Journal of Nematology 27(1):94-102. 1995. © The Society of Nematologists 1995. Amended Descriptions of sylphus Thorne, 1939, L. crassus Thorne, 1974, and L. fragilis Thorne, 1974 (Nematoda: ) 1

R. T. ROBBINS 2 AND D. J. F. BROWN 3

Abstract: Lectotypes are designated for , L. crassus, and L, fragilis from Thorne's original specimens. Amended descriptions, tables of morphological means, ranges and standard deviations, photographs of the anterior, vulval, and tail regions, and diagnoses and relationships are provided for each of the three species to aid identification and to better determine phylogenetic relationships within the genus Longidorus. Key words: amended description, lectotype, Longidorus crassus, Longidorus fragilis, Longidorus sylphus, morphology, morphometric, , paralectotype, systematics, .

During his distinguished career as a poorly known, is hardly distinguishable nematologist, Gerald Thorne described from closely related species." Outside three species of Longidorus: L. sylphus in North America, L. sylphus has been re- 1939 (16) and L. crassus and L. fragilis in ported from Korea (3), Hawaii, Iraq, India 1974 (17). The morphometric data pro- (1), and Bulgaria (4); however, these iden- vided with each description are less than is tifications have not been confirmed. Com- required by current standards. Each de- parison of Thorne's L. sylphus specimens scription included average values for body with from Iowa, identified by length, ratios a, b, and c, vulva as a per- the senior author as L. sylphus (10), re- centage of body length, and odontostyle vealed these latter specimens to represent length (stylet) but did not provide mor- a hitherto undescribed species. phometric ranges, standard deviations, Hooper (5) distinguished L. sylphus from and numbers of individuals examined. L. elongatus (de Man, 1876) Micoletzky, Odontophore length (extension) was given 1922 by its narrower head, shorter dis- for L. sylphus and L. crassus. In addition, tance from the oral aperture to the guide type specimens were not designated. ring, and more pointed, conical tail. Sev- These three species are indigenous to eral other authors, when describing new North America, but few records of their Longidorus species, have also distinguished occurrence have been published. Norton their species from L. sylphus. Longidorus dis- et al. (9) reported an extensive distribution tinctus Lamberti, Cholera & Agostinelli, of L. sylphus in North America but quali- 1983 differs by having a more expanded fied the report by stating "There is uncer- labial region and a much longer tail (8). tainty regarding some earlier identifi- Longidorus conicaudatus Khan, 1986 differs cations of this species. This can only be by the shape of the amphid and the size clarified through re-collection and reiden- and shape of the tail (7). Longidorus ishrati tification." The only confirmed reports of Javed, 1983 differs by having a longer od- these species are their descriptions (9,11). ontophore, larger a value, differently Sturhan (14) reported "L. sylphus, which is shaped amphids, and a more posteriorly located guide ring (6). Longidorus aetnaeus Roca, Lamberti, Agostinelli & Vinciguerra, Received for publication 25 April 1994. 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Ar- 1986 differs by having a shorter body, kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. slightly shorter odontostyle, and smaller c 2 Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Nematology Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. value (13). 3 Zoology Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, The following Longidorus species differ Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK. Research at the Scottish Crop Research Institute is grant-aided by the Scottish Office from L. crassus. Longidorus henanus Xu & Agricultural and Fisheries Department. Cheng, 1992 differs in having a shorter 94 Amended Descriptions of Longidorus: Robbins, Brown 95

