MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE July-September, 1935

CONTENTS

CANADA: 9 articles with — illustrations

Basis of Canadian-American Friendship BLANCHARD P. STEEVES, Ph.D.

Health and Medical Service in Canada • MILDRED E. STALEY, M D

The Last Spike ELIZABETH BAILEY PRICE, Pres. Canadian Women's Press Club

Canada and Japan J. ELMER BROWN

They Wanted a University EDGAR BROWN, Alumnus, University of British Columbia

In Step With the Dominion ROBERT CROMIE, Editor, Vancouver Sun

When King Salmon Runs BILL REID, Vancouver Sun

Japan Tries Great Britain's Recipe PAT TERRY, Marine Editor, Vancouver Sun

Canada, a Mediating Power in World Affairs THE REV. THOMAS TAYLOR FAICHNEY, M.A., B.D.

OTHER FEATURES: ( with 17 illustrations/ : The New English Mind; Britain in the Pacific; Mystery of the Coral Atoll —Fanning Is.; School Teachers Experience Geography; Solomon Islands; Tung Oil; Through New Zealand; JOURNAL OF THE PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION pp. 269-276i; BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION (pp. 277-281/i Pan-Pacific Asso- ciation news from China, Japan; Mid-Pacific Institute, Honolulu; Second Surgical Conference; Notable Conferences; Aims and Objects of the Pan-Pacific Union ip. 2831; Membership Classifications, fees, privileges ip. 284!.

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Published quarterly by Alexander Hume Ford for the Pan-Pacific Union, 1067 Alakea Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Post Office. By subscription $3.50 a year mailed to any address in the world. Single copies 50 cents. From the Honolulu Star-Bulletin press. • VOL. XLVI I I JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 NUMBER 3

The Basis of Canadian-American Friendship

By BLANCHARD P. STEEVES, Ph.D.,

Assistant Professor of Education, University of Hawaii •

OUR THOUSAND MILES of from invading Canadian territory also, unfortifled boundary between if that appeared to be the most effective Canada and the United States has method of self-protection? And when F inspired much peace oratory. The once such a step should be taken with- impossibility of effectively fortifying out the consent of the invaded country, such a stretch is, however, seldom who could foresee the end? Occurrences pointed out. Over such a distance, no less disturbing than this might break modern Chinese Wall could be con- down the restraining influences of ideal- structed that would be of any appre- ism and of treaties. ciable military value. The mere absence The one hundred and twenty-one of fortifications between the two coun- years of peace between Canada and the tries is neither the cause nor the evi- United States still continues chiefly be- dence of international goodwill. Be- cause each country can obtain all that tween these countries, as between all it wishes from the other in the way of nations and states, there is one main trade, investment opportunities, busi- cause of long-continued peace, and that ness privileges, and general intercourse; is the sanely established belief among and the best guarantee for the future their peoples that there is less to be lies in a mutual recognition of the truth gained than lost by invasion or the that the welfare of each is an important threat of war. In discussing interna- element in the welfare of the other. To tional relations it is best to be realistic make this feeling permanent, it must be on these matters. based upon an intelligent comprehension International idealism, peace treaties, of the complexity of their relationship and either the absence or the presence rather than upon a superficial sentiment. of fortifications and of armaments, are Although Canada has a population but weak instruments of peace when of only ten and a half millions, its vol- once a nation feels that respect for the ume of trade with the United States is "rights" of her neighbor may seriously now greater than that between the endanger the working out of her own United States and any other country. destiny. For forty years past, our own govern- If, for example, an enemy of our own ment and our various trade organiza- country, either from the east or from tions have, through Pan-American con- the west, should succeed in invading ferences, trade treaties, and numerous Canada, what treaties could restrain us other agencies, been making strenuous 194 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 efforts to develop a large volume of have volunteered to assume their obli- trade with the republics of South Amer- gations. ica; yet our trade with Canada alone The above statement is not intended approximately equals our trade with the to apply to the period of the last five republics of South America, the repub- years. Within this period, at least a lics of Central America and of Mexico, few Canadian public men of standing all combined. For many years before have publicly avowed that a govern- the depression the total annual trade ment is under no greater obligation to with Canada. was often well over the pay interest to its bondholders than it billion dollar mark, and if all tariff bar- is to pay adequate wages and salaries riers and other trade restrictions be- to its citizens—fair enough when stated tween the two countries could be re- that way; but its implication seems to moved the annual trade would prob- be that one act of bad faith may be ably soon mount well into the billions. atoned for by committing another! Unrestricted trade and intercourse The Canadian record of good faith probably would be to the great ad- to investors, however, is an enviable one. When the present murky fog of vantage of both countries, but in both inhuman distrust lifts, it may yet be countries the political influence of cer- found that that record has not been tain industrial and agricultural groups is permanently marred. far greater than the political influence of In addition to these investments in the best interests of the countries as a Canadian governmental securities, vast whole. sums of American money have been in- We are frequently told of the great vested in Canadian private enterprises. possibilities of trade with China in the Canadian mines, forests, pulp and paper distant future. Yet trade statistics tell mills, power plants, railways and fac- us that the present possibilities of trade tories have afforded a rich field for with Canada are greater than the future United States investors. In 1929, be- possibilities of trade with the teeming fore the great ethical and financial millions of China. crash, the sum total of American invest- Not only in trade, but also in the ments of all kinds in Canada has been matter of investments, the thinly variously estimated in sums ranging be- peopled country to our north has long tween three and four billions of dollars. been one of our richest fields. The Ca- No flag and no system of government, nadian federal government and the gov- American or otherwise, could, in itself, ernments of the nine provinces have for possibly provide adequate security for many years been borrowing heavily in these investments. The only possible the American money market. Very security lies in Canadian prosperity and numerous Canadian municipalities have the contentment of her people. done likewise. The interest rates on Perhaps, as a few of our economists these borrowings have always been are now suggesting, it would have been higher than the rates on corresponding better for our own nation if this money home securities. Yet in the sixty-eight had been turned back to our own citi- years of the present Canadian govern- zens in wages, salaries and other forms mental set-up neither the Canadian of income, and used in its circulation government nor the government of any for the creation of more of our own province has defaulted, in whole or in national wealth. Since, however, this part, a single obligation. has not been done and our stake in Canadian municipal borrowings have Canada has grown to such proportions, been so numerous that such a general the important thing to note is that our statement in regard to their security interest in Canadian prosperity should cannot be made without more detailed be greater than our interest in the pros- knowledge. The writer, however, has perity of any other country. never heard of the default of a Cana- It should be noted that investments, dian municipality with loss to its credi- like trade, move in both directions and tors. In every known case where mush- that the total of Canadian investments room towns have gone bankrupt, the in United States securities is as high as provinces in which they were situated one-fifth of America's investment in MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 195

Canada. Since Canada's population is legislative body—all of which to us is only about one-thirteenth that of the just so much more of symbols, forms United States, it seems approximately and theories. correct to say that the per capita Can- It is futile for the people of either adian investment in United States country to base opinions upon ill-formed wealth is about two and a half times notions of the governmental system of the per capita investment of the United the other, or to regard the system that States in Canada's wealth. Canadians, is not their own as inferior. It is enough then, cannot regard the ethical stand- to know that both systems afford a gov- ards and the material prosperity of the ernment which is highly responsive to United States with indifference if they the will of its people, and which, in the give intelligent thought to their own past, has functioned and still is func- self-interest. They, too, must learn that tioning exceedingly well. just as their welfare is our interest, so Some day, for some unforeseen rea- is our welfare essential to their well- son, the people of Canada may sever being. the shadowy bond that links them to Canadian-American friendship, in or- Great Britain. Even if that should hap- der to be stable, must also have as an pen, it need not be a matter of more element in its basis an intelligent under- than passing interest. Such an event standing of and respect for each other's would, in itself, necessitate no signifi- system of government. Symbols and cant change—perhaps, not even a change in sentiment. Like all free peo- phrases have always separated human ple, they still would wish to maintain thought from their realities, and their their own separate existence, and also loose use adds greatly to the difficulty their present form of government with at this point. To the average American probably only a few incidental and these two facts, for example, appear in- superficial changes. They themselves consistent: the Governor-General of have chosen it, for sixty-eight years Canada is appointed by the British they have made it function with sur- Government. Also, although he is Gov- prisingly few changes—and then only ernor-General, he is the only man in by way of adaptation, and they unani- Canada who cannot constitutionally ex- mously like it. They have had and are press his own personal opinion on any still having troublesome sectional dif- contemplated policy of the Canadian ferences, but these quarrels have never government. Explanations, at best, will brought into question the basic demo- only leave one wondering why such cratic system under which they carry on. meaningless traditions should be per- Extension, then, of American influ- petuated. It would seldom occur to one ence in Canada should not carry with of us that we, too, have elements in our it any desire to weaken the allegiance of constitution that have lost their original Canadians to their own form of govern- function, such, for example, as our ment. This influence is being normally electoral college, and also our bi- extended through trade and invest- cameral system which still continues ments, through tourists, through inter- even after both branches have become change of citizenship, through news elective. agencies, magazines and books. All this Canadians, in turn, often wonder is mainly an unconscious, unorganized, why a people who dislike the word natural extension of American business, "king" can yet approve of the placing American life, and of American national of as much power in the hands of any energy with mutual benefits. In this one man as we place in the hands of normal process, there is no place for our president or state governors, even mere flag talk on either side of the in- though they are elected. They will also ternational boundary. Such talk in this appear to find much satisfaction in tel- ling us that in Canada no government connection only displays an inability to can continue in office after it has lost distinguish between the symbol and the the support of the elective branch of the substance. i96 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

Health and Medical Service in Canada

By MILDRED E. STALEY, M.D.

F fine health means that we "live, move and breathe as a perfect de- I light," and we acknowledge that this is the birthright of every child born, we do well to study the means by which progressive countries such as Canada try to obtain this ideal for their peoples. Canada, consisting as it does of a federation of provinces, each with its autonomous administration responsible only to the federal center of the whole located in Ottawa, naturally presents local differences and problems that must be taken into account. But in health matters, the Central Government, through its Dominion De- partment of Health and the activities of its Council of Health wields a powerful influence for good in all the provinces. This Dominion Council acts in an ad- visory capacity, as a clearing house on all important health matters; and con- sists of five appointed members, experts in child welfare, the health problems of The author, Mildred E. Staley, M. D., rural women, labor, and so on. The daughter of the first Anglican Bishop of Child Welfare division advises and as- Honolulu, where she was born. Queen sists the provincial governments, and Emma, consort of Kamehameha IV and under the aegis of Dr. Helen McMur- founder of Queen's Hospital, was her god- chy has produced many issues of the mother; Kamehameha V her godfather. valuable Little Blue Book of simple hy- giene teaching, distributed gratis to stance, all provinces must provide free the provinces. They reach innumerable medical inspection of school children, homes, and have done much to lessen and see that expert medical advice and the morbidity and mortality of both help are given free to parents, teachers mothers and children. One issue of this and children. When acceptable, dental excellent Little Blue Book is probably treatment is also provided. unique of its kind; it directs just how Thus continuous supervision over the father should take care of mother's health of children is maintained through- health! out the country; public health activities The various provincial governments include assistance to pre-natal and in- administer their public health services fant clinics established by municipal or under powers given them by Section 92 charitable efforts. Great benefits have of the British-American Act of 1867. It resulted from these services. Maternal is under their control that all social and mortality, though high in rural districts, charitable efforts also are carried on, has on the whole greatly declined; the governments assisting both finan- deaths from tuberculosis sank from 85.6 cially and by providing efficient and to 52.9 per 100,000 between 1913 and uniform inspection and advice. For in- 1930; typhoid declined from 19.4 to 2.3 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 197 per 100,000 in the same period. Since such a socialized medical service are, 1925, mothers with dependent children first, that it is to the interest of both receive a "mother's allowance" granted doctor and patient to catch disorders on a fixed scale to safeguard their in their earliest stage, to prevent greater health and prevent overstrain from hav- trouble. Then too, it soon leads to an ing to earn the children's food. increase of doctors where they are The Federal Department of Health fewest, so most needed, in rural areas maintains a valuable Laboratory of Hy- and poor town districts. Sure of a re- giene which controls all products used liable income of $300 to 4500 monthly, in the treatment of disease; sera, vac- plus the private practice available, the cines, drugs are there tested for strength, Panel doctor, keen on his work, will purity, and potency, according to the willingly choose such a district. He is standards set up by the League of Na- sure also to insist on having a free Dis- tions' Health Commission. Similarly, a trict Nursing Service for his area, to Food and Drugs Division tests for adul- the great benefit of the poorer families, terations or misbrandings, while the Narcotic Division strictly controls the who may thus be nursed at home. importing and sale of narcotic drugs in In Canada the sources of the funds accordance with the Geneva Conven- are similar, with the addition of a rural tion. land tax, or a poor tax. The insured The universities make provision for must have less than $2500 a year if with training of Public Health nurses and dependents, or $1200 yearly without doctors. At Toronto the University has dependents. Indigents are included. the School of Hygiene, which houses The treatment includes services of spe- the fine Connaught Laboratories; these cialists, of hospitals, of dentists, and provide ample supplies of pure curative sanitarium care as well as that of the products at lowest cost for the provin- "family doctor." cial governments, which in turn dis- The governing board is the Provin- tribute them free to the needy public, cial Department of Public Health, an protecting it from faked inactive medi- arrangement which saves friction by co- cines. Many other free medical services are ordinating all its health activities with provided for the community in each the insurance requirements impartially. province. Some have free venereal No doubt, this successful system of disease clinics; traveling tuberculosis Social Insurance will soon become com- clinics in rural districts, complete with pulsory and universal in the country, lectures, cinema and pamphlets; free and perhaps be copied elsewhere. prenatal and preschool clinics; besides For the mental health of the com- providing trained health nurses even for munity there are, in addition to munici- rural districts concerned with the pre- pal and other fine mental hospitals, free vention of disease. out-patient clinics provided at some In this connection, the spreading sys- general hospital with psychopathic tem of Social Health Insurance con- wards. For mental defectives there are tributes greatly to the prevention of in Canada excellent training places, disease and encourages thrift and self- some of which produce remarkable re- respect among the wage earners in- sults in self-support. An instance is the sured. As yet in Canada the system Edith Groves Schools at Toronto, one is a voluntary one, unlike that of Great for girls and one for boys; such schools Britain, where there is a compulsory are assisted by municipal and other insurance for one-third of the total grants. These public grants help to care population; this is the Panel System of for all needy patients in various ways. Health insurance for wage earners, So one may certainly say that this who pay weekly into a pool the same fair land of Canada is doing her best sum (about 8 cents) as does the em- to provide her people, along the paral- ployer and the State. lel lines of self-help and the prevention The patient has a choice of doctors of disease, with that good health which of the district and can change easily should bring them the "perfect delight" to another. Three great advantages of so rarely to be enjoyed without it! 198 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

