DOCSLIB.ORG

Cement in Cambrian Sandstone : Assessing the Potential for the Generation of Respirable Silica

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Cement in Cambrian Sandstone : Assessing the Potential for the Generation of Respirable Silica J. Brian Mahoney Kent M. Syverson Department of Geology University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire • Geologic Setting • Industrial Silica Sand • Community Concerns • Identifying Particulate Matter • Geologic Setting • Industrial Silica Sand • Community Concerns • Identifying Particulate Matter Mt. Simon Formation Eau Claire Eau Claire/Wonewoc Formation contact Tilden, WI Wonewoc/Lone Rock Formation contact Colfax, WI Jordan Formation Arcadia, WI A' A northwest Iowa southeastern west-central Minnesota Wisconsin Paleoseaward Oneota Dolomite RSL Paleolandward Jordan Ss FSL Jordan Ss St Lawrence Fm St Lawrence Fm FSL Mazom anie RSL RSL Wonewoc Ss Wonewoc Ss FSL FSL Wonewoc Ss Eau Claire Fm 100 ft 25 m Eau Claire Fm RSL Mt Simon Ss 25 miles RSL 0 40 km Fine- to coarse-grained, quartzose sandstone: nonmarine Fine- to coarse-grained, quartzose sandstone: nearshore marine Very fine grained, feldspathic sandstone, siltstone, shale: offshore siliciclas Carbonate: "offshore" subtidal and peritidal carbonate parasequence boundary or parallel to inferred parasequence boundaries unconformity correlative conformity • Geologic Setting • Industrial Silica Sand • Community Concerns • Identifying Particulate Matter Minnesota Grain Size Distribution Wisconsin Grain Size Distribution 50 50 s s e e v v e e i i S 40 s 40 n n o o ST. PETER d 30 ST. PETER d e e 30 n n i i JORDAN a JORDAN a t t e 20 e r 20 WONEWOC R WONEWOC % % MT. SIMON e e g g 10 10 a a r r e e v v A A 0 0 10-40 40-70 70-100 >1 00 10-40 40-70 70-100 >1 00 Sieve size Sieve size Upper Mississippi Valley is the source of the highly valued Northern White Frac Sand Quality The characteristics of a high quality frac sand include: • high-purity silica sand (>95% quartz) • easily disaggregated • grain size perfectly matched to job requirements • spherical shape that enables it to be carried in hydraulic fracturing fluid with minimal turbulence • durability to resist crushing forces of closing fractures • Geologic Setting • Industrial Silica Sand • Community Concerns • Identifying Particulate Matter Community concerns over frac sand mining: • Air quality: exposure to respirable silica • Water issues: quantity and quality • Transportation issues – increased truck/rail traffic • Aesthetic issues: alteration of landscape Preferred Sands, Bloomer, Wisconsin EPA estimates that 2.2M workers are exposed to respirable crystalline silica. 85% are in the construction industry. 15% are in general industry •Highway and bridge construction and repair •Building construction, demolition, and repair •Masonry work •Concrete finishing •Drywall finishing •Rock drilling •Mining •Sand and gravel screening •Rock crushing (for road base) •Abrasive blasting Silicosis is a known occupational health hazard First step to any Solution is determining the nature of the Problem Must determine: • composition of fugitive particulates • source of particulate matter . Interstitial cement? . Particle fracturing? • Size and composition of airborne particulates • Geologic Setting • Industrial Silica Sand • Community Concerns • Identifying Particulate Matter Four Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone units: Mt. Simon Formation