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Living with Karst in Rochester, MN Rochester’S Destination Medical Center Living with Karst in Rochester, MN Rochester’s Destination Medical Center . The Sinkhole Conference Oct 5-9, 2015 Rochester, MN by Jeffrey S. Broberg, LPG, REM: WSB Associates, Inc. • Others worthy of mention in local government service are Barb Huberty, formerly of the County and City of Rochester who has worked to make sure the public and local decision makers understood our hydrology when facing development decision ranging from the closure of old dumps, citing of-the-of-the art landfill or stormwater Introductions management standards. Also Terry Lee, Olmsted County Environmental Coordinator raised community awareness about the Decorah Edge and the risks and benefits of groundwater discahge on local hillsides. • I am Jeffrey S. Broberg, Minnesota Licensed Professional Geologist • Our community has greatly benefited from the scientific revelations #30019 . I graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1977 and made by the Minnesota Geologic Survey and United States Geologic spent the next 10 years in Lafayette Louisiana, riding the boom and Survey. Both agencies have allowed devoted scientists to develop a bust of the second OPEC Oil crisis. I moved back to Minnesota and large body of work that makes Rochester a safer and more prosperous have practiced as a geologist and environmental/geotechnical place. Jeff Delin, Richard Lindgren and Perry Jones of the USGE consultant in Rochester since 1990 with McGhie & Betts deserve particular mention. At the MGS Tony Runkel, bob Tipping and Environmental Services, now WSB Associates, Inc.. After 25 years in SE Julie Steenberg also deserve credit. I have borrowed extensively from Minnesota I have worked professionally on nearly every type of karst their work in preparing his guidebook. hazard the regional has to offer and I was happy to have the opportunity to share may experiences on a short filed trip around • The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the university of Rochester. Minnesota are important contributors to our knowledge of the local karst. Jeff Green, DNR Karst hydrologist and Scott Alexander, UofM researcher have both made great contributions. • Having been acquainted with Dr E. Calvin Alexander for almost 40 • I want to thank all of my co-workers and friends at McGhie & Betts and years we have shared many sinkhole and karst occurrences ranging WSB Associates, Inc. Bill Tointon, Dave Morrill, Luke Lunde and many from the collapse of the Bellchester Sewage lagoon, to the current others have helped shape Rochester using the best available crisis of nitrate contamination of our groundwater. I owe Calvin a debt information and resources. I also want to thank WSB Associates, Inc. of gratitude and would like to dedicate this trip to him and his For their growing commitment to Rochester and their contribution to revealing work, his willingness to share, teach and advance Karst the production and printing of this guidebook. Science • Finally I want to thank the Minnesota Groundwater Association • There are many others who deserve acknowledgemaent and credit for (MGWA), a group of dedicated professionals who are constantly advancing the understanding of karst I n the Rochester, MN area. First seeking ways to advance our understanding and care of Minnesota’s Olmsted County, City of Rochester and the surrounding Townships groundwater resources have always embraced a science-based approach to land use and land development, where karst meets local citizens. Rochester Public Utilities, and the water mangers there have been leaders in developing the science and funding the studies of Hydrostratigraphy and water quality in a region where everyone relies on healthy drinking water. Introduction and Acknowledgements 2 Rochester, MN sits in the Zumbro River Valley at the confluence of nine sub- Fissile carbonates resulted in a fractured and dissolved subterranean aquifer watersheds that drain the glaciated plain to the west and drains the bedrock system dominated by rapid conduit flow with sinkholes and fractures near the controlled karst landscape to the east. Carved into the Paleozoic Plateau the City surface, funneling as much as 50% of the local precipitation into the sensitive of Rochester is dissected by the eastern edge of the Wisconsin–age glaciation aquifers ,making the karst aquifers highly susceptible to pollution. where the DesMoines Lobe glacial ice ran past Rochester to the west and left the area to the east largely untouched. Rochester defines the eastern side of the Underlying the Galena dolomitic limestone the 90-foot thick Decorah Shale is “Driftless Area” and while thin sheets of the Wisconsin glaciers covered parts of largely impervious to water, creating an aquitard that prevented the downward the