The Last Spike

By ELIZABETH BAILEY PRICE

Honorary President, Canadian Women's Press Club Delegate to First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference •

IFTY YEARS AGO this Novem- had been established through the moun- ber 7, in the Canadian Rockies, the tains, and the giving of railway passes shrill whistle of a "Westbound was in its infancy. There was talk, too, Special" reverberated through si- of a golden spike. lences that had hardly been disturbed "The last spike will be a good iron since the world began. It drew up at a one, and anyone who wants to see it primeval, unnamed clearing in the lone- driven will have to pay full fare," de- ly Eagle Mountain Pass 350 miles east clared William Van Horne, who had of Vancouver, and midway between to- been in general charge of the railway day's stations of Sicamous and Revel- construction. stoke. • From the steps of the "Special" A great moment in the history of alighted some of the men who had given Canada had come. The long steel lines the best years of their lives to see this of the Canadian Pacific Railway from very day; men who had surmounted the east and west had met. All was readi- months of discouragement, just as the ness for the driving of the last spike. advancing steel had surmounted the im- It was an occasion that meant more to possible grades. Among them were San- the Canadian people than just the com- ford Fleming, chief engineer, who had pletion of a railway. The Confedera- made complete reports and surveys tion of Canada had become a living years before ever a sod was turned; Sir reality — the provinces of Canada had Donald A. Smith ( afterwards Lord been truly united in a "Dominion from Strathcona ) who, with George Stephen sea to sea." It was, too, the triumphal ( later Lord Mount Stephen ) and R. B. culmination of the repeated attempts of Angus, had pledged their private prop- the British people, ever since America erty, investments, and even their sav- had been discovered, to find a new ings, to keep the work going; the in- route to Asia. It was the completion of domitable William Van Horne, who one of the mightiest achievements of had hardly rested day or night until engineering and industry that the world the road was built; and other officials of has ever seen—an unprecedented ac- the company. These, together with a complishment of human labor in magni- few excursionists, North West Mount- tude and rapidity of execution. ed Police, and workmen connected with Sir John A. Macdonald, then Prime the railroad, made up the crowd. Minister of Canada, had lived to see It was a simple ceremony, no blare of the fulfillment of his hope expressed in bands, no pomp, no display, no speech- Parliament: "I may some day see the making. Donald A. Smith was chosen two oceans united by a band of steel." to drive the last spike. He braced him- Before the end of the year he was an self, took the spike hammer, placed the ocean-to-ocean passenger. Sir Joseph spike on the angle bars, and drove it Howe's prediction that some day Can- surely and steadily into place. Then adians would be able to go from coast followed the silence of a great moment. to coast in six days was about to come Someone called on William Van Horne true. for a speech. Many in the east, realizing the im- "All I can say is that the work has portance of the occasion, would like to been well done in every way," was his have seen the driving of this last spike brief response. but as yet no regular passenger service They called the place "Craigellachie" MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 199 from the Gaelic words meaning "stand tion of the Pacific Northwest Kiwanis fast." It was the name of a rock in a District. Scottish glen, the home of a famous Ten years ago this monument had Highland clan. The legend goes that been erected in honor of the late Presi- when these Highlanders went forth to dent Warren G. Harding ( an active fight, this rock Craig Ellachie whispered charter member of the Kiwanis Club of "stand fast". Marion, Ohio ) by the Kiwanis Clubs of These were the words that had been North America, not only as a tribute to sent by George Stephen to the waiting his memory and visit to Canada, but directors in a cablegram from England. to commemorate the nvany years of At a tense time of financing the Can- peace between these two countries. adian Government had allowed the rail- It was the lot of this notable presi- road directors to issue stock to the dent of the United States of America amount of $35,000,000.00 of which it to guide his country at a time when guaranteed $20,000,000.00. The stock the memories of war were fresh, and had not sold well. Millions must be when bitterness and deep resentment raised or the project would fail, and filled the hearts of men. He served with it would go the millions already courageously and successfully and invested. Hours only separated the strove unceasingly to clear away the company from bankruptcy. Then came wreckage of war and to make easy the Stephen's message of success, ending path of, he hoped, a lasting peace. He with the words "Craig Ellachie". Then, was preeminently a peace maker. and there, William Van Horne and The late President Herding was the R. B. Angus agreed that, when steel only man who, as president of the met from east and west, the place would United States, ever visited Canada. be named Craig Ellachie. And so it Vancouver was favored by being his was; the only change being to merge port of call on July 26, 1923. Standing the two words into one. almost upon the spot where the monu- In a few hours the telegraph wire ment now stands, beneath those tower- was connected. On it came a message ing monarchs of the forest, the late of congratulation from Queen Victoria, President Harding brought to an ap- through Lord Lansdowne, then Gover- proving multitude of more than 45,000 nor General of Canada. Her Majesty Canadians the now famous message of had "watched the progress of the rail- peace and international understanding way with much interest and hopes for which more firmly cemented the friend- the future success of a work of such ly bonds which hold these two mighty value and importance to the Empire." countries in communion. Seven months later, Train Number 1, From that notable address the fol- the first "Ocean-to-Ocean" passenger lowing passage was taken and engraved train, crossed Canada. on the Memorial:

WHAT AN OBJECT LESSON OF PEACE IS SHOWN TODAY BY OUR TWO COUNTRIES TO ALL THE An International WORLD. No GRIM-FACED FORTIFICATIONS MARK OUR FRONTIERS; NO HUGE BATTLESHIPS PATROL Peace Ceremony OUR DIVIDING WATERS; NO STEALTHY SPIES LURK IN OUR TRANQUIL BORDER HAMLETS. ONLY A HILE WAR CLOUDS of the SCRAP OF PAPER, RECORDING HARDLY MORE THAN Italo-Ethiopian controversy hung A SIMPLE UNDERSTANDING, SAFEGUARDS LIVES AND W PROPERTIES ON THE GREAT LAKES, AND ONLY over the world there was re-enacted, HUMBLE MILEPOSTS MARK THE INVIOLABLE August 21, on the Pacific coast of BOUNDARY LINE FOR THOUSANDS OF MILES North America, a significant and im- THROUGH FARM AND FOREST. pressive international peace ceremony. OUR PROTECTION IS OUR FRATERNITY, OUR ARMOUR IS OUR FAITH; THE. TIE THAT BINDS This was the re-dedication of the Ki- MORE FIRMLY YEAR BY YEAR IS EVER-INCREASING wanis Harding International Goodwill ACQUAINTANCESHIP AND COMRADESHIP THROUGH Memorial in Stanley Park, Vancouver, INTERCHANGE OF CITIZENS, AND THE COMPACT IS Canada. The ceremonies took place on NOT OF PERISHABLE PARCHMENT BUT OF FAIR AND HONORABLE DEALING WHICH, GOD GRANT, a beautiful summer day in a clearing SHALL CONTINUE FOR ALL TIME. among the age-old giant Douglas firs, during the eighteenth Annual Conven- This was the last public utterance of International Goodwill Memorial in Stan- ley Park, Vancouver, B. C., to honor the memory of Warren G. Harding, 29th presi- dent of the United States of America.

the late President Harding, who died Below the central motif of the me- a few days later in San Francisco. To morial is a crystal pool of water which honor the memory of this great man reflects the head of Harding and repre- the memorial was conceived, planned sents natural life. At the entrance, be- and erected. Built of imperishable fore one reaches the piazetta of the me- bronze and granite, it symbolizes the morial, are two superb bronze eagles generous goodwill of the people of denoting alertness. At the rear is a Canada and of the United States lion's-head drinking fountain of large toward each outer and stands as a per- dimensions placed in an appropriate manent reminder of mutual confidence position and symbolizing the spirit of and respect. And it is indicative of the "defence of the right." immense power of the Kiwanis Clubs The re-dedication address by Harper of Canada and the United States in Gatton, Madisonville, Kentucky, inter- promoting and preserving the good un- national president of Kiwanis, swept derstanding and close friendship which the audience with its sheer simplicity have characterized the relations of these and beauty of ideals. He said in part: two neighbor nations for more than a century. The people of our two great countries have steadfastly stood side by side, fighting the The conception of the memorial by common foe, cherishing the same ideals and the artist and the symbolical design are building through a delightful understanding a of special interest. The sculptor chose unity of thought and a partnership of pur- not to represent the president in a pose that has become the admiration of the statue, the usual form of memorial, but world. In an age where suspicion and mistrust rather to suggest the spirit of goodwill, abound, the wholesomeness and continuity of which was one of his outstanding char- the happy relationship furnishes the world its acteristics. This the sculptor has ex- most persuasive illustration of Peace on earth, pressed by two heroic female figures in goodwill to men. bronze, one representing Canada and Speaking on behalf of Canada, Hon. the other the United States, each hold- George M. Weir, Minister of Education ing on one hand a shield bearing the of British Columbia, commended those respective national emblems, while ex- ideals that are not of juggernaut force tending the other toward two olive but rather those of the preservation of branches, between them, above, the pro- personal freedom, of individual enlight- file of the late president. enment, and liberty under law.

Two empires by the sea, One anthem raise; Two nations great and free, One race of ancient fame, One tongue, one faith we claim, One God, whose glorious name We love and praise. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 201

Canada and Japan*

By J. ELMER BROWN

IRST JAPANESE boy to grad- tunity of genuine first-hand knowledge uate from the schools of British from personal contact with Japanese Columbia was Dr. K. Shimo-Taka- people and their institutions, in their F hara, now a prominent medical man own land, is one to be highly prized. of Vancouver. He had often wished Seven weeks in a country is, of that he might, in some way, show his course, too brief a time in which to form appreciation of the training he had re- accurate impressions. Even so, impres- ceived in our schools. After an absence sions so gained have a great advantage in Canada of nearly thirty years, he over those obtained from the news- paid a visit to the land of his birth. papers and radio. "To see is to know. While on this holiday trip he conceived and to know is to respect." One who the idea of the Japanese graduates of failed to be impressed and inspired by the Vancouver schools cooperating to such a visit would be either very dull send one of their former Canadian or very prejudiced. Lluring his stay in teachers on a visit to Japan. When he Japan the writer was the guest of the returned, the idea found a ready and Imperial Education Association and af- enthusiastic response, an association filiated bodies. was formed, funds collected, the School The voyage was made on a Nippon Board interviewed, and arrangements Yusen Kaisha steamer boarded at Vic- completed with dispatch characteristic toria. During the ocean trip the un- of the Japanese people. initiated were first introduced to Orien- Selection of the writer as the teacher tal ways and customs through the serv- to receive this signal honor was no ing of Japanese sukiyaki. Although said doubt due to the fact that for several to be the invention of an American mis- years he has been principal of the sionary whose taste for beefsteak led Vancouver school having the largest him to seek to improve the original enrolment of Japanese children. Japanese menu, sukiyaki has come to be There are many evidences of a grow- a favorite Japanese institution. ing interest in Japan. The exchange of After a few days of the "desert sea," Canadian and Japanese ministers will signs of approaching land were seen. doubtless do much to bring about a Gulls, which had deserted us a day or better understanding between the two two out from Victoria, appeared once countries. Many references to our neigh- more. They were smaller and of a dif- bors across the Pacific are found in the ferent hue from their cousins of North Canadian press, in the addresses of America. Other birds, unfamiliar to us, many Canadian speakers, and in the were noticed skimming over the surface ordinary conversation of our citizens. of the water. At this time I received a Many different and extreme points of wireless from Mr. Noguchi, chief sec- view are expressed. We hear, for in- retary of the Imperial Education Asso- stance, of a supposed Asiatic "menace." ciation, "Welcome to Japan; meet you Some speakers, recalling the tremen- at harbor.- Surrounded by innumerable dous national progress in Japan during fishing boats we got our first glimpse the past few years, regard the Japanese of the grey outlines of Japan's moun- as a race of supermen. Others fear they tainous coast. So familiar was the sight are planning to invade our shores. that one could almost imagine we had There is generally little truth or value turned around and were approaching in such extreme views,—and the oppor- our own shores. Suddenly I heard my name called *Extracts from a book published by the Ryerson Press, Toronto, on the visit to Japan of a Vancouver from the pier and realized that we were high school principal. The trip was a gift from former tying up. Looking in the direction of Japanese pupils in Vancouver. 202 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

