DOCSLIB.ORG

1. Introduction 2. Synchronic Evidences 3. Diachronic Accounts 4

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1. Introduction 2. Synchronic Evidences 3. Diachronic Accounts 4 1. Introduction 3. Diachronic Accounts • It has long been observed that there is a path of Ø Previous account (Wang 2015): grammaticalization from ‘HOME’ to the attributive possessive Locative (at the home of X ) > Possessive (owned by X) marker in some African languages. • • Examples are Kabiye (Claudi & Heine 1989), Ngiti (Kutch Lojenga However, the development of HOME is more complex. 1994), Zulu and Xhosa (Güldemann 1999). Ø Alternative account • This path of grammaticalization is treated as an areal phenomenon (Heine & Kuteva 2002:175). • Interestingly, there is also a similar phenomenon found in Sinitic Noun Suffix ‘N1-HOME N2’ languages(=Chinese dialects), which are neither genealogically construcIon • HOME （家） • added to Person nouns or More frequently used related nor in close geographic proximity to African languages. • Family／house pronouns • HOME is sIll a nominal aer Tang Dynasty, • meaning of ‘HOME’ is suffix however, this usage is • This study carries out a synchronic survey of Sinitic languages, bleached • The construcIon exPresses lost in Mandarin Possessive meaning Chinese. and tries to trace the path of grammaticalization and account for • only sPoradic examPles possible mechanisms. • The data are from individual descriptions of Chinese varieties, published in China. 2. Synchronic Evidences u Different usages of the morpheme ‘HOME’ in ancient times • Chinese dialects display different degrees of grammaticalization. (Around 202 BCE): • The following examples illustrate the usage of the morpheme ‘HOME’ as an attributive possessive postposition. • A noun which means the place where people live, or family. • Kinship terms formed from ‘HOME’ used to refer to one’s own senior family members, showing modesty of the speaker .For (1) Zunyi (Southwestern Mandarin; Hu 2010: 417) instance, jia-fu (HOME-father) means ‘my mother’ in old Chinese. Lifang tɕia nanren This mental relation between the morpheme ‘HOME’ and the Lifang POSS(HOME) husband possessive meaning already exists in ancient Chinese language. ‘Lifang’s husband’ u The nominal sufeix and N1-HOME N2 construction (2) Changzhou (Wu dialect; Wang 2013:54) • Time: Northern and Southern Dynasties (420 CE- 589 CE). ŋəu ku ku • The construction in which nouns with HOME as the sufix are 1SG POSS home juxtaposed with another noun, yielding a possessive meaning. ‘my home’ • The following example illustrates the construction of this period. • By and large, possessors in this construction are more typically (3) 卿 家 痴 叔 死 未？ pronominal than nominal, and possessums are restricted to kinship qing-jia chi shu si wei? terms and property of the family. 2SG-HOME stupid uncle die not • The following table shows different restrictions in different varieties. In the Meixian and Hai’an dialect, the ‘HOME’ is a fossilized ‘Have your stupid uncle died or not?’ (Shi Shuo Xin Yu) morpheme in the possessive pronoun. u The Construction is used more frequently after Tang Dynasty (618 CE – 907 CE), and ‘HOME’ was reanalyzed as a possessive Language Classificaon Pronominal Nominal Kinship as Family Source marker. Possessors Possessors Possessums Property as Possessums Zunyi dialect Southwestern yes yes yes yes Hu 2010 u This usage is retained in some Chinese varieties. In Mandarin Mandarin Chinese, the usage of ‘HOME’ as a possessive marker is lost. Wuhu dialect Lower Yangtze yes yes yes yes Chen 2013 Mandarin Guanzhong Zhongyuan yes yes yes no Tang 2013 dialect Mandarin 4. Conclusions Guangshan Zhongyuan yes yes yes no Wang, Fang • The parallel development in Sinitic languages and African dialect Mandarin 2013 languages shows that the path of grammaticalization from ‘HOME’ Susong dialect Gan yes yes yes no Tang & Zhang 2004 to the attributive possessive marker is more than an areal Changzhou Wu yes no yes yes Wang,Minqin phenomenon. dialect g 2013 • The path of linguistic development in Sinitic languages is different Jizhou dialect Northern Mandarin yes（with no yes no Bai 2013 demonstraves） from the one in African languages. Shexian dialect Hui yes no yes no Huang,Boron • This study shows that different paths of grammaticalization may g 1996 lead to the same result, as if there were forces of ‘invisible hands’ Hai’an dialect Lower Yangtze yes（as Part of no ／ ／ Zhang 2013 Mandarin possessive pronoun） driving to the same result state. Meixian dialect Hakka yes（as Part of no ／ ／ Yan 1998 possessive pronoun） .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sinitic Languages of Northwest China: Where Did Their Case Marking Come From?* Dan Xu