Wonewoc Formation Jordan Formation St Peter Formation Different interstitial Cements: 1. Calcite 2. Authigenic Feldspar 3. Sericite 4. Hematite 5. Quartz Grain at sand/silt boundary, 62.5 microns (230 mesh) Sand grain, 210 microns = 0.21 mm (70 mesh). Smallest sand grain companies want to mine Respirable particle (silt fraction), 4 microns Thickness of average human hair = 100 microns Quartz grains (crystalline silica) Cement (i.e. “glue”) composition? If cement is crystalline silica, then this likely would be the major source of that material in airborne particulate matter. n=2 Polymict Quartz Detrital Feldspar + Clay + Authigenic Feldspar Quartz Mt Simon Formation, Eau Claire (F.O.V.=11 mm) Polymict Quartz Quartz Authigenic K-spar Detrital Microcline Mt Simon Formation, Eau Claire (F.O.V.=3 mm) n=17 n=17 Polymictic Quartz Quartz Wonewoc Formation, Colfax (F.O.V.=11 mm) Quartz Quartz Authigenic K-spar Fe2O3 rim Quartz Void space Wonewoc Formation, Colfax (F.O.V.=3 mm) Wonewoc Fm. Hematite filling pore space (F.O.V.= 1.9mm) Wonewoc Fm. Sericite filling pore space (F.O.V.= .64mm) Jordan Formation n=11 Quartz Jordan Formation, Arcadia (F.O.V.=11 mm) Quartz Void space Quartz Authigenic K-spar Quartz Jordan Formation, Arcadia (F.O.V.=3 mm) Jordan Fm. Fine grained, feldspathic arenite with calcite cement (F.O.V. = 1.9mm) Jordan Fm. Angular Calcite filling pore space (F.O.V.= .64mm) Jordan Fm. Authigenic K-spar overgrowth filling pore space (F.O.V.= .64mm) Carbonate cement Silica cement Carbonate cement Silica cementation in upper Jordan Formation, Arcadia, Wisconsin. Silica cement is rare, constituting <2% of strata in the region, and is constrained to the upper Jordan Formation. These zones cannot be disaggregated, and are treated as waste rock. Quartz Upper Jordan Formation, Monroe County (F.O.V.=11 mm) Quartz Quartz Quartz Overgrowth Quartz Upper Jordan Formation, Monroe County (F.O.V.=3 mm) NOT ECONOMIC, CANNOT BE DISAGGREGATED Quartz St Peter Sandstone, River Falls (F.O.V.=11 mm) Quartz Quartz Quartz Authigenic K-spar Void space St Peter Sandstone, River Falls (F.O.V.=3 mm) Sandstone Composition Sandstone units are dominated by: detrital quartz grains (60.5 to 74.5%) pore spaces (17.0 to 21.4%) minor constituents included K-spar, plagioclase, mica, and brachiopod fragments. Sandstone cements include (in decreasing order) Calcite Hematite Authigenic feldspar Sericite Silica . Diagenetic history The primary cements suggest a complex multi-phase diagenesis characterized by multiple precipitation and dissolution events. The order of events appears to be: 1) deposition 2) authigenic K-spar formation 3) pore space formation 4) hematite precipitation 5) calcite precipitation. The lack of authigenic quartz cement implies that the respirable particulate matter generated from the mining process should be low in crystalline silica EOG processing facility, Chippewa Falls, WI Ongoing Research • Increase sample density . Stratigraphically and regionally • Document fine-grained component . SEM/Geochemistry • Grain shape analysis . Quantify spalling Urgent need for detailed compositional analysis of captured airborne particulates to compare to airborne particulate size data OSHA proposed occupational daily limit Source: Air Control Techniques, P.C. Study of EOG plant/mines, Chippewa County, Fourth Quarter 2012 report, March 2013 .
Recommended publications
  • The Natural History of Pikes Peak State Park, Clayton County, Iowa ______

