Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(12): 1407-1413
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 12 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.170
Evaluation of Capsicum Varieties under Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse in Faridkot District of Punjab, India
Gurdarshan Singh1*, Rakesh Kumar Singh2, Nilesh Biwalkar3 and Jagdish Grover4
1Department of Horticulture, 2Department of Agri Engineering, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, India 3Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India 4Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
An evaluation of capsicum varieties was carried out under naturally ventilated greenhouse in the technology park of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot during the years 2015-16 and 2016 -17. During the present study, three cultivars of capsicum namely Orobelle (yellow), Bomby (red) and Indra (green) were grown in the greenhouse. The grown crop was irrigated with three irrigation levels, i.e., I1:100 per cent
K e yw or ds replenishment of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), I2: 80 per cent of ETc and I3:60 per cent of ETc. There were three levels of fertigation, F1: 120 per cent of targeted Capsicum, fertilizer dose; F2: 100 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose and F3: 80 per cent of Fertigation, targeted fertilizer dose. Statistical analysis was carried out as per split plot design. The Irrigation, Benefit- Cost ratio, economic returns were calculated on the basis of no subsidy and with 50 per cent subsidy. The cost of marketable yield for yellow and red colored capsicum were taken Economical evaluation as rupees 35 per kg each and rupees 25 for green coloured capsicum. The average yield per plant recorded from present study was 3.6 kg, 3.4 kg and 3.9 kg for yellow, Article Info red and green capsicum, respectively. The gross returns were calculated as 1.512,
Accepted: 1.428 and 1.17 lakh from yellow, red and green capsicum, respectively. Net returns 12 November 2019 per 560 sq m area for without subsidy case under green, yellow and red capsicum was Available Online: calculated as Rs. 1464/-, Rs. 35664/- and Rs. 27264/-, respectively, whereas for the 10 December 2019 case of 50 per cent subsidy, it was Rs. 40727/-, Rs. 74927/- and Rs. 66527/- ,respectively. The average Benefit-Cost ratio for greenhouse cropped green, yellow and red colored capsicum was 1.01:1, 1.31:1 and 1.23:1 for without subsidy; and 1.53:1, 1.98:1 and 1.87:1 for the case with 50 per cent subsidy. The economic evaluation revealed that the capsicum production under naturally ventilated
greenhouse condition can be a profitable venture.
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Introduction Materials and Methods
Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) is The present research work was carried out at one of the main commercial crops in Punjab. technology park of Punjab Agricultural It is used as vegetable and salad crop. Colored University’s Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot, capsicum is used for topping pizza and is during 2015-16 and 2016-17 under the being used for preparation of noodles and naturally ventilated greenhouse having area of burgers as it is rich in vitamin C. 560 m2 (Fig. 1). Faridkot is situated at 30.6769o N latitude and 74.7583o E longitude A greenhouse is an enclosed structure which having mean height of 200 m above sea level. utilizes modified environment. The crop production is affected by its mechanism of Nursery of the varieties Orobelle, Bomby and allowing shortwave solar radiation to enter Indra was transplanted in the greenhouse on from cladding material and entrapping long 12th September and 18th September during wave thermal radiation to create a favorable 2015 and 2016, respectively. Irrigation was microclimate for higher productivity (Tiwari, given to the crop through drip irrigation 2006). Under naturally ventilated greenhouse system. There were three levels of irrigation, condition capsicum crop production is highly I1: 100 per cent replenishment of crop suitable. evapotranspiration (ETc); I2: 80per cent replenishment of ETc and I3: 60 per cent High capital investment is required to replenishment of ETc. The amount of construct a naturally ventilated greenhouse irrigation was decided on the basis of previous and crop production under greenhouse day’s crop evapotranspiration which was condition requires skilled labor. Therefore, it calculated by Penman-Monteith equation on was required to study the economics of the daily basis. Fertilizers (N: urea, P: phosphoric crop production under these greenhouses. acid and K: muriate of potash) were given to the crop on the basis of target yield. Target If high investment in terms of greenhouse yield was set as 3 kg of marketable fruit yield installation is not matched with high returns, of capsicum per plant. There were three levels there will be a loss of capital for farmers, of fertigation, F1: 120 per cent of targeted which is not favorable for agriculture sector. fertilizer dose; F2: 100 per cent of targeted So it was needed to carry out the economic fertilizer dose and F3: 80 per cent of targeted study about cost effectiveness of the naturally fertilizer dose. There were 3 hybrid varieties ventilated greenhouse for capsicum of colored capsicum, i.e., Syngenta yellow production. (Orobelle), Syngenta red (Bomby) and Syngenta green (Indra). The size of the plot A number of research workers (Rakesh et al., was 4.5 m x 3.0 m = 13.5 m2. 2011; Sharda et al., 2012; Biwalkar and Jain, 2014; and Nilesh et al., 2015) have carried out The plots were treated with 2 per cent solution different work at various places on crop of formalin for disinfecting the soil from production, but still farmers are facing bacteria and other undesired larva and eggs. problems at regional level. Keeping in view Seedlings were planted at plant to plant the problems of the farmers, the present study distance of 0.45 m and row to row distance as was taken to ascertain the economical 0.50 m. There were three replications i.e. R1, feasibility of capsicum production under R2 and R3. Split plot design was followed for naturally ventilated greenhouse. statistical analysis and for economic analysis.