    Sinitic languages of Northwest China: Where did their case marking come from?* Dan Xu To cite this version: Dan Xu. Sinitic languages of Northwest China: Where did their case marking come from?*. Cao, Djamouri and Peyraube. Languages in contact in Northwestern China, 2015. hal-01386250 HAL Id: hal-01386250 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01386250 Submitted on 31 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Sinitic languages of Northwest China: Where did their case marking come from?* XU DAN 1. Introduction In the early 1950s, Weinreich (1953) published a monograph on language contact. Although this subject drew the attention of a few scholars, at the time it remained marginal. Over two decades, several scholars including Moravcsik (1978), Thomason and Kaufman (1988), Aikhenvald (2002), Johanson (2002), Heine and Kuteva (2005) and others began to pay more attention to language contact. As Thomason and Kaufman (1988: 23) pointed out, language is a system, or even a system of systems. Perhaps this is why previous studies (Sapir, 1921: 203; Meillet 1921: 87) indicated that grammatical categories are not easily borrowed, since grammar is a system.
    [Show full text]
  • Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: Morphology and Syntax*
    Breaking Down the Barriers, 785-816 2013-1-050-037-000234-1 Pan-Sinitic Object Marking: * Morphology and Syntax Hilary Chappell (曹茜蕾) EHESS In Chinese languages, when a direct object occurs in a non-canonical position preceding the main verb, this SOV structure can be morphologically marked by a preposition whose source comes largely from verbs or deverbal prepositions. For example, markers such as kā 共 in Southern Min are ultimately derived from the verb ‘to accompany’, pau11 幫 in many Huizhou and Wu dialects is derived from the verb ‘to help’ and bǎ 把 from the verb ‘to hold’ in standard Mandarin and the Jin dialects. In general, these markers are used to highlight an explicit change of state affecting a referential object, located in this preverbal position. This analysis sets out to address the issue of diversity in such object-marking constructions in order to examine the question of whether areal patterns exist within Sinitic languages on the basis of the main lexical fields of the object markers, if not the construction types. The possibility of establishing four major linguistic zones in China is thus explored with respect to grammaticalization pathways. Key words: typology, grammaticalization, object marking, disposal constructions, linguistic zones 1. Background to the issue In the case of transitive verbs, it is uncontroversial to state that a common word order in Sinitic languages is for direct objects to follow the main verb without any overt morphological marking: * This is a “cross-straits” paper as earlier versions were presented in turn at both the Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, during the joint 14th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics and 10th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics, held in Taipei in May 25-29, 2006 and also at an invited seminar at the Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing on 23rd October 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • Singapore Mandarin Chinese : Its Variations and Studies
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Singapore Mandarin Chinese : its variations and studies Lin, Jingxia; Khoo, Yong Kang 2018 Lin, J., & Khoo, Y. K. (2018). Singapore Mandarin Chinese : its variations and studies. Chinese Language and Discourse, 9(2), 109‑135. doi:10.1075/cld.18007.lin https://hdl.handle.net/10356/136920 https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.18007.lin © 2018 John Benjamins Publishing Company. All rights reserved. This paper was published in Chinese Language and Discourse and is made available with permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company. Downloaded on 26 Sep 2021 00:28:12 SGT To appear in Chinese Language and Discourse (2018) Singapore Mandarin Chinese: Its Variations and Studies* Jingxia Lin and Yong Kang Khoo Nanyang Technological University Abstract Given the historical and linguistic contexts of Singapore, it is both theoretically and practically significant to study Singapore Mandarin (SM), an important member of Global Chinese. This paper aims to present a relatively comprehensive linguistic picture of SM by overviewing current studies, particularly on the variations that distinguish SM from other Mandarin varieties, and to serve as a reference for future studies on SM. This paper notes that (a) current studies have often provided general descriptions of the variations, but less on individual variations that may lead to more theoretical discussions; (b) the studies on SM are primarily based on the comparison with Mainland China Mandarin; (c) language contact has been taken as the major contributor of the variation in SM, whereas other factors are often neglected; and (d) corpora with SM data are comparatively less developed and the evaluation of data has remained largely in descriptive statistics.