    The Natural History of Pikes Peak State Park, Clayton County, Iowa ______

    THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PIKES PEAK STATE PARK, CLAYTON COUNTY, IOWA ___________________________________________________ edited by Raymond R. Anderson Geological Society of Iowa ______________________________________ November 4, 2000 Guidebook 70 Cover photograph: Photograph of a portion of the boardwalk trail near Bridal Veil Falls in Pikes Peak State Park. The water falls over a ledge of dolomite in the McGregor Member of the Platteville Formation that casts the dark shadow in the center of the photo. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PIKES PEAK STATE PARK CLAYTON COUNTY, IOWA Edited by: Raymond R. Anderson and Bill J. Bunker Iowa Department Natural Resources Geological Survey Bureau Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1319 with contributions by: Kim Bogenschutz William Green John Pearson Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Office of the State Archaeologist Parks, Rec. & Preserves Division Wildlife Research Station 700 Clinton Street Building Iowa Dept. Natural Resources 1436 255th Street Iowa City IA 52242-1030 Des Moines, IA 50319 Boone, IA 50036 Richard Langel Chris Schneider Scott Carpenter Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Dept. of Geological Sciences Department of Geoscience Geological Survey Bureau Univ. of Texas at Austin The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242-1319 Austin, TX 78712 Iowa City, IA 52242-1379 John Lindell Elizabeth Smith Norlene Emerson U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Department of Geosciences Dept. of Geology & Geophysics Upper Mississippi Refuge University of Massachusetts University of Wisconsin- Madison McGregor District Office Amherst, MA 01003 Madison WI 53706 McGregor, IA 52157 Stephanie Tassier-Surine Jim Farnsworth Greg A. Ludvigson Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Parks, Rec. & Preserves Division Iowa Dept. Natural Resources Geological Survey Bureau Iowa Dept.
  • Paleozoic Lithostratigraphic Nomenclature for Minnesota

    Paleozoic Lithostratigraphic Nomenclature for Minnesota

    MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PRISCILLA C. GREW, Director PALEOZOIC LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE FOR MINNESOTA John H. Mossier Report of Investigations 36 ISSN 0076-9177 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Saint Paul - 1987 PALEOZOIC LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE FOR MINNESOTA CONTENTS Abstract. Structural and sedimentological framework • Cambrian System • 2 Mt. Simon Sandstone. 2 Eau Claire Formation • 6 Galesville Sandstone • 8 Ironton Sandstone. 9 Franconia Formation. 9 St. Lawrence Formation. 11 Jordan Standstone. 12 Ordovician System. 13 Prairie du Chien Group. 14 Oneota Dolomite. 14 Shakopee Formation. 15 St. Peter Sandstone. 17 Glenwood Formation. 17 Platteville Formation. 18 Decorah Shale. 19 Galena Group • 22 Cummings ville Formation. 22 Prosser Limestone. 23 Stewartville Formation • 24 Dubuque Formation. 24 Maquoketa Formation. 25 Devonian System • 25 Spillville Formation • 26 Wapsipinicon Formation 26 Cedar Valley Formation • 26 Northwestern Minnesota. 28 Winnipeg Formation • 28 Red River Formation. 29 Acknowledgments • 30 References cited. 30 Appendix--Principal gamma logs used to construct the composite gamma log illustrated on Plate 1. 36 ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 1 • Paleozoic lithostratigraphic nomenclature for Minnesota • .in pocket Figure 1. Paleogeographic maps of southeastern Minnesota • 3 2. Map showing locations of outcrops, type sections, and cores, southeastern t1innesota • 4 3. Upper Cambrian stratigraphic nomenclature 7 iii Figure 4. Lower Ordovician stratigraphic nomenclature • • • • 14 5. Upper Ordovician stratigraphic nomenclature 20 6. Middle Devonian stratigraphic nomenclature. • • . • • 27 7. Map showing locations of cores and cuttings in northwestern Minnesota • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 TABLE Table 1. Representative cores in Upper Cambrian formations •••••• 5 The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities, and employment without regard to race, religion, color, sex, national orgin, handicap, age, veteran status, or sexual orientation.
  • Microfossil Fauna from the Blue Earth Siltstone of the Lower Ordovician Prairie Du Chien Group, Minnesota, USA

    Microfossil Fauna from the Blue Earth Siltstone of the Lower Ordovician Prairie Du Chien Group, Minnesota, USA

