DOCSLIB.ORG

Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Assessment of the Euphorbiaceae: a Review H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Assessment of the Euphorbiaceae: a Review H Journal of Experimental Sciences Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pages 37-46 [2011] www.jexpsciences.com Regular Article Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Assessment of the Euphorbiaceae: A Review H. A. Thakur1* and D. A. Patil2 1Post- Graduate Department of Botany, Gokhale Education Society's, H.P.T.Arts & R.Y.K.Science College, Nasik -422005, (M.S., India); 2Post - Graduate Department of Botany, S.S.V.P.Sanstha's L.K.Dr.P.R.Ghogrey Science College, Dhule-424005 (M.S.), (India) Porantheraceae, Ricinocarpaceae, Androstachydaceae, ABSTRACT: The family Euphorbiaceae is assessed taxonomically Bischofiaceae, Hymenocardiaceae, Uapacaceae and few others. In and phylogenetically in the light of different disciplines of botany. It his opinion, the family Euphorbiaceae is composed of genera derived lacks anatomical homogenity, probable because of diverse habit and from different stocks like those of Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, habitat. It is heterogenous palynologically, chemically and Malvaceae and also from Celastraceae. He placed Pandaceae and embryologically. It is, however, fairly homogenous from Aextoxicaceae under his order Celastrales, whereas families embryological point of view. The floral anatomical investigations Buxaceae, Simmondsiaceae and Daphniphyllaceae find place in the indicate reduction in the number of floral whorls as well as the order Hammamelidales. The families Dichapetalaceae and number of members of whorls from a supposedly 5 - merous, Picrodendraceae are referred to the order Rosales and Juglandales dichlamydeous, heterochlamydeous ancestral flower. A review of respectively. Hutchison (loc. cit.) discarded the cotyledonary taxonomic features especially those from exomorphology, have character whether broad or narrow than radicle. He emphasized always remained changing. The present review based on all- primitiveness of euphorbiaceous taxa based on imbrication of sepals, pervasive examination of exomorphology and endomorphology presence of petals, lack of disc, retention of vestigeal ovary in the suggests close affinities of certain families of this alliance. However, male flower and numerous stamens. Hutchinson (1973) maintained few of them apparently closer because of unisexuality and reduced his system similar to the one appeared in 1959 and 1969. floral structure. Cronquist (1968) includes other four families viz., Buxaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Pandaceae and Aextoxicaceae, apart from proper Key words: Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae under the order Euphorbiales in the Rosiidae. He retained the family Dichapetalaceae in the order Celastrales. He Introduction emphasized type of fruit and its dehiscence, ovule anatropus, The family Euphorbiaceae is generally distinguished by the milky sap epitropus, raphe dorsal or ventral, number of ovules, etc. while (when present), the unisexual flower, ovary superior and generally recognising familial status of the families included in this order. trilocular, placentation axile, ovules collateral, pendulous with Cronquist (1981) included four families viz., Buxaceae, ventral raphe and usually carunculate. Although so, the family Simmondsiaceae, Pandaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. He transferred received varied treatments in the Englerian and Ranalian systems of Aextoxicaceae to the order Celastrales. He also included the family plant classification. The ordinal, familial, subfamilial and tribal Dichapetalaceae in the Celastrales. Daphniphyllaceae is also kept as boundaries of the euphorbiaceous plexus has always remained a distinct family under the order Daphniphyllales under uncertain. All pervasive scrutiny of features divulged from different Hamamelidae. Later, Cronquist (1988) maintained his earlier disciplines appear worthwhile. In past, alliance has received fair treatment appeared in 1981 for this alliance. He characterised these attention in various domains of plant morphology. The present families on similar characteristics used in the system which appeared investigators assessed the said alliance synthetically, inclusive of earlier in the 1968. their vegetative anatomical evidence. Discussion of the same is Takhtajan’s Euphorbiales (1969) contained the families viz., avoided for the take of precision