and technology (S&T)system required reforms which, in many respects, were more radical than any- thing of the past. We have witnessed a process where the results of research appeared for sale on a market, where scientists became engaged as ))moonlightingcccon- sultants, and where private research units have become fashionable. At the same time, however, these reforms have provided fascinating insights into the structural barriers which exist for technological innovation in modern Chinese society. In many respects, the exposure of such barriers provides crucial clues to the formulation of better S&T policies in China. With this paper we hope to contribute to a critical assessment of the re- forms. We are concerned with the political support of the S&T policy re- forms. The S&T system established after 1949 on the basis of a Soviet model appears to have recovered quickly after the alledgedly shattering onslaughts of ideological anti-intellectualism during the Cultural Revolu- tion. The scientists had barely drawn a sigh of relief before new, ))market- orientedc forces were let loose on them in the 1980s. -
Communist) Academy
4 I SCIENCE, ORTH ODOXY, AND THE QUEST FOR HEGEMONY AT THE SOCIALIST (COMMUNIST) ACADEMY Bolshevik intellectuals presented their cause as a class strug gle with bourgeois academia. Their primary field of battle in higher learning, however, was first and foremost institutional. When Evgenii B. Preobrazhenskii insisted in the Socialist Academy's newly founded jour nal in 1922 that the academy "represents the highest scientific research institute of Marxist thought," the academy leader was linking the Bol shevik declaration of war in organized intellectual life to his own insti tutional base. It has rarely been considered, but such assertions of pri macy implied as many internal ramifications for the Bolsheviks as outward effects for the nonparty intellectual world. The Socialist Academy - Preobrazhenskii elaborated on his claim to authority - "does not recognize social science not operating on the basis of Marxism. The Academy must turn itself into its own kind of Gosplan in the realm of ideology."l In this formulation, the assertion of orthodoxy, and the vision of a new kind of planned science, or nauka, is intertwined with the claim to hegemony - not simply of a doctrine, a party, or a class, but of an institution.2 1. E. Preobrazhenskü, "Blizhaishie zadachi Sotsialisticheskoi Akademii," Vestnik Sotsia listicheskoi Akademii (henceforth cited as VSA), no. 1 (November 1922): 7, 9. 2. "Hegemony" is employed not in tbe Gramscian sense, but in the blunter meaning most frequently implicit in tbe Bolshevik use of tbe word gegemoniia, denoting wide-ranging dornina tion, political subordination, and eon�ol over activities and resources. THE SOCIALlST (COMMUNIST) ACADEMY 1 193 No matter that Gosplan, the central state planning agency, was of negligible importance at the time Preobrazhenskii wrote; no matter, indeed, that the Socialist (after 1924, Cornmunist) Academy never achieved the hegemony in the Soviet scholarly world that its leaders coveted. -
Quantum Mechanics Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
Quantum Mechanics_quantum chromodynamics (QCD) In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is a theory ofstrong interactions, a fundamental forcedescribing the interactions between quarksand gluons which make up hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion. QCD is a type of Quantum field theory called a non- abelian gauge theory with symmetry group SU(3). The QCD analog of electric charge is a property called 'color'. Gluons are the force carrier of the theory, like photons are for the electromagnetic force in quantum electrodynamics. The theory is an important part of the Standard Model of Particle physics. A huge body of experimental evidence for QCD has been gathered over the years. QCD enjoys two peculiar properties: Confinement, which means that the force between quarks does not diminish as they are separated. Because of this, when you do split the quark the energy is enough to create another quark thus creating another quark pair; they are forever bound into hadrons such as theproton and the neutron or the pion and kaon. Although analytically unproven, confinement is widely believed to be true because it explains the consistent failure of free quark searches, and it is easy to demonstrate in lattice QCD. Asymptotic freedom, which means that in very high-energy reactions, quarks and gluons interact very weakly creating a quark–gluon plasma. This prediction of QCD was first discovered in the early 1970s by David Politzer and by Frank Wilczek and David Gross. For this work they were awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics. There is no known phase-transition line separating these two properties; confinement is dominant in low-energy scales but, as energy increases, asymptotic freedom becomes dominant. -
Scaling Laws in Particle Physics and Astrophysics
SCALING LAWS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS RUDOLF MURADYAN Dedicated to the Golden Jubilee (1961-2011) of publication of the article by Geoffrey Chew and Steven Frautschi in Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 394, 1961, where a celebrated scaling law J m2 has been conjectured for spin/mass dependence of hadrons. G. Chew S. Frautschi 1. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS SCALING? Any polynomial power law f() x c xn , where constant c has a dimension dim f dimc (dimx )n exhibits the property of scaling or scale invariance. Usually n is called scaling exponent. The word scaling express the fact that function f is shape-invariant with respect to the dilatation transformation x x f ( x) c ( x)n n f() x and this transformation preserves the shape of function f . We say, following Leonhard Euler, that f is homogeneous of degree “n” if for any value of parameter f ( x) n f() x . Differentiating this relation with respect to and putting 1we obtain simple differential equation x f() x n f() x solution of which brings back to the polynomial power scaling law. There are tremendously many different scaling laws in Nature. The most important of them can be revealed by Google search of scaling site:nobelprize.org in the official site of Nobel Foundation, where nearly 100 results appears. Ten of them are shown below: 1. Jerome I. Friedman - Nobel Lecture 2. Daniel C. Tsui - Nobel Lecture 3. Gerardus 't Hooft - Nobel Lecture 4. Henry W. Kendall - Nobel Lecture 5. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes - Nobel Lecture 6. Jack Steinberger - Nobel Lecture 7. -
Jiang Zemin and the Falun Gong Crackdown: a Bibliography Michael J
International Journal of Legal Information the Official Journal of the International Association of Law Libraries Volume 34 Article 9 Issue 3 Winter 2006 1-1-2006 A King Who Devours His People: Jiang Zemin and the Falun Gong Crackdown: A Bibliography Michael J. Greenlee University of Idaho College of Law Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ijli The International Journal of Legal Information is produced by The nI ternational Association of Law Libraries. Recommended Citation Greenlee, Michael J. (2006) "A King Who Devours His People: Jiang Zemin and the Falun Gong Crackdown: A Bibliography," International Journal of Legal Information: Vol. 34: Iss. 3, Article 9. Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ijli/vol34/iss3/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Legal Information by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A King Who Devours His People+: Jiang Zemin and the Falun Gong Crackdown: A Bibliography MICHAEL J. GREENLEE∗ Introduction In July 1999, the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) began an official crackdown against the qigong cultivation1 group known as Falun Gong.2 Intended to quickly contain and eliminate what the PRC considers an evil or heretical cult (xiejiao), the suppression has instead created the longest sustained and, since the Tiananmen Square protests of June 1989, most widely known human rights protest conducted in the PRC.