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Engineering Aspects of the St. Peter Sandstone in the Minneapolis-St Engineering aspects of the St. Peter sandstone in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area of Minnesota Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Payne, Charles Marshall, 1937- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 17:41:05 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551926 ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE IN THE MINNEAPOLIS - ST. PAUL AREA OF MINNESOTA by Charles Marshall Payne A Thesis. Submitted to the Faculty of. the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements. For the Degree of - —• j ' MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 ? The St. Peter sandstone at the Minnesota Silica Company quarry, Minneapolis. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfill­ ment of requirements for an advanced degree at The Univer­ sity of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Li brary. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknow­ ledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department of the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the inter­ est of scholarship. In all other instances, however, per­ mission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below Date Professor of Mining & Geological Engineering ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to acknowledge with gratitude the able assistance given by Dr. George M0 Schwartz in the col­ lection of studies and literature needed to compile this p&- per. The writer wishes also to express his indebtedness to Dr. Paul K. Sims, director of the Minnesota Geological Sur­ vey, for allowing the time and facilities to conduct this study and fo r the preparation and use of the Bedrock Geologic Map of Minneapolis, St. Paul and Vicinity. Dr. John E. Stone, of- the Minnesota Geological Survey, was' very helpful in supplying general information regarding the engineering properties of the St. Peter sandstone. Recognition is given to' Dr. Willard C. Lacy, professor at the University of Ari­ zona, for his patience and assistance in organization and preparation of this thesis. i l l TABLE OF CONTENTS P a g e LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................. vl LIST OF TABLES .................... v i i i J—_L 1^ . ^ . e o o . ". o o o o . 2-5C INTRODUCTION 1. Description of the Thesis Area .......... 2 General Geology .................. 4 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE . 9 General Description ................ 9 F r ia b ility and Cementation ............ 13 Mineralogy and Lithology .............. 16 Textural and Grain Size Analyses ......... 19 Roundness5 F rosting, and P ittin g ......... 25 Silt Horizon ..................... 26 Green Sand Horizon . ^ . 27 Shakopee Dolomite - St. Peter Sandstone Contact . 28 Glenwood Shale - St. Peter Sandstone Contact . 29 Jointing and. Fracturing .............. 29 Sandstone Caves .................. 36 Origin of the St. Peter Sandstone 37 HYDROLOGIC ASPECTS OF THE ST. PETER. SANDSTONE ..... 4l GENERAL GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS IN THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE .................. 44 ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE .... 53 Previous Engineering Studies ........... 53 Sampling Techniques ................. 54- Unit Weight . ................. 56 Unconfined Compression Tests ........... 56 Triaxial Compression Tests ............ 62 Plate Bearing Tests ................ 70 Consolidation and Settlement ........... 73 Penetration Resistance Tests ........... 75 Bearing Capacities ................ 78 FOUNDATION USE OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE ....... 80 i v V TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Potential Problems 80 Bridges 83 Locks and Dams „ „ 85 Buildings „ „ „ „ , 87 E O a d S o o o o e o o o \ 91 TUNNELING IN THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE 92 Problems in Tunneling . „ . < 92 Tunnel Description .............. 95 Arching and Stress Distribution ........ 96 Tunnel Supports ................ 99 Mining Methods ................ 104 Case Histories of Tunneling in the St. Peter 1C ^3 S o 1C . ...... ...... 108 Eastman Tunnel .............. 108 Wabasha S tre e t In tercep to r Sewer . , 109 Roblyn Avenue Interceptor Sewer, St. Paul , 110 Dayton's Bluff Interceptor Sewer, St. Paul 111 Rondo Street Tunnel Cave-in ........ ill Stevens Avenue Sewer Tunnel Cave-in, Minneapolis ............... 113 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............ 119 LIST OF REFERENCES ................ 