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Contact in Nanning: Nanning Pinghua and Nanning Cantonese
    20140303 draft of : de Sousa, Hilário. 2015a. Language contact in Nanning: Nanning Pinghua and Nanning Cantonese. In Chappell, Hilary (ed.), Diversity in Sinitic languages, 157–189. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Do not quote or cite this draft. LANGUAGE CONTACT IN NANNING — FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF NANNING PINGHUA AND NANNING CANTONESE1 Hilário de Sousa Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, École des hautes études en sciences sociales — ERC SINOTYPE project 1 Various topics discussed in this paper formed the body of talks given at the following conferences: Syntax of the World’s Languages IV, Dynamique du Langage, CNRS & Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2010; Humanities of the Lesser-Known — New Directions in the Descriptions, Documentation, and Typology of Endangered Languages and Musics, Lunds Universitet, 2010; 第五屆漢語方言語法國際研討會 [The Fifth International Conference on the Grammar of Chinese Dialects], 上海大学 Shanghai University, 2010; Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Conference 21, Kasetsart University, 2011; and Workshop on Ecology, Population Movements, and Language Diversity, Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2011. I would like to thank the conference organizers, and all who attended my talks and provided me with valuable comments. I would also like to thank all of my Nanning Pinghua informants, my main informant 梁世華 lɛŋ11 ɬi55wa11/ Liáng Shìhuá in particular, for teaching me their language(s). I have learnt a great deal from all the linguists that I met in Guangxi, 林亦 Lín Yì and 覃鳳餘 Qín Fèngyú of Guangxi University in particular. My colleagues have given me much comments and support; I would like to thank all of them, our director, Prof. Hilary Chappell, in particular. Errors are my own.
    [Show full text]
  • De Sousa Sinitic MSEA
    THE FAR SOUTHERN SINITIC LANGUAGES AS PART OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (DRAFT: for MPI MSEA workshop. 21st November 2012 version.) Hilário de Sousa ERC project SINOTYPE — École des hautes études en sciences sociales [email protected]; [email protected] Within the Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) linguistic area (e.g. Matisoff 2003; Bisang 2006; Enfield 2005, 2011), some languages are said to be in the core of the language area, while others are said to be periphery. In the core are Mon-Khmer languages like Vietnamese and Khmer, and Kra-Dai languages like Lao and Thai. The core languages generally have: – Lexical tonal and/or phonational contrasts (except that most Khmer dialects lost their phonational contrasts; languages which are primarily tonal often have five or more tonemes); – Analytic morphological profile with many sesquisyllabic or monosyllabic words; – Strong left-headedness, including prepositions and SVO word order. The Sino-Tibetan languages, like Burmese and Mandarin, are said to be periphery to the MSEA linguistic area. The periphery languages have fewer traits that are typical to MSEA. For instance, Burmese is SOV and right-headed in general, but it has some left-headed traits like post-nominal adjectives (‘stative verbs’) and numerals. Mandarin is SVO and has prepositions, but it is otherwise strongly right-headed. These two languages also have fewer lexical tones. This paper aims at discussing some of the phonological and word order typological traits amongst the Sinitic languages, and comparing them with the MSEA typological canon. While none of the Sinitic languages could be considered to be in the core of the MSEA language area, the Far Southern Sinitic languages, namely Yuè, Pínghuà, the Sinitic dialects of Hǎinán and Léizhōu, and perhaps also Hakka in Guǎngdōng (largely corresponding to Chappell (2012, in press)’s ‘Southern Zone’) are less ‘fringe’ than the other Sinitic languages from the point of view of the MSEA linguistic area.