    Microfossil fauna from the Blue Earth Siltstone of the Lower Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group, Minnesota, USA Allison R. Vitkus Senior Integrative Exercise March 10, 2010 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Arts degree from Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota Table of Contents Abstract Introduction………………………………………………………………………………1 Geologic Setting…………………………………………………………………………..3 Karst Features……………………………………………………………………………..5 Blue Earth Siltstone……………………………………………………………………….5 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………...7 Microfossil Survey Results………………………………………………………………8 Conodonts…………………………………………………………………………………..8 Sponges……………………………………………………………………………………10 Other Fossil Taxa………………………………………………………………………..10 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………….13 Conodonts…………………………………………………………………………………13 Sponges……………………………………………………………………………………15 Unidentified Material……………………………………………………………………15 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………….17 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..19 References Cited………………………………………………………………………...20 Fossil fauna from the Blue Earth Siltstone of the Lower Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group, Minnesota, USA Allison R. Vitkus Carleton College Senior Integrative Exercise March, 2010 Advisor: Clinton A. Cowan, Carleton College Department of Geology ABSTRACT The white to green, thinly laminated, argillaceous, feldspathic siltstone known as the “Blue Earth Siltstone bed,” can be found at the base of and within solution cavities of certain exposures of the Oneota Dolomite, part of the Lower Ordovician
  • Diagenesis in the St. Peter Sandstone, Michigan Basin

    Diagenesis in the St. Peter Sandstone, Michigan Basin

    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1991 Diagenesis in the St. Peter Sandstone, Michigan Basin Carl E. Lundgren Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Lundgren, Carl E., "Diagenesis in the St. Peter Sandstone, Michigan Basin" (1991). Master's Theses. 985. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/985 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DIAGENESIS IN THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE, MICHIGAN BASIN by Carl E. Lundgren, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geology Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 1991 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DIAGENESIS IN THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE, MICHIGAN BASIN Carl E. Lundgren, Jr., M.S. Western Michigan University, 1991 The petrographic evolution of authigenic minerals in the St. Peter formation consists of: early marine cement, syndepositional dolomite, quartz overgrowth cement, pervasive dolomite replacement of precursor carbonate, dissolution of framework grains and carbonate cements, and late formation of authigenic chlorite and illite. Variations in the diagenetic sequence were templated by variations in primary mineralogy related to depositional facies. Early intergranular carbonate cement, common in shelf facies, precluded early quartz cementation. Subsequent dissolution of dolomite and detrital grains may be temporally and chemically related to the precipitation of authigenic clay in dissolution pores.
  • Iowa's Bedrock

    Iowa's Bedrock

    Iowa’s Precambrian and Cambrian University of Northern Iowa Dr. Chad Heinzel Concept of Geologic Formations • A body/layer of rock that consists dominantly of a certain lithologic rock type • Maybe combined into Groups • Or maybe divided into Members Origin of Geologic Time Names • Use of tribal names • Geographic localities • Ordovician – Ordovices • Cambrian – Cambria (historic Welsh tribe that was (Roman name for the last to submit to the Wales) Romans. • Devonian – Region of • Silurian – Silures (ancient Devonshire England Wales tribe) Stratigraphy – The science of rock layers • Concerned with all characters and properties (physical, chemical and/or biological) • Enables geologists to trace rock formations from one place to another • Helps geologists to interpret modes of origin and history Correlation 6 Major Unconformities in Iowa • Base of Cambrian • Within Ordovician • Base of Devonian • Between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian • Between the Jurassic and Cretaceous • Iowa does not have any exposed rocks dating to the Permian or Triassic What do we use to interpret Iowa Geologic History? 541 Ma Precambrian – The Oldest Rocks to 4.6 Ga • Iowa’s geologic history began approx. 3Ga ago with igneous and metamorphic rocks. • Followed by mountain building events: Penokean, Central Plains, and Eastern Granite-Ryholite Province ‘orogenies’ a product of plate tectonics. • Iowa’s oldest exposed rock is the Sioux Quartzite (approx. 1.6 Ga) • 1.1Ga North America and Iowa were nearly torn apart by the Mid-continent Rift System Extended concept (Igneous Intrusive vs Extrusive rocks) Regional Basement Structure • Oldest rock • Minnesota terrane 3.6Ga, • Penokean Volcanic belt 1.8Ga, the • Granite provenances in the south approx.
  • Carbonate Diagenesis and Dolomitization of the Lower Ordovician Prairie Du Chien Group