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Benefit Cost ratio was used to find out the subsidy and with 50 per cent subsidy on feasibility of growing capsicum under structure having condition of one time 50 per naturally ventilated greenhouse condition. cent subsidy on planting material per beneficiary. The present greenhouse was Results and Discussion constructed as per the ‘National Horticultural Mission’s (NHM)’guidelines having The yield obtained from the three varieties construction cost @ Rs 935/- per square under different treatment combinations are meter. The expected life and annual interest on given in table 1 (tonnes ha-1) and table 2 (kg investment under different heads were plant-1). Table 1 depicts that the irrigation calculated to get annual depreciation on level 1 i.e. I1: 100 per cent replenishment of investment (Table 4). ETc produced maximum yield under yellow, red and green colored capsicum followed by Total cost of cultivation under present irrigation level 2 (80per cent replenishment of greenhouse condition for both of the cases was ETc) and level 3 (60 per cent replenishment of calculated as Rs. 44,850 and Rs. 40,930, ETc), respectively. Green colored capsicum respectively. To get the total returns from the recorded significantly higher yield because of produce, daily market rate of capsicum from more frequent pickings of the fruit as local market (Rs 25, 35 and 35 per kg for compared with yellow and red colored green, yellow and red capsicum respectively) capsicum. As the yellow and red colored was taken and on the basis of cost of per unit capsicum fruits are initially green and then produce (capsicum). The gross return turned yellow or red after maturity and calculated was same for both of the cases i.e. therefore took more time for picking. without subsidy and with 50 per cent subsidy. The gross returns from green, yellow and red Among the all treatment combinations, yield capsicum were calculated per plant as1.17, per plant was observed higher under high level 1.512 and 1.428 lakh. of irrigation and fertigation i.e. I1F1 as 3.6, 3.4 and 3.9 kg per plant for yellow, red and Net returns for without subsidy case under green colored capsicum. The minimum yield green, yellow and red capsicum was per plant was recorded under I3F3, wherein, it calculated as Rs. 1464/-, Rs. 35664/- and Rs. was 1.2, 1.2 and 1.4 kg per plant. Different 27264/- respectively, whereas for the case of treatments of irrigation and fertigation were 50 per cent subsidy, it was Rs. 40727/-, Rs. having significant effect on capsicum yields 74927/- and Rs. 66527/- respectively. The under 5 per cent level of significance. The average Benefit-Cost ratio for greenhouse yield given in table 1 and 2 were obtained by cropped green, yellow and red colored adopting different cultivation practices and capsicum were 1.01:1, 1.31:1 and 1.23:1 for these practices involved cost, these without subsidy; and 1.53:1, 1.98:1 and 1.87:1 approximated costs are given under different for the case with 50 per cent subsidy. All the heads and presented in table 3 as cost of calculations given in Table 4 are dependent on cultivation. the cost of input like labour, fertilizers, insecticide/pesticides and materials required An economic evaluation was carried out on for construction of greenhouse; and the rate of the basis of Benefit: Cost ratio for the present produce which is ever changing in nature. study on the basis of cost of cultivation and Therefore, the gross return and net return acquired yield (Table 4). The economic study along with Benefit-Cost ratio will get affected was taken care for two cases i.e. without by these costs.