the voice I was pleased to see the smil- of British Columbia, later attending To- ing face and waving hand of one of my ronto University and Victoria College, old school boys, Fred Iwata, followed from which institution he was grad- by a host of other friends from Tokyo uated with the degrees of B.A. and and Yokohama. B.D. After four years in the Canadian The Imperial Hotel in Tokyo is, per- Army during the Great War he re- haps, the most celebrated hostlery in turned to his native land to engage in Japan. It is as Oriental as the American educational work. His charming wife architect could. make it and differs is a graduate of Bryn Mawr in Pennsyl- vastly from anything found in the vania. West. Built to withstand earthquakes, Mr. Kimura accompanied me during is is only two or three stories high, but the entire tour, with the exception of spreads over a full city block. It is a two weeks' rural travel when his place mysterious-looking building of red brick, was taken by others. Mr. Yatsuji, who fantastically arranged, with alcoves and had spent several years in consular secret passages innumerable. A month work in Portland, guided the way to of residence was far too short a time Nikko, Kamakura and Hakone. Doctor in which to discover all its mysteries, Yoshida, who has visited in Vancouver, but each day revealed some previously and who occupies the important posi- unknown hiding place or unsuspected tion of Director of Physical Education opening in what appeared a blank wall. in the Japanese school system, accom- Perhaps the mqpt alluring portion of panied us during a week's visit to the building is the basement, which is Western Japan, and back as far as largely occupied by shops wherein Osaka, where Mr. Kimura again joined Japanese merchandise, artistically dis- the party. These men did everything played, proved most tempting to the in their power to instruct me in Japa- western visitor. The lobby, a meeting- nese ways and to make my visit both place of all the nations, is, also, interest- interesting and inspiring. I would also ing to visit. not forget the great assistance rendered With the usual thoroughness, regard by Mr. Inoue, Education Secretary, and for system, and courtesy characteristic by Principal Imazeki and others. of the Japanese, Mr. Noguchi and his While visiting Beppu we met Dr. H. committee called upon me at the hotel H. Coates, pioneer Methodist mission- with a detailed outline of the activities ary, whom I had met years ago in Van- planned for the seven-weeks' visit. couver. We spent the day together until Following this interview, we visited he left us at Hamamatsu, where he now the Canadian Legation and found the resides. Incidentally, Dr. Coates ex- Hon. Mr. Marler and his assistants, Dr. pressed the opinion that the broad- Keenlyside and Mr. Kirkwood. Before minded policy of the Education Depart- leaving Japan I had other opportunities ment of British Columbia in their deal- of meeting Mr. Marler and from every- ings with Oriental children has done thing I could learn a great deal has al- more than anything else to establish ready been done through his office to friendly relations between Canada and cement the cordial relations already Japan. existing between our two countries. In Kobe we were entertained at the Tokyo abounds in places of interest home of Mr. Tamura, who is one of for the tourist. During my visits to the Japan's leading business men and a parks and shrines interesting both for member of the House of Peers. He was their natural beauty and historical asso- the first Japanese to settle in Vancouver, ciations, I was usually accompanied by some forty years ago, where he still at least two persons from the Depart- maintains a branch office. ment of Education through the courtesy First among the interesting social of Mr. Noguchi. Mr. Yatsuji, of the events and hospitalities extended by the Department of Foreign Affairs, also as- friendly folk of Tokyo was the recep- sisted me greatly. Many of my guides tion dinner at Education Hall, with op- had lived in Canada and spoke English portunity of renewing old friendships perfectly. Mr. George Kimura, for ex- as well as making new ones amongst ample, had passed through the schools both native-born and Canadian-born MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 203 citizens of Tokyo. This was the first of ously than does Japan and no people many subsequent experiences of ad- have more reason to be proud of their dressing an audience through an inter- educational achievements. When we preter, who, in this case, was Mr. Yo- consider that the present school system nemoto, a graduate of our own Univer- is less than sixty years old, what has sity of British Columbia, and at present been accomplished is truly remarkable. a professor in the Imperial Commercial I do not mean that they have reached University. This gathering afforded an finality or that the leaders are yet satis- opportunity of meeting many Canadians fied. There are feature, of their system resident in Japan who occupy important which would not suit a Western land. positions in the religious and social life But they are constantly making adapta- of the country. tions and are ever on the alert to im- The Japanese are keenly interested in prove. the welfare of their countrymen in Can- Of course, Japan has been a highly ada. There was much discussion of this cultured nation for many hundreds of phase of Canadian-Japanese relations. years. She had schools before North It was the topic of conversation at the America was discovered. She had uni- office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs versities before anyone had even where we met the Minister and several dreamed of Oxford and Cambridge. leading officials. At the office of the The encouragement of learning has al- Minister of Education the subject was ways been the chief concern of her again brought up. Leading officials great emperors. The government of the throughout the country invariably intro- Tokugawa shogunate, while placing a duced it. It was the subject assigned to ban on all western books, founded me when I was invited to address the many schools for the study of morals, Pan-Pacific Club. As the name would languages, and the Chinese classics, suggest, this club is organized to dis- wrestling and fencing. These were cuss the international affairs of the mainly for children of the Samurai countries bordering on the Pacific. Its class, and were a far cry from a modern membership is composed of prominent system of education. citizens of many countries. It is truly Restoration of the Empire ushered in international and meets at the Imperial the Golden Age of Meiji. The policy of Hotel. The honorary president is Prince an open door was inaugurated and Iyesato Tukogawa, lineal descendant of western ideas were not only tolerated, the Shoguns. Viscount Tadashiro but encouraged in every way. A new Inouye, the active president, presided code of morals and a modern standard on this occasion. About seventy-five of education were promulgated. In 1871 gentlemen and a few ladies were pres- a Department of Education was insti- ent. These included titled government tuted and the following year a code of officials of the Empire, ex-consuls, am- education, modelled on the French sys- bassadors, governors, and prominent tem, was introduced, dividing the coun- English, French, Russian, American try into educational areas and provid- and Canadian business and professional ing for elementary schools, middle men. It was a delightful occasion. schools, normal schools and universi- At the conclusion of the address I ties. From the Imperial Rescript of the had an opportunity of meeting and con- day we find these words: versing with individual members. From Henceforth education shall be so diffused this and similar experiences I had a that there shall be no ignorant family in the good opportunity of sensing the friend- land, and no family with an ignorant mem- ly attitude of the people of Japan ber. As to higher education, it shall be left to the intellectual capacity of each indi- toward our common problem and be- vidual; but if a child, male or female, does came convinced that, while they are not attend an elementary school the guardian deeply concerned in seeing that their shall be held responsible for the neglect. nationals abroad receive the same treat- ment as other nationals, the question of So eager were the people to imbibe emigration to other lands is causing western ideas and methods that a fur- them little anxiety. ther Rescript was issued by the Great No nation takes education more seri- Emperor in 1890 clearly setting forth 204 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE , JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

the educational policy of the country. which are everywhere apparent. Finan- The result has been that Japan has de- cial responsibility, for example, may be veloped a system in no sense inferior delegated to local authorities, but equip- to that of Western countries. It is by ment, courses of study and all such es- no means a mere imitation of any other sentials are carefully supervised and system, but a happy blending of the controlled by the state. This assures a best features of many countries, East smoothly working and uniform system. and West, founded solidly upon her The elementary schools, however, while own code of morals and national con- uniform in building construction, or- stitution. The system includes elemen- ganization, and equipment, show con- tary schools, commercial schools, girls' siderable variation in teaching tech- high schools, technical schools, com- nique. There we see all methods, from mercial schools, junior colleges, and the old teacher-centric method to universities. adaptations of the more modern Dalton Then there are normal schools, higher and Montessori plans. The principals normal schools for men and for women, of these schools also vary widely in many types of special vocational schools, their education and ideals. Not so in continuation schools and schools for the the higher schools. Here is no experi- blind and deaf. In addition to these mentation or deviation from the prac- there are many private schools and mis- tice norm. Perhaps this is due to an sion schools of all ranks and grades. In obnoxious examination system, the all the schools over eleven million stu- function of which seemed to be to ex- dents are enrollet. Nearly ten millions clude, rather than admit, pupils. of these are found in the elementary To a remarkable degree the schools schools alone, this being the only part of Japan enjoy the patronage of dis- of the system to which the compulsory tinguished men. Royal princes frequent- attendance law applies, and so well are ly visit the schools, following the ex- the schools supported that the attend- ample of the Emperor himself. Thus ance exceeds 99 per cent of all school- encouraged, it is no wonder that the age children. Every important large schools are well supported by the pub- center has its university and each of the lic. To enjoy such favor assures that large cities boasts of several, as well as the leadership of educational affairs special colleges of science, commerce, shall be entrusted only to men of the law and medicine. Tokyo, for example, highest rank and character. It places is the seat of such famous and long- educationists on a high social plane and established universities as Waseda and gives the profession a dignity enjoyed, Keio in addition to the Imperial. perhaps, by no other country. It ac- Such results could be achieved only counts for the splendid school buildings by a highly centralized system of con- which one finds everywhere. trol and supervision—evidences of In Tokyo 170 new magnificent

Literacy is a na- tionol passion in Japan, where bare- ly one half of one per cent of chil- dren from six to twelve years of age are not in school. High liter- acy percentage has much to do with the enormous cir- culation of Japa- nese newspapers. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 205 schools had, by 1932, been erected since uated from middle schools ( boys) or the earthquake. They compare favor- high schools ( girls) or ordinary normal ably with the best of other lands. They school. In the latter case the four years' are splendidly equipped and cared for. course is somewhat shortened. All the The playgrounds are a delight to be- schools above the elementary are fully hold. No school is without a fine audi- departmentalized—one teacher for each torium and gymnasium. Every school subject. has a flower garden and a court on the English is the one foreign language roof for play and physical exercises. emphasized, particularly for the boys. The classes are somewhat larger than In the middle school six or seven hours in Canada—often reaching as high as a week are devoted to its study. It is sixty, the children in elementary grades well taught by the direct method, read- sitting two in a seat. There is a short- ing being little stressed until the ability age of blackboard space, the windows to speak has been acquired. After occupying one side of the room and three or four years the pupil is quite wide sliding doors and glass lights the ready to practise on foreign visitors. other. Little equipment is needed in Outside the foreign-language course, the ordinary classroom or "home room" natural science, mathematics, and mu- as well-equipped special rooms are pro- sic, the curriculum has a strong na- vided for such subjects as nature study, tional flavor. Morals, Japanese lan- science, history, geography, music, guage and Chinese classics, national drawing, manual and household arts. history and geography very properly Elementary schools are thus partly de- receive their due emphasis. partmentalized, though the platoon sys- Religion is not so much taught as tem has not been adopted anywhere in caught, and the spirit of patriotism, re- Japan. As additional teachers are pro- spect for authority, and love for the vided for several of these subjects, the Emperor and the nation pervades the "home- teacher has rather short teach- whole atmosphere of the schools. All ing hours—not over eighteen or twenty this helps to explain the splendid be- a week—in spite of a somewhat long havior and attitude of the pupils. They school day. Classes are assembled at reverence their teachers next to their eight-thirty in the morning and return parents and try their best to please to school for a half-day on Saturday. them. Their freedom is little restricted In all the schools, even in the primary and physical force in the management grades, male teachers predominate, of schools is unheard of. though capable and mature women are In the lower grades and girls' schools winning their way into the schools. At free games and eurythmics were present about thirty per cent of the staff stressed. In the higher schools for boys are women. There is no such thing as athletics, wrestling, fencing, and gym- coeducation beyond the six-year ele- nastics were given under experts in mentary school, and even here boys and each subject. Military drill is also com- girls are grouped in separate classes, pulsory. particularly after the third year. On In the girls' schools, while the chief completing the sixth year, boys go to emphasis is placed on the domestic arts, middle school for five years and per- fine arts, manners, morals and etiquette, haps on through three or four years of other subjects such as history, geog- higher school to the university, or they raphy and natural science are gradually may pass into the technical or commer- finding a place. English receives some cial school for five or six years and out attention, but not nearly as much in into the world of work. The girls, after girls' as in boys' schools. Still, to the elementary school, pass on to Girls' foreigner, the work in the former group High School for five years or, by taking of subjects is the more interesting, even two extra years in a higher elementary though he might sympathize with the school either sex may be admitted to intellectual aspirations of the young its own normal school for five years ladies. Equality of opportunity for the and become teachers in elementary two sexes does not necessarily mean schools. For admittance into the higher that identical courses must be given in normal schools they must have grad- boys' and girls' schools and to substi- How to make a floral arrangement be- have in the home, how to manage a tea party successfully, and other social and home-making subjects are consid- ered important in the curricula of schools for girls, whereas Japanese boys are trained intensively in modern meth- ods of dealing with the workaday world.

middle or high school examinations. Perhaps they achieved success in the world of work. Technical schools, which are in great favor among the students, offer five or six different courses. It is a big dis- tinction to pass their entrance. For ev- ery pupil admitted, ten are rejected. The boy has to choose his course once for all when he is admitted. There is no changing of courses and we were assured there was no demand for change. About eighty per cent of those entering graduate. Very few of the other twenty per cent leave on account of failure or lack of interest. Good work is done in all departments. When the time comes to graduate, the pupils transfer to the branch of industry for which they are trained. There is no chance to go further, no link with the university or a higher school. I felt that more flexibility and freedom of choice would be desirable—another problem for the future. Although the elementary teachers are not so well paid or so highly trained as are the teachers of higher schools, edu- cationists are beginning to realize the importance of the earlier years of a tute higher mathematics and classics for child's life educationally. the fine arts would probably not achieve The higher Normal School for wom- it. en at Nara is worth visiting. About There is nothing in Japan correspond- five hundred young ladies were in at- ing to the Junior High School Move- tendance in the teacher-training sec- ment. The examinations for admission tion attached to which are a kindergar- to the higher schools select only the ten and elementary and high school sec- best pupils. They have no further need tions, as is the custom in Japan. Each of "try-out" courses. All pupils seem section is under its own principal, with to be able to do the work of the ele- a superintendent over all. Mr. Kino- mentary grades, and those who "pass," shita, the principal of the elementary the work of higher grades. No lag- school, is a real enthusiast in the new gards were discovered. There was education and his department is an out- some mental testing, more to satisfy standing example of a child-centered academic curiosity than for practical school. Believing in the development use. There is no diversification or of individuality and creative expres- choices offered within a school. The sion, he is seriously experimenting with only choice is between schools. It is the Dalton plan and other socialized perhaps too soon to expect Japan to methods. All departments are splendid- provide secondary education for every ly equipped with administration offices, child. This problem remains for the auditorium, gymnasium and labora- future. We did not discover what be- tories. Large dormitories are provided came of those who failed to pass the for the teachers in training. These are Students' dormitory, Tokyo Women's Medical College, ex- emplifies modern school building trends in Japan. This col- lege was founded by Dr. Yayoi Yoshioka, a delegate to the First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference in Honolulu, 1928. divided into suites containing three bed- hotels and had our journey obstructed rooms, a living-room, kitchen and bath- by her innumerable om carts and giten- room, and provides accommodation for shas. We had paid a humble respect to twenty girls. her ancient gods and marked the quiet We had a fine lunch in the Home reverence of a worshipping people be- Economics Department and visited the fore the spirits of their illustrious an- model home where the young ladies are cestors. We had felt the spirit of the taught etiquette and the fine arts of ancient Samurai and Bushido at the home life. We inspected the experi- shrine of General Nogi and the forty- mental garden and trial orchard culti- seven ronins and, through dignified and vated by the students and visited the impressive historical plays were carried administration building, where we back into the life of the early days. signed the register after the names of Now new forces are beginning to the famous educators, John Dewey and make themselves felt. In the past the Professor Kilpatrick. people have been united in a passionate Then came the dinner of Count Ha- loyalty to their country. The develop- yashi, president of the Imperial Educa- ment of industry is, however, causing tional Association as well as a member to spring up a class-conscious group of of the House of Peers, at present with workers. Nevertheless, as a nation, Ja- the South Manchurian Railway. He is pan is still conservative and nationalis- also a director of the World Federation tic--united in a common loyalty to the of Education Associations --a world- Emperor. Proud of past great achieve- wide organization tending to promote ments, her people face the future with international goodwill and which has confidence and self-reliance. In many been splendidly supported by the Japa- ways they resemble another great island nese, as it has also by the teachers of kingdom. British Columbia. Canadians can ill afford to be indif- In a few short weeks we had traveled ferent to the rights and interests of their over the greater length of the Island nearest western neighbors, the Japa- Kingdom. We had visited her great nese. They have shown a willingness industrial and historical centers. We to cooperate and we must reciprocate. had observed her industrious and pro- We must be as willing to learn of them gressive people in their native haunts. as we expect them to be of us. In our We had witnessed the most modern commercial dealings we must be as methods employed in her industries ready to give as to receive advantages. and, by contrast, by the most primitive The blood of Japan courses in the veins of rural occupations. We had enjoyed of twenty thousand of our fellow citi- the luxury of her splendid railways and zens. 208 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

They Wanted a University

The University of British Columbia presents thriving evidenie of pioneering spirit as strong in the youth of today as in the valiant souls who broke trail westward.