here. Buxaceae, Simmondsiaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Pandaceae, Picrodendraceae, apart from the Euphorbiaceae. He Taxonomic history and significance presumed that the Euphorbiales arose from ancient group In Bentham and Hooker’s treatment (1862 – 1883), the family intermediate between the Flacourtiaceae and Malvales. His order Euphorbiaceae is kept under the series Unisexuales based on Euphorbiales is kept under super order Malvineae. In his later unisexual or polygamous flowers. It is placed alongwith other system, Takhtajan (1980) included the families viz., Euphorbiaceae, families such as Balanopceae, Urticaceae, Platanaceae, Leitnerieae, Pandaceae, Dichapetalaceae and Aextoxicaceae. His Euphorbiaceae Juglandaceae, Myricaceae, Casuarinaceae and Cupuliferae. They includes Androstachydaceae, Bischofiaceae, Hymenocardiaceae, divided Euphorbiaceae into six tribes viz., Euphorbieae, Peraceae, Picrodendraceae, Stilaginaceae and Uapacaceae. He Stenolobieae, Buxeae, Phyllantheae, Galearieae, and Crotoneae. doughtfully includes Aextoxicaceae in his order Celastrinae. They included some genera in their 'Formae Abnormes'. They Soo (1975) considered the Euphorbiaceae and Buxaceae as distinct employed the features especially of embryo, ovule, distinctiveness of families in the order Euphorbiales under his subclass Malvidae. He is flowers, etc. at tribal level. silent in regard to related families of Euphorbiales. Airy Shaw (1965, Bessey (1915) included the family Euphorbiaceae in his order 1975, 1980) segregated family Hymenocardiaceae, Bischofiaceae, Geraniales under subclass Strobiloideae. However, he referred the Picrodendraceae, Androstachydaceae distinct from the family Buxaceae, which is sometimes included in the family Euphorbiaceae. Euphorbiaceae, to his order Celastrales under his subclass Engler and Diels (1936) included the Euphorbiaceae in the order Cotyloideae. His Strobiloideae represents Ranalian line characterised Geraniales alongwith other 20 families. The family Buxaceae, is by vertical connations of like parts, whereas his Cotyloideae however, treated under their order Sapindales. The placement of represented by transverse adnation of unlike parts. Euphorbiaceae is based on the ovule pendulous with a ventral raphe Hutchinson (1959) included a single family Euphorbiaceae in his and the micropyle pointing upwards, or erect with dorsal raphe and order Euphorbiales. He regards the family heterogenous and derived micropyle pointing downwards. While the family Buxaceae is probably from several stocks viz., Bixales Tiliales, Malvales, referred under Sapindales on account of pendulous ovules with a Celastrales and Sapindales. He included Pandaceae and dorsal raphe and micropyle pointing upwards or erect with ventral Aextoxicaceae in his order Celastrales. He included Buxceae and raphe and micropyle pointing downwards. Wettstein (1935) placed Daphniphyllaceae in his order Hammamelidales. Likewise, he refers the family Euphorbiaceae in Reihe Tricoccae, while the Buxaceae is Dichapetalaceae and Chailletiaceae under order Rosales, whereas treated distinctly under the order Celastrales. He regarded Apetalae Picrodendraceae is kept under order Juglandales. of Euphorbiaceae as primitive. His Tricoccae are indicated as a Hutchinson (1969) includes only the family Euphorbiaceae in the connecting link between Amentiferae and Malvalean ancestry. order Euphorbiales. His Euphorbiaceae contains Tithymalaceae, However, this theory received a little support among subsequent Stilaginaceae, Antidesmadaceae, Putranjivaceae, Peraceae, * Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected] JES ISSN: 2218-1768 J Exp Sci Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pages 37-46 [2011] workers. Rendle’s order Tricoccae (1969) comprises families viz., shows anisocytic type of stomata. Metcalfe and Chalk (1950), Euphorbiaceae, Buxaceae and Callitrichaceae. He includes however, documented anomocytic stomata in this genus. Metcalfe Daphniphyllaceae as a tribe under the Euphorbiaceae. However, and Chalk (loc. cit.) described the stomata for the genus Buxus Simmondsiaceae is merged under the Buxaceae. He is silent in surrounded by rosettes of more or less clearly defined subsidiary regard to the taxonomic treatment of the family Dichapetalaceae, cells. Aextoxicaceae, Pandaceae, Picrodendraceae, etc. He divided family The observations made by present investigators and those Euphorbiaceae, after following Pax in the 'Pflanzen Familien', into documented above by the different authors