odontostyle and a differently shaped lip SYSTEMATICS region (18). Longidorus arthensis Brown, Grunder, Hooper, Kingler & Kunz, 1994 Longidorus sylphus Thorne, 1939 differs in having a more rounded lip re- (Fig. 1; Table 1) gion, longer amphidial pouches, and com- monly found males (2). Longidorus iranicus Amended description Sturhan & Barooti, 1983, with a more Lectotype (female in glycerine): Amended rounded and obviously narrower lip re- morphometrics given in Table 1. gion (15), also differs from L. crassus. Paralectotypes: Four females and one juve- Currently, there are 98 putative species nile (J4): Amended morphometrics given in the genus Longidorus of which 58 have in Table 1. been described since 1974, when Thorne Female: Body forming J- to spiral-shape. described L. crassus and L. fragilis. This tax- Body width at odontophore base about onomic inflation in the number of Longi- 85% that at midbody, tapering to 25% at dorus species descriptions has caused con- lips. Cuticle containing inconspicuous fusion in identifying several of the earlier, pores, apparently plain and composed of inadequately described species. Further- two layers each about 1.5 p,m thick; subcu- more, difficulties with identification have ticle slightly thicker (up to 3 txm) in region been compounded by the paucity of reli- of odontostyle; thickened posterior region able characters useful for distinguishing starting about four tail lengths anterior to Longidorus species. the anus. Lip region slightly rounded an- We designate type specimens from the teriorly; small but conspicuous labial and nematodes available in Thorne's collection cephalic papillae present; body walls pos- for each of the three Longidorus species de- terior to papillae almost parallel one- scribed by Thorne. Also, supplementary eighth of distance to guide ring, then ta- morphometric data and photographs of pering; lip region not constricted or ex- the head, vulval, and tail regions are pro- panded. Amphidial pouches obscure, vided to aid identification and to better de- extending about 40 to 50% of anterior end termine the phylogenetic relationships to guide ring distance. Nerve ring about within the genus Longidorus. one body width posterior to odontophore

~ ~ ~iii~!~i~+~ ~i!!:! ~'~ i~'~# ~ • FIG. 1. PhotomicrographsofLongidorus sylphus Thorne 1938 females. A) Anterior region. B) Vulval region. C,D) Posterior region. Scale bar = 50 trm.

i, 96 Journal of Nematology, Volume 27, No. 1, March 1995

TABLE 1. Morphometricst of five Longidorus sylphus Thorne, 1939, females and one juvenile from Thorne's collection (Timp. Loop, Utah).

Paralectotypes (n = 4) Juvenile From Thorne Character Lectotype Mean Range 04) (n = 1) (16)