    Carbonate Diagenesis and Dolomitization of the Lower Ordovician Prairie Du Chien Group

    CARBONATE DIAGENESIS AND DOLOMITIZATION OF THE LOWER ORDOVICIAN PRAIRIE DU CHIEN GROUP George L. Smith1 and J. Antonio Simo2 ABSTRACT The carbonate diagenetic history of the Lower Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group includes syndepositional diagenesis, shallow-burial diagenesis, hydrothermal diagenesis, and near-surface weathering. Syndeposi­ tional diagenesis included calcium carbonate and dolomite cementation, micritic fabric-retentive replacement dolomitization, and anhydrite precipitation. Shallow-burial diagenesis was associated with the development of at least two regional disconformities. Shallow-burial diagenesis included carbonate dissolution and karst development, patchy silicification, and possibly the early phases of coarse, fabric-destructive replace­ ment dolomitization and dolomite cementation. Hydrothermal diagenesis included pervasive dolomite cemen­ tation and fabric-destructive replacement dolomitization, minor dedolomitization and calcite cementation, and patchy Mississippi Valley-type sulfide mineralization. Near surface weathering has included karst devel­ opment and the precipitation of aragonitic and calcitic speleothems. This study illustrates some of the difficulties of interpreting the mechanisms responsible for the dolomiti­ zation of ancient dolostone, many of which have complicated diagenetic histories that include multiple episodes of dolomitization. In the case of the Prairie du Chien Group, hydrothermal dolomitization has petrographically overprinted many of the earlier diagenetic events but has not markedly
  • Engineering Aspects of the St. Peter Sandstone in the Minneapolis-St

    Engineering Aspects of the St. Peter Sandstone in the Minneapolis-St

    Engineering aspects of the St. Peter sandstone in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area of Minnesota Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Payne, Charles Marshall, 1937- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 17:41:05 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551926 ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE IN THE MINNEAPOLIS - ST. PAUL AREA OF MINNESOTA by Charles Marshall Payne A Thesis. Submitted to the Faculty of. the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements. For the Degree of - —• j ' MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 ? The St. Peter sandstone at the Minnesota Silica Company quarry, Minneapolis. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfill­ ment of requirements for an advanced degree at The Univer­ sity of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Li brary. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknow­ ledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department of the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the inter­ est of scholarship.
  • Water Quality and Sensitivity of the Prairie Du Chien-Jordan Aquifer in Western Winona County

    Water Quality and Sensitivity of the Prairie Du Chien-Jordan Aquifer in Western Winona County

    This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp 910740 WATER QUALITY AND SENSITIVITY OF THE PRAIRIE DU CHIEN-JORDAN AQUIFER IN WESTERN WINONA COUNTY by David B. Wall and Charles P. Regan Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Water Quality Division June 1991 For Additional Copies, Write: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Water Quality Division Nonpoint Source Section 520 Lafayette Road St. Paul, Minnesota 55155 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this study was provided by the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCMR), whose support is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due to the many well owners who allowed their wells to be sampled. We wish to thank the Minnesota Geological Survey for their assistance and information provided, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources for coordinating the overall Ground Water Sensitivity Project, and the University of Minnesota Geology Department for their cooperation. The report was typed by Mary Osborn. Jinx Bryant assisted with the figures. Outline Executive Summary 1. Introduction 1-6 A. Purpose and Scope . ..... 1 B. Previous Investigations .. 2 C. Description of Study Area 4 1. Location 2. Climate 3. Soils 4. Land Use II. Geology and Hydrogeology . 7-15 A. Surficial Geology .. 7 B. Bedrock Geology ... 11 C. Hydrogeologic Characteristics . 13 III. Water Quality Monitoring Procedures ... 16-18 A. Sampling Site Selection. 16 B. Parameters Analyzed 16 C. Sampling Dates .... 17 D. Sampling Protocol . 17 E. Laboratories 18 IV. Water Chemistry Results 19-43 A. Nitrate . 19 B. Tritium (residence time) 31 C.
  • Cambrian and Ordovician Stratigraphy of Southwestern Wisconsin

