District Survey Report Ferozpur

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Ferozepur

District Survey Report

Ferozpur

INTRODUCTION

Firozpur district is one of the important historical districts of the Punjab. The name Firozpur obviously means the town of Firoz. Probably the founder was

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (A.D.) 1351-88), as the place must always have occupied an important position on the line of communication between Delhi and Lahore. Anot her tradition, however, ascribes its foundation to one of the Bhatti chief named Firoz Khan, in the middle of the sixteen century. The district came into being on the annexation of Firozpur by the British in 1836. As a result of the First Anglo-Sikh War, 1845-46, the ilaqas of KhaiMudki, etc. and certain other Lahore territories, east of the Satluj, were added to it. When the Badhni District (now called BadhniKalan in the Faridkot District) was broken up in 1847, some of its parts were added to the Firozpur District. The next addition compressed portions of the ilaqas of Muktsar and KotKapura in 1852. In 1856, the estates of the deposed Nawab of Mamdot were annexed. In 1958, village of Sibian was taken back from the Faridkot State. On the partition of the Sirsa District in 1884, its western half was included in the Firozpur District. In 1959, the Nathana Sub Tehsil (comprising 37 villages) of the Firozpur Tehsil was transferred to the Bathinda District. On the exchange of enclaves between India and Pakistan on 17 January 1961, following an agreement between the Government of India and the Government of Pakistan on 11 January 1960, certain areas in the vicinity of the Suleimanki Headworks in the Fazilka Tehsil were transferred to Pakistan in exchange of the areas near the Hussaniwala Headworks. These areas were added to the Firozpur Tehsil. Location & Geographical Area

The Firozpur District lies between latitude 29o-55’ and 31o-09’ and between longitude 73o-53’ and 75o-24’ and its Georaphical area 50303 square Km. Before 15 August 1973, this district was the southernmost of the seven districts of the Jalandhar Division of the PunjabState. On that date, the new Firozpur Division was formed and the Firozpur district was included in it. The boundary of the present Firozpur District on the east runs along the Faridkot District. On the north-east, the River Satluj generally separates it from the Jalandhar and Kapurthala districts. The united stream of the Satluj and the Beas generally separates it from the Amritsar District in the north-west, and farther down from the Pakistan, with the exception of some areas on each side of the river. District comprises there tehsils/subdivisions, viz. Firozpur in the middle, Zira on the east, Fazilka (now district) on the south-west. All important places in the District are connected by rail or road. Almost 11 km from the

Hussainiwala border on the west and 121 km from Ludhiana in the east lies the City of Firozpur, the headquarter s of the District administration. By road, it is 116 km from Amritsar, 130 km from Jalandhar, 122km from Ludhiana, 103km from Bathinda (via KotKapura), 86km from Fazilka. The city lies on the Firozpur cantonment-Ludhiana branch line of Northern Railway.

Source:-Google

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT

Physiographically, the Firozpur District constitutes a part of the Punjab plain, which is largely flat and featureless and is formed of Pleistocene and Sub- recent alluvial deposits of the Indo-Gangetic system. Wind act has also played a part in shaping the relief of the District, located as it is in the vicinity of the Rajasthan Desert. That is why the alluvial surface of the District is strewn with sand-dunes in some parts. The general elevation of the District ranges from 230 meters in the north-east to about 175 meters in the south-west, giving a north-east-to south-west gradient of one meter in 4km. Though the physiography of the District is apparently a homogeneous plain, in general, it displays significant variations, if examined at local levels. The following three terrain units can be indentified: (i) The floodplain of the Satluj.

(ii) The sand-dune-infested tract.

(iii) The upland plain of subtle

(i)The Floodplain of the Satluj: the floodplain of the Satluj occupies the northern half of the Zira Tehsil, the northern and western sections of the Firozpur Tehsil and the north-western part of the Fazilka tehsil. This tract is locally known as the bet Satluj. It is a lowlying, uneven 10-15 -km-wide stretch of land along the Satluj River. It is covered with new alluvium and is separated from one sand-dune-infested tract to its south and east by a low cliff. Before the damming of the Satluj at Bhakra and the construction of barrages at Nagal and Harike, the River used to flood this tract during the rainy season. This area is quite safe from floods at present, giving stability to its settlements and agriculture. At places, the tract contains abandoned courses of the River, patches of marshy land, and pockets of thickly growing grasses. It is now being reclaimed or agriculture and other uses. ii) The Sand-Dune-Infested Tract: This tract, which runs parallels to the bet Satluj to it south and east and which covers the lower part of the Zira Tehsil, the eastern half of the Firozpur Teshil and the middle zone of the Fazilka Tehsil, is a linear stretch of numerous closely spaced sand-dunes. In fact, this tract coincides largely with the old course of the Satluj, through which the River used to flow about 400 years back, since when it has been drifting westwards. The base of the sand-dune-infested tract is formed of the alluvium deposited by the River. The sand-dunes here have been deposited by strong

winds, from south-west and north-west, picking up sand largely from the dry bed of the River during winter and the pre-monsoon periods when the discharge in the River is meagre. The sand-dunes are small, a few hundred meters long, and generally low, only 2 to 5 meters above the level of the surrounding ground. However, these sand-dunes are spaced close to one another, providing a distinct type of topography.

(iii) The Upland Plain:The upland plain, which includes the interior parts of the District, possesses a firm base of old alluvium, with sporadically distributed sand-dunes superimposed on it. Here, the soils are reddish brown sandy loam. Within the upland plain, however, there are differences in certain respects. The north-eastern part is higher (its elevation ranging from 215 to 230 meters) than the south-western part, the elevation of which is 175 to 200 meters. Moreover, the frequency of sand-dunes is more in the latter (which adjoins the Rajasthan Desert) than in the former.