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Fig.1 Experimental area of naturally ventilated greenhouse
Table.1 Yield of capsicum under different treatments combination (tonnes ha-1)
2015-16
Treat-ments Yellow Red Green Treat- Yellow Red Green Treat- Yellow Red Green ments ments
I1F1R1 105.7 101.3 118.5 I2F1R1 88.3 82.4 102.5 I3F1R1 70.2 68.2 85.1 I1F1R2 101.8 98.2 115.2 I2F1R2 81.5 80.2 94.2 I3F1R2 68.3 65.4 79.2 I1F1R3 99.8 98.2 105.8 I2F1R3 80.5 82.7 89.3 I3F1R3 68.1 67.2 71.4 I1F2R1 83.6 81.4 98.4 I2F2R1 68.9 62.7 84.4 I3F2R1 53.4 49.2 65.5 I1F2R2 80.7 75.7 92.1 I2F2R2 62.7 61.4 78.2 I3F2R2 50.7 48.7 58.3 I1F2R3 78.4 77.2 88.3 I2F2R3 60.7 62.5 73.8 I3F2R3 49.8 49.7 52.4 I1F3R1 49.7 47.3 64.1 I2F3R1 42.8 39.2 60.7 I3F3R1 38.4 35.4 48.4 I1F3R2 45.3 45.1 62.8 I2F3R2 40.8 38.8 54.2 I3F3R2 35.7 35.1 45.2 I1F3R3 45.0 46.5 61.2 I2F3R3 39.2 40.1 50.5 I3F3R3 35.1 36.2 42.7 Av. 76.7 74.5 89.6 Av. 62.8 61.1 76.4 Av. 52.2 50.6 60.9 C D (p≤0.05) I:2.04, F:0.83, IxF: 1.44 2016-17 Treat-ments Yellow Red Green Treat- Yellow Red Green Treat- Yellow Red Green ments ments I1F1R1 112.5 108.1 125.3 I2F1R1 92.4 87.9 110.2 I3F1R1 75.3 71.4 94.2 I1F1R2 105.3 100.4 119.2 I2F1R2 85.2 82.4 98.7 I3F1R2 69.8 67.3 90.1 I1F1R3 108.6 101.4 114.5 I2F1R3 88.6 83.3 93.2 I3F1R3 69.3 67.3 82.7 I1F2R1 87.5 84.3 100.5 I2F2R1 70.5 68.2 92.7 I3F2R1 59.1 52.8 81.2 I1F2R2 85.4 82.7 97.3 I2F2R2 68.9 63.5 81.4 I3F2R2 49.9 50.6 70.4 I1F2R3 86.5 81.5 90.2 I2F2R3 69.6 64.2 76.8 I3F2R3 52.4 50.5 62.2 I1F3R1 56.3 50.2 82.4 I2F3R1 50.4 45.8 66.9 I3F3R1 42.3 38.7 55.6 I1F3R2 49.5 48.2 75.4 I2F3R2 42.5 41.0 60.4 I3F3R2 40.3 37.1 50.7 I1F3R3 53.1 52.4 68.2 I2F3R3 42.8 41.6 54.3 I3F3R3 41.1 38.6 47.5 Av. 82.7 78.8 97 Av. 67.9 64.2 81.6 Av. 55.5 52.7 70.5 C D (p≤0.05) I: 1.58, F: 1.64, IxF: 2.83
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Table.2 Yield of capsicum under different treatments combination (kg plant-1)
2015-16
Treat-ments Yellow Red Green Treat- Yellow Red Green Treat- Yellow Red Green ments ments
I1F1R1 3.6 3.4 4.0 I2F1R1 3.0 2.8 3.5 I3F1R1 2.4 2.3 2.9 I1F1R2 3.4 3.3 3.9 I2F1R2 2.7 2.7 3.2 I3F1R2 2.3 2.2 2.7 I1F1R3 3.4 3.3 3.6 I2F1R3 2.7 2.8 3.0 I3F1R3 2.3 2.3 2.4 I1F2R1 2.8 2.7 3.3 I2F2R1 2.3 2.1 2.8 I3F2R1 1.8 1.7 2.2 I1F2R2 2.7 2.6 3.1 I2F2R2 2.1 2.1 2.6 I3F2R2 1.7 1.6 2.0 I1F2R3 2.6 2.6 3.0 I2F2R3 2.0 2.1 2.5 I3F2R3 1.7 1.7 1.8 I1F3R1 1.7 1.6 2.2 I2F3R1 1.4 1.3 2.0 I3F3R1 1.3 1.2 1.6 I1F3R2 1.5 1.5 2.1 I2F3R2 1.4 1.3 1.8 I3F3R2 1.2 1.2 1.5 I1F3R3 1.5 1.6 2.1 I2F3R3 1.3 1.4 1.7 I3F3R3 1.2 1.2 1.4 Av. 2.6 2.5 3.0 Av. 2.1 2.1 2.6 Av. 1.8 1.7 2.1 2016-17 Treat-ments Yellow Red Green Treat- Yellow Red Green Treat- Yellow Red Green ments ments I1F1R1 3.8 3.6 4.2 I2F1R1 3.1 3.0 3.7 I3F1R1 2.5 2.4 3.2 I1F1R2 3.6 3.4 4.0 I2F1R2 2.9 2.8 3.3 I3F1R2 2.4 2.3 3.0 I1F1R3 3.7 3.4 3.9 I2F1R3 3.0 2.8 3.1 I3F1R3 2.3 2.3 2.8 I1F2R1 3.0 2.8 3.4 I2F2R1 2.4 2.3 3.1 I3F2R1 2.0 1.8 2.7 I1F2R2 2.9 2.8 3.3 I2F2R2 2.3 2.1 2.7 I3F2R2 1.7 1.7 2.4 I1F2R3 2.9 2.7 3.0 I2F2R3 2.3 2.2 2.6 I3F2R3 1.8 1.7 2.1 I1F3R1 1.9 1.7 2.8 I2F3R1 1.7 1.5 2.3 I3F3R1 1.4 1.3 1.9 I1F3R2 1.7 1.6 2.5 I2F3R2 1.4 1.4 2.0 I3F3R2 1.4 1.3 1.7 I1F3R3 1.8 1.8 2.3 I2F3R3 1.4 1.4 1.8 I3F3R3 1.4 1.3 1.6 Av. 2.8 2.7 3.3 Av. 2.3 2.2 2.8 Av. 1.9 1.8 2.4