    [Show full text]
  • From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: the Case of Disposal Constructions in Sinitic Languages
    From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: The case of disposal constructions in Sinitic languages Hilary Chappell 1. Introduction 1.1. The issue Although China has a long tradition in the compilation of rhyme dictionar- ies and lexica, it did not develop its own tradition for writing grammars until relatively late.1 In fact, the majority of early grammars on Chinese dialects, which begin to appear in the 17th century, were written by Europe- ans in collaboration with native speakers. For example, the Arte de la len- gua Chiõ Chiu [Grammar of the Chiõ Chiu language] (1620) appears to be one of the earliest grammars of any Sinitic language, representing a koine of urban Southern Min dialects, as spoken at that time (Chappell 2000).2 It was composed by Melchior de Mançano in Manila to assist the Domini- cans’ work of proselytizing to the community of Chinese Sangley traders from southern Fujian. Another major grammar, similarly written by a Do- minican scholar, Francisco Varo, is the Arte de le lengua mandarina [Grammar of the Mandarin language], completed in 1682 while he was living in Funing, and later posthumously published in 1703 in Canton.3 Spanish missionaries, particularly the Dominicans, played a signifi- cant role in Chinese linguistic history as the first to record the grammar and lexicon of vernaculars, create romanization systems and promote the use of the demotic or specially created dialect characters. This is discussed in more detail in van der Loon (1966, 1967). The model they used was the (at that time) famous Latin grammar of Elio Antonio de Nebrija (1444–1522), Introductiones Latinae (1481), and possibly the earliest grammar of a Ro- mance language, Grammatica de la Lengua Castellana (1492) by the same scholar, although according to Peyraube (2001), the reprinted version was not available prior to the 18th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Equatives and Similatives in Chinese – Historical and Typological Perspectives
    City University of Hong Kong 5 March 2018 Equatives and similatives in Chinese – Historical and typological perspectives Alain PEYRAUBE 贝罗贝 CRLAO, EHESS-CNRS, Paris, France Introduction: Definition A comparative construction involves a grading process: two objects are positioned along a continuum with respect to a certain property. One object can have either more, less or an equal degree of the given dimension or quality when judged against the other object. 2 Introduction: Definition (2) Hence, comparative constructions normally contain two NPs: the ‘standard’ and the ‘comparee’, a formal comparative marker and typically a stative predicate denoting the dimension or quality: the ‘parameter’. 3 Introduction (3) Comparative constructions in the languages of the world are generally classified into four main types (Henkelmann 2006): I - Positive 原级 II - Equality 等比句 or 平比局 III - Inequality 差比句 (i) Superiority 优级比较 (ii) Inferiority 次级比较 (负差比) IV - Superlative 最高级 4 Inequality - Superiority This construction is also known as the relative comparative, comparativus relativus, le comparatif de supériorité or 差比句 chábĭjù in Chinese. Example from English: ‘Carla is taller than Nicolas.’ NPA [Comparee]– Stative predicate or Parameter (ADJ + DEGR -er) – Comparative marker – NPB [Standard] [CM = comparative marker] 5 Comparative constructions of superiority in Sinitic languages Synchronically, two comparative construction types predominate in Sinitic languages (Chappell and Peyraube 2015): Type I: ‘Compare’ type – dependent marked: NPA– CM – NPB– VP Type II: ‘Surpass’ type – head marked NPA– VERB – CM –NPB Note: The source and forms for the comparative markers may vary, while the structures remain essentially the same. 6 SINITIC LANGUAGES 1. NORTHERN CHINESE (Mandarin) 北方話 71.5% (845m) 2.