By EDGAR BROWN, Alumnus

Y VIRTUE of its position and of campus than in any other part of Can- the population which it serves, the ada. The understanding is realistic— B University of British Columbia not sentimental, and the influence of the has been the logical centre in University is directed toward an intelli- Canada for the study of the history and gent basis for continuing peace and international relations of the Pacific mutually profitable trade. Basin. Almost as a matter of course, it The University is in Vancouver, on has assumed therole of interpreter be- the westernmost tip of the Canadian tween Canada and the various countries mainland. The beauty of its site has bordering the Pacific Ocean. become a byword, for the campus oc- Today on the University campus cupies a promontory washed on three there is a memorial to the late Dr. Inazo sides by the waters of the Pacific and Nitobe, the Japanese statesman who is still remembered by students for his lec- commanding a view of the encircling tures in 1932. The memorial is more range of mountains. The promontory than a monument; it is a symbol whose is its own-550 acres of it—and the significance might well be taken as the buildings are further protected from en- text of this article. It is in the form of a croachment of industrial life by a belt Japanese lantern, executed in stone, fif- of 3000 acres, lying between the campus teen feet in height and weighing seven and the city proper, which have been tons. At the top is the lantern, which reserved as a select residential area. is lighted on appropriate occasions. It There are some who claim the site to stands in the centre of a Japanese gar- be the most beautiful of any university den, a simple and dignified testimony to in the world. The point may be debat- the memory of one of the kindliest men able but the claim indicates its charm— who ever lived. the beauty of its pine-fringed shores, Dr. Nitobe was a nationalist in the the impressiveness of the wide expanses finest sense of the word. He was a Japa- of water, the grandeur of the towering nese and he never forgot it. But his snow-capped mountains. Considering vision was broad enough to enable him the fate of many famous universities in to work unceasingly for an honest un- being crowded in the hearts of great derstanding of his country by Cana- cities, the position of the University of dians and Americans. His approach was British Columbia is indeed fortunate. realistic and frank. He did not close his Any claim made on behalf of the eyes to the dangers and difficulties of University, any statement of its record, his work—he did not indulge in senti- must be received in the light of an im- mental bombast—and as a result his ac- portant fact—its age. A quarter of a complishment was great. century ago there was no University of If it is possible to visualize the Uni- British Columbia. The twentieth ses- versity of British Columbia as a person, sion was completed only last May. The there is a striking parallel between its institution is so young and in its brief policy and that of the late Dr. Nitobe. life it has been so severely tried—the It is probably safe to say that Pacific Great War, the postwar difficulties and affairs are better understood on that the depression—that its history must be 171.17...R

PARKLING SEA and snow-capped mountains environ the 550-acre campus of the University of British Columbia S near Vancouver. Less than 25 years ago a wilderness, im- provements have followed a unit plan designed to har- monize with the rugged setting. ITIllustrations: (top right) Dr. L. S. Klinck, M.S.A., D.Sc., LL.D., Officier de ('Instruction Pub- lique; president of the University since 1918, theretofore dean of the faculty of agriculture. TINext below, Dr. R. W. Brock, M.A., LL.D., F.G.S., F.R.S.C., dean of the faculty of applied science, formerly Deputy Minister of Mines for Canada; presi- dent of the Royal Society of Canada; honorary member Geo- logical Society of China. Personally beloved from shore to shore of the Pacific, professionally honored, Dean Brock has been ever an ambassador of good will. ¶A section of the campus (below) is viewed from the air and (next below) is shown the first of 13 buildings needed to complete the library. Architec- ture Gothic Cathedral type, construction northern granite. ▪•

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MIDWAY of Vancouver Island lies beautiful Sproat Lake, teeming with varieties of trout and salmon, surrounded by mighty woods and rugged mountains in which deer, bear, grouse, pheasant, quail, ducks and geese abound. Above is shown a view from Klitsa Lodge with Arbutus Island glimpsed through the trees. Arbutus Island is owned by Dr. Charles B. Cooper of Honolulu. Former owner Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jr., who built in this idyllic setting a woodland lodge spacious and comfortable. T[Favored as a holiday resort by sportsmen and lovers of natural beauty the world over, Van- couver Island seems especially attractive to residents of Hawaii. Seldom does a summer pass without Klitsa Lodge recording long so- journs by Messrs. James Dole, John Water- house, Charles Hemenway and others prom- inent in Hawaiian affairs, with their families. ¶Sproat Lake is about 140 miles north from Victoria; has approximately 148 miles of shore line. Arbutus Island's 130 acres are heav- ily wooded, many trees of great age and gigan- tic dimensions, save for some acres cleared as an open park. ¶Typical of the many rivers and streams on Vancouver Island is that (left), where a happy angler is playing a cutthroat trout, valiant game fish of these swift, cold waters. IV ELK (Wapiti) carry on in the unspoiled game lands not for inland from Vancouver as they have for untold cen- turies post. Here we see a bull elk in his prime, broad- casting an advertisement of his virility to be taken as a challenge or an invitation, according to the sex of his wapiti hearers. Hunting with the camera is great sport, and this photographer wisely operated from down wind—or the wary bull would not be in the scene.

VICTORIA is "a bit of England set down in a western wilderness," ac- cording to many globe-trotters who have rubbed their eyes for another look, so strikingly English is a first impression. Essentially modern, so far as enjoyment of modern conveniences in business and home life go, youth- ful Victoria has somehow achieved an Old World patina through architec- ture, its dignified business intercourse and the gracious, satisfying hospital- ity of its beautiful homes. ¶Typical of the many fine private estates is the replica (right) of an ancient baronial castle, even to the ivy- mellowed walls. ¶Below, view of mountains and sea from a Cowichan Valley country home forty miles from "Victoria the unique, incomparable."

VII

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IX TOTEM POLES are not vagrant expressions of an urge to decorate the premises. Their pur- port is sacredly serious to Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest, for these virile carvings proclaim the lineage of family or clan—verita- bly a family tree. Two of four fine examples in Stanley Park, Vancouver, appear in the ac- companying (left) illustration. Families are symbolized by indigenous wild life—bear, eagle, raven, otter, whale, seal and so on. Phallic worship sometimes is indicated. ¶Totem Indians are a superior type of primitive people, mentally and physically; artistic craftsmen, superb hunters on land and sea, and reveal knowledge of the principles of applied science in many of their artifacts. In popular fancy they are often confused with the Eskimo, their somewhat nomadic neighbors farther north.

FOLLOWING TRAILS well beaten by the In- dians centuries before "discovery" of the Pa- cific, pleasure-seekers now make intimate ac- quaintance with the rugged beauty of this mighty country from the Rockies to the sea. Three of the hardier sort (below) with the "weaker sex" in the majority and a Swiss guide striding ahead are skirting the shores of beautiful Lake Louise, bound fAr the high peaks. Half way up nestles a tiny chalet to which the guide is pointing, but which is just out of the picture at the right. There the party will halt for rest and to pacify ravenous appe- tites before tacking the steeper ascent. Well worth the effort is a breath-taking panorama (top right) which globe-trotters swear sur- passes for beauty anything else the world has to offer in mountain scenery. Here was the inspiration for Rudolf Friml's operetta Rose Marie; the paintings by Frank Brangwyn, R.A., and of Carl Runguis, N.A., who now makes his home at Banff. ¶Medals for mileage arouse keen competition among members of The Trail Hikers of the Canadian Rockies, as also among members of the older Trail Riders fraternity, who believe that a horse should do the leg- work. ¶Foot or horse, adventurers of today need not face hardships unavoidable in earlier times. Comfortable mountain camps ore lo- cated at strategic points such as Yoho Camp (below) where soft, warm beds and savory meals minister to weary bones and wolfish appetites. Note the Trail Rider guide at Yoho Camp, middle foreground, apparently waiting for a member to finish a leisurely breakfast.

XI

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.1 .4.0 13 gti! MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 225 written against a background of callow terpret the University's motto, Tuum youth and pioneering struggle. Est, as "It's up to you." Under these conditions it is not sur- These things are not important in prising to find that the university has themselves except as they indicate the been built, literally, by the students. spirit of the University. It has been a Otherwise there would be no Univer- pioneering institution, always struggling sity, or, at best, only an inferior college. against difficulties and always pressed Essentially this is the story of the ac- for money. Lacking endowments and complishment of a courageous and unit- gifts, it has been dependent upon the ed student body. annual appropriation voted by the Brit- The doors were opened to the first ish Columbia Legislature. And, gen- classes in September, 1915, not in the erally speaking, the past twenty years present buildings in Point Grey, but in have put extraordinary strains on all half a dozen small wooden "shacks" on governments to meet even ordinary ex- the grounds of the Vancouver General penditures. Hospital. Not far from the center of Of necessity, economy has been the the city and enclosed by other units of watchword. Only one luxury was per- the hospital, the university carried on mitted and that, very wisely, was in the its work under many handicaps for the selection of the faculty. Under the first first ten years of its life. president, the late Dr. F. F. West- Meanwhile the site at Point Grey brook, a group of men and women of had been reserved and a start had been really unusual talents was assembled made on the construction of one build- for the teaching staff. Professors with ing. But the war put a stop to the work advanced degrees from the most re- and nothing further was done until the nowned and exacting of American and students united in a conviction that European universities, and with reputa- action was imperative. They appealed tions as stimulating scholars, were en- to the Provincial Government; the reply gaged. In many cases they refused more was "Lack of funds." Then they ap- attractive offers elsewhere in order to pealed to the people of British Colum- have a part in the creation of the Uni- bia. They organized meetings, they pub- versity on the Pacific coast. For them lished propaganda in the newspapers, it has been a vital and soul-warming they canvassed for signatures to a pe- experience. For the University, the tition. By the time 65,000 voters had policy has paid rich dividends. signed the petition, the battle was won. The results have been threefold. In In 1923 the Government voted funds the first place the University of British for completing the buildings at Point Columbia has achieved a reputation as Grey and in September, 1925, on its a centre of scholarship--a reputation tenth birthday, the University estab- disproportionate to its size and age. lished itself in its present home. Scholarship has been from the begin- Similar efforts on the part of the stu- ning its single goal. There was a time dents may be cited. Some years ago the when such a policy would have been need for a gymnasium on the campus axiomatic but during the years in which became apparent. There was no money the University was developing there available for the building. So the stu- was a noticeable tendency away from dents made their plans, independently this ideal. The emphasis on athletics, the introduction of such foreign courses of the authorities, and floated a bond as typewriting, salesmanship and golf, issue for $35,000. They amortized the the factory-like expansion of many col- payments over a period of years by leges, all tended to submerge the real levying a small fee on future classes. purpose of a university under a mass of As a result a handsome gymnasium was irrelevancies. As Woodrow Wilson built, a welcome addition to the other said when president of Princeton, "The buildings, and the bond issue has been sideshows have swallowed up the main retired ahead of schedule. In the same tent." But the University of British Co- way the students raised $20,000 for lumbia held fast to its ideal and concen- construction of the first unit of a sta- trated its energies into the single chan- dium. The student body chose to in- nel of creative scholarship. Before many 226 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

years it was recognized as an institution One outstanding example of this recog- that was firmly anchored to the finest nition in the Pacific area is found in traditions of learning. the selection of Dr. R. W. Brock, Dean The second result was manifest in the of the Department of Applied Science academic attainments of the graduates. of the University, and President of the They received a training which led Royal Society of Canada, to supervise naturally to the winning of scholarships the geological mapping of Hong Kong. and fellowships, and to superlative The work was carried on for a number work in postgraduate research. Here of years, and the completion of the again the reputation established is out project two years ago was signalized by of proportion to the age and size of the the conferring on Dean Brock of the institution. The enrollment is somewhat honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by under 2000 students—small enough com- the University of Hong Kong and by pared with most colleges. Yet through his election as corresponding member of the achievements of its graduates, a de- the Geological Society of China. gree from the University of British Co- Parenthetically, it may be mentioned lumbia has come to be known as a that the work of Chinese students at the badge of excellence in Oxford, Cam- University has earned grateful com- bridge, London, Edinburgh, Paris, Har- ments from Chinese educationists. vard, California and many other uni- When Dr. T. Z. Koo, Chinese diplomat versities. and one time international vice-presi- One example chosen at random will dent of the Y. M. C. A., visited Van- illustrate the point. Francis Painter, a couver last year he was especially im- recent graduate, dared to apply for one pressed by the record of his compatriots. of the most prized of United States Dr. Koo himself made an excellent scholarships—the American Antiquarian impression and his lectures were an Fellowship at Clark University. There attractive feature of the academic pro- were so many competitors that it was gram for the session. almost decided to eliminate all Cana- Another interesting example of inter- dians at the outset. But Painter won the national recognition, accruing to the scholarship for the reason that his rec- University on account of its faculty, oc- ord was distinctly the best presented. curred in December, 1933, when two It is significant that in the following large packing cases, hermetically sealed year another University of British Co- with red wax, stamped with the Im- lumbia graduate, Marion Mitchell, also perial crest of Japan and marked "Con- won the fellowship. On the occasion tents Valuable," were delivered at the the officials at Clark University sent her University. They were addressed to the following acknowledgment: Dr. C. McLean Fraser, head of the de- "It was the combination of your own partment of zoology, and they were excellent record, and the unusual repu- from His Majesty, Emperor Hirohito tation which the University of British Columbia has gained here, which brought you the fellowship." A third result of the pre-eminence of In Memoriam scholarship has affected the students As these pages go to press the Pan- generally; has made the University a Pacific Union is advised that Dean pleasant and stimulating place in which Brock (see plate I and text, left) to study. There are no "side shows" to and his wife met untimely death in speak of, no large-scale "ballyhoo," but an airplane accident July 30 when there are excellent professors and a taking off from their summer home habit of earnest study for the joy of in the mountains at Alta Lake, B.C. exploring the unknown. This happy The Directors of the Pan-Pacific combination leaves its imprint on all the Union wish to express for the entire students, brilliant and otherwise, and membership profound sorrow at the they forage naturally in the fields of passing of two whom the Pacific knowledge. area and the world can ill afford to Achievements of the faculty have spare. won frequent international recognition. -THE EDITORS. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 227 of Japan. Inside the packing cases were to stimulate study of the questions in- many thousands of hydroids, a minute volved. A great deal of the progress so form of marine life, from the collection far made is traceable to his work. in the private biological laboratory in Prof. Henry F. Angus, who is head the Imperial Palace, Tokyo. The Em- of the department of economics and peror is an enthusiastic amateur student well known for his contributions to the of sea life and he had collected these Institute of Pacific Relations, gives a thousands of types of hydroids as a course on "Problems of the Pacific" hobby. which is a comprehensive interpretation Accompanying the hydroids was a of the subject. In addigon, his frequent request from the Emperor for their lectures, both in the University and to examination and classification by Dr. the general public, are well-informed Fraser. It was explained that Dr. Fraser discussions. Prof. F. H. Soward, also had been recommended to His Majesty well known in the Institute of Pacific as the world authority best equipped to Relations, performs a similar service in undertake the work, having classified classrooms and outside them. Equally 25,000 species of hydroids in his re- important, perhaps, is the commingling searches. of Occidental and Oriental students on Another event, with even greater the Campus. The 1931 census shows popular interest, occurred in 1926 when that British Columbia has 27,139 Chi- Dr. J. Allan Harris, a young chemistry nese and 22,205 Japanese, or a total of graduate of the University, was an- one-fourteenth of theipopulation. The nounced as the co-discoverer of the numbers are growing rapidly, although long-sought "element 61," which has immigration has almost ceased. Of the since been named illinium. The discov- students at the University some have ery was made in partnership with Dr. their homes in the province and are B. S. Hopkins in the University of Il- naturalized citizens of Canada; others linois, where Dr. Harris was doing re- have come across the ocean for study search work. He subsequently returned at a Canadian university. The result to Vancouver as professor of chemistry. is a constant and informal exchange of It has been said that there is more views. Information on both sides is ob- intelligent understanding of Pacific re- tained at first hand, with understanding lations at the University of British Co- and without prejudice. lumbia than elsewhere in Canada. That The future of the University of Brit- is true, although there is no department ish Columbia is bound up with the fu- devoted to the subject, nor any chair of ture of the Pacific basin. If there is Oriental languages and history. It is war between the nations bordering the true partly because of the faculty, part- Pacific it will have disastrous effects on ly because there is a goodly number of the young University. If there is trade American, Chinese and Japanese stu- conflict the results will be harmful in dents in attendance. lesser degree. If, on the other hand, President L. S. Klinck, who has pre- sided over the University for the past there are intelligent international rela- eighteen years, has been a driving power tions and orderly economic progress, behind the effort to make the institution there will be increased opportunity for an influence in Pacific affairs. By his expansion and the University will con- example and his encouragement of tinue to play its part as messenger of faculty and students, he has done much understanding and goodwill. 228 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