It may be noted that many of the sand-dunes, both in the sand-dune-infested tract and in the upland plain, have been leveled by the farmers and brought under cultivation. This expansion in agricultural land has been made possible by the extension of irrigation, particularly by canals. This development has brought about considerable changes in the topography of the District. In brief, the physiography of the District was originally designed by the depositional work of the Satluj. Later on, it was worked over by the action of the wind simultaneously with that of the River. Recently, man has been instrumental in smoothening out some of the irregularities in relief consequent upon the development of canal irrigation. (iv)Active Flood Plain of the Subtle: This is the youngest surface of the area represented by the day flood plain deposits of the Satluj River. River Satluj has a wide flood plain, the flooding of the river being more or less a yearly feature. Sukhbarnala has a long meandering channel, which comprises mainly loose sand with little silt and clay .Palaeo-channels Channel like depressions occur near Firozpur, Faridkot, Sayanwali, Bhanger Sappanwali, Dagga Rammana, Wattu, GoleWala, Pakka, Tina, BhureGujar and TarioWali.Ferozpur and Faridkot appear to lie on the old river bed. Channel of SukarNala passes in between the Firozpurcity and FirozpurCantt.Channel like depression near Bhanger, Sappanwali, Sayanwali, Faridkot, Dagga Rammana, Wattu and TarioWali appear to be the continuity of the Palaeo-channel passing through Atari, Salina, Dagru Mudki (Garg & Singh 1992).The channels run parallel to the

Rajasthan Feeder/Sirhind Feeder. But near Faridkot and Wattu it cut across the canals. Palaeo- channels have been observed in other parts of Punjab in Sangrur, Ludhiana, Faridkot and Ferozpur districts. As already reported that river Satlujhas was shifting its course towards west (Garg & Singh 1991 and Garg & Singh 1992). In Sangrur district the original course of the river was approximately through Malerkotla, NaoDharani, AhanKheri, Pharwahi, and Katron and Barnala. Subsequently the river began to flow through Ahmedgarh LohatBaddi, Kalsian, Rajgarh, and Jalal Di Wal. Further shift made the river flow though Atari, Salina, Dagru, Mangewal, Mudki, Bhanger, Sappanwali, Fridkot, Dagga Rammana, Wattu, TarioWali and BureGujar. The Sutlej presently flows along northern and western border of the Firozpur district and is joined by the southwest flowing Beas River at Harike.Presence of Palaeo- channels has been corroborated by the study of landsat imagery data at the Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana.

1.Rainfall

The south-west monsoon generally arrives in the first week of July and continues up to the end of August. About 70% of the rainfall in the district is received during the period from June to September and as much as about 18% rainfall occurs during the period from December to February.

The following table shows the average annual rainfall of Firozpur district:

District Year Rainfall (mm)

Firozpur 2010 459

Firozpur 2011 9

Firozpur 2012 137

Firozpur 2013 796.9

Firozpur 2014 396

Firozpur 2015 271

2 .The List of the New Identified Mines included in the Auction of Mining Block -3 Firozpur District

Riverbed/ Sr Block Name of Hadbast Total Khasra No. Agricultural No No. Mine No. Area field (in Ha)

13//18,23,3,8 1 3 Kamalwala-1 324 1.62 River bed

8//1(8-0), 10(8-0) 2 3 Pir Ismail Khan 71 0.809 Agricultural field

25//12(8-0)13(7-8)18(8- 3 3 Habibwala 70 1.406 0)23/2(4-8) Agricultural field

45//11( 8- 0)18(8- 0) 19(8 4 3 Tahli saida sahu 28 1.619 Agricultural field 0) 20/1(4- 0)20/2( 4-0) 53//2(8-0)3(8-0)8(8-0)9(8- 0) 5 3 Bandala 328 1.619 River bed

12//5(5-14)6(3-4)15(1-3) 13//1(8-0)2(7-8)10/2(0- 18)11(8-0) 6 3 Kamalwala-2 324 3.603 River bed 12(7-8)19(7-8)20(7- 11)9(7-8) 10/1(7-2) 17//5(8-0)6(8-0), 18//1(8-0)2(8-0)3(8-0), 7 3 Jama Mega 322 4.453 15//20(8-0)21(8- Agricultural field 0)22(8-0)23(8-0) 24(8-0)25(8-0)

50//17(8-0)18(8-0)23(8-0) 41//5(8-0) 43//22(8-0) 23(8-0) 39//5/1(1-16) 16/3minnorth(2-0) 16/3min north(4-2) 38//20/2(5-13) 22(7-8) 19(7- 8) 1/2(5-4) 2/1(4-12) 8/2(1- 3) 9/1/1(4-0) 9/1/2(3-4) 10(8-0) 11/1/1/2(2-0) 8 3 Beri Kadrabad 163 10.69 Agricultural field 11/1/2(4-7) 12/1(1-7) 20/1(1-11) 6/1(1-8) 23mineast(4-0) 23min(4-0) 24min west(4-0) 24min East (3-11) 6/1(1-8) 42//2(7-8) 24/1(5-14) 24/2(2-0) 25(8-0) 19/1(4-0) 18(8-0) 23(8-0) 48//5(8-0) 6/1(4-0) 4(8-0) 6/2(4-0) 7/1(6-0)

6 2 ( 6 . 4 9 3 Gurditi wala 3 2.627 9 Agricultural field )

E a s t 258//19(8-0)22(8-0)10(8-0) 195//11(7-11) Mallanwala 194//16(8-0) 10 3 1 3.721 Agricultural field Junabi 252//10(8-0)11(4-0) 253//4/2(3-0)5(8-0)6(8-0) 7/1(3-0)

13//3(8-0)8(7-7)5(8-0)6(7-7) 10//25(8-0)17(8-0)24/1(5-11) 17//11(8-0)10/1(6-17) 4//19(8-0)22(8-0) 11//2(8-0)9(8-0)12/1(2-13) 11 3 chabba 28 8.813 Agricultural field 12/2(4-18)1(8-0)10(8-0) 21(7-12) 12//9(8-0)8(7-14)12/1(5-17) 12/2(1-12)13/2(6-4)1(7-12) 10(6-19) 23//4(7-2)5(7-2)7(8- 0)19//22(8-0)20(7-12)21(7- 12)22//1min(4-15)1min(2-7) 10min(5-7)10min(2- 13)15//23(8-0)24(8-0)21(8- 0)22(8-0)18//3(8-0)4(8- 0)6(8-0)14(8-0) 15(8-0)1(8- 12 3 Nijamdin wala 51 14.92 Riverbed 0)2(8-0)7(8-0)8(8-0) 9(12- 0)12/2(4-0)13(8-0)16/2(2- 4)25(8-0)24(8-0)9//18(5- 0)23(4-4)13(6-18)14(8- 0)15(8-0)16(8-0)17(8- 0)10//23(8-0)11(8-0)12(8- 0)13(8-0)14(8-0)

