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I Dialect Differences in the Production and Perception of Mandarin

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I Dialect Differences in the Production and Perception of Mandarin Dialect Differences in the Production and Perception of Mandarin Chinese Tones Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Chiung-Yun Chang Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Science all The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Robert A. Fox, Advisor Marjorie K.M. Chan Ewa Jacewicz i Copyright by Chiung-Yun Chang 2010 ii Abstract The production study examined the three main acoustic properties, fundamental frequency (f0), rms amplitude and duration, of the four lexical tones in Beijing Mandarin (BM) and Taiwan Mandarin (TM) produced in isolation and in a sentence-medial position by native female speakers of these two regional dialects. Acoustical and statistical analyses showed cross-dialectal differences in tonal realization, especially for Tone 3 produced in isolation. Specifically, a citation BM Tone 3 has a dipping contour with an inflection point around the mid of the vowel whereas TM Tone 3 has a falling pattern. Similarly, the amplitude envelope of the citation Tone 3 in BM and TM had a double-peak and a falling pattern, respectively. Accordingly, BM Tone 3 in isolation was the only tone that was statistically significantly different from the TM counterpart, with the former being 141 ms longer. In addition, cross-correlation analyses between f0 contours and amplitude contours showed that acoustic divergence in citation Tone 3 resulted in different relational patterns between amplitude contours and f0 contours and among tones in two dialects. Specifically, the low-falling amplitude contour of TM Tone 3 in isolation was highly correctly with the f0 contours of not only Tone 3 and but also Tone 4 which have the similar falling pattern. In contrast, the double-peak amplitude envelope of BM Tone 3 was only correlated to the dipping f0 contour of the same tone. Furthermore, cross-correlation among tonal contours revealed that f0 iii patterns of isolated TM Tones 3 and 4 were highly correlated with each other (r=0.996) while that of the BM counterpart barely correlated with each other. The perception study investigated the effects of speaker and dialect variability on the time-course of native and nonnative tone identification when no syllable-extrinsic contextual information is available for speaker and dialect normalization. Regardless of the dialects of speakers and listeners, Tone 2 had the longest TIP75%, followed by Tones 3, 4 and 1. As hypothesized, speaker dialect-listener dialect mismatch had differential impacts on the identification of intact and truncated tones, especially citation Tone 3. Perceptual results showed that TM listeners required significantly less acoustic information than the BM and AE counterparts to identified partial TM Tone 3 at 75% correct. Even with complete acoustic information available to listeners, both BM and AE listeners still had significantly lower accuracy of identifying an intact TM Tone 3 produced in isolation. Tonal confusion patterns revealed that BM and AE listeners consistently misidentified TM Tone 3 as Tone 4 but not vice versa while TM listeners made bi-directional misidentification. Interpretations were related to the cross-dialectal differences in the realization of citation Tone 3 and differential experience with its phonetic variants. Most importantly, confusion patterns and sensitivity (d′) measures at gate 1 indicated that listeners were able to make low- and high-onset tone distinction and to estimate f0 height from very short multiple-talker stimuli of 30 ms without mediation of gender detection as proposed by Lee (2009). iv Dedication Dedicated to my parents. v Acknowledgments I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Robert Fox, for his intellectual guidance, constant encouragement, and support during my research and doctoral study. I am gratefully for having him not only as a dissertation advisor but also as a mentor who has showed me different ways to approach a research question and the need to be persistent in trying to find an answer. I would like to thank Dr. Marjorie Chan, for her constructive comments and insightful assistance throughout the project. Ma Laoshi offers advice and suggestions whenever I need them. I also thank Dr. Ewa Jacewicz for her valuable comments on the draft of the dissertation. Her enthusiasm in research has always been a great source of inspiration. I wish to thank my friends and fellow graduate students in the SPA labs. It has been a pleasure to share my graduate student life with them. Special thanks to Dr. D.-R. Chen, Dr. C.-J Sun, Amy Chiang and Yolanda Holt for their friendship and help over the past few years. My deepest gratitude goes to my parents and siblings for their unconditional love and support thought my life. I could not have accomplished my dreams without them. I also thank the subjects who participated in this study; this dissertation would not have been possible without their participation. This research was supported by the Grants-in-Aid of Research from Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society and the AGGRS from the graduate school at The Ohio State University. vi Vita 2010 Ph.D. Speech and Hearing Science, The Ohio State University 2004 M.A. TESOL, The Ohio State University 2003 M.A. Economics, The Ohio State University 2001 B.Com (Hons). Economics, University of Auckland 1998 B.A. Spanish, University of Auckland Publications Fox., R. A., Jacewicz, E., and Chang, C.-Y. (in press). Auditory spectral integration in the perception of diphthongal vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128 (4). Fox, R. A. and Jacewicz, E., and Chang, C.-Y. (under review). Auditory spectral integration in the perception of static vowels. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. Fox, R.A., Jacewicz, E., and Chang, C.-Y. (2007). Vowel perception with virtual formants. In: Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, edited by J. Trouvain and W.J. Barry, pp. 689-692. Saarbrucken, Germany. Chang, C-Y. and Fox, R. A. (2010). Production and perception of lexical tones in Beijing and Taiwan Mandarin. 159th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Baltimore, MD, 19-23 April. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127: 2023. Fox, R. A., Jacewicz, E, and Chang, C.Y. (2010). Speech intelligibility in cross-dialectal multi-talker babble. 159th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Baltimore, MD, 19-23 April. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127: 1903. Chang, C-Y. and Fox, R.A. (2009). Time-course of perception of Mandarin Chinese tones. 157th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Portland, OR. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(4): 2773. Fox, R. A., Jacewicz, E., and Chang, C.-Y. (2007). Salience of dynamic virtual formants in diphthongs. Acoustical Society of America, Salt Lake City, UT, 07 June. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121(5): 3189. Fox, R. A., Jacewicz, E., Chang, C.-Y. and Fox, J. D. (2006). Salience of virtual formants as a function of the frequency separation between spectral components. Acoustical Society of America, Honolulu, HI, 01 December. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120(5): 3252. Fields of Study Major Field: Speech and Hearing Science vii Table of Contents Abstract..............................................................................................................................iii Dedication........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi Vita.................................................................................................................................... vii Publications....................................................................................................................... vii Table of Contents.............................................................................................................viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Figures..................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review............................................................................................... 6 2.1. Chinese and Its Dialects........................................................................................... 7 2.1.1. Chinese Languages in the PRC and Taiwan & Nomenclatures........................ 8 2.1.2. Establishment and development of Modern Standard Chinese ...................... 11 2.1.3. Sociolinguistic Situation in Mainland China .................................................. 13 2.1.4. Sociolinguistic Situation in Taiwan................................................................ 15 2.2. Syllables in Mandarin Chinese .............................................................................. 17 2.3. Tones in Mandarin Chinese ................................................................................... 18 2.3.1. Domain of Tones............................................................................................. 19 2.3.2. Main Acoustic
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