The New English Mind

An Analysis of Intellectual Tendencies in the Dominions

By A. WYATT TILBY in United Empire

SILEN1 CENTENARY falls limit of subsistence, and we know from in 1935. It recalls an event as experience that the Malthusian doctrine A important as Reform in 1832, is not universally true. and Emancipation in 1834, but But there is another cardinal point. because it is neither political nor lit- The intellectual calibre and mental erary, and is merely an economic anni- quality of a people is at least as im- versary, it will not be celebrated by portant as its numbers and quantity. speeches or statues. Greece counts for more in the history Until the year 1834 the United King- of civilization than many a larger em- dom had always fed itself from its own pire, simply because its people had more soil, and had from time to time even open and original minds. The state does exported corn to the Continent. But not live by bread alone, or by trade since 1835 Britain has never exported alone, or by force alone; and Britain, corn, and has ylear by year imported as we all know, has contributed largely more and more food from overseas. In to the poetry and philosophy as well as this last eventful century the home to the politics of modern Europe. population of the British Isles has be- What are the indications whether come mainly urban and industrial in- these new British nations within the stead of, as before, mainly rural and Empire will follow suit or not? Will agricultural; and it has increased in they produce new and original work in number from 20 to 50 millions. art and literature and science, as well as A silent evolution overseas has fol- corn and cattle and cheese for the bene- lowed step by step this silent evolution fit of the world; or does colonial culture, at home. A hundred years ago the total as Spengler and Elliot Smith suppose, English-speaking population of the begin by being derivative and end by British empire outside these islands was becoming merely imitative? only about a million. Now it is more The question is of the first importance, than 20 millions; in other words, the for there is actually taking place before Dominions are numerically as strong our eyes today a phenomenon that has today as the England which, in Pitt's hitherto only been painfully and con- proud words, saved herself by her jecturally reconstructed from fragmen- courage and Europe by her example. tary evidence by archaeologists and his- Then, they were several obscure colo- torians—the rise of a new civilization nies. Now, they are four new nations. in new countries, other climates, and How far these four new nations of different environments. Canada, Australia, New Zealand and How closely will it run true to type? South Africa will grow, and what part To what extent will change of circum- they will play in the world, is hidden stance cause it to vary from the parent in the future, leaving economics on one stock? And will its divergence support side—a serious and perhaps vital omis- the theory of Herbert Spencer that sion—there is no physical reason that man's natural tendency is to progress I know of why Canada should not toward perfection, or will it establish eventually contain 100 million instead the truth of the doctrine, implicitly held of her present 10 million people be- if not explicitly maintained by the tween the Atlantic and the Pacific, or school of Machiavelli and Hobbes, that why the three southern Dominions humanity is corrupt and degenerate, and should not between them support an- that society tends naturally to disinte- other 100 millions. But that is on the gration and decay? assumption that man breeds up to the The materials available for answering Climate and natural en- vironment affect evolu- tion of the British Mind already manifesting re- gional individuality. Ca- nadians reflect the influ- ence of rugged beauty in lavish splendor exempli- fied by the accompany- ing photo of Lake Louise in the Canadian Rockies.

these questions from the new nations lish people in particular bear increasing within the British Empire are so scat- cold better than increasing heat; for tered in space and so recent in time that while settlement is extending north- they are certainly not decisive. But so wards in Canada without any visible far as they go they are satisfactory. signs of deterioration and indeed with Physically the new Dominion type every indication of physical fitness and shows little if any variation from the prosperity, it is significant that in Aus- parent stock. Nor indeed could it yet; tralia and New Zealand the great mass for although the majority of Canadians of population is concentrated in the and Australasians are Dominion born, cool south, while colonization in the their overseas ancestry seldom goes semitropical north is more recent and is back more than two or three genera- developing much more slowly. tions, and British heredity is therefore In South Africa the position is rather stronger than the new environment. different. The climate of Cape Colony Further, the change of environment suits the English physique perfectly, but has not in itself been so extreme as to the natural heat of the low latitudes be likely to cause much physical varia- farther north is modified by high eleva- tion even in subsequent generations. tion in Rhodesia and Kenya. Here, then, The British people are naturally most if anywhere we shall see the effect of at home in temperate climates, and the changed environment in the develop- bulk of the new British populations are ment of a slightly different physical concentrated in the temperate zones. type, which will probably be a little But cold is a stimulus, not a sedative, taller and come more quickly to ma- and the course of colonization during turity than the parent stock. It must be the past century suggests that the Eng- remembered that the home-grown Briton 230 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 also differs physically from his ancestor some of these were found to have been two or three centuries ago. Thanks to born abroad, a few more were omitted economic changes and social progress, on one ground or other, and the revised he is taller, marries later, produces few- British total was therefore approx- er children ( though more survive ), lives imately 1,700. longer, and is more apt to marry again On the other hand, the overseas total in old age. numbered 140. Of these 71 were born Turn now from physical equipment to in Canada, the senior Dominion; 19 in mental achieveftient, bearing in mind Australia, 6 in New Zealand, 20 in that in the latter respect a new civiliza- South Africa, 13 in India, and 11 in tion suffers from every possible handi- various islands ( 5 in the West Indies ). cap. The analogy of youth, though It is clear from these figures that natural and attractive, is in fact false Australia and New Zealand have been and misleading. A new settlement has handicapped by distance from the centre to produce the raw materials of com- as well as youth; and I may add that a merce before the amenities of art. It detailed examination of this and other has no leisured class to encourage liter- evidence shows that small island com- ature or finance scientific research. Its munities are still more seriously handi- remoteness from intellectual centres, and capped. It is not that they are less likely its own cultural poverty, probably to produce talent than continental coun- makes it excessively reverential to the tries, but that talent has fewer oppor- old home tradition, and this species of tunities of fruition. An oak cannot grow ancestor-worship limits its early produc- in a flowerpot. tions to a mere timid echo of an ac- Of the 71 famous Canadians, 18 were cepted pattern; while this after a time born in the Maritime Provinces, 23 in may breed the opposite error,—a local Quebec ( of whom 16 were French), revolt that exalts or exaggerates pro- and 25 in Ontario. The Western Prov- vincial peculiarities of dialect and man- inces are too new to have made their ners and provincial achievements on mark in the intellectual world. ground of local patriotism. A greater Of the 19 famous Australians, 9 were drawback still: such great men as a new born in Victoria, 3 in South Australia, civilization breeds will naturally want to only 4 in New South Wales—an older measure themselves against the greatest and larger State than Victoria—and of their kind, and will therefore,—as in none in Queensland. The intellectual the old days of Imperial Rome—seek predominance of the temperate south is fame at the centre, in the capital of the significant, and is precisely parallel to a Empire, while merely second-class tal- similar declension in the United States, ent remains cententedly at home on the while 13 of the 20 famous South Afri- colonial circumference. cans were of Dutch origin. These disadvantages are real, and it Broadly speaking, half of these men is precisely this handicap which gives were statesmen or lawyers engaged in color to the theory that a colonial civil- public life; that is to say, they were ization is necessarily imitative and in- concerned with the political side of Do- ferior. But how far is that a true view? minion achievement. The quality as well So far as it was possible, I made an as quantity of the list—which included attempt to ascertain the relevant facts. such names as Laurier, Blake, and An analysis was made of the names Bonar Law in Canada, Barton and For- considered worthy of inclusion in the rest in Australia, and Botha and Smuts Encyclopedia Britannica as being men in South Africa—showed that the new of more than local reputation, and a few countries could produce their own na- prominent contemporaries were added tional leaders, and in this respect at to bring the list up to date. The results least were very like the old. But there were interesting. is no need to prove the obvious, and By way of comparison it should be my quest was more for the product of said that the British Isles, with a much the study and the studio and laboratory longer history and larger population, than for the gladiator of parliament or yielded a list of 1,800 famous men and platform. women. On reexamination, however, I shuffled my human cards afresh The British Mind in Australia has devel- oped initiative, rugged independence and breadth, obviously influenced by natural con- ditions, notably vast reaches of arid interior and its effect on climate. Before motor days • camels were introduced for desert transport, as shown by the accompanying photograph.