4//13/2(6-3) 18(8-0)23(8-0) 9(2-18) 10(4-0) 11(8-0) 12(8- 0)13/1(2-7) 19(8-0) 20(8-0) 25(8-0), 3//11(9-11)20(8-0) ,4//16(8-0) 10//25/1(7-11) 10//3min(5-11)16(8-0) 5(8- 0) 9//7(8-0)8(8-0)23(8-0) 24(8-0)1(7-12)2(7-7) 10/1((3-16) 10/2(4-4) 18//4(8-0)8(8-0) 36//23/3(5-7) 13 3 Lohke Khurd 12 18.37 Agricultural field 43//3/1(3-8)3/2(4-7) 4/1(4-17) 15/3(6-7)16/1(7-12) 23(8-0)22(8-0)12(8-0) 13(8-0)18(8-0)19(8-0) 17//5(8-0) 5//21(8-0) 2//24(8-0)17(8-0) 11//10(8-0) 42//10/2/1(4-1)10/2/2(2-8) 10/3(0-4)11(8-0) 24//11(8-0)20(8-0)19(7-8) 83//21(8-0)22(8-0) 32//1(8-0)10(8-0)11(7-16) 13/1(3-19)13/2(4-0)14(8-0) 15(8-0)16(8-0)17(8-0)18(7- 8) 24/2(5-19)25(8- 14 3 Lohke kalan 29 6.454 0)102min(3-2) 102min(2- Agricultural field 10)102Min(10-7) 102min(5- 10) 43//17min north(2-0) 18min north(1-3) 17min south(1-17) 20//17/2(5-11)24/2(4- 0)23(8-0) 6min(5-0)15/1(4- 15 3 Lallu wala-1 221 1.33 Agricultural field 0)

86//25(8-0) 87//22(8-0)21(8-0) 16 3 Manochahl 13 2.42 Agricultural field 89//5(8-0) 88//1(8-0)2(8-0)

27//11(5-18) Baggi Patni Urf 17 3 164 1.872 26//15(8-0)14(8-0)17(3-0) Agricultural field Mohkam wala 16(1-11)13(8-0)18(2-11)

17//2/2(5-12)3(8-0)4(8-0) 18 3 Dhandian 145 2.2 5(6-18) 8(8-0)9(8-0) Agricultural field

47//18(8-0)17(8-0)16(8-0) 19 3 Sudhara 14 2.024 Agricultural field 48//20(8-0)21(8-0) 4//1(8-0)2(8-0)8(8-0)9(8-0) 10(8-0)11(8-0)12(8-0)13(8- 0) 18min(2-1)19/2min(2- Riverbe 20 3 Malhe Wala 222 5.068 10)22(6-0) 23(8-12)5//5min d south(4-0)6min south(5- 0)10//3minnorth(4-0)2min south(4-0) 11//19(8-0)21/1(2-0)22/2(2- 0) 23/2(6-0)25/1(6-0)17(8-0) 18min(7-0)23/1(1-15)24(1- 16) 13(8-0)14(8-0)15(8- River 21 3 Wara Suleman 229 8.418 0)16(8-0) 25/2(2-0)3(8- 0)4(8-0)5(8-0) 6(8-0)7(8- bed 0)8(8-0)9(8-0) 18/2(1-0) 10//11(8-0)12(8-0)13min(6- 16) 21/1(2-0)20(8-0)

5//21(7-11) 8//1(8-0)10(1-10)20/1(4-0) 13(8-0)14(8-0)17(8-0)18(8- 0) 19(8-0) 22(8-0)23(8- 0)24(8-0) 21//13/2(6-0)14(8-0)15(8-0) River 22 3 Wara Kali Raun 224 9.592 17(8-0) bed 9//3min(3-0)4(7-12)5(6-16) 3/2(4-0)7/1 south(3-0) 16/2(4-14) 6/1(7-4) 7/2(3-0)14/2(4-0)15(7-4) 10//5/2(3-0)6(8-0) 11//1/2(5-0)10(8-0)

21//20/1(5-12)20/2(2-8) 21/1/1(6-9)21/1/2(0-15) 21/2(1-7)18/3(2-0)18/2(2-0) Jhanda 22(8-0)19/3(2-16)19/1(4-0) 23 3 Bagga 176 5.508 19/2(1-4) 18/1 (4-0) Agricultural field Purana 24//1/1(5-8)1/2(2-12)2(8-0) 8(8-0)3(8-0)9/1(4-16) 20//18(8-0)23(8-0)16(8-0) 17/1(2-16) 17/2(5-4) 22//10(6-8)9/2(6-18)9/1(1- 2) 8(8-0)11(6-2)12/1(4-0) 12/2(4-0)13/1(4-15)20(2-5) 24 3 Chamb 136 3.324 Agricultural field 19(7-16) 23//3(0-19)4(6-6)5/2(4-0) 6/2(2-18)7(0-5) 81//18(8-0)25/2(6-0)12/2(3- 0) 25/1/2(1-9)24/2(2-0) 69//19(8-0)20(8-0)21(8-0) 25 3 Behak Gujjran 144 4.389 Agricultural field 22(8-0)14(5-0)18(8-0) 13/2(7-2)15/1(2-0)17/2(3-4) 71//23/2(2-4)24(6-16) 19//9/2(7-8)9/1(0- 12)12/2(0-7) 12/1(4- Behak 6)12/3(3-7)11/2(3-7) 20(8- 26 3 141 3.35 Agricultural field Pachharian 0)21/1(5-12)21/2(2-8) 23//4(8-0)5(7-15)6/1(0-13) 6/2(6-18)7/1(7-11) 19//17(8-0)18(8-0)23(8-0) 24(8-0)1(7-0)10(8-0)11(8-0) 20(8-0) 22//4(8-0)7/1(1- 27 3 Bulla 162 5.696 2)7/2/1/1(5-16) 7/2/2(0- Agricultural field 9)3(8-0) 20//6(1-0)16/1(2-15) 9//21(4-13)22(6-19)18/2(3- 10) 23(7-7) 50//25(7-11) 51//21(1-19) 28 3 Beri Qadrabad 163 1.599 53//5(8-0)6(7-0)15(5-0)16(1- Agricultural field 2) 52//1(1-0)