Table.3 Cost of cultivation for producing capsicum
Sr No Particulars Cost involved (Rs.) Without subsidy With 50 per cent subsidy 1 One labour @ Rs. 300/day for one acre for 23,250 23,250 310 days (one fourth of the total cost will be utilized for 560 m2 area) 2 Plants 1200 nos @ Rs. 3/ plant 3,600 3,600 3 Insecticides, pesticides fertilizers, 15,000 15,000 micronutrients etc 4 Repair and maintenance and miscellaneous 3,000 3,000 Total 44,850 40,930* [* Rs. 39200/- will be given by Government as subsidy on cost of planting material and cultivation of high value vegetable grown in polyhouse under NHM guideline. This amount is calculated as 50 per cent of Rs 140/ sq. m.]. As the analysis has to done for 10 years, this cost is calculated as Rs. 3920/- per year, i.e., 44850-3920 = 40930
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Table.4 Comparative average economic analysis of capsicum crop production
Sr Description Without With 50% No subsidy (Rs) subsidy (Rs) 1 Greenhouse construction @ Rs.935/m2 for 560 m2 area 5,23,600.00 2,61,800.00 2 Cost of Main line, Sub main, Pumping and filtration unit along with their accessories for irrigation and foggers (a) Fixed cost @ 10% of Sr no 1 52,360.00 26,180.00 (b) Life in years 20 20 (c) Depreciation on capital invested (2a/2b) 2,618.00 1,309.00 (d) Interest @ 9% per year (0.09*2a) 4,712.40 2,356.20 (e) Total (2c + 2d) 7,330.40 3,665.20 3 Cost of laterals for irrigation and foggers along with their accessories (a) Fixed cost @ 5% of Sr no 1 26,180.00 13,090.00 (b) Life in years 10 10 (c) Depreciation on capital invested (3a/3b) 2,618.00 1,309.00 (d) Interest @ 9% per year (0.09*3a) 2,356.20 1,178.10 (e) Total (3c + 3d) 4,974.20 2,487.10 4 Cost of UV Stabilized Polyethylene sheet with its accessories (a) Fixed cost @ 10% of Sr no 1 52,360.00 26,180.00 (b) Life in years 5 5 (c) Depreciation on capital invested (4a/4b) 10,472.00 5,236.00 (d) Interest @ 9% per year (0.09*4a) 4,712.40 2,356.20 (e) Total (4c + 4d) 15,184.4 7,592.20 5 Cost of Greenhouse structure(metallic) with its accessories (a) Fixed cost @ 75% of Sr no 1 3,92,700.00 1,96,350.00 (b) Life in years 50 50 (c) Depreciation on capital invested (5a/5b) 7,854.00 3,927.00 (d) Interest @ 9% per year (0.09*5a) 35,343.00 17,671.50 (e) Total (5c + 5d) 43,197.00 21,598.50 6 Total of 2e + 3e + 4e + 5e 70,686.00 35,343.00 7 Cost of planting material and cultivation of high value vegetable -- 39,200 grown in poly house (one time only per beneficiary) under NHM guideline, @Rs. 140/ sq. m. i.e. (140*560)/2 = Rs. 39,200/-. As the analysis has to done for 10 years this cost is calculated as Rs. 3920/- per year. 8 Cultivation cost of sweet pepper (seedlings + transplantation + 44,850.00 40,930.00 weeding + spraying etc.) 9 Total cost of production (6+8) 1,15,536.00 