and the tabulated results were curious. and if not, why not? Is the theatre a There were 23 authors on the list, 9 declining art, or are we no longer in- artists, and 13 scientists; one philos- terested in the clash and conflict of opher, but no distinguished divine—the character and situation? The managers churches exist overseas, but the great and critics of the theatre may answer preachers and inspired prophets have this: not I. still to come. Not only have the Domin- Five of our artists were painters, and ions failed so far to produce a new re- only one a musician; in the Dominions, ligious revelation—by way of contrast as in Britain, the most creative and the United States have already pro- spiritual of the arts unfortunately re- duced two, the Latter Day Saints and mains the Cinderella of the English- the Christian Scientists—but they have speaking world. done little in the way of new theology. So much for the Muses, who have Different skies, it seems, do not always yet to assert their claims; now for the discover a new way to heaven. sciences. Medicine heads the list, with Turn now from the sacred to the 5 distinguished names, closely followed secular sphere. Six of our authors were by 4 geologists; but rather strangely, in poets—Kendall of New South Wales view of the rich field of observation and Roy Campbell of Natal are repre- available, there was no famous Do- sentative of the new talent, but the in- minion biologist. Nor, greatly to my sur- spired singer has yet to appear; and prise, were there any conspicuous in- nine were novelists. These were mostly ventors of the type that distinguish the of the second or even the third class— rival lists of eminent men in Britain Gilbert Parker, Mrs. Humphrey Ward, and the United States. and Guy Bothby are a typical selection. In the Dominions I found neither a The drama, however, is altogether lack- Trevithick nor a Stephenson, neither a ing; and this last deficiency becomes Kelvin nor an Edison; none, in fact, of more, and not less curious from the fact the particular cast of mind that has that a similar and parallel list for the done more than the statesman or the United States exhibits the same short- artist or the man of letters to revolution- coming. Does modern democracy, then, ize social and industrial life, and to not produce distinguished dramatists; make the modern world as we know it Wanganui River, New Zealand, rated by globe - trotters one of the world's unforgettable sce- nic gems, is char- acteristic of this land of lavish grandeur. Here the British Mind has de- veloped along lines characterized by virility tempered with serene philos- ophy induced, no doubt, by topog- raphy somewhat like that of Can- ada; yet with dis- tinctly different vegetation, the unique thermal re- gions and their equalizing effect on climate. today. This is a serious omission, and sarily passed in the Dominions. More one which casts an implied reflection than half the remainder therefore left on the originality of the Dominion intel- their native country in order the better lect as revealed in these lists. On the to pursue their chosen career; a loss other hand, a catalogue which contains which, though obviously inevitable in the names of Osler, Banting, and Ruth- the circumstances, is nevertheless re- erford shows that in discovery as dis- grettable from the point of view of a tinct from its brother, invention, the new new civilization. overseas countries can produce as good It is fair to add, however, that the men as any in England. Dominions gain something by way of It may seem strange, at least to those intellectual imports as well as losing who accept the theories of historical through intellectual exports. In Canada, development from Macaulay to Speng- for example, the poet R. W. Service, ler rather than the facts actually on the naturalist Thompson Seton, and the record, that a new civilization should economist Stephen Laycock all come have produced more distinguished work from England; while Lindsay Gordon, in science than in art or letters. But the poet whom Australia has taken to there it is; and while there are great her heart as a national possession, was gaps in the tally of achievement as it born in the Azores. stands, and much prentice and journey- But at present the Dominions lose man stuff in literature, we can fairly more than they gain in this mental ex- write these down to the time handicap change, and this is likely to continue for of youth and preoccupation with the some considerable time—,until, in fact, more immediate tasks of a nascent cul- the new oversea civilizations have de- ture. At any rate, there can be no ques- veloped a distinctive intellectual quality tion of deterioration or decay in the and calibre of their own. And that, mental calibre of the new population-- judging by the example of the United their progress to full maturity and com- States, may take a century or more to plete equality with the best that Europe bring about. can produce seems likely, after this sur- At this point, however, someone may vey, to be merely a matter of time and ask whether our study has disclosed any growth and opportunity. indications as to the lines along which Finally, I took the point of emigra- these new civilizations are likely to tion from the Dominion circumference advance? to Empire centre. Of these 140 eminent Prophecy in such matters seems on men, 42 sought and found fame outside the fact of it a gratuitous challenge to the country of their birth; but the true the gods, for the spirit bloweth where it proportion is very much higher than it listeth, and the quality of mind is free. sounds, for half the grand total were But ancestry and local environment do politicians whose careers were neces- in fact influence even if they do not MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 233 determine the direction of its flight, and stronger in the east than in the midlands the future of a nation is not entirely and south, where the population is more unconditioned. mixed by association and intermarriage In both England and Scotland, for with the old British race; and it is example, there is a distinct and definite obvious that an unmixed stock is more line of demarcation between the mental likely to take definite and rigid views of attitude and outlook of people of the political and religious principle than a East and those of the Midlands and mixed stock, where the intermarriage of South.* invader and invaded 6resupposes and The East Coast produces men who indeed necessitates an attitude of com- think in terms of principles rather than promise and a preference of persons to persons, the Midlands and South pro- principles in its most intimate form. duce men who think in terms of persons But it is also the fact that the East rather than principles. And so we find Coast of Britain is a relatively dry area, that the East Coaster is characterized whereas the Midlands and South are by strength rather than subtlety, by cer- humid; and it is evident that the clear tainty of conviction and directness of visibility of a dry climate encourages execution rather than willingness to that tendency to think in clear and con- compromise and meet the other side crete terms of images and systems and halfway; in other words, by a clear view principles which characterizes the ad- within his own limited visible range, ministrator rather than the orator, the and a tendency to ignore anything be- theologian who defioes the known yond that visible range as irrelevant. rather than the mystic who seeks the This is the type that prefers an unknown, the painter rather than the assertion to an argument, and prefers poet, and the poet rather than the mu- an argument to an appeal; and there- sician.t fore we find that it naturally produces Each factor, of ancestry and environ- administrators in the State and definers ment, plays its part in shaping the men- of doctrine in the church rather than tal attitude and outlook that gives a orators and mystics, systematists of the character of its own and an individual known rather than seekers after the un- consistency to a civilization. But when known; science rather than art; and in environment seconds and forwards an- the arts, painting rather than poetry, cestry, the effect is irresistible. and poetry rather than music. If these considerations are well In the Midlands and South of Eng- founded, it is evident that heredity and land, on the other hand, this mental at- environment will both take a hand in titude is reversed, and its products in determining the mental outlook of the politics and art and literature are con- Dominions. Let us see if we can apply sequently different; and precisely the these principles. same geographical distribution is ob- In Canada and South Africa, for ex- servable in Scotland, where the adminis- ample, the population is racially mixed; trators and theologians and painters in Australia and New Zealand it is al- come from Aberdeen and Angus and most entirely British. Fife, and the poets from Ayr and Dum- In Canada and South Africa, then, as fries and Galloway. in the Midlands and South of England, There must be some sufficient cause we may expect on grounds of heredity for this marked local difference of talent, that men will come to think in terms of this sharp divergence of mental attitude agreement and compromise and give- and outlook, either in heredity or en- and-take, rather than of rigid plumb- vironment or both. Now it is the fact line political and religious doctrine; and that in both England and Scotland the these civilizations are therefore likely to invading Saxon-Scandinavian stock is think in terms of persons rather than principles, and consequently to produce * I discussed this matter at length, and produced poets and novelists and dramatists rath- some of the supporting evidence, in the Nineteenth Century for June, 1934. er than definers and systematists and t A study of the distribution of genius in Latin coun- painters. tries, and more particularly of the characteristic limits of the Spanish mind through the ages, confirms this In Australia and New Zealand, on diagnosis. But the subject is obviously too large to be the other hand, there is no such racial discussed here. 234 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

contrast and mixture. Here, therefore, with an unmixed ancestry and a less on the grounds of heredity alone we humid climatic environment, will de- may expect the opposite cast of mind. velop along different mental lines. His Men will be likely to think things out in characteristic attitude and approach will ordered systems and logical planning to be more consistent and more instantly a consistent end, in terms of principles decisive than the Canadian; but he will rather than persons, as in East Anglia; be less tolerant of differences of opinion, and as in East Anglia again, we may he will tend to think of society as a look for a cultiire which tends to the static system rather than as a fluid or- precision of scientific truth rather than ganism, and be inclined to take the strict to the beauty of artistic achievement. legalist view which insists on rights, But in so far as the type of civilization rather than the more malleable and produces art, it will incline to painting elastic humanist view which leads to and sculpture and the more tangible mutual accommodation and compromise. crafts, rather than poetry and the dra- A civilization of this type, which likes matic contrast and conflict of human to define and stick to the definition, is values in the novel and the drama. apt to prefer the letter to the spirit, and So much for heredity; now for the to ignore the imponderables as irrele- factor of environment. vant. It can, and no doubt will, produce Canada is a land of lakes and rivers much splendid and original work; but and abundant water, Australia is de- that work will be conceived and ex- ficient in these iespects. In both these ecuted in the spirit of science rather cases then environment seconds and re- than philosophy, and—,so far as the arts inforces ancestry as in England. are concerned—it will emphasize style New Zealand, on the other hand, is and appearance rather than emotional a land of abundant water, whereas content and expression. South Africa is a dry country. In both 3. The New Zealander has the same these cases, then, environment must unmixed ancestry as the Australian, tend to check and modify the normal which will tend to make him as con- continuity of mental ancestry. sistent and decisive in action and It seems, therefore, that four distinct thought as his continental neighbor; but varieties or types of national character by way of contrast, his climatic en- should eventually develop in the vironment is more variable and more Dominions. humid, and this will operate to make 1. The Canadian will tend, both by his mental attitude and approach more ancestry and environment, to prefer the flexible, and more open to move with personal and human angle of approach the times and to change with changing to the impersonal, the scientific, and the circumstances. statistical. He will incline to the tolerant On the whole the New Zealander will and open mind; and unless his feelings be more imaginative, less precise and are so deeply involved as to distort and less bound by definition than the Aus- narrow his vision, he will usually see tralian, and more inclined to admit that both sides of a case. He will seek ( what there are more things in heaven and he will not always get in this obstinate earth than are dreamed of in his phi- world ) agreement by compromise and losophy. He will consequently take the consent on broad and equitable lines larger ( though it is not necessarily al- rather than victory by force on a more restricted basis. ways the clearer ) view, he will look on society as a fluid organism rather than a The culture that develops in the static system, and his definitions will be senior Dominion should therefore be subject to revision in the light of further inclusive rather than exclusive, organic experience. and vital rather than systematic and 4. The South African of the future defined, and its social philosophy will again will be of a different type. Mixed recognize the imponderables as potential racial ancestry compels him to admit but important factors in the business of that the two streams of British and life and equipment of a complete civili- Dutch must run in one channel. But a zation. dry climatic environment tends to make 2. The Australian, on the other hand, him think along rigid and systematic MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 235 lines, to emphasize points of difference events in Europe and elsewhere. The on principle rather than points of per- intellectual if not the political unity of sonal agreement; and he will tend to re- the world is bound to increase as the gret and retard a little the inevitable isolation of its several parts diminishes; approach to union of the two European but even so, local conditions must al- races in one national stock. ways continue to influence the mental The civilization that ensues is likely outlook, and in the main to determine to be less rigid and systematic than the the intellectual horizon of the great Australian in its conception of the State, mass of population whiih lives and less poetical and imaginative than that works close to its own home. of New Zealand in its attitude to life Which of these four new nations will and the things that lie beyond life; but contribute the most and the finest the forces that compose its intellectual flowers to the new civilization that is outlook will be more complex than those now in process of formation is an open of any other of the Dominions, because question. But that each will contribute it will necessarily be influenced con- something of distinction and value can tinually by the permanent native back- hardly be in doubt, for the establish- ground. It may well be that its inevit- ment and permanence of the new Eng- able preoccupation with human and lish-speaking States seems now reason- political factors will make it produce ably assured. Indeed, we may well be- more in literature and art, and less in lieve that if some frightful catastrophe science and invention, than the other were to destroy the wliple of the old English civilization in the British Isles, Dominions. In actual fact the future will probably it should be possible for the new na- not work out quite like that, for—apart tions, like the spirit of the cloud in Shel- from the incalculable chance of some ley's poem, to arise and upbuild it strange individual genius appearing in again; and so far from deteriorating in the most unexpected place, like John its new homes, the expansion over so Keats in the city of London—both the large and so virginal an area should in currents of heredity and the channels the long run add both to the variety and of environment which go to form the the value of its own particular achieve- separate mental streams of the new ment, and eventually do something to Dominions must be affected from time widen the general scope and range of to time by external and unpredictable the human mind as a whole.

Britain in the Pacific

A Chronological Outline From the Literature

RITISH territory in the Pacific omic and social interests of Great falls under three administrative Britain and her Colonial Empire and Dominions have been so regulated as heads; i.e., they are Colonies, B Protectorates, a n d Mandated to become on the whole complementary, areas. In addition to these, a large por- to the benefit of all concerned. The tion of the "British Commonwealth of meanest native subject has the right of Nations," which consists of the self- appeal against injustice to the King's governing Dominions of Canada, Aus- Privy Council in London, a judicial tralia, New Zealand, South Africa, and body. Newfoundland, is also to be found in BRITISH COLUMBIA, in the Northwest, the Pacific area. Only one province of was discovered in 1792 by the British Canada, however, borders on the Pa- navigator Vancouver, made a crown cific Ocean, British Columbia with Van- colony in 1858, and incorporated into the Canadian Federation in 1871. It couver Island. During the past 100 years the econ- has an area of 355,855 square miles, is 236 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZIN E, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

about 760 miles long and 400 at its formulated in 1890, administered by widest. An evergreen, forest-clad, sea- their own native rulers under guidance girt playground of winding tree-shad- of the New Zealand Parliament. owed waterways, its products are rich WESTERN SAMOA, a Mandated Ter- and varied (see text, page —) with ritory, is also now administered by New agriculture well in the foreground. Zealand. Formerly an independent king- NEW ZEALAND, a self-governing Do- dom, America in 1872 secured the har- minion of the British Empire, comprises bor of Pago Pago for a naval coaling the two largest islands in the South station. In 1889 Germany and Great Pacific Ocean, with a smaller one, Stew- Britain with U. S. A. signed a treaty art Isle, to the south. Discovered by recognizing the island as a neutral ter- Tasman in the 18th century; later ex- ritory. In 1900 the whole group was plored by Captain Cook, who described partitioned between Germany and the it in his journals. It became a British U. S. A. But in 1914, on the outbreak possession in 1840, when Maori chiefs of the World War, New Zealand voluntarily ceded it to Great Britain. forces occupied the German portion of It was constituted a Dominion Septem- the country and later New Zealand was ber 26, 1907. Area 103,862 square given the Mandate over it under the miles, but only 84,500 square miles are Peace Treaty. Of this British Samoa, habitable. It has over 1,000 miles of the area is 1,210 square miles, popula- coast line, and no part of either island tion 41,000. is more than 4 miles from the sea, en- THE KERMADEC ISLES have 13 square suring an equable climate without ex- miles and 2,000 population, and near tremes. Population is about mil- them in the South Pacific is T akelau, or lion, 90 per cent dwelling in rural areas the "Union" group, of 7 square miles engaged in sheep and dairy farming. with 1,000 population; both these are Magnificent mountain s cenery and under New Zealand, as are also other lakes cause it to be named the "Switzer- small South Pacific groups such as the land of the Pacific." Attached to the MANAHIKI, THE CAROLINES, Ross SEA, New Zealand administration are several and BOUNTY, AUCKLAND, and CAMP- groups of islands not far away. BELL ISLES. These have all claimed COOK ISLANDS, include Penrhyn, British protection at various times in the Suwarrow, and many small islands be- 19th century and are under British ad- sides Raratonga and Niue Island. They ministrators from New Zealand. were discovered by Captain Cook, pro- tected by Great Britain, and finally an- TONGA, or the Friendly Islands in the nexed to New Zealand in 1901. There South Pacific (it lies 400 miles from are fourteen Cook islands, with an Fiji and 600 miles from Apia, Samoa ), area of 280 square miles, and a popula- was declared a neutral region in 1866 tion of 13,000, administered by a Resi- by the Treaty of Berlin. But in 1900, dent Commissioner. an Anglo German agreement made NIUE, first called "Savage Isle" by them into a protectorate of Great Captain Cook, has 100 square miles Britain. Area 385 square miles, popu- area, and a population of 4,000. lation about 27,000, governed by their own Queen. RARATONGA, discovered at the same time; area 150 square miles, population AUSTRALIA, one of the five self-gov- 13,000. Laws for all this group were erning Dominions of the British Em- pire, is located in West Oceania; it in-