20//13(8-0)14(8-0) 29 3 Gatti Harike 54/55 0.809 Agricultural field

35//1((7-0)10(8-0)11(8-0) 30 3 Joura 12 1.568 36//14(8-0) Agricultural field

8//9/1(7-11)9/2(0-9)20(8-0) 21(8-0)23(8-0)22(8-0)18(8- 31 3 Behak Fattu 143 4.071 0) 19/1(4-8)19/2(3- Agricultural field 12)11/1(7-12) 11/2(0- 8)7//15(6-7)16(7-6)17(2-16)

98//3(7-0)4(8-0)5/1(0-18) 7/1(4-18)5/2(7-2)6(8-0) 32 3 Maste ke-1 36 4.496 7/2(3-2)15/1(4-17) Agricultural field 252min (45-0)Kanal

10//13(8-0)14(8-0)15/1(4-2) 16/2(7-18)17(8-0)2(8-0) 3/1(6-9)4/1(0-8)5/2(4-4) 6/1(0-6)6/3(0-1)7/2(5-8) 8/1(4-0)2(8-0)3/1(6-9) 4//22/1(0-1)22/3(6-0) 7//2(8-0) 3(8-0)8(8-0)9/1(7- 33 3 Kamal Wala -3 324 8.365 Agricultural field 1) 12/2(1-13)13/1(7-14) 18/1(2-5)19/2(1-13) 22/1(7-2)23/1(0-16) 24/2(3-6)25(8-0) 8//21(3-14) 9//1(5-10)10(7-6) 47//23/2(5-10)3/2(6- 2)8/1(6-2) 13/2(6-4)18/1(6- 4)4(8-0)1(8-0) 10/1(7- 19)11/2(7-8)20/1(6-16) 2/1(1-8)9/2(1-8)12/1(1-6) 19/2(0-17) 34 3 Bandala 328 6.98 27//14/1(3-12)17/2(4-18) Riverbed 24/1(4-16) 25/2(5-18)16/1(6-0) 28//24(5-18)20(4-4)21(8-0) 22/1(1-0) 48//4/1(4-16)7/3(4-16) 5/2(5-14) 6/1(5-3)

Akku 9//3/2(2-0)8/3(4-7)13/1(7- 35 3 40 1.13 Agricultural field Wala 2) 18(8-0)23/2(0-18)

Talli Saida 45//7(8-0)8(8-0)9/1(4-0) 36 3 28 1.214 Agricultural field Sahu 10/1(4-0)

28//16(7-4)17(8-0)18/2(3-2) 22/2(4-0)23(8-0)24(8- Dastul Sahib 37 3 114 4.569 0)25(8-0) Agricultural field Wala 39//3/2(6-8)4(8-0)5(7-4)6(7- 4) 7(8-0)15(7-4) 51//25(8-0) 38 3 Hasti Wala 122 1.214 52//21(8-0) Agricultural field 63//1(8-0)

32//19/2(3-18)19/1(3-10) 20(8-0) 31//16/1(4-0)25/1/2(1-16) Chugate Wala- 25/2/1(2-0) 39 3 139 3.198 Agricultural field 1 13//25(8-0) 14//21(8-0) 17//1(8-0)2(8-0) 18//5(8-0) 18//6/2(4-0)15(8- 0)16/2/1(6-0)24//16/1(6- 0)25/2(6-0)25//21(8-0)20(8- 0)19min(4-0)9(8-0)8(8- 0)37//4/2/1(1-0)7/1(6- 0)23(7-4)24(7-4)25(0- 4)26(2-0)9//11(4-7)12/1(2- 0)20min(4-0) 19/2(2- 40 3 Changli Qadim 136 8.79 0)21min(4-0)20min(2-0) Agricultural field 21min(2-0)21min(2- 0)20min(2-0)8//25min(4- 0)25min(2-0) 25min(2- 0)18/2/1(3-16)24//14(8- 0)15/1(5-10)17(8- 0)39//6/1(4-8)5(8- 0)22//24(8-0)25/1(6-5)

Chak Ghubai 32//1/2(4-5)7(8-0)8(8-0)9(8- 41 3 Urf 300 2.239 0) 10(8-0)11(8-0) Agricultural field aranwali

21//16(8-0)25(7-12)14/1(6- 0) 15/1/2(5-0)14/2/1/2(1-4) 17(8-0)24(7-1) 23//5(2-19) 22//20(4-6) 5//19/2(7-0) Mehmud Ke mal 42 3 352 4.81 7//5(2-18) Agricultural field Hittar 8//1/1(3-8)10/3(1-3) 15//23/1(6-0.) 20//2/1/2(7-0)9/2(2-5)10(2- 14) 2/1/1(1-10)2/2(1- 10)3/1(4-0) 8/2(2-1)9/1(3-10)

4//22/1(2-0)22/2(5-7) Fatte Wala 10//9/1/2(3-10)2/3/2(1-0) 43 3 351 1.434 Agricultural field Hittar 1/2(4-0)2/1(2-0)2/3/1(2-0) 10/1(2-0)3/1(6-10) 8//2/2(1-0)8(8-0)9(8-0) 10/1(7-9)10/2(0-9)11/2(4-0) Midda 12/1(2-11)12/2/1(0-4)18(8- 44 3 290 3.474 Agricultural field Haji 0) 19/1(2-16)19/2(5- 4)23/2(4-0) 12/2/2(5- 0)13/2(4-0)14(8-0)

74//4/2(7-11)5(7-11)25(8- 0)16(8-0)17/1(7-0)23/2(2- 16) 24(8-0) 77//6(8-0)5(8-0)4(8-0)7(8-0) 14(8-0) 15(4-0) 45 3 Mamdot Uttar 305 8.032 76//1(4-0) , 59//12/1(4- Agricultural field 0)13(8-0)14/1(4-0) 14/2(4-0) 56//25(8-0) 75//19(1-17)20(8-0)21(8-0) , 55//21(8-0)22(8-0)