    [Show full text]
  • LANGUAGE CONTACT and AREAL DIFFUSION in SINITIC LANGUAGES (Pre-Publication Version)
    LANGUAGE CONTACT AND AREAL DIFFUSION IN SINITIC LANGUAGES (pre-publication version) Hilary Chappell This analysis includes a description of language contact phenomena such as stratification, hybridization and convergence for Sinitic languages. It also presents typologically unusual grammatical features for Sinitic such as double patient constructions, negative existential constructions and agentive adversative passives, while tracing the development of complementizers and diminutives and demarcating the extent of their use across Sinitic and the Sinospheric zone. Both these kinds of data are then used to explore the issue of the adequacy of the comparative method to model linguistic relationships inside and outside of the Sinitic family. It is argued that any adequate explanation of language family formation and development needs to take into account these different kinds of evidence (or counter-evidence) in modeling genetic relationships. In §1 the application of the comparative method to Chinese is reviewed, closely followed by a brief description of the typological features of Sinitic languages in §2. The main body of this chapter is contained in two final sections: §3 discusses three main outcomes of language contact, while §4 investigates morphosyntactic features that evoke either the North-South divide in Sinitic or areal diffusion of certain features in Southeast and East Asia as opposed to grammaticalization pathways that are crosslinguistically common.i 1. The comparative method and reconstruction of Sinitic In Chinese historical
    [Show full text]
  • Sino-Tibetan Languages 393
    Sino-Tibetan Languages 393 Gair J W (1998). Studies in South Asian linguistics: Sinhala Government Press. [Reprinted Sri Lanka Sahitya and other South Asian languages. Oxford: Oxford Uni- Mandalaya, Colombo: 1962.] versity Press. Karunatillake W S (1992). An introduction to spoken Sin- Gair J W & Karunatillake W S (1974). Literary Sinhala. hala. Colombo: Gunasena. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University South Asia Program. Karunatillake W S (2001). Historical phonology of Sinha- Gair J W & Karunatillake W S (1976). Literary Sinhala lese: from old Indo-Aryan to the 14th century AD. inflected forms: a synopsis with a transliteration guide to Colombo: S. Godage and Brothers. Sinhala script. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University South Asia Macdougall B G (1979). Sinhala: basic course. Program. Washington D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, Department Gair J W & Paolillo J C (1997). Sinhala (Languages of the of State. world/materials 34). Mu¨ nchen: Lincom. Matzel K & Jayawardena-Moser P (2001). Singhalesisch: Gair J W, Karunatillake W S & Paolillo J C (1987). Read- Eine Einfu¨ hrung. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ings in colloquial Sinhala. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Reynolds C H B (ed.) (1970). An anthology of Sinhalese South Asia Program. literature up to 1815. London: George Allen and Unwin Geiger W (1938). A grammar of the Sinhalese language. (English translations). Colombo: Royal Asiatic Society. Reynolds C H B (ed.) (1987). An anthology of Sinhalese Godakumbura C E (1955). Sinhalese literature. Colombo: literature of the twentieth century. Woodchurch, Kent: Colombo Apothecaries Ltd. Paul Norbury/Unesco (English translations). Gunasekara A M (1891). A grammar of the Sinhalese Reynolds C H B (1995). Sinhalese: an introductory course language.