indicate that no stomata two groups viz., Platylobeae and Stenolobeae. The former is is characteristic of the any tribe sensu Bentham and Hooker (1862 – characterised by broad cotyledons. He divided the former into two 1883) of the family Euphorbiaceae. Also their distribution, whether families e.g. Phyllanthoideae and Crotonoideae. He also divided later hypostomatic or epistomatic, is not tribe - characteristic. It is to be into two subfamilies Porantheroideae and Ricinocarpoideae. He noted that paracytic type is more or less common in the genera of emphasized aestivation of calyx, size of embryo, number of ovules the Phyllantheae as well as family Euphorbiaceae. The other types per locule, etc. for the tribal and subfamilial delineations. In his such as anomocytic, anisocytic and diacytic appear to have been opinion, the Buxaceae differs
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Flora of Chad: a Checklist and Brief Analysis 1 Doi: 10.3897/Phytokeys.23.4752 Research Article Launched to Accelerate Biodiversity Research
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 23: 1–17 (2013) The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis 1 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.phytokeys.com Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis Giuseppe Brundu1, Ignazio Camarda1 1 Department of Science for Nature and Environmental Resources (DIPNET), University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy Corresponding author: Giuseppe Brundu ([email protected]) Academic editor: Sandra Knapp | Received 23 January 2013 | Accepted 9 May 2013 | Published 13 May 2013 Citation: Brundu G, Camarda I (2013) The Flora of Chad: a checklist and brief analysis. PhytoKeys 23: 1–17. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.23.4752 Abstract A checklist of the flora of Chad has been compiled by the authors, based on literature, on-line data-bases, herbarium collections and land surveys (1998-2011). It counts 2,460 records, i.e. 2,288 species (including 128 autonyms), 83 subspecies, 81 varieties, 8 forms, while all the previous available information reported 1,600 species. They belong to 151 Families, with 48.7% of the taxa belonging to the 6 largest families, i.e. Poaceae (14.6%), Fabaceae (13.6%), Cyperaceae (7.0%), Asteraceae (6.2 %), Malvaceae (3.9%) and Rubiaceae (3.4%). A total number or 2,173 species (88.3%) are native to Chad, including 55 (2.2%) endemic species, while 274 (11.0%) are alien to Chad, and 13 (0.5%) are considered cryptogenic, i.e. of uncertain status. It represents a considerable update on previous knowledge on the alien flora of Chad that counted for 131 taxa (5.3%).
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Plant Survey of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi
    YIKA-VWAZA TRUST RESEARCH STUDY REPORT N (2017/18) Vascular Plant Survey of Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve, Malawi By Sopani Sichinga ([email protected]) September , 2019 ABSTRACT In 2018 – 19, a survey on vascular plants was conducted in Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve. The reserve is located in the north-western Malawi, covering an area of about 986 km2. Based on this survey, a total of 461 species from 76 families were recorded (i.e. 454 Angiosperms and 7 Pteridophyta). Of the total species recorded, 19 are exotics (of which 4 are reported to be invasive) while 1 species is considered threatened. The most dominant families were Fabaceae (80 species representing 17. 4%), Poaceae (53 species representing 11.5%), Rubiaceae (27 species representing 5.9 %), and Euphorbiaceae (24 species representing 5.2%). The annotated checklist includes scientific names, habit, habitat types and IUCN Red List status and is presented in section 5. i ACKNOLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, let me thank the Nyika–Vwaza Trust (UK) for funding this work. Without their financial support, this work would have not been materialized. The Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW) Malawi through its Regional Office (N) is also thanked for the logistical support and accommodation throughout the entire study. Special thanks are due to my supervisor - Mr. George Zwide Nxumayo for his invaluable guidance. Mr. Thom McShane should also be thanked in a special way for sharing me some information, and sending me some documents about Vwaza which have contributed a lot to the success of this work. I extend my sincere thanks to the Vwaza Research Unit team for their assistance, especially during the field work.