Bir 3//18(5-8)19/1(5-8)22(8-0) 46 3 Sarka 9 1.072 23(2-8) Agricultural field r 30//21(8-0)22(8-0) 32//2(8-0)3(8-0)9(8-0) Mallu 47 3 223 3.901 1/2(4-0)1/1(4-0) Agricultural field Wala 29//14(7-18)15(5-4) 16(8-0)17(8-0)

6//1/2(5-7)9(8-0)10(8-0) 48 3 Kale Ke Hittar 343 2.024 11/1(6-13)12/1(6-13)2/2(5- Riverbed 7) 13//23/2(1-7) Jama Rakhaiya 49 3 310 1.654 20//3(8-0)7/2(4-0)10(8-0) Agricultural field Uttar 11(8-7)14(3-0 South)

9//3(7-7)2//23/2(2-0)24(8- 0)25/1(3-0) 25/2(5- 50 3 Jatala 255 1.429 Agricultural field 0)10//5/1(0-18)3//21/1/1(2- 0) 44//20/1(4-4)20/2(3-16) 10//23(8-0)24/2(1-14) 51 3 Khundar Hittar 336 4.539 15//1(8-0)3(8-0)10(8-0) Agricultural field 26//2(8-0)3(8-0)7(8-0)8(8-0) 9(8-0)4(8-0) 29//11/1(2-8)11/2(1-8) Mand 52 3 171 1.113 11/2/2(4-4)12/1(4-0) Agricultural field iwala 30//15(8-0)17/1(2-0)

Nidha 12//12/1(4-0)12/2(4-0) 53 3 175 0.779 Agricultural field na 13/1/2(4-0)13/2(3-4)

29//12(8-0)13(8-0)16(7-11) 17(7-11)18/2(4-6)18/1(3-5) 21//10/2/1/1(2-6)11/2/1(4- 0) 10/2/2(2-14)1/1/2(1-0) Khaire Ke 10/2/1/2(1-0) 54 3 325 6.943 Agricultural field Hittar 29//20(7-11)21(8-0) 36//1(8-0)2(8-0)3/1(6-0) 9(8-0)20(8-0)19(8-0)18(8-0) 21(8-0)22(8-0)23/1(2-0)

9//16(8-0)25(8-0) 11//10(8-0)11(8-0)2(8-0)1(8- 55 3 Khundar Uttar 312 2.834 Agricultural field 0) 12//5(8-0) 61//13(8-0)17/2(3-10) 56 3 Guddar Dhandi 241 2.024 17/1(4-10)15(8-0)16(8-0) Agricultural field 25(8-0) 26//1(8-0)2(8-0)9(8-0)10(8- Chak Sarkar 0) 11(8-0)12(8-0)19(8- 57 3 Mhaji 306 3.317 Agricultural field 0)20(6-9) 22(3-11) Bhadar Ke

50//5(8-0) 58 3 Mare Kalan 166 0.809 Agricultural field 31//25(8-0) 26//2/2(4-0)2/1(4-0)3/1(2- 0) 3/2/1(2-0)3/2/2(4- 0)4/1(4-13) 8/1/1/1/1(1- 8)8/1/1/1/2(1-8) 8/2(1- Chhanga Rai 59 3 298 2.057 6)8/1/2(1-6)8/1/1/2(2-12) Agricultural field Uttar 10/2/1/2(2-2)10/2/2(1-18) 9(8-0)

6//6(7-11)7(7-11)14(8-0) Chak Mobain 15(8-0) 60 3 240 3.825 Agricultural field Hardo Dandi 7//9(8-0)10(7-8)11(7-8)12(8- 0) 19(7-2)20(6-12) 33//13(8-0)14(8-0)15(8-0) 19(8-0) Sadhu Shah 32//11(7-16) 61 3 138 4.016 Agricultural field wala 6//8/1(4-0)7/2(7-0) 9//6(4-11) 8//9(8-0)10(8-0)11(8-0) 39//8/1/2(1-4)8/2(2-0)13(8- 0) 14/1(2-0)6(8-0)15(8-0) 5/1(7-11) 62 3 Lakha Bhedi 30 3.276 Agricultural field 38//10(8-0)1/1(2-0)1/2/1(5- 11) 2/1(3-4)2/3(2-19)9/2(6- 6) 32//22/2(6-0)22/1/1(1-0) 22/1/2(1-0)21/1(4-0)21/2(4- 0) Chugate wala- 31//24/2/2(2-10)24/1(3-10) 63 3 139 3.003 Agricultural field 2 24/2/1(2-0)25/1/3(1-15) 25/2/2/2(1-15)25/1/1(0-9) 33//11/1(2-0)11/2(6-0)12(7- 8) 19/1(4-0)19/2(4-0)20(8-0) 28//3/2(4-0)8/1(5-11)8/2(2- 64 3 Bhama Hazi 286 1.705 9) 9(8-0)10/1/1(6-0)13/2(7- Agricultural field 14) 34//18(8-0)19(8-0) Kohal 65 3 6 1.99 21(7-8)22(8-0)23(8-0) Agricultural field a

31//1(8-0)2/2(5-10)9/3(4- 15) 10(8-0) 11(8-0)12/1(4-0) 20/1(7-7)20/2(0-13)19/1(4- 2)30//5(8-0) 6(8-0) 4/2(4- Hamad wala 66 3 2 6.5 0)7/1(4-0)7/2(4-0) 14(8- Agricultural field Uattar 0)15(8-0)18(8-0) 17/2(4- 0)17/1(4-0)16(8-0) 23/1/1(0- 6)23/1/2(2-8) 23/3/2/1(0-7) 1(4-0)

40//3(8-0)10(8-0)9(8-0)8(8- 67 3 Mattar Hittar 333 3.238 Agricultural field 0) 7(8-0)6(8-0)11/1(1- 0)11/2(7-0) 12(8-0)15(8-0) 19//4(8-0)7(8-0)8(8-0)9(8-0) 68 3 Jama Megha 322 1.993 Riverbed 10(7-8)

The Cases of the New Area of identified Mines Sent to Site Appraisal Committee for Approval :-

Had Area Sr. Name of Riverbed/ Block Tehsil bast (in Khasra No. Mineral No. Mine Agricultural No. Hac.)