    Cambrian and Ordovician Stratigraphy of Southwestern Wisconsin

    Field trip: Cambrian and Ordovician stratigraphy of southwestern Wisconsin James J. Zambito IV Patrick I. McLaughlin William G. Batten 2018 Open-File Report 2018-02 Contents: • Report (23 p.) This report represents work performed by the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and colleagues and is released to the open files in the interest of making the information readily available. This report has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey standards and nomenclature. UW-Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programmng, including Title VI, Title IX, and ADA. Field trip: Cambrian and Ordovician Stratigraphy of Southwestern Wisconsin James J. Zambito IV*, Patrick I. McLaughlin, and William G. Batten Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey University of Wisconsin – Extension 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 *corresponding author: [email protected] Silicified domal stromatolite in the Oneota Formation at Shorewood Hills Quarry, Dane County, Wisconsin. FIELD TRIP: CAMBRIAN AND ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN Acknowledgments A draft of this guidebook was originally prepared for the 2015 Geological Society of America North-Central Section Meeting (Field Trip #1), which was held in Madison, Wisconsin. Funding for the fieldwork on which this guidebook is based and for the guidebook’s preparation was provided by the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey - National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program Cooperative Agreements #G13AC00138, #G14AC00142, and #G15AC00161. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S.
  • Geologic Mapping for Water Quality Projects in the Upper Iowa River Watershed

    Geologic Mapping for Water Quality Projects in the Upper Iowa River Watershed

    GEOLOGIC MAPPING FOR WATER QUALITY PROJECTS IN THE UPPER IOWA RIVER WATERSHED Technical Information Series No. 54 Iowa Geological and Water Survey Robert D. Libra, State Geologist Iowa Department of Natural Resources Roger L. Lande, Director September 2011 Geologic Mapping for Water Quality Projects in the Upper Iowa River Watershed Iowa Geological and Water Survey Technical Information Series 54 C. F. Wolter, R. M. McKay, H. Liu, M. J. Bounk, R. D. Libra Supported in part by the U.S. Geological Survey - National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources – Watershed Improvement Program through the US EPA Nonpoint Source Pollution Program September 2011 Iowa Geological and Water Survey Robert D. Libra, State Geologist Iowa Department of Natural Resources Roger L. Lande, Director TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . 1 INTRODUCTION – GROUNDWATER AND WATERSHEDS . 2 UPPER IOWA RIVER WATERSHED . 2 BEDROCK GEOLOGY . 4 Previous Geologic Mapping and Data Sources . 4 Bedrock Topography (Elevation of the Bedrock Surface) . 4 Bedrock Stratigraphy, Aquifers & Aquitards, and Map Units . 5 Structure of the Bedrock Formations . 7 Description of Map Units . 8 KARST MAPPING . 14 Karst and Water Quality . 14 Sinkhole and Spring Mapping Methods . 15 Sinkhole and Spring Mapping Results . 16 Losing Stream Mapping . 16 Geologic Associations . 18 APPLICATION TO WATERSHED PLANNING . 19 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 21 REFERENCES . 22 APPENDIX A – Geologic Summary of Waterloo Creek Watershed, Allamakee County, Iowa . 26 APPENDIX B – Geologic Summary of Silver Creek Watershed, Howard and Winneshiek counties, Iowa . 32 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of the Upper Iowa River watershed . 3 Figure 2. Bedrock topography, Upper Iowa River watershed .