Measurements (Ixm) Length Body 3,841 4,130 (4,087-4,203) 2,984 4,400 Odontostyle 75 76.7 (72-80) 62 ca. 85 Odontophore 53 46.7 (44-50) 50 ca. 50 Replacement odontostyle 76 Anterior end to guide rng 25 24 (23-25) 22 23.35 Postcorpus 88 91 (88-93) Anterior ovary 338 288 (190-360) 440 Posterior ovary 280 242 (210-260) 440 Tail 44 46 (42-50) 52 Hyaline area of tail 12 12.5 (12-13) 8 Width Lip 11 11.3 (ll-12) 10 10~: Postcorpus 19 19.1 (18-20) Midbody 50 47.5 (46~49) 36 Anus 30 30.5 (28-32) 25 Ratios and percentages a 77 86 (84-89) 83 88 b 10.5 11.7 (10.5-13.5) 10.7 12.3 c 87 89 (84-98) 57 88 c' 1.5 1.5 (1.4-1.6) 2.08 1.54~ V 46.4 45.8 (44.8--46.8) 48 ? Mean, range in parentheses. $ Calculated fi'om Thorne's drawing. base. Odontostyle slender, diameter about Diagnosis 2 ~m at base, odontophore base slightly Longidorus sylphus differs from other spe- muscular and swollen. Postcorpus length cies of the genus in the following combina- about 4.5 times its width, tapering anteri- tion of characters: female lip area body orly. Esophago-intestinal valve about half walls parallel in the approximate range of the width of the muscular esophagus base, the amphids, body at level of amphids 11- conically rounded posteriorly, slightly 12 ~tm wide, conical tail about 1.5 times the longer than wide. Vulva not elevated. Va- anal body width with a finely rounded tip, gina perpendicular to body axis with thick- odontostyle 70-80 ~m long, odontophore ened cuticle lining, encircled by a muscular base slightly muscular and swollen, and band at junction with uterus. Sphincter body length 3.5-4.5 mm. joining uterus and oviduct not prominent, sperm not observed in genital tract. Ova- Relationships ries paired, opposed, reflexed. Prerectum 8-11 anal body widths in length. Rectum Longidorus sylphus most closely resembles about one anal body width in length. Tail L. africanus Merney, L. conicaudoidesJacobs conical-rounded, with dorsal curvature, & Heyns, and L. auratus Jacobs & Heyns in rounded tip diameter 4-6 p~m. Hyaline body, tail, and odontostyle length, lip area of tail about as long as wide. width, lip and tail shape, distance from an- Male: Unknown. terior end to the guide ring, and c'. Longi- Juvenile (pre-adult stage): Resembles fe- dorus sylphus differs from these three spe- male except for undeveloped genital struc- cies by having a slight swelling at the base tures and longer tail. of the odontophore and a shorter distance Amended Descriptions of Longidorus: Robbins, Brown 97 to the guide ring (23-25 ~m vs. 26-33, 27- Nematode Collection in Beltsville, Mary- 33, 27--33 ~xm, respectively). From L. af- land. ricanus and L. conicaudoides it differs by Note: The L. sylphus juvenile specimen, having a slightly shorter odontostyle (72- and that of L. crassus, were each identified 80 p.m vs. 82-93, 82-93 txm, respectively). as preadults which, according to the no- The tail of L. sylphus is slightly longer than menclature proposed by Robbins et al. that of L. auratus (42-50 Ixm vs. 33-41 (12), are referred to as J4. The preadult in Ixm), also the tail terminus is less rounded species for which there is unequivocal evi- than for L. auratus or L. africanus. dence of only three juvenile stages are re- ferred to as JIII. Remarks Longidorus crassus Thorne, 1974 Thorne (16) stated that L. sylphus is "A (Fig. 2, Table 2) rare species from forest soil, Wasatch Amended description Mountains, Utah, U.S.A." He provided line drawings of the anterior region (in- Lectotype (female in glycerine): Amended cluding the guide ring), the tail region, morphometrics given in Table 2. and the enlarged basal region of the Paralectotypes: Two females and one juvenile esophagus. The only L. sylphus slide in (]4): Amended morphometrics given in Thorne's collection, deposited in the Table 2 (juvenile specimen flattened). USDA Nematode Collection in Beltsville, Female: Body forming J- to spiral shape. is labeled, "Longidorus sylphus 5 9. ?, 1 y, Body width at odontophore base about Timp. Loop, Utah, June 20, '32" and was 70% that at midbody, tapering to 25% at kindly loaned to us by A. M. Golden. We lips. Cuticle containing inconspicuous assume that these specimens were used by pores, apparently plain, composed of two Thorne to describe the species, but it is layers; outer layer 3 txm thick. Subcuticle possible the type specimen was lost. generally 1 p.m thick, slightly thicker in re- Thorne did not refer to a type specimen in gion of the guide ring (up to 3 Ixm), and the species description or on the slide. much thicker in the posterior region, start- Thorne also stated, "On young females, ing about one anal body width anterior to 3.5 mm, the vulva is near 35% and the the anus ventrally and two anal body neck relatively longer, b = 8.7." Speci- widths dorsally (5-6 txm thick ventrally, mens fitting these criteria were not present 8-10 p.m thick dorsally). Lip region trun- in Thorne's collection of nematode speci- cated anteriorly with rounded lips; small, mens. Therefore, the statement may have obscure papillae present; body taper be- been made in error, and there is no evi- ginning at level of cephalic papillae; lips dence that the vulval percentage increases not constricted or expanded. Amphidial more than 10% when females of this genus pouches not observed in lateral view, ex- mature. tending in dorsoventral view to about 75% When Thorne's slide was inspected, the of the distance from anterior end to guide following observations were made: the tail ring. Nerve ring about one body width tip was abnormal on one specimen; a sec- posterior to odontophore base. Odonto- ond specimen was cut into two parts; a style slender, diameter about 2 p~m at base, third specimen was in two parts with the odontophore base slightly muscular and anterior end missing. As the slide was in swollen. Postcorpus length about 4.5 times poor condition, containing an air bubble, its width, tapering anteriorly. Esophago- the specimens were remounted on individ- intestinal valve about half width of post- ual slides and a lectotype selected. The re- corpus, about as long as wide, posteriorly maining specimens were designated as almost hemispherical. Vulva slightly ele- paralectotypes. These slides are deposited vated. Vagina perpendicular to body axis in the Thorne collection of the USDA with thickened cuticle lining encircled with 98 Journal of Nematology, Volume 27, No. 1, March 1995

{{ .....