    [Show full text]
  • Gěi ’Give’ in Beijing and Beyond Ekaterina Chirkova
    Gěi ’give’ in Beijing and beyond Ekaterina Chirkova To cite this version: Ekaterina Chirkova. Gěi ’give’ in Beijing and beyond. Cahiers de linguistique - Asie Orientale, CRLAO, 2008, 37 (1), pp.3-42. hal-00336148 HAL Id: hal-00336148 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00336148 Submitted on 2 Nov 2008 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Gěi ‘give’ in Beijing and beyond1 Katia Chirkova (CRLAO, CNRS) This article focuses on the various uses of gěi ‘give’, as attested in a corpus of spoken Beijing Mandarin collected by the author. These uses are compared to those in earlier attestations of Beijing Mandarin and to those in Greater Beijing Mandarin and in Jì-Lǔ Mandarin dialects. The uses of gěi in the corpus are demonstrated to be consistent with the latter pattern, where the primary function of gěi is that of indirect object marking and where, unlike Standard Mandarin, gěi is not additionally used as an agent marker or a direct object marker. Exceptions to this pattern in the corpus are explained as a recent development arisen through reanalysis. Key words : gěi, direct object marker, indirect object marker, agent marker, Beijing Mandarin, Northern Mandarin, typology.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MEDIA's INFLUENCE on SUCCESS and FAILURE of DIALECTS: the CASE of CANTONESE and SHAAN'xi DIALECTS Yuhan Mao a Thesis Su
    THE MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF DIALECTS: THE CASE OF CANTONESE AND SHAAN’XI DIALECTS Yuhan Mao A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Language and Communication) School of Language and Communication National Institute of Development Administration 2013 ABSTRACT Title of Thesis The Media’s Influence on Success and Failure of Dialects: The Case of Cantonese and Shaan’xi Dialects Author Miss Yuhan Mao Degree Master of Arts in Language and Communication Year 2013 In this thesis the researcher addresses an important set of issues - how language maintenance (LM) between dominant and vernacular varieties of speech (also known as dialects) - are conditioned by increasingly globalized mass media industries. In particular, how the television and film industries (as an outgrowth of the mass media) related to social dialectology help maintain and promote one regional variety of speech over others is examined. These issues and data addressed in the current study have the potential to make a contribution to the current understanding of social dialectology literature - a sub-branch of sociolinguistics - particularly with respect to LM literature. The researcher adopts a multi-method approach (literature review, interviews and observations) to collect and analyze data. The researcher found support to confirm two positive correlations: the correlative relationship between the number of productions of dialectal television series (and films) and the distribution of the dialect in question, as well as the number of dialectal speakers and the maintenance of the dialect under investigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express sincere thanks to my advisors and all the people who gave me invaluable suggestions and help.
    [Show full text]
  • In Chinese: a Study from a Cross-Linguistic Perspective
    Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics 10 (2017) 214-234 brill.com/bcl The Categorization of Dou (都) in Chinese: A Study from a Cross-linguistic Perspective Zhang Ying Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen [email protected] Abstract Compared with prototypical universal quantifiers in other languages of the world, dou in Mandarin Chinese pres- ents more complicated semantic behaviors. One of the most disputed issues is what are the relations between dou expressing “universal quantification” (uq) and dou expressing “scalar trigger” (sca). First-hand data that comes from 40 languages demonstrates that Mandarin Chinese is the only language that employs the same form for “uni- versal quantification” and “scalar trigger”. The empirical evidence strongly suggests that uq dou and sca dou are different, and the two functions uq and sca lack universal conceptual correlations. The special polysemous behav- ior of Mandarin dou, is proved to come from two language-specific reanalysis processes in dou’s diachronic devel- opment which also supports the two-dou claim. The study thus instantiates how a cross-linguistic perspective provides insights to explain long-standing language-particular issues. Besides, it is also argued that the cross- linguistic approach is promising in predicting if a future research is on a right track as it can steer us through over- generalization and undergeneralization. Keywords dou – universal quantification – scalar trigger – cross-linguistic comparison 1 Introduction The adverb dou in Mandarin has long been an area of fascination due to its complex and distinctive syn- tactic and semantic properties. Until very recently, discussions on Mandarin dou still took center stage.
    [Show full text]