Samoan women weave pandanus mats almost cludes many surrounding islands to the as fine as Panama hats. Their golden, satiny north, and TASMANIA Isle to the south. skin, wavy brown hair and beautiful figures Australia became British early in the distinguish them even among the pulchritudin- 18th century. Area 2,974,581 (nearly ous Polynesian from Hawaii to New Zealand. 3 million square miles ) with a popula- tion of about 7 million souls. Tasmania was joined to the Dominion in 1901. Australia holds the Mandate over the various isles in the north Pacific. NAURU, a former German possession to the northeast, has an area of 5,396 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 237 square miles. Captured in 1914, it is PITCAIRN ISLE, found in 1790 by administered by Australia since then, mutineers from H.M.S. Bounty, was re- assisted by the New Zealand Govern- discovered in 1808, and annexed. The ment. small half-starved population, descend- NEW BRITAIN, or Mandated German ants of the mutineers, was removed in New Guinea, is administered since 1914 1856 to Norfolk Isle. Many became by Australia, as is also another part of homesick and were returned to Pitcairn. the same island, i.e., PAPUA. In 1884 Near by are British DUCIE ISLE and the Great Britain proclaimed a Protectorate PHOENIX GROUP of eight islands. over this land, then called BRITISH NEW NEW HEBRIDES, in the northwest Pa- GUINEA, Australia defraying the many cific, is a group of 40 islands, partly a costs of administration. In 1906 the French possession. Owing to Great name was changed to Papua. Area Britain having in them trading interests 90,500 square miles, population 250,- of long standing, friction resulted. The 000. result was a treaty, ratified in October, Many other small islands, such as 1906, making the Islands a French- THURSDAY, FRIDAY, and SUNDAY ISLES British Condominium. Area 5,700 near the north coasts, form part of the square miles, population 60,000. northern territory of Australia, and HONGKONG. This island is a Crown NORFOLK ISLE, 10 miles long, due east, Colony near Canton, ceded to Great together with the smaller LORD HOWE Britain by China in 1841. Its area, ISLE, is administered by the Federal ad- which includes the Kowloon Peninsula ministration of Australia. and neighboring small islands, is 391 FIJI is a crown colony of Oceania, square miles; population about a mil- ceded voluntarily to Great Britain in lion. It is an important naval and mili- 1874; originally discovered by Tasman tary station, in 1643, and visited by Captain Cook THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS ( British in 1769. It consists of some 250 fertile Malaya) is a Crown Colony. At the islands, area, 7,435 square miles; popu- end of the 18th century there were lation 172,000. Administered from Lon- three well established trading settle- don under a British governor and its ments at Penang, Malacca, and Singa- own Council. pore, administered from India. In 1826 BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS, in the India relinquished these to form them west Pacific, have been a protectorate into a Crown Colony. The area is since the 18th century. Area 14,000, 1,600 square miles; the population, population 172,000. The Western Solo- chiefly Chinese, Malay, and Indians, is mons are part of New Guinea, admin- nearly a million. Two of the inde- istered by Australia. pendent Malay States border on the Other British Protectorates in the Pacific, i.e., Johore and Perak, both north and east Pacific are SANTA CRUZ ruled by their own sultans, under Brit- with SWALLOW ISLE and the QUEEN ish Protection. CHARLOTTE ISLES; area 380 square BRITISH N. BORNEO, in the west Pa- miles, 5,000 population; these are ad- cific, has an area of 31,000 square miles ministered under their own native chiefs. in the northern half of the Dutch island The GILBERT and ELLICE ISLANDS are of Borneo. The population is about a large group annexed in 1892, formed 300,000, chiefly Malays, Dyaks, and into a Crown Colony in the year 1915. Chinese. A formal Protectorate was This Colony includes Washington, proclaimed in 1888, and a British Gov- Ocean, Jarvis, Starbuck, Christmas and ernor administers the territory. Fanning Islands. The total area con- BRUNEI, in the northwest of Borneo, cerned is about 200 square miles, popu- became a British Protectorate at the re- lation about 3,000. quest of its sultan in 1888, and since FANNING ISLAND was discovered by 1906 it has been administered by a Captain Fanning of the whaler Betsey British Commissioner. in 1798, but was not annexed till 1888. LABUAN, an island near Borneo, has WASHINGTON ISLE was annexed with an area of 30 square miles and popula- others in 1889. Both these islands are tion of 6,000. Ceded by chiefs to now offered for sale. Britain in 1846, in October, 1906, it was On the 150th anniver- sary of the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands by Captain James Cook this monument to the great explorer was unveiled by the late Sir Joseph Car- ruthers. It stands upon British soil on Kealake- kua Bay, Hawaii. Guards of honor were from Aus- tralia and New Zealand.

placed in the Straits Settlements' ad- of Hawaii through Princess Likelike; ministration. ratified by the United States of Amer- SARAWAK, part of North Borneo, ica when Hawaii was annexed in 1898. with an area of 40,000 square miles and In 1928 a fine monument was un- a population of 800,000, has an inter- veiled at Sesqui-Centennial ceremonies esting history. The sultan of Brunei conducted jointly by Great Britain— ceded it to his English friend, Rajah represented by Australia and New Zea- Brooke, in 1842, and it is still admin- land—and America, The monument, a istered by that family, aided by a Coun- boat landing, and funds for improve- cil in London. The British Protectorate ment and upkeep of the area, were the over it was proclaimed in 1888. result of successful endeavors by the Diminutive as to area ( 5,682.6 sq. late Sir Joseph Carruthers, of Sydney, ft.* ) yet great in historical significance, N.S.W., to interest his government in is Britain's bit of soil in Hawaii at Ka- the project, conceived as the result of awaloa, Kealakekua Bay. It was here a visit to the site during the First Pan- that the great explorer Captain James Pacific Food Conservation Conference Cook met his death in 1779 on a return at Honolulu, August, 1924, to which he visit to the Sandwich Islands, as he was a delegate. named the Hawaiian Group at discov- * An area of considerable extent, boundaries of ery in 17784 which are yet to be determined, surrounding this British soil will be set aside forever as a national park In 1874 friends of the famous ex- by the Territory of Hawaii as the result of a request to the Legislature made in 1928 by the late Wallace plorer marked the spot with a crude R. Farrington, then Governor of the Territory of tablet. In 1877 a grant of the land was Hawaii. made to Great Britain by the Kingdom + A bronze plaque marks the spot on the Island of Kauai, at Waimea, where Captain Cook first landed, MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 239

In Step With the Dominion

British Columbia forges ahead with development of vast nat- following, based upon latest authentic figures: ural resources; counts her gains Per capita investment, $3,836; Dominion at the sixty-eighth milestone of average, $3,075. British Columbia boasts highest production in silver, lead, copper, Canada's journey as a nation. zinc; lumber $12,000,000 (Canadian total, $26,000,000); fish products, $12,000,000, 1933 (Canadian total, $27,558,000); fruit By ROBERT CROMIE shipments, $5,206,000, 1933 (Canadian total, $15,024,900). Editor, Vancouver Sun The story of Canada's development since Confederation is one that amazes the visitor, even though the figures of NOTHER MILESTONE in the the last few years shows a slackening off history of Canada as a nation of the curve of rapid growth which, as was passed on Monday, July 1, a long-time trend, was the experience of A when British Columbia, in com- this Dominion for more than 63 years. mon with all sister provinces of Can- Canada today is still one of the rich- ada, celebrated Dominion Day—the est agricultural countries in the world, sixty-eighth anniversary of Confedera- with high soil fertility resulting in pro- tion. It was in 1867 that the Queen's duction worth more than $950,000,000 proclamation announced the birth of a in 1934, and providing a livelihood for nation destined, as it has proven, to more than 1,128,000 people. occupy a prominent place in the world These facts, considered with recogni- fraternity of important national com- tion of the depressed world condition munities. of agriculture, clearly show that Can- While British Columbia, then a ada's land industry is of vital impor- thriving Crown Colony, did not enter tance in the nation's economic progress. Confederation until the year 1871, and Dairying is one of the most important Prince Edward Island not until 1873, of Canada's industries, with an annual the people of both coasts, together with production now exceeding 78 million the prairie dwellers of Saskatchewan dollars in value. Canada has 3,376,000 and Alberta ( established in 1903) milch cows. unite with all provinces in this national Few realize that Canada's flocks and celebration. herds represent a value of nearly a bil- This Dominion Day may prove lion ( including poultry ), or that we epochal in that, from an economic point possess as one of our rich assets over of view, a respite seems in sight after 20 million head of horses, cattle, sheep the dark days through which the whole and swine, and 55 million poultry. Dominion—in common with the world Canada holds its lead as a great fur- —has passed since 1929. British Co- producing land. Fur farms were un- lumbia's condition in recent years has known in 1867 and later, but today not been all that might be desired, and there are nearly 5000 which, with trap- yet the progress made by this end of ping operations, produce $10,000,000 Canada has been notable. worth of pelts a year. British Columbia, in point of popula- With 2,900,000 horses it does not tion, is the sixth of the nine Dominion look as if the motor car had put the provinces, yet in a number of economic equine out of business. aspects she records an unchallenged As the Empire's greatest timber area leadership. Among these items are the Canada is rich in this vast natural re- From orchards such as this British Columbia electricity for lighting and domestic sends out to the world by roil and sea train- loads and shiploads of luscious apples. Deep, purposes. Millions more are planned rich soil, ample rainfall and equable climate for early development plants in every combine with skill and enterprise to make province. products of the land a major economic item. Canada's mining production has re- newed its progress, climbing higher and source, with an annual production from higher in totals, with over $300,000,000 camps and mills of over 92 million dol- in 1934, in striking contrast with the lars, including pulp and paper that ac- small figures of 1867. The Dominion counts for one-third. maintains its leadership in nickel and Canada leads the world in paper pro- asbestos production, with gold in third duction of nearly 3,000,000 tons a year, place and gradually taking the second. mostly exported to the United States. Never in the history of mining were The pulpwood resources are estimated there greater prospects, with prospect- at 1,344 million cords. Newsprint pro- ing by airplane and the building of rail- duction was unknown at Confederation. ways into mineral areas of the hinter- Canada's apples are frequent prize lands. The coming years will no doubt winners, and many new varieties are show similar large annual increases. being created at the experimental fruit Canada is taking the lead in utilizing stations. airplane services for exploratory and Canada leads the world in electric mail delivery work. The country is air- power development per capita, with minded to a marked degree. Air opera- 6,000,000 horsepower developed out of tions, federal and provincial, cover fire an ultimate 43,000,000 horsepower, or and forest patrols, surveys and pho- a small percentage. Harnessed electric tography connected therewith, trans- power was unknown to the fathers of portation, life saving, etc. Many firms Confederation, but today a billion is in- are also engaged in commercial avia- vested therein and more than two-thirds tion, covering all parts of the Domin- of the homes of Canadians are using ion; airplane clubs have been organized, A big paper mill on the coast of British Columbia, where vast forests and abundant pure water make this section of Canada an important factor in maintaining the Dominion's first place in world production of paper products from wood pulp. and municipal and other airports estab- 60,000, as against 600,000 today. Win- lished. nipeg was a mere village of 200, com- Canada's industrial life was rela- pared with over 200,000 now. tively unimportant when the Dominion Vancouver and Victoria were un- was formed, but today there are 25,000 important seaports; the chain of prairie plants employing five or more, with an cities was not even planned, and Ed- invested capital of almost 41/2 billion, a monton was still a fur-trading post. To- gross production value of nearly 21/2 day Greater Vancouver's population is billion dollars yearly, and about 500,- 343,855. 000 employed. Farming was a mere beginning. Canada has also become a motor car Even by 1871 only 16 million bushels of country, with a car for every 81/2 per- wheat were grown; only 10 million sons, with 1,200,000 cars registered. acres all told were tilled, since increased Auto production in 1934 numbered sixfold. The total yield of all field 263,000, of a value reaching toward the crops was only a fifth of the present. $200,000,000 mark. Agricultural exports were negligible, In the Canada of '67 trade radiation and dairy production even less. Live was greatly circumscribed. Trading was stock since has trebled in numbers and done with only a few score countries, value. Elevators were unknown. The and those within easy reach, compared 100,000 farms then now exceed 700,000. with over a hundred today in every part Canada's wealth of $1,000 per capita of the world. as late as 1903 has grown to $3,000 Transportation methods were equally today. The same degree of growth circumscribed. The railway mileage of marks manufacturing. Production value, 2,000 has increased twentyfold; steam- then under $200,000,000, has nearly ers were of small tonnage and slow reached the 3% billion mark, and the speed. The horse-and-carriage was the invested capital of $75,000,000 has chief land method. The motor car and grown to nearly five billions today. the airplane were unknown. Modern Many features of our present-day good roads were few and far between, prosperity were unknown when the new the hinterlands of every province were Dominion was founded, such as the practically unexplored, and the North- pulp and paper industry, which was not west was known outside of the Indians in existence; fur farming, undreamt of; to only a few traders and trappers and power development, a matter of a few the Hudson's Bay Company. ancient water wheels. The whole won- Eastern cities and towns were vil- der-world of electricity was only being lages compared with today. Halifax and experimented with, and Niagara was Saint John were small towns. Montreal untapped for white coal. had a mere 100,000 as against a million Men of '67 knew little of the tele- now. Toronto's population was only graph and nothing of the telephone, 242 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

wireless or radio. They lived in a much of the force is carried on in the Far narrower world than we of today. Can- North, the police employ more dogs ada then was only in the kindergarten than they do horses. "Huskies" are the stage; now she has grown to the full sole means of travel in the winter time stature of manhood. in the Far North. * * * Known as "the Silent Force," the Royal Canadian Mounted Police does Picturesque Police not employ civilians or women ste- nographers, all its clerical and other Afoot or horieback, similar work being done by members of they're "Mounties" the force. to Canada's people The police not only maintain law and (Story by Reuter) order in 6 of the 9 Canadian provinces —they also patrol 1,500,000 square HE FAMOUS POLICE FORCE miles of northland. It maintains, 400 which was created to patrol the miles within the Arctic Circle, the farth- T "Great Lone Land" of the Western est north police station, post office and prairies in 1873, and which has become customs office in the world. a force rich in tradition and service, Already the force has undergone may lose the name "Mounted" and be- three name changes. Originally it was come simply the Royal Canadian Po- called the North-West Mounted Police, lice. The Commissioner of the present then it became the Royal North-West force, Sir James MacBrien, indicated Mounted Police, and now it is the this in an interview he granted recently Royal Canadian Mounted Police. in Montreal. However, Canada will not allow the The reason for the proposed change word "Mounted" to disappear without is that whereas when first formed it was a protest. Already several newspapers a cavalry force, all the members riding have expressed opposition to any horses, it has more and more become a change. "Whether dismounted or force which travels around in automo- mounted upon automobiles, aeroplanes biles, motor launches, aeroplanes and and such, they will always be Mounties other vehicles. Of the present force of to us," says the Montreal Star. "Let 2,900 men, only 300 are mounted on them keep one horse, as a mascot, horses. As a great deal of the work stuffed and mounted."