FxG. 2. Photomicrographsof Longidorus crassus Thorne, 1974 females. A) Anterior region. B) Vulval re- gion. C,D) Posterior region. Scale bar = 50 ~m.

a muscular band at junction with uterus; Klingler, & Kunz, L. caespiticola Hooper, thickening of cuticle beginning about 20 and L. iuglandis Roca, Lamberti & Agosti- ~m from vulval opening. Sphincter joining nelli in body, tail, and odontostyle length, uterus and oviduct not prominent, sperm lip width, tail shape, distance from ante- not observed in genital tract. Ovaries rior end to the guide ring, and c'. Longi- paired, opposed, reflexed. Prerectum dorus crassus differs from L. arthensis by length about 5-8 anal body widths. Rec- having anteriorly tapered rather than par- tum length about two-thirds anal body allel lip body walls and a more broadly width. Tail bluntly rounded to almost rounded tail; differs from L. caespiticola by hemispherical. Hyaline area of tail about a shorter tail (30-42 p~m vs. 39-54 ~m) and twice as wide as long. a shorter anterior end-guide ring distance Males: Unknown. (27-36 ~m vs. 34-41 p,m); and differs from L. iuglandis by a wider lip region (16- Diagnosis 20 ~m vs. 14-16 ~m), usually shorter Longidorus crassus differs from other spe- odontostyle (100-118 ~m vs. 112-128 cies of the genus in the following combina- ~m), and usually larger c' ratio (0.7-1.0 vs. tion of characters: female lip area body 0.6-0.7). walls tapered anteriorly and 16-20 p~m wide, conical tail about 0.7 to equal the Remarks anal body width with a broadly rounded to With the description of L. crassus, almost hemispherical tip, odontostyle 100- Thorne (17) provided drawings of the an- 118 p~m long, odontophore base muscular terior, vulval, and tail regions but did not and swollen, body length 4.5-7.5 mm. indicate the number of specimens exam- ined. However, he stated that there were Relationships "small numbers from native sod, Cotton- Longidorus crassus most closely resembles wood Experiment Station and Presho, L. arthensis Brown, Grunder, Hooper, South Dakota and about roots of white TABLE 2. Morphometrics of Longidorus crassus Thorne, 1974, from the type locality (sod samples from the Cottonwood Experiment Station, South Dakota) and from specimens from prairie sod from Brake farm, Presho, South Dakota, and from White Oak, north of Ames, Iowa.

Paralectotypes Presho, South Dakota Ames, Iowa Females (n = 8) Females (n = 6) Lectotype Normal Flattened Flattened From Thorne (17) female female female juvenile(J4) Mean SD Range Mean SD Range (n = ?)