    [Show full text]
  • Thymelaeaceae)
    Origin and diversification of the Australasian genera Pimelea and Thecanthes (Thymelaeaceae) by MOLEBOHENG CYNTHIA MOTS! Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Dr Michelle van der Bank Co-supervisors: Dr Barbara L. Rye Dr Vincent Savolainen JUNE 2009 AFFIDAVIT: MASTER'S AND DOCTORAL STUDENTS TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This serves to confirm that I Moleboheng_Cynthia Motsi Full Name(s) and Surname ID Number 7808020422084 Student number 920108362 enrolled for the Qualification PhD Faculty _Science Herewith declare that my academic work is in line with the Plagiarism Policy of the University of Johannesburg which I am familiar. I further declare that the work presented in the thesis (minor dissertation/dissertation/thesis) is authentic and original unless clearly indicated otherwise and in such instances full reference to the source is acknowledged and I do not pretend to receive any credit for such acknowledged quotations, and that there is no copyright infringement in my work. I declare that no unethical research practices were used or material gained through dishonesty. I understand that plagiarism is a serious offence and that should I contravene the Plagiarism Policy notwithstanding signing this affidavit, I may be found guilty of a serious criminal offence (perjury) that would amongst other consequences compel the UJ to inform all other tertiary institutions of the offence and to issue a corresponding certificate of reprehensible academic conduct to whomever request such a certificate from the institution. Signed at _Johannesburg on this 31 of _July 2009 Signature Print name Moleboheng_Cynthia Motsi STAMP COMMISSIONER OF OATHS Affidavit certified by a Commissioner of Oaths This affidavit cordons with the requirements of the JUSTICES OF THE PEACE AND COMMISSIONERS OF OATHS ACT 16 OF 1963 and the applicable Regulations published in the GG GNR 1258 of 21 July 1972; GN 903 of 10 July 1998; GN 109 of 2 February 2001 as amended.
    [Show full text]
  • Shrubs, Trees and Contingent Evolution of Wood Anatomical Diversity Using Croton (Euphorbiaceae) As a Model System
    Annals of Botany 119: 563–579, 2017 doi:10.1093/aob/mcw243, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Force of habit: shrubs, trees and contingent evolution of wood anatomical diversity using Croton (Euphorbiaceae) as a model system Rafael Are´valo1,2,*, Benjamin W. van Ee3, Ricarda Riina4, Paul E. Berry5 and Alex C. Wiedenhoeft1,2 1Center for Wood Anatomy Research, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA, 2Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA, 3University of Puerto Rico at Mayagu¨ez Herbarium, Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagu¨ez, 00680, Puerto Rico, 4Real Jardın Botanico, RJB-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain and 5University of Michigan, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department and Herbarium, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 7 July 2016 Returned for revision: 3 September 2016 Accepted: 5 October 2016 Published electronically: 8 January 2017 Background and Aims Wood is a major innovation of land plants, and is usually a central component of the body plan for two major plant habits: shrubs and trees. Wood anatomical syndromes vary between shrubs and trees, but no prior work has explicitly evaluated the contingent evolution of wood anatomical diversity in the context of these plant habits. Methods Phylogenetic comparative methods were used to test for contingent evolution of habit, habitat and wood anatomy in the mega-diverse genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae), across the largest and most complete molecular phy- logeny of the genus to date. Key Results Plant habit and habitat are highly correlated, but most wood anatomical features correlate more strongly with habit.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphorbiaceae
    Botanische Bestimmungsübungen 1 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae (Wolfsmilchgewächse) 1 Systematik und Verbreitung Die Euphorbiaceae gehören zu den Eudikotyledonen (Kerneudikotyledonen > Superrosiden > Rosiden > Fabiden). Innerhalb dieser wird die Familie zur Ordnung der Malpighiales (Malpighienartige) gestellt. Die Euphorbiaceae umfassen rund 230 Gattungen mit ca. 6.000 Arten. Sie werden in 4 Unterfamilien gegliedert: 1. Cheilosoideae, 2. Acalyphoideae, 3. Crotonoideae und 4. Euphorbioideae sowie in 6 Triben unterteilt. Die Familie ist überwiegend tropisch verbreitet mit einem Schwerpunkt im indomalaiischen Raum und in den neuweltlichen Tropen. Die Gattung Euphorbia (Wolfsmilch) ist auch in außertropischen Regionen wie z. B. dem Mittelmeerraum, in Südafrika sowie in den südlichen USA häufig. Heimisch ist die Familie mit Mercurialis (Bingelkraut; 2 Arten) und Euphorbia (Wolfsmilch; 20-30 Arten) vertreten. Abb. 1: Verbreitungskarte. 2 Morphologie 2.1 Habitus Die Familie ist sehr vielgestaltig. Es handelt sich um ein- und mehrjährige krautige Pflanzen, Halbsträucher, Sträucher bis große Bäume oder Sukkulenten. Besonders in S-Afrika und auf den Kanarischen Inseln kommen auf hitzebelasteten Trockenstandorten zahlreiche kakteenartige stammsukkulente Arten vor, die in den Sprossachsen immens viel Wasser speichern können. © PD DR. VEIT M. DÖRKEN, Universität Konstanz, FB Biologie Botanische Bestimmungsübungen 2 Euphorbiaceae Abb. 2: Lebensformen; entweder einjährige (annuelle) oder ausdauernde (perennierende) krautige Pflanzen, aber auch viele Halbsträucher,
    [Show full text]
  • CGGJ Vansteenis
    BIBLIOGRAPHY : ALGAE 3957 X. Bibliography C.G.G.J. van Steenis (continued from page 3864) The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes 8 General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. a) Algae: ABDUS M & Ulva a SALAM, A. Y.S.A.KHAN, patengansis, new species from Bang- ladesh. Phykos 19 (1980) 129-131, 4 fig. ADEY ,w. H., R.A.TOWNSEND & w„T„ BOYKINS, The crustose coralline algae (Rho- dophyta: Corallinaceae) of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithson„Contr„ Marine Sci. no 15 (1982) 1-74, 47 fig. 10 new) 29 new); to subfamilies and genera (1 and spp. (several key genera; keys to species„ BANDO,T„, S.WATANABE & T„NAKANO, Desmids from soil of paddyfields collect- ed in Java and Sumatra. Tukar-Menukar 1 (1982) 7-23, 4 fig. 85 species listed and annotated; no novelties. *CHRISTIANSON,I.G., M.N.CLAYTON & B.M.ALLENDER (eds.), B.FUHRER (photogr.), Seaweeds of Australia. A.H.& A.W.Reed Pty Ltd., Sydney (1981) 112 pp., 186 col.pl. Magnificent atlas; text only with the phyla; ample captions; some seagrasses included. CORDERO Jr,P.A„ Studies on Philippine marine red algae. Nat.Mus.Philip., Manila (1981) 258 pp., 28 pi., 1 map, 265 fig. Thesis (Kyoto); keys and descriptions of 259 spp„, half of them new to the Philippines; 1 new species. A preliminary study of the ethnobotany of Philippine edible sea- weeds, especially from Ilocos Norte and Cagayan Provinces. Acta Manillana A 21 (31) (1982) 54-79. Chemical analysis; scientific and local names; indication of uses and storage.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphorbia Telephioides (Euphorbiaceae)
    Genetic diversity within a threatened, endemic North American species, Euphorbia telephioides (Euphorbiaceae) Dorset W. Trapnell, J. L. Hamrick & Vivian Negrón-Ortiz Conservation Genetics ISSN 1566-0621 Conserv Genet DOI 10.1007/s10592-012-0323-4 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Conserv Genet DOI 10.1007/s10592-012-0323-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Genetic diversity within a threatened, endemic North American species, Euphorbia telephioides (Euphorbiaceae) Dorset W. Trapnell • J. L. Hamrick • Vivian Negro´n-Ortiz Received: 23 September 2011 / Accepted: 20 January 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Abstract The southeastern United States and Florida which it occurs, Gulf (0.084), Franklin (0.059) and Bay support an unusually large number of endemic plant spe- Counties (0.033), were also quite low. Peripheral popula- cies, many of which are threatened by anthropogenic tions did not generally have reduced genetic variation habitat disturbance. As conservation measures are under- although there was significant isolation by distance. Rare- taken and recovery plans designed, a factor that must be faction analysis showed a non-significant relationship taken into consideration is the genetic composition of the between allelic richness and actual population sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphorbia Subg
    ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ НАУКИ БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ИМ. В.Л. КОМАРОВА РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК На правах рукописи Гельтман Дмитрий Викторович ПОДРОД ESULA РОДА EUPHORBIA (EUPHORBIACEAE): СИСТЕМА, ФИЛОГЕНИЯ, ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ 03.02.01 — ботаника ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ на соискание ученой степени доктора биологических наук САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ 2015 2 Оглавление Введение ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Глава 1. Род Euphorbia и основные проблемы его систематики ......................................... 9 1.1. Общая характеристика и систематическое положение .......................................... 9 1.2. Краткая история таксономического изучения и формирования системы рода ... 10 1.3. Основные проблемы систематики рода Euphorbia и его подрода Esula на рубеже XX–XXI вв. и пути их решения ..................................................................................... 15 Глава 2. Материал и методы исследования ........................................................................... 17 Глава 3. Построение системы подрода Esula рода Euphorbia на основе молекулярно- филогенетического подхода ...................................................................................................... 24 3.1. Краткая история молекулярно-филогенетического изучения рода Euphorbia и его подрода Esula ......................................................................................................... 24 3.2. Результаты молекулярно-филогенетического
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Variation in CROTON CALIFORNICUS (EUPHORBIACEAE)
    Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 9-1999 Gender Variation in CROTON CALIFORNICUS (EUPHORBIACEAE) James Lynwood Smith II Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, and the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Smith, James Lynwood II, "Gender Variation in CROTON CALIFORNICUS (EUPHORBIACEAE)" (1999). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 946. https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/946 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY Graduate School GENDER VARIATION IN CROTON CALIFORNICUS (EUPHORBIACEAE) by James Lynwood Smith II A Dissertation in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biology September 1999 Each person whose signature appears below certifies that this dissertation in their opinion is adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. , Co-Chairperson , Co-Chairperson Gary L. Bradley, Professor at La Sierra University ii Acknowledgments I wish to thank Ron Carter and Brad Martin for their guidance, assistance, and comments. I am grateful to the other members of my guidance committee, Gary Bradley, Bob Cushman, and Bill Hayes, for their advice and comments. I am also grateful to Aida Smith for assisting with data collection, data entry, and providing comments.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assay of Some Thermal Characteristics, Chemical and Phytochemical Constituents of Hymenocarida Acida Timber
    J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. August 2017 JASEM ISSN 1119 -8362 Full-text Available Online at Vol. 21 (5) 931-935 All rights reserved www.ajol.info and www.bioline.org.br/ja An Assay of some Thermal Characteristics, Chemical and Phytochemical Constituents of Hymenocarida Acida Timber *1UDEOZO, IP; 2EJIKEME, CM; 3EBOATU, AN; 4KELLE, HI 1Department of Chemistry, Tansian UniversityUmunya, Anambra State, Nigeria 2Chemical Science Department, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria 3Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department NnamdiAzikiwe University Awka, Anambra State 4Chemistry Unit, National Open University of Nigeria, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. ABSTRACT: Timber has always played an influencing role in human lives. The quality of timber and its behavior in response to fire depends on many parameters. As a result Hymenocardiaacida wood was studied in terms of thermal, chemical, physical and variable techniques. The results obtained were as follows: afterglow time 58.33sec, flame duration 271.67sec, flame propagation rate 4.4x10 -2cm.s -1, ignition time 3.67sec, thermal conductivity14.37 x 10 2Umoh/cm, electrical conductivity 4.4x10 -3Sm -1, ash content 0.95%, moisture content 12.67%, oven dry density 78.7x10 -2g.cm -3, water imbibitions (at different time intervals: 30mins 11.1%, 5hrs 13.8% and 24hrs 22.3%), etc, These results showed it to be a good timber suitable for various construction purposes. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, resins, terpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids. The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) of the sample showed the presence of some metals such as Na, K, Pb, Ca, As, Zn, Mg, and Cu in the decreasing order of their concentrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Stillingia: a Newly Recorded Genus of Euphorbiaceae from China
    Phytotaxa 296 (2): 187–194 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/pt/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.296.2.8 Stillingia: A newly recorded genus of Euphorbiaceae from China SHENGCHUN LI1, 2, BINGHUI CHEN1, XIANGXU HUANG1, XIAOYU CHANG1, TIEYAO TU*1 & DIANXIANG ZHANG1 1 Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract Stillingia (Euphorbiaceae) contains ca. 30 species from Latin America, the southern United States, and various islands in the tropical Pacific and in the Indian Ocean. We report here for the first time the occurrence of a member of the genus in China, Stillingia lineata subsp. pacifica. The distribution of the genus in China is apparently narrow, known only from Pingzhou and Wanzhou Islands of the Wanshan Archipelago in the South China Sea, which is close to the Pearl River estuary. This study updates our knowledge on the geographic distribution of the genus, and provides new palynological data as well. Key words: Island, Hippomaneae, South China Sea, Stillingia lineata Introduction During the last decade, hundreds of new plant species or new species records have been added to the flora of China. Nevertheless, newly described or newly recorded plant genera are not discovered and reported very often, suggesting that botanical expedition and plant survey at the generic level may be advanced in China. As far as we know, only six and eight angiosperm genera respectively have been newly described or newly recorded from China within the last ten years (Qiang et al.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Soyauxia</I> (Peridiscaceae, Formerly Medusandraceae)
    Plant Ecology and Evolution 148 (3): 409–419, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2015.1040 REGULAR PAPER A synopsis of Soyauxia (Peridiscaceae, formerly Medusandraceae) with a new species from Liberia Frans J. Breteler1,*, Freek T. Bakker2 & Carel C.H. Jongkind3 1Grintweg 303, NL-6704 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands (previously Herbarium Vadense, Wageningen) 2Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 647, NL-6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860 Meise, Belgium *Author for correspondence: [email protected] Background – Botanical exploration of the Sapo National Park in Liberia resulted in the discovery of a new species, which, after DNA investigation, was identified as belonging to Soyauxia of the small family Peridiscaceae. Methods – Normal practices of herbarium taxonomy and DNA sequence analysis have been applied. All the relevant herbarium material has been studied, mainly at BR, K, P, and WAG. The presented phylogenetic relationships of the new Soyauxia species is based on rbcL gene sequence comparison, inferred by a RAxML analysis including 100 replicates fast bootstrapping. The distribution maps have been produced using Map Maker Pro. Relevant collection data are stored in the NHN (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland) database. Key results − The new species Soyauxia kwewonii and an imperfectly known species are treated in the framework of a synopsis with the six other species of the genus. rbcL sequence comparison followed by RAxML analyses yielded a well-supported match of S. kwewonii with the Soyauxia clade. Its conservation status according to the IUCN red list criteria is assessed as Endangered. Its distribution as well as the distribution areas of the genus and of the remaining species are mapped.
    [Show full text]