Driftless Area, the lands to the east of Rochester are principally a bedrock percolation of groundwater. In the Driftless Area side-hill springs and seeps ring the controlled terrain covered by windblown loess soils ,while the the areas to the valleys where the fractured karst aquifers meet the impervious Decorah Shale west are a glaciated terrain dominated by glacial till and glacial outwash features. aquitard. Like lateral moraines and eskers. First Nation Paleo Indian hunters found chert for stone tools, fresh water springs The bedrock is a flat-lying sequence of Cambro-Ordovicain sedimentary rocks. The and shelter in the bedrock valleys and found abundant game in the wetlands, landscape from the beginning of the Devonian to the Cretaceous was a prairies and oak savannah hillsides. The combination of glaciated prairie and continental upland subjected to constant erosion and corrosion of the Paleozoic wetland terrain on the west, and a bedrock controlled landscape on the east, with bedrock leaving an ancient karst landscape millions of years before the glacial sinkholes and springs was a benefit for Early settlers who first occupied sand caves advance and sod houses near perennial springs. Their first homes and settlements used resilient flaggy fieldstone and rough hewn timbers and the rivers and sinkholes were To the south and east of Rochester the first encountered bedrock under the thin convenient for waste disposal. As Rochester developed the karst features clearly till and loess are the carbonates and shale of the Galena Group . The Platteville provided benefits and risks. Limestone, Glenwood Shale, St. Peter Sandstone lie conformably under the Galena, but are separated by a 10my unconformity above the Prairie du Chein Now geologists, engineers and environmental managers are developing land use Group dolomite s which represent the basal rock units exposed in Rochester’s policy and defining development and building codes based on our growing Zumbro Valley. These rock units were all deposited in the shallow epiric seas near knowledge of karst. Developers, designers, engineers and geoscientists have the middle of the Hollandale Embayment. The Jordan sandstone, the youngest of learned the importance of hydrostratigraphy and how interbedded aquifers and the local Cambrian blanket sands ,is present in the deep subsurface and serves as confining layers define the opportunities and risk for a rapidly growing, high-tech the local aquifer, but, is only exposed far to the north east and north end of community. Our 100 mile trip around Rochester will look at the historic benefits and Olmsted County, beyond the area covered in this tour. the risks and the view the current state-of-the-art of living on the karst. Jeffrey S. Broberg, Minnesota Licensed Professional Geologist During the glacial epoch the eroded surface of the carbonate karst was draped WSB Associates, Inc. with wind blown silty loess pushed out of the valleys in dunes across the Rochester, MN highlands. The combination of soils with a high water capacity overlying and the 2015 The Sinkhole Conference Rochester: in Karst Livingwith Introduction: Local Field Trip 3 Rochester Karst Fieldtrip Index • Page 2-15: Introduction: Geography, climate and geology • Page 15-20: Mile 0-6- Groundwater/Surface Water relationships. The St. Peter Recharge Plain-Decorah Edge- Galena Karst Plateau of Eastern Olmsted • Page 21-23: Mile 6-10- Rochester’s Flood Risk • Page 24-26: Mile 10-26- The Eyota Spring fields and Orion Sinkhole Plain • Page 27-28: Mile 26-39- The glacial edge of the Upper Root River Valley. Glacial seeps and calcareous fens. • Page 29-35: Mile 39-53- SW Rochester Karst Plateau. Mayowood sinkhole plan and Galena Quarry • Page 36-37: Mile 53-67- Salem glacial valley aggregates and Kalmar buried valley. Sand pits and Kalmar Landfill • Page 38-42: Mile 67-79- Rochester sandstone collapse sinkholes and Prairie du Chein karst: The St. Peter/PdC unconformity • Page 43-51: Mile 79-92- Prairie du Chein karst • Page 52-53: Mile 92-104- North Rochester drainageway sinkholes and Prairie du Chein karst. Rochester’s historic riverside dumps. Living with Karst in Rochester: The Sinkhole Conference 2015 The Sinkhole Conference Rochester: in Karst Livingwith Index 4 Sinkhole conference Route Map Living with Karst in Rochester: The Sinkhole Conference 2015 The Sinkhole Conference Rochester: in Karst Livingwith Introduction: Google Earth Field Trip Route 5 Shaded relief from LiDAR DEM by Ben Ogren, WSB Associates, Inc. Living with Karst in Rochester: The Sinkhole Conference 2015 The Sinkhole Conference Rochester: in Karst Livingwith Introduction: Zumbro Watershed and surrounding Counties 6 The Zumbro River Partnership, a non-profit, non-government Watershed partnership, is prioritizing critical restoration sites to
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