Faraiya Mall 20//13,19,18 1 3 Ferozepur 29 2.02 Agricultural Sand Wala 17//2,23

Sudh Singh 51//5, 46//16/2,25 2 3 Ferozepur 11 1.04 Agricultural Sand Wala-1

Sudh Singh 50//2,3,8/2,8/3,9/1,8/1 3 3 Ferozepur 11 1.47 Agricultural Sand Wala-2

40//12/2,13/2,14/2,16/1/2,17,1 4 3 Ferozepur Kamalwala-3 38 4.28 8,19,22,23,24,12/1,13/1,14/1 Agricultural Sand 43//1/4/1,2/1,2/2,3,

12//1/1,2/1,3,4,7, 5 3 Ferozepur Peera Ghara 326 1.62 Agricultural Sand

20//,5,6,15,16/1, 21//1,10,11 6 3 Zira Aahlewala 21 3.70 29//10,11,20/1 Agricultural Sand

Behak Walait 3//20,21/1,22/1/1,1/2,23/1/2 7 3 Zira 1.37 Agricultural Sand Shah 142 Jhanda 14//14,17,18/1,23/2,24 8 3 Zira Bagga 1.51 Agricultural Sand Purana 176

3. Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years (in lakh)

Minor Minerals

Name of 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Minerals

Gravel/San 87630 64047 23913000

4 Details of Production of Sand or Bajri or Minor Minerals in last three years (in tons):

Minor Minerals

Name of 2013 2014 2015

Minerals

Gravel/San 2921 2135 797100

PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS

Deposition is the processes where material being transported by a river is deposited. Deposition occurs when a river loses energy. This can be when a river enters a shallow area (this could be when it floods and comes into contact with the flood plain) or towards its mouth where it meets another body of water. Rivers flood on a regular basis. The area over which they flood is known as the floodplain and this often coincides with regions where meanders form. Meanders support the formation of flood plains through lateral erosion. When rivers flood the velocity of water slows. As the result of this the river's capacity to transport material is reduced and deposition occurs. This deposition leaves a layer of sediment across the whole floodplain. After a series of floods layers of sediment form along the flood plain. Larger material and the majority of deposition occur next to the river channel. This is the result of increased friction (with the flood plain) causing the velocity of the river to slow and therefore rapidly reduce its ability to transport material. This leaves a ridge of higher material next to the river channel on both banks of the river known as a levee.

Field studies out right from Patran - Khanauri, the southern end of Punjab upto the present course of the Sutlej river , overan area of 8000 sq.km covering parts of Patiala, Sangrur, Faridkot and Firozepur districts of Punjabindicate that the sediments of sand dunes and aeolian spreads in these areas are derived from local fluvial sediments of the area. It has been observed in the entire area that the sand dunes are occurring largely along the Palaeo- channels of Ghaggar and Satluj rivers through which the rivers used to flow in the recent past. In these areas alluvial grey micaceous sand is generally present below the brownish wind below sand.

Deposition of sediments in aggrading channels generally takes place along high floods in the form of point bars, channel bars, levees and flood plain deposits. These sediments after drying up are exposed to aeolian activity over a prolonged period and in turn become the source material for sand dunes and aeolian sheets/spreads. Such sand dunes,

formed locally by reworking of fluvialsands by wind activity, are comparable with the ones described along the Red river in U.S.A.(Reineckand Singh, 1973).Sedimentological studies also indicate that the sediments of fluvial and aeolian deposits do not indicate any broad variation in their textural parameters. The commutative frequency curvesdrawn for the sediments of both aeolian and fluvial origin are of similar nature. The percentage of finer material is same in almost all the samples. From all this it appears that aeolian and alluvial sediments of the area have some genetic relationship. The presence of mica, sand and silt suggest that the aeolian sediment have not suffered large- scalewind activity and thus still retain some characters of fluvial sediments. It appears that loose and of alluvial sediments, i.e., point bars,channel bars, levees, and flood plain deposits of old Satlujriver were lifted and blown by wind and redeposit in the form of sand dunes and aeolianspreads. Sedimentological studies of some recent aeolian deposits in parts of Hissar and Sirsa districts, Haryana (Hari Singh 1987) alsoindicate that the probability curves representing active dunes, stabilized dunes, aeolian flat and alluvium exhibit almost identical shapes, thus suggesting their genetic relationship like the present area. He also recorded grey micaceoussediments besides silt and clay in some sand dunes in the Tohana area. These observations made him infer that loose sand of alluvial system were lifted by winds and redeposited as aeolian landforms. According to him there are no definite geomorphic evidences either to support extensive sand migration from the Thar Desert. To sum up, authors are of the opinion that Aeolian deposits of the area are locally derived from fluvial deposit themselves. Therefore the view that there is a large- scale migration of sand from the adjoining Rajasthan desert, posing a serious environmental problem to the fertile Punjab plains is not tenable.

Description of Drainage System of Firozpur district with main rivers as follows:

GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT

Sr.No. Particular Year Unit Statistics 1 Geographical Features A Geographical Data

(i) Latitude (N) 290-55 to 310-09

(ii)Longitude (E) 750-53 to 750-24

(iii) Geographical Area Hectares 585000 B Administrative Units (i) Tehsils /Sub divisions 2011 Nos. 3 (ii) Sub-Tehsil 2011 Nos. 3 (iii) Blocks 2011 Nos. 6 (iv) PanchayatSimitis 2011 Nos. 10 (v) Nagar nigam 2011 Nos. 0 (vi) Nagar Palika 2011 Nos. 7 (vii) Gram Panchayats 2011 Nos. 1125 (viii) Inhabited villages 2011 Nos. 966 (xi) Assembly Area 2011 Nos. 4 2 Population A Sex-wise (i) Male 2011 Nos. 926224 (ii) Female 2011 Nos. 819883 B Rural Population (i) Male 2011 Nos. 683870 (ii) Female 2011 Nos. 611512

C Urban Population (i) Male 2011 Nos. 242354 (ii) Female 2011 Nos. 208371

3 Agriculture A Land utilization

(i) Total Area 2010-2011 Hectares 526000

(ii) Forest cover 2010-2011 Hectares 12000

(iii)Barren and uncultivable land 2010-2011 Hectares _

(iv) Non Agriculture Land 2010-2011 Hectares 41000 (v) Misc. ( Cultivable waste & Fallow land 2010-2011 Hectares _

(vi) Net area sown 2010-2011 Hectares 90000

(vii) Area sown more than once 2010-2011 Hectares 415000

(viii) Total cropped area 2010-2011 Hectares 888000

4 Forest

(i) Forest 2010-2011 Hectares 12000

Firozpur District Map showing Transport NetworkSource:-Google

Land Utilization Pattern in the District: Forest, Agriculture, Horticulture, Mining etc.