76,273.00 10 Gross return from produce (average) under 560 m2 Greenhouse (1200 plants) Green, 3.9 kg/plant = 4,680 kg @ Rs. 25 1,17,000.00 1,17,000.00 Yellow, 3.6 kg/plant = 4,320 kg @ Rs. 35 1,51,200.00 1,51,200.00 Red, 3.4 kg/plant = 4,080 kg @ Rs. 35 1,42,800.00 1,42,800.00 11 Net return from produce under 560 m2 Greenhouse (1200 plants) (10-9) Green 1,464.00 40,727.00 Yellow 35,664.00 74,927.00 Red 27,264.00 66,527.00 12 Average Benefit-Cost ratio (10/9) Green 1.01:1 1.53:1 Yellow 1.31:1 1.98:1 Red 1.23:1 1.87:1
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An economic study was carried out to evaluate References the capsicum crop production under naturally ventilated greenhouse condition in Krishi Biwalkar Nilesh and A K Jain. 2014. Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot. Economical evaluation of sweet pepper production under naturally ventilated The study revealed that the treatment greenhouse condition. Annals of Agri combination (I1F1) of higher irrigation and Bio Res 19(4): 669-672. fertigation levels i.e. I1:100 per cent Nilesh Biwalkar, KG Singh, AK Jain, R replenishment of crop evapotranspiration and Sharda, SK Jindal, K Singh and N F1:120 per cent of targeted fertilizer dose Chawla. 2015. Response of coloured produced maximum capsicum yield as 3.9 kg, sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. 3.6 kg and 3.4 kg per plant for green, yellow vargrossum) to fertigation and and red colored capsicum. irrigation levels under naturally ventilated greenhouse. Agric Res J The net returns from the green, yellow and red 52(1):19-25. colored capsicum was found to be as Rs. RakeshSharda, MP Kaushal, M Siag and N 1464/-, Rs. 35664/- and Rs. 27264/-, Biwalkar. 2011. Economic evaluation respectively, for without subsidy case. For 50 of subsurface drip irrigation system in per cent subsidy case, the net returns were Rs. tomato. Progressive Horti 43(1): 66- 40727/-, Rs. 74927/- and Rs. 66527/-, 71. respectively, for green, yellow and red colored Sharda R, M Siag, K Kirandeep, N Biwalkar capsicum. and AK Chawla. 2012. Maximizing production and profitability under drip irrigated and fertigated potato The maximum Benefit-Cost ratio was found to (Solanum tuberosum L.). Indian J be 1.98:1 for 50 per cent subsidy case for Ecology 39: 222-225. yellow coloured capsicum. Capsicum Tiwari G N (2006). Greenhouse technology cultivation under naturally ventilated for controlled environment. Pp 21-25. greenhouse may be a profitable agricultural Narosa Publication house New Delhi, production. pp 10-17.
How to cite this article:
Gurdarshan Singh, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Nilesh Biwalkar and Jagdish Grover. 2019. Evaluation of Capsicum Varieties under Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse in Faridkot District of Punjab, India. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(12): 1407-1413. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.812.170
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