Measurements (l~m) Length Body 6,789 6,292 6,511 5,089 6,516 -+ 639 (5,768-7,560) 5,471 -+ 558 (4,708--6,266) 5,000--6,000 Odontostyle 110 112 108 92 104 + 4.4 (100-112) 115 -+ 2.1 (112-118) 105-115 Odontophore 62 58 62 62 63 -+ 5.8 (56-72) 74 -- 4.8 (70-80) 65-70 Replacement odontostyle 102 Anterior end to guide ring 29 30 31 27 30.9 -+ 1.0 (30-32) 34.5 -+ 1.5 (32-36) 32.5# ¢~" Postcorpus 126 120 114 122 + 7.4 (110-134) 135 +- 10.3 (124-150) t~ Anterior ovary 370 416 360 495 -+ 235 (270-1,040) 310 -+ 24.5 (270-330) 300-360 Posterior ovary 480 362 406 540 + 258 (294-1,080) 286 -+ 57.3 (230-380) 300-360 ~,. Tail 39 40 32 44 36 -+ 4.0 (30-42) 36 -+ 3.9 (30-42) 35t '~. Hyaline area O of tail 11 10 11 14 12.5 +- 2.3 (10-16) 14.7 + 0.8 (14-16) 16.3t Width O Lips 17 17 18 16 15.8 +- 1.3 (14-18) 18.8 + 0.8 (18-20) 1St t.~ Midbody 64 58 60.5 + 1.3 (59-62) 70.5 -+ 2.5 (68-74) .~ Anus 44 44 44.8 -+ 3.2 (40-50) 48.0 -+ 4.2 (42-52) 47.5t 0~. Postcorpus 27 24 25 -+ 2.8 (22-30) 27 -+ 1.8 (25-30) Ratios and percentages .. a 106 109 100 -+ 6.5 (96-110) 77 -+ 3.2 (73-80) 80-107 ~:~ b 13.6 12.6 12.5 13.9 -+ 1.5 (12.6-17.1) 10.7 -+ 0.9 (9.3-11.7) 11 ~, c 174 157 181 -+ 25.5 (149-218) 152 -+ 23.7 (131-188) 118-134 ~. c' 0.9 0.9 0.8 + 0.1 (0.7-1.0) 0.8 -+ 0.1 (0.7-1.0) 0.74? V 51.8 51.8 51.8 50.5 + 2.4 (48.2-55.1) 52.6 -+ 0.6 (51.9-53.3) 45-51 I:~ t Calculated from Thorne's drawings.

~D 100 Journal of Nematology, Volume 27, No. 1, March 1995 oak, Ames, Iowa." A specimen from the for taxonomic appraisal. The morphomet- Cottonwood Experiment Station was cho- ric data from all of Thorne's L. crassus sen as the lectotype for the following rea- specimens are presented in Table 2. sons: the slides were numbered 1 and la Until recently these specimens were cu- Longidorus crassus; an individual on slide 1 rated in the South Dakota Nematode Col- was denoted on the slide label with an as- lection and were loaned for this study by J. terisk, and these specimens were men- Smolik. This entire collection has since tioned first in the description. Thorne pos- been donated to the USDA Nematode Col- sibly intended the specimen denoted with lection in Beltsville, Maryland, where these an asterisk to be the type, even though he slides are currently deposited. did not state this on the slide or in the de- scription. This specimen is designated as Longidorus fragilis Thorne, 1974 the lectotype with the other specimen on (Fig. 3; Table 3) this slide, and a second female and juvenile Amended description on slide la, as paralectotypes. The speci- mens on slides la are of limited taxonomic Lectotype OCemale in glycerine): Amended value as they are substantially flattened. morphometrics given in Table 3. Thorne pictured the anterior lips as trun- Paralectotypes: One female: Amended cate, but in the text he stated they were morphometrics given in Table 3. rounded. Female: Body forming J- to spiral shape. The remaining specimens from Presho, Body width at odontophore base about South Dakota, and Ames, Iowa, are 80% that at midbody, tapering to 25% at mounted on Longidorus crassus slides lb-k. lips. Cuticle containing inconspicuous Because they are fi'om different locations pores, apparently plain, composed of two they do not have type status according to layers each about 1.5 ixm thick, subcuticle the International Rules of Zoological No- slightly thicker (up to 3 Ixm) in the region menclature. Furthermore, several speci- of the odontostyle, thickened posterior re- mens from these populations also have be- gion (up to 5 ~m dorsally on tail) starting come flattened, limiting their usefulness about two anal body widths anterior to

FIG. 3. PhotomicrographsofLongidorusfragilis Thorne, 1974 females. A) Anterior region. B) Vulval re- gion. C,D) Posterior region. Scale bar = 50 tzm. Amended Descriptions of Longidorus: Robbins, Brown 101