District Forest Area Agriculture Horticulture Mining Other Land Area Area Area Firozpur 2.05% 81.19% - 3.7 13.06

GEOLOGY

The geology of the Indus drainage is largely shaped by the collision between the Indian Plate with mainland Asia, starting at around 50 million years ago. India is the last but largest of a series of continental blocks that rifted away from the southern super-continent of Gondwana, crossing the equatorial Tethys Ocean to form a collage of continental terrains that were stitched together to form the continent we see today. During the late Mesozoic the southern edge of Asia was characterized by north-dipping subduction and development of an Andean-type magmatic arc, whose roots can be seen today in the Hindu Kush and Karakoram. Around 120 million years ago a volcanic arc, similar to the modern day volcanic chains of Tonga or the Marianas in the western Pacific began to form within the Tethys Ocean south of palaeo- Eurasia. As subduction continued and destroyed the oceanic crust between this arc and mainland Asia it eventually collided with the active Asia margin at around 90 Ma. The oceanic ‘arc’ rocks, now exposed in Kohistan, were strongly deformed during their amalgamation with Eurasia. Despite this collision, north- dipping subduction of the Tethys and associated magmatic activity continued, with younger granite bodies, now exposed in Kohistan, intruding the deformed arc. The Himalaya largely comprises the deformed northern edge of the Indian

continental plate. Prior to collision India lay in equatorial latitudes and fine- grainedsediments, especially limestone dominated the shelf and slope regions. As India began to collide with Asia sedimentation changed quickly to sandstones as new mountain belts were uplifted and eroded. Along the line of collision between India and Eurasia, known as the Indus Suture Zone, a sequence of sandstones and shale document the start of mountain uplift and the birth of the Indus River. Although the northward motion of India slowed after the start of collision with Eurasia the subcontinent has continued to move northward into Asia since that time. In so doing India generated the major mountain ranges we see today. The northern edge of India was buried, deformed and heated before being brought back rapidly to the surface due to erosion, but also driven by extensional faulting triggered by the collapse of the giant mountains under their own weight. The Greater Himalaya represents the remains of the deformed northern edge of India that was intruded by granite bodies and then dramatically uplifted around 22 million years ago. As the compressional deformation migrated further south into the Indian Plate with time, new ranges have been uplifted in the Lesser Himalayas and their foothills. Continued tectonic activity and erosion from the valleys has allowed the surrounding ranges to be uplifted to great heights. The most dramatic example of this is the peak of Nanga Parbat, located close to the Indus south of Kohistan. Nanga Parbat has been uplifting at rates of >1 cm year over recent geological times, one of the fastest such rates known anywhere in the world. Nanga Parbat also lies in a special location within the Himalayas, as east of this massif the ranges run NW–SE, while to the west they turn NE–SW. Nanga Parbat appears to mark the western edge of the colliding Indian Plate.In contrast, the plains of Sindh and the Pakistan Shelf itself were formed in Late Cretaceous times, after about 70 million years ago, as India separated from the Seychelles. The gradual subsidence and sedimentation that have characterized the shelf and slope south-east of Karachi contrasts with the coastal and marine geology to the west. In practice Karachi lies close to a modern plate boundary. The central and eastern Arabian Sea is part of the Indian Plate and has been moving north relative to Arabia along the Owen and Murray Ridges, similar to the Chaman Fault in western Pakistan, along which the Indian block is moving north relative to Afghanistan. The area of Firozpur falls in the Sutlej Basin which itself forms a part of the Indo - Gangetic alluvial plain. It is occupied by both alluvium and aeolian deposits of Mid. Pleistocene to Recent age, which is

represented by varied admisture of clay, silt and sand. Aeolian deposits occur as sand dunes and sand spreads. Four phases of fluvial deposits and three of aeolian sediments have been recorded. Various lithological units of fluvial and aeolian deposits and their associated morphological forms .Geological set up of the sub- surface area has been worked out on the basis of bore well/tubewell data (max. depth 108m) made available by the locals. Various lithounits demarcated in the area are given in Table 11.

GEOMORPHIC FLUVIAL DEPOSITS AEOLIAN DEPOSIT FEATURES Loose grey micaceous _ Point bars, Channel sand bars, Channel of Satlujriver,Present Flood Plain of Satluj River Grey micaceous sand _ Younger flood plain of with silt and clay layers Satluj river

Yellowish brown Sheet spread loose to slightly dunes(sand dune tract) consolidated aeolian sand

Mid. Reddish brown silty _ Levees Pliestocene sand to Recent

Semi consolidated to Semi stabilised and consolidated aeolian sand stabilised dunes with silt,clay and calcareous concretions Grey to light grey, Yellowishbrown loose Alluvial flat fine to medium grained sand micaceous sand layers of silt, clay and calcareous nodules

TABLE-11

Fluvial deposits: are generally grey to dirty brown on the surface and in depth colour of various litho units varies from grey to light grey. It consists of interbeds of clay, Kanker, silt and fine to coarse sand. There is a marked variation in thickness of the impersistant bands of various lithounits even within a short distance in the area. Thin (1 - 3 cm) calcareous bands occur at depths of 24 m and 54 m in the Sirsari area. Pebbles of quartzite and sandstone have also been noticed in some of the bore wells/tubewells.The alluvial sediments of the Faridkot and Kotkapura area are more consolidated and compact as compared to their counter- parts of the Firozepur and Mandot area which is close to the Sutlej river. Occurrences of kankar/calcareous nodules is more common in KotKapura–Faridkot areas than in the Firozepur and Mandotarea.Four phases of fluvial sediments have been recognised in the area (Table- I).Fluvial Phase–I (Older Alluvial) It consists of a thick sequence of clay, silt and sand layers. Sand forms the dominating lithological unit in the sequence. Sticky clay (locally called ‘pandoo’occasionallyoccurs at a depth of 1 m from the surface and usually at deeper depths. There are 3 - 4 horizonsof sticky clay within fine to coarse grained grey micaceous sand which occur at varying depths at different places. Calcareous nodules are common at the base of the top silty clay horizon and are also occasionally associated with the grey micaceous sand. During the course of field investigation more than 200 tubewells and quarry sectionswere examined in the area. Lithologs of the representative tubewells/bore wells in various locations are reproduced below representing the overall lithology of the sub- surface strata