124 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Index map of Minnesota showing location of thesis area <,„<,.<, «».<>„ 6 „ = <,«>.<, „ 3 2 „ Rock formations of the Minneapolis-St.Paul 3. Photograph of a fresh exposure of the St-. ' Peter sandstone ............... 10 4. Photograph of a fresh exposure of the St. Peter sandstone 10 5. Photograph of the river bluff at Holiday Harbor in St, Paul ............. 11 6 . Photograph of a mine d r i f t a t Holiday Harbor in St. Paul ................. 12 7. Photomicrograph showing grain relationships in the St. Peter Sandstone ........... 15 8 . Grain size analysis, vertical section ...... 21 9. Grain size analysis, horizontal section ..... 23 10. Histogram showing the bimodal distribution of grain sizes ................. 24 1 1 . Rose diagram showing joint directions in the St. Peter sandstone ............... 31 12. Photograph of the river bluff below the Soldier’s Home in Minneapolis (1932) . ... 7 . 34 13. Photograph of the river bluff below the Soldier's Home in Minneapolis (1964) ......... 35 14. Sketch of the natural sandstone cave, Minneapolis ................. 38 15. Moisture - density relationships ........ 57 1 6 . Stress-strain curves for unconfined compression te s ts . 0 . a . e .0 o o o o 0 o 00000 59 v i v i i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued Figure Page 17. Undisturbed triaxial compressions tests 64 18. Triaxial compression tests--disturbed O OOOOO 69 19o .Triaxial compression tests5 disturbed sand - S tone OOO 0 90 0 00 OO OOC OO o'o 71 20. Field bearing tests 72 21 o Consolidation tests 0.=., ,,o . 76 22. Photograph of an excavation in the St. Peter sandstone at the Dayton’s Department Store in St. Paul o,. ..L 90 Photograph of placing lagging in a sandstone t unne1 .. ....... ..a.... 101 24. .Photograph of an unsupported tunnel driven in competent sandstone ............. 102 25. Photograph of full ring beam supports in a sandstone tunnel .............. 102 2 6 . Photograph of hydraulicly mining the St. Peter sandstone .............. 105 27. Sketch and photograph of the Rondo Street Tunnel Cave-in ............... 114 28. Geologic section, Stevens Avenue Sewer Tunnel, Minneapolis ................. 117 1 . 29. Photograph of the Stevens Avenue cave-in .... 118 30. Bedrock geologic map of Minneapolis- St. Paul and v ic in ity ........ Map Pocket 31. North-South cross section of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area ...... Map Pocket 32. East-West cross section of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area ...... Map Pocket LIST OF TABLES T a b le P a g e 1 . Textural characteristics of the St. Peter sandstone .................. 25 2. Coefficient of Transmissibility ......... 4-2 3. Test results - unconfined compression tests . 60 4. Triaxial compression tests conditions, undisturbed St. Peter sandstone ........ 66 v i i i ABSTRACT In the Twin City area a variety of heavy structures and tunnels have been built on or in the St„ Peter sand­ stone. The rock in situ, though friable, is competent and capable of withstanding high bearing loads. Because the soft sandstone is easily excavated and supported,.tunnels can be constructed- at below normal tunneling costs. Buried river channels, groundwater problems, and the unique physical properties of the sandstone have caused numerous engineering perplexities. The sandstone normally lacks cohesion, has a low shear stren g th , but has a high angle of internal friction. If the rock is disturbed or exposed to running water, the material loses its strength, and structural failure results. The engineering properties of the sandstone have not been thoroughly defined. The formation is unusual be­ cause it is neither a soil nor rock. The elastic properties of the sandstone categorize it as a rock; cohesionless characteristics are more typical of soils. The objectives of this paper have been to compile all available engineering data in an attempt to better un­ derstand the engineering properties of the St. Peter sand­ stone. i x X Several case histories are reviewed to demonstrate the necessity of adequate exploration and testing of the sandstone. In addition 5 a subsurface geologic map of the Twin City area was made to show the distribution of the various rock types present. INTRODUCTION For over one hundred years the St. Peter sandstone5 In the Twin City area, has been utilized for foundation purposes and for the excavation of utility and sewer tun­ nels . As the cities expand and grow skyward, an ever in­ creasing use of the sandstone will become evident. As succeeding projects become larger and more extensive, the number and complexity of engineering problems w ill increase.
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