TABLE 3. Morphometrics of two Longidorus fra- inent, sperm not observed in genital tract. gilis Thorne, 1974 females from near Brecken- Ovaries paired, opposed, reflexed. Prerec- ridge, Minnesota. turn length 12-16 anal body widths. Rec-

From tum about one body width long. Tail con- Thorne ical-rounded, curved dorsally, rounded tip Character Lectotype Paralectotype (17) diameter 4-8 ~m. Hyaline area of tail Measurements (p.m) about 1.7 times longer than wide. Length Unknown. Body 5,551 5,942 5,300 Male: Odontostyle 96 94 94 Odontophore 50 50 Diagnosis Anterior end to guide ring 30 28 31.8, Longidorusfragilis differs from other spe- Postcorpus 102 98 cies of the genus in the following combina- Anterior ovary 390 380 371 tion of characters: female lip area body Posterior walls tapered anteriorly and 13 p,m wide, ovary 360 390 371 conical tail about 1.5-2.5 times anal body Tail 64 56 Hyaline area 54t width with a finely rounded tip, odonto- of tail 22 20 20t style 94-96 ~m long, odontophore base Width Lips 13 13 11.3, muscular and swollen, body length 5.5-6.0 Postcorpus 18 25 mm. Midbody 44 52 Anus 28 32 31.3t Relationships Ratios and percentages a 116 110 103 Longidorus fragilis most closely resembles b 14.5 14.9 13.2 L. arthensis Brown, Grunder, Hooper, c 87 106 81 c' 2.3 1.8 1.9t Klingler, & Kunz, L. elongatus (de Man) V 45.9 44.8 49 Thorne & Swanger, and L. profundorum "~ Calculated from Thorne's drawings. Hooper in body and odontostyle length, lip width, and distance from anterior end to the guide ring. Longidorusfragilis differs anus. Lip region almost hemispherical; la- from these three species by tail shape (con- bial and cephalic papillae small but con- ical to a finely rounded tip vs. conical with spicuous; body walls tapering conically a broadly rounded tip, conical with a nar- from cephalic papillae to about mid- rowly rounded tip, conical with a broadly odontophore; lips not constricted or ex- rounded to semi-hemispherical tip, respec- panded. Base of each amphidial pouch tively), tail length (56-64 p.m vs. 36-46, ovate, extending posteriorly to 70-75% of 37-52, 34-56 ~m, respectively), and c' ra- the anterior end to guide ring distance. tio (1.8-2.3 vs. 0.8-1.1, 0.9-1.1, and 0.7- Nerve ring about one body width posterior 1.0, respectively). Longidorusfragilis differs to odontophore base. Odontostyle very from L. arthensis in having a shorter odon- slender, diameter about 1 p~m at base, tostyle (94-96 p~m vs. 102-111 ~m) and odontophore base slightly muscular and anteriorly tapered vs. parallel lip body swollen. Postcorpus length about 4-4.5 walls; differs from L. elongatus in having times its width, tapering anteriorly. Esoph- anteriorly tapered vs. parallel lip body ago-intestinal valve about one-half width walls, and differs from L. profundorum in of the postcorpus, conically rounded pos- having a more anterior guide ring (28-30 teriorly, slightly longer than wide. Vulva vs. 35-41 ~m) and a shorter body (5.5-5.9 slightly elevated. Vagina perpendicular to vs. 6.0-8.3 mm). body axis with thickened cuticle lining about 10 p~m anterior and posterior to vul- Re~Tks val opening, encircled by muscular band at Thorne (17) stated that his collection of junction with uterus. Sphincter connecting L.fragilis consisted of "Two well developed uterus and oviduct present but not prom- females from river bank soil near Breck- 102 Journal of Nematology, Volume 27, No. 1, March 1995