Aeolian Deposits: Aeolian deposits represented by sand dunes and sheets run in a linear stretch west of FirozpuruptoMuktsar, parallel to the Satlujriver. Sand dunes both closely and widely spaced and of varying magnitude, are prominent in the area. Windblown sand collects into piles of dune. With varying thickness (2 to 5m). The individual sand sheet extends for kilometers in length (5 to 10 kms) forming a continuous strip of sand. Aeolian deposits are find grained and consist mainly of quartz grains but few grain of mica; felspar and heavy minerals are also present. Quartz grains are generally angular to sub angular. The dune sands are yellowish brown to greyish brown colour.In these areas sand dunes varying in height from 2m to 5m are now under active human activity. Majority of the sand dunes have lost their original geomorphic identity and have been leveled and brought under cultivation. Aeolian Phase- I

Aeoliansandof this phase, which is the oldest recorded in the area, occurs at depth in some tube well borings. In some bore wells 2 - 3 horizons of Aeolian sand has been recorded within the fluvial sediments up to a depth of 100m. In Feroz shah, Wiring and Nathuwala areas Aeolian sand occurs at depths of 15m, 3m and 42m respectively.

Leveling of Sand Dunes: There is a complete change in the shape of the area of today and what was in past. The area earlier shows clusters of sand dunes. Running for kilometers, has entirely changed into a ‘green’ belt. With the growth of population and advert of modern agricultural machinery, the sand dune areas are being brought under cultivation. About 40- 50 percent of the sand dunes have already been leveled to bring the sand under cultivation. In some of the areas the dunes have either beencompletely leveled or the sand is removed from the fields and piled up in the form of sand dumps. A large number of sand dumps occur along the Moga - Firozpur, Firozpur- MuktsarandFirozpur- Faridkot roads. The sand dunes are vanishing fast. It appears it will be difficultto find the remaining sand dunes or their traces within ashort time from now. The area remains under wheat- paddy cultivation for most part of the year.

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

In the area of investigation sand dune tract suffers from a number of water management problems including water logging, salinity, inefficient drainage and poor quality of groundwater. A long strip of land along the Rajasthan and Sirhind Feeder canals is acutely water logged near the village Dagga Rammana and Wattu.The sub- surface water of the area is mainly saline. Large number of tubewells being installed by farmers in areas shows poor quality of underground water. The excessive use of such water harms both soils and crops.There has been a change in the cropping pattern all over Punjab in recent years. Large cotton growing areas of FirozpurandFaridkot districts have been brought under wheat- paddy cultivation. This shift has imposed an additional strain on the groundwater resources. In some parts of the area of investigation, i.e. west and south of KotKapura (area bordering Bhatinda district), the excessive withdrawal of groundwater for paddy cultivation may result in hydrological draught.Fertilizers and pesticides are being used by the farmers on a large scale. The continuoususe fertilizers and pesticides will

deteriorate the quality of groundwater from human consumption. Alkaline soil (kallar land) occurs in patches in the area around Sayanwali, Sappanwali, Bhangar, DaggoRammana, Wattu, and Takh at Molana, JhabelwaliandFaridkot. In these areas soil is adversely affected by different types of salts.

GROUND WATER CONDITION

In the south and southeastern part of the area, the water table is deep and occurs at a depth of 4 to 12 meters below ground level. The water table is also shallow near the canals and distributaries. The area is water logged along the Rajasthan and Sirhind Feeder canals near Dagga Rammana and Wattu.The ground water nearer to the surface follows water table conditions, whereas deeper aquifers occurs under confined conditions. Tubewell data indicates that groundwater occurs in different sand beds separated by thick clay beds. The groundwater of Kotkapura, Faridkot, Bargari ,Samalsar , Panjgirian, Sirsari and Pakka area is moderately fit for irrigation purposes. In the sand dune tract between FirozpurandMuktsar,

Upper well as lower horizons yield saline water. Quality of ground water alongPalaeo- channels is also saline whereasalong the flood plain tract of the Satlujit is generally fresh and suitable for irrigation. The groundwater along the Rajasthan Feeder and Sirhind Feeder canals which was earlier saline has now improved considerably and found fit for irrigational purposes.Tubewellsdrilledin the flood plain tract of the Satlujand along the Rajasthan Feeder (Sirhind Feeder) canals are very productive.

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

Saltpeter: Commonly known as ‘Shora’ is being extractedfrom a number of localities in the area of FIROZPUR .Saltpetre occurs as an effluresence on the surface of the soil of as a very brittle encrustation of slightly dirty to yellowish brown in colour. It is commonly seen in and around old, deserted villages. The efflorescence appears during summer roughly between April to Mid-July every year.Saltpetre is the main source of potassium nitrate and is presently used in making crackers, gun power in match industry.Silty clay Brick industry in the area is in abundance. Large number of brick Kilnquarries occurs near Firozpur, Faridkot, Kotkapura, and Muktsar. JhokHarihar and KhaiPhemeke (Mamdot).

Top silty clay of the area proved a very good raw material for the brick industry.Greymicaceous alluvial sand is being quarried along the Sukar, Sukhbarnalas. JhokHarihar and 3 km northeast of Firozpur city for use in the constructional purposes Yellowish brown aeoliansand, which covers a large area, is being used as a filling materialby the local people on a large scale in Kallar. Large patches of kallar land occur in the waterloggedareas near BhangarSayanwali, Sappanwali, Faridkot, DoggaRammana. Dadanwali and Wattu. Salt efflorescence in kallar land is rich in sodium sulphate which can be extracted and made use of in pulp, paper and paint industries.

Except saltpeter, other mineral occurrences in the Firozpur District are rather rare. The seepage of natural gas and the occurrences of groundwater have also been reported from this area.

Natural Gas: The seepage of natural gas has been reported from Zira. The details of the seepage are not known