  • PDF Linkchapter

    Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references] Abbott Formation, Illinois, 251 Michigan, 287 beetle borrows, Nebraska, 11 Acadian belt, 429 Archean rocks beetles, Manitoba, 45 Acadian orogeny Michigan, 273, 275 Belfast Member, Brassfield Illinois, 243 Minnesota, 47, 49, 53 Formation, Ohio, 420, 421 Indiana, 359 Wisconsin, 189 Bellepoint Member, Columbus Acrophyllum oneidaense, 287 Arikaree Group, Nebraska, 13, 14, Limestone, Ohio, 396 Adams County, Ohio, 420, 431 15, 25, 28 Belleview Valley, Missouri, 160 Adams County, Wisconsin, 183 Arikareean age, Nebraska, 3 Bellevue Limestone, Indiana, 366, Admire Group, Nebraska, 37 arthropods 367 Aglaspis, 83 Iowa, 83 Bennett Member, Red Eagle Ainsworth Table, Nebraska, 5 Missouri, 137 Formation, Nebraska, 37 Alexander County, Illinois, 247, 257 Ash Hollow Creek, Nebraska, 31 Benton County, Indiana, 344 algae Ash Hollow Formation, Nebraska, 1, Benzie County, Michigan, 303 Indian, 333 2, 5, 26, 29 Berea Sandstone, Ohio, 404, 405, Michigan, 282 Ash Hollow State Historical Park, 406, 427, 428 Missouri, 137 Nebraska, 29 Berne Conglomerate, Logan Ohio, 428 asphalt, Illinois, 211 Formation, Ohio, 411, 412, 413 Alger County, Michigan, 277 Asphalting, 246 Bethany Falls Limestone Member, Algonquin age, Michigan, 286, 287 Asterobillingsa, 114 Swope Formation, Missouri, Allamakee County, Iowa, 81, 83, 84 Astrohippus, 26 135, 138 Allegheny Group, Ohio, 407 Atherton Formation, Indiana, 352 Bethany Falls Limestone, Iowa, 123 Allen County, Indiana, 328, 329, 330 athyrids, Iowa, 111 Betula, 401 Allensville

  • Hydrofrac Sand in Wisconsin Bruce A

    Hydrofrac sand in Wisconsin Bruce A. Brown, senior geologist, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Wisconsin has abundant resources of sand that range specifications frac sand needs to be nearly pure quartz, in age from young glacial deposits that are less than very well rounded, and it must meet tight size grada- 30,000 years old to ancient marine sandstones that are tion standards. Because the sand grains are required 500 million years old (Cambrian age). to hold open pores produced in the hydrofrac process, they must also have a high compressive strength, Sand has been mined in Wisconsin for a variety of uses generally between 6,000 psi and 14,000 psi. Sands that since the arrival of the first permanent settlers. The meet these specifications are mined from Cambrian oldest continuing use has been as fine aggregate for and Ordovician sandstones (more specifically, from mortar and concrete. Molding sand, the sand used to the Jordan, Wonewoc, Mt. Simon, and St. Peter make mold casts for the foundry industry, has been Formations). Sands derived from younger glacial mined since the 1800s. Sand has also been mined for deposits as well as most beach and riverbank sands are use in filter beds for drinking water and wastewater too impure and too angular to make frac sand. treatment, for well screen packing, glass manufacture, and bedding for dairy operations. Hydrofrac (or frac) Where is frac sand found? sand for the petroleum industry has been mined in In Wisconsin, principal areas of interest for sand min- Wisconsin for over 40 years. ing have been in the western part of the state, from Recently, the development of new horizontal drilling Burnett County in the north to Trempealeau, Jackson, technology using frac sand has made possible produc- and Monroe Counties in the south (fig.