enridge, Minnesota." He provided draw- 7. Khan, E. 1986. One new genus and four new ings of the anterior and tail regions. The species in the superfamily Longidoroidea (Nema- toda). Indian Journal of Nematology 16:185-193. specimens are on a slide designated "2 8. Lamberti, F., B. Choleva, and A. Agostinelli. Longidorus fragilis." One specimen is de- 1983. Longidoridae from Bulgaria (Nematoda, Dory- noted with an asterisk and, as for L. crassus, laimida) with descriptions of three new species of it is possible that this was the specimen Longidorus and two new species of . Nema- tologia Mediterranea 11:49-72. Thorne intended as the type, although he 9. Norton, D.C., P. Donald, J. Kimpinski, R. F. did not indicate this either in the descrip- Meyers, G. R. Noel, E. M. Noffsinger, R. T. Robbins, tion or on the slide. This specimen is here D. P. Schmitt, C. Sousa-Moss, and T. C. Vrain. 1984. designated as the lectotype, with the other Distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in North America. Hyattsville, MD: Society of Nematologists. specimen being a paralectotype. The slide 10. Norton, D. C., D. Dunlap, and D. D. Williams. is deposited in the USDA Nematode Col- 1982. Plant-parasitic nematodes in Iowa: Longi- lection in Beltsville, Maryland. doridae and Trichodoridae. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 89:15-19. LITERATURE CITED 11. Robbins, R.T., and D.J.F. Brown. 1991. Comments on the taxonomy, occurrence and distri- 1. Allow, J. M., and Z. A. Katcho. 1967. Nematode bution of Longidoridae (Nematoda) in North Amer- infestation of sugarcane in Iraq. Plant Disease Re- ica. Nematologica 37:39~419. porter 51:809. 12. Robbins, R.T., D.J.F. Brown, J. M. Hal- 2. Brown, D.J.F., J. Grunder, D.J. Hooper, J. brendt, and T. C. Vrain. 1994. Compendium of Klingler, and P. Kunz. 1994. Longidorus arthensis sp. n. Longidorusjuvenile stages with observations on L. pisi, (Nematoda: Longidoridae) a vector of cherry rosette L. taniwha and L. diadecturus (Nematoda: Longi- disease caused by a new nepovirus in cherry trees in doridae). Systematic Parasitology (in press). Switzerland. Nematologica 40:133-149. 13. Roca, F., F. Lamberti, A. Agostinelli, and M. T. 3. Choi, Y. E., and Y. S. Moon. 1988. A taxonom- Vinciguerra. 1986. Longidorus aetnaeus, a new Longi- ical study on the family of Longidoridae (Nematoda) doridae species from Italy. Nematologia Mediterra- in Korea: 1. Three unrecorded species of Longi- nea 14:1-5. doridae. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology 27: 14. Sturhan, D., 1963. Beitrag zur Systematik der 165-170. Gattung Longidorus. Nematologica 9:131-142. 4. Choleva, B.M., S. Katalan-Gateva, and M. K. 15. Sturhan, D., and S. Barooti. 1983. Longidorus Tsenkova. 1980. The nematodes of Family Cricone- iranicus n. sp. (Nematoda: ). Systematic matidae Taylor, 1936 (Nematoda Rudolphi, 1808) Parasitology 5:21-24. and Family Longidoridae Thorne, 1935, on Rosa dam- ascena Mill. in Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 14: 16. Thorne, G., 1939. A monograph of the nema- 64-69. todes of the superfamily Dorylaimoidea. Capita Zoo- 5. Hooper, D.J. 1961. A redescription of Longi- logica 8:1-261. dorus elongatu~ (de Man, 1876) Thorne & Swanger, 17. Thorne, G., 1974. Nematodes of the Northern 1936, (Nematoda, ) and descriptions of Great Plains. Part II. Dorylaimoidea in part. (Nemata: five new species of Longidorus from Great Britain. Adenophorea). Technical Bulletin 41, South Dakota Nematologica 6:237-257. Agricultural Experiment Station. 6. Javed, R. 1983. Two new species of the super- 18. Xu, J., and H. Cheng. 1992. Longidorus litchii n. family Longidoroidea (Dorylaimida: Nematoda) sp. and L. henanus n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Nematology from China. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 13:26-31. 15:517-523.