Coat of Arms of the Dominion of Canada MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 243

When King Salmon Runs

By BILL REID in the Vancouver Sun

T MIDNIGHT on the thirtieth awaiting the signal that, simultaneously of June, along 700 miles of rug- with thirty-four other districts, will ged coast line, more than 16,000 mark the beginning of aeseason's work, A men and women were actively enabling approximately 1,074,000 cases engaged in the 1935 season of British of salmon to be ready for the world Columbia's third industry--the salmon market. fisheries. Two minutes now and the ship's In the early morning hours of that clock will strike the hour. day more than 6,000 boats of all sizes From the boats comes the stir of men and shapes roared their welcome to the as nets are given last-minute attention, approaching ten weeks of almost con- and then the first of the eight bells tinuous work. chimes sharply, and the second is lost in Thirty-five canneries hummed once the booming report of the zero-hour more in the mad rush to pack into cans gun. the world's best salmon in the pink of Nets drop quickly and with little or condition. no sound into the blacl water, beneath From the mighty Fraser pouring whose surface dart and flash the sea's muddy waters into the sea in the south, silver harvest. to the Naas in the north, busy fishermen To the thirty-five canneries located ply their trade in feverish haste. at strategic points along the coast The story of this major industry is comes the most heterogeneous of any one of fabulous sums and totals. A army of workers: Indians from all the story set in great scenic grandeur, and coastal tribes and from the interior, one in which—,even to the fisherman from Ladner and the Fraser Valley; and cannery man—is found every ves- Chinese crews for the unloading of the tige of romantic fantasy. laden packers; Japanese fishermen, and Let us—you and I—spend part of the the white men from Fraser Valley night of June 30 on the fishing grounds farms, interior ranches and busy city off the Skeena River, which floods into offices. the sea a few miles south of Prince Ru- All these have come to see the flash- pert. ing beauty of the sockeye, king of all The ship's clock is still forty-five salmon, struggling in their nets, and to minutes from striking eight bells. watch once again the miracle of the From the deck below we peer intently canning process. into the inky darkness of the early Aided by this industry are more than summer night. ten other British Columbia industries: Faintly and softened by distance is the manufacture of cans and boxes, the heard the steady hum of powerful Die- printing of labels, the tremendous con- sels, but closer and more clearly we sumption of fuel of every known va- hear the staccato bark of the gasoline riety, the manufacture of nails and engines. lacquer, the large quantities of salt and Suddenly and with blinding intensity the hauling by steamship of the finished comes the white beam of a searchlight. commodity to the great warehouses and It is the fisheries inspector, from distributing centers in Vancouver. whose boat the gun will be fired that An interesting and little-known by- will start the season. product of the fishing industry is that of Satisfied that we have no net in the fish meals and oils. water, the light is turned off, leaving These by-products have been ex- the night darker than before. haustively studied by the Dominion De- But by this time the sea is alive with partment of Agriculture, and have been tiny dancing lights. found to contain a rich source of nutri- Eleven hundred fishing boats are ents for the feeding of poultry, live 244 k ID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

stock and foxes, and at the present time To insure future harvests, are extensively used. Hundreds of men Canada sows the seas find employment in processing and mar- with millions of king salmon through rivers keting these fisheries by-products. and streams, their nat- Science has in past years been of in- ural breeding ground, by estimable help to the fishing industry. maintaining hatcheries Laborious hand methods have been re- where protected waters reduce infant mortality placed by intricate machinery that infinitely below Nature's does the work much faster and better, hazardous system. Illus- thoroughly cleaning over sixty salmon tration shows fingerlings a minute and salting and filling the cut in the safety of a pro- sections into the cans at a speed of tected stream, until they are big enough to go to ninety or more a minute. sea and look out for Open kettles filled with brine have themselves. been superseded by immense retorts holding thousands of cans and insuring a uniform cooking at 242 degrees Fahr., Columbia's fisheries in 1934 amounted for ninety minutes. to $16,000,000. Modern machines have brought speed An industry which lasts a short three to the salmon cannery, and have greatly months at best and covers 700 miles of improved the quality of its product. seaboard, bringing to this province Of the total pack of British Columbia $16,000,000, possesses a vital economic salmon, 1,582,296 cases in 1934, ap- importance infinitely greater than the proximately 1,250,000 cases were ex- value of the total output. Without it ported to some twenty-seven foreign British Columbia would be poor indeed, lands, chief among these being Austra- and thousands of people now engaged lia, France and the United Kingdom. therein would have to find other scope This pack comes from eighteen major for their energies and enterprise. companies and a few smaller ones. Imagine what it could be if every The approximate value of British British Columbian fully realized this. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 245

Japan Tries Great Britain's Recipe

By PAT TERRY

Marine Editor Vancouver Sun •

OT ONLY NEWS dispatches, is the human relationship between Japa- revealing Japan's attitude to nese statesmen's doctrines and the daily imports from Canada, but tales life of the Japanese workers. Nof returning travelers, make it Hugh Byas, good newspaper corre- abundantly clear that Japan, at least spondent, writing from Tokyo a while domestically, is undergoing something since to the New York Times, made of an industrial boom. certain revelations on the subject of the There is no doubt that Japan is ex- daily routine of a cross section of Japa- perimenting on a large scale with the nese workers, and their living condi- doctrine of economic nationalism, toy- tions, which I shall not ton forget. ing with that theory which declares It is interesting to compare the stand- that domestic trade conditions set the ard of living of the Nipponese with pace in international relationships. standards hereabouts. She has before her the picture of Only sketchily can we examine some Great Britain whose Chancellor of the of his points. Space will not permit a Exchequer is able to talk once more close analysis. of a budget surplus. She has seen the Byas referred to "an alliance of various first-class foreign powers lean cheap and intelligent labor with modern toward economic nationalism. machinery.. . .- as partly the reason for It would be strange if, hearing Great the boom in Japan, particularly in her Britain talk of the manner in which the "booming exports in the greatest de- new form of "splendid isolation" has pression ever known." reestablished domestic trade and in- The workers he described as "neither dustry, she did not, then, try it among illiterates nor coolies, but a highly de- her own population. veloped group of people, as ambitious We are particularly interested in this and as determined to rise in the world vast Port of Vancouver in any national as the Scots whom they resemble in or international policy affecting trade. their love for education." The flow of goods is the lifeblood of They are "accustomed to economical every citizen in Port of Vancouver. ways.- No matter whether you work on the waterfront or the docks, or draw wages Byas took as a standard of compari- as an industrial worker, the rate of the son among the workers a bus driver, flow of commodities out of this port to which is a very fair standard, as we the ports of the world affects, directly might call the bus driver the middle or indirectly, the rate of your wages. class of labor. Anything which may tend to restrict Such a man, Byas said, would earn the flow of Canadian goods to Japan is money the purchasing power of which of paramount importance to you here, would be equivalent to about $14 a since Port of Vancouver is the great week. You can lop that about 100% or port of dispatch for goods to Japan. add the same to find out the rough Well, you can do your own political rates of pay of the upper and lower thinking . . . I hope. classes of labor, I should think. The point which impresses me, and And here is the daily buying schedule which I think you will find interesting, of a Japanese housewife, that bus 1935 246 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, driver's wife, for a family of five per- the world with an annual consumption sons: of salmon amounting to 55 lbs. per per- son. The Scandinavian countries con- Rice 25c sume 45 lbs. per person annually. Eng- Bean-curd, a jelly-like stuff which supplements the protein deficien- land eats 35 lbs. per person. United cies in rice 3c States eats only 15 lbs. of salmon per Pickles 21Ac person each year. Vegetables (boiled) 2c All classes in Japan eat the same kind Vegetables ( riw ) 11/2c of food, although quality and price Salmon 10c Bean Soup 1c vary, Byas declared, I recall. Pork and cabbage 10c A typical sort of menu made up for Fuel ( gas ) 4c a day by the bus driver's wife would be That housewife will buy tea at 10c something like this: the 1-3 of a pound packet, using two Breakfast: rice, bean soup, and pickles, cost- packets every 10 days. ing around 2Y2c for each member of the family. Cuttlefish is part of the dietary of Lunch: rice, salt salmon, boiled vegetables, such a family. The price of this—the to cost about 4c each. rubbery texture of the leg is a highly Dinner: rice, vegetable soup, pork and cab- bage, vegetables, costing approximately 5c esteemed delicacy—will be about 7c for per person. the family for a meal. A can of salmon, of which much is Here in part then, with the high de- eaten, provides a meal for the entire gree of modern mechanization which family and costs about 71Ac. has been fostered in industry, coupled Here is something you may not have with scientific capitalization, and skilful realized; and there is food for thought propaganda which has imbued the peo- in it, because of the value to British ple with a belief in their high national Columbia of the salmon industry: Can- destiny, may be the reasons why Japan ada eats but 29 lbs. of salmon per per- feels intensely nationalistic about im- son each year. Japan's population leads ports.

Mystery of the Coral Atoll---Fanning

Excerpt from the story, Odyssey by Sampan

By ALEXANDER MACDONALD*

LL THIS TIME the Islander's miles away. In another hour the Islander been making mileage. Two rolls in the sea outside the beach. hundred miles a day, five days Fanning was our introduction to a out from Honolulu, and one coral atoll. Her ten miles of white beach afternoon a blur of clouds on the south- and waving coco palms made up a typi- ern horizon. That's how land at first is cal atoll, that enigmatic land creation sighted—by the clouds overhead. Then for which science has failed to find a smudgy line beneath them. common solution. Consider, for a few It is Fanning, first land in a thousand paragraphs, the riddle of the atolls. miles. You see the tree-tops, about ten Just why the South Pacific should be dotted with hundreds of these ring- * The author, a member of the editorial staff of The Honolulu Advertiser, signed on as one of the crew of shaped coral isles, like Gargantuan the sampan-type Diesel-powered cruiser Islander, char- quoits floating in the sea, and why each tered by the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, for a scien- tific expedition through the South Seas, headed by C. should be roughly circular with lagoon Montague Cooke, Jr., malacologist, of the Museum in the center, science does not unan- staff. The Islander sailed from Honolulu April 15, home October 28, 1934, with all hands and the cook" imously answer. well and happy. A notably successful expedition in all respects.—Tuz EDITORS. As far down as excavations have MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 247 been made these island rings are com- heads and across the lagoon to the cable posed wholly of coral, square miles of station, two miles away. There a hand- coral rock and sand. Yet science knows ful of Britons operate the station, living that it cannot be coral all the way down lonely lives of voluntary exile on that for the coral animals which build this coral isle. atoll surface, with millions of their We were to stay two days at Fan- skeletons, cannot live in the sea beyond ning. We stayed nine. Why? Because a depth of about 150 feet. How, then, an understudy to a hurriqpne hit us. do these islands reach up miles from We were anchored peacefully enough the ocean bottom, then just poke a few in the lagoon our second night at Fan- feet above the surface? ning. In fact, two anchors had been Some answer the riddle with the Dar- heaved over. Capt. Bill, Dr. Cooke, win-Dana theory of mountain subsid- Sam, Enos and I were aboard, the oth- ence. They say that the islands are the ers having gone ashore. tops of mountains which for hundreds It began to rain. Lightning flashed. of centuries have been slowly receding The rain came down in torrents. The into the sea, perhaps inches or fractions wind began to kick up. The once peace- of inches a year, and as fast as they ful lagoon began to toss with whitecaps. subside coral animals growing about the The wind became a gale, almost a hur- surface build up reefs, sustaining a coral ricane. Then someone, Sam, I think, island just above sea level. bellowed down the fo'c'6tle. Others will answer with the Agassiz We were dragging anchor! The theory: That the atolls are created by Islander, anchors and all, was being coral reefs growing on the outside of driven ashore in the gale! mountain tops worn down below sea Enos and I, both in shorts, clambered level by wave action. on deck. The wind, driving the rain like There are more theories and because buckshot, pelted our skin. We clung to proponents of each can point out vul- the rail, barely able to see. By then Bill nerable spots in the others, science had the ship whistle blowing, summon- stands still divided on the riddle of the ing aid from shore. atolls. Then there was a jar, ever so slight. We pushed through a tiny pass and The Islander had eased up against a were inside the coral ring that was Fan- sandy shoal by the edge of the channel. ning, anchored in the blue lagoon. In a She had been driven 150 feet across the clearing beneath the coconut trees was lagoon but now lay nuzzled against the a clump of buildings, headquarters of shoal, undamaged, the anchors finally the British copra company. holding. They came down to greet us, a half We could see excited figures and dozen Britishmen and a score of Gil- flashing lights on shore. A boat put out bertese islanders. These natives, about with a gang of Gilbertese. Then, the 250, are recruited from the Gilbert squall having blown itself out, we Islands to cultivate and gather the coco- worked the Islander back to safe an- nuts for copra. The British were over- chorage. It was an exciting few minutes seers. but no damage done. On tiny Fanning Island, Capt. An- Although the worst was over the derson, our skipper, and his brother storm hung on for a week more so we Alec were born. Grandfather Anderson stayed at Fanning, waiting for heavy used to own the island before it was seas outside to subside. sold to British traders. So the brothers Another week and we said goodbye Anderson had a big reunion with rela- to Fanning, promising to return in six tives and old friends. months. Fanning, we discovered, is quite an Then off to Tahiti! She was only a important little isle. For she is the half- tiny dot on the map and she was 1,300 way link in the longest cable in the miles over and beyond the equator, but world, the British line running from we were on our way! Vancouver to New Zealand. We Off Fanning's shore we went through threaded our way that afternoon in our a school of aku and dropped two troll- outboard motorboat through the coral ing lines astern. We caught enough aku 248 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 for a couple of days and—we caught a larly annexed in 1889. Both are beau- big booby bird. tiful and fertile places, densely covered No less inquisitive about the fake with tropical vegetation. The Fanning feather fish we had trailing on our lines atoll is 94 miles long by 4 miles wide; than the aku were the scores of booby but the land, surrounding a fine lagoon, birds flying overhead. They wheeled is nowhere more than half a mile across. around and around over the ship, then The Washington atoll is almost circu- began divingefor the feathered hooks lar, and 10 miles around; but, instead of meant for the aku. Finally one of them surrounding the usual lagoon, it en- got hooked, the barb piercing its beak. closes a fresh-water lake. The much-amazed booby took to About 1857, a whaling ship put flight, trailing the trolling line behind, ashore on uninhabited Fanning an Ayr- but could not disengage the hook. So shire Scotsman, William Greig. He was we pulled in our catch, hauling the bird alone for some time, and then was in from mid-air. Enos slipped the hook joined by another man, who brought a from the booby's beak, then released it. boat and some supplies. They succeeded With a final bewildered "awk" the in making contact with natives on other booby flew back toward Fanning. To islands. Both married Polynesian wo- this day it's perhaps wondering what men, and had large families. They in- the hell kind of a fish THAT was. duced communities of Gilbert Islanders The next day, at exactly 6:21 p.m., to join them. They were industrious, we crossed the equator. That's all; we and planted Fanning and Washington just crossed it. I believe I looked up for Islands with coconuts, and prospered. a moment from Anthony Adverse, ( first Both men died there. The younger reading ) saw the same blue sea, and Greigs carried on; but the son of the resumed reading. other man did not like the life, and went And five days later, just a week out went away. Later, he sold his interests of Fanning, we arose to see the twin there to a Suva man. peaks of Tahiti on the horizon. We Meanwhile, a young French priest, had arrived! We were, unless a host of Father Rougier, had settled as a mis- narrators were wrong, at the doorway sionary in Northwest Fiji. To him there to paradise! came one day, seeking help, a French- * man, an escapee from the convict pris- ons of New Caledonia. Father Rougier Fanning's Romantic History* befriended and protected him. When he died, he bequeathed his property to the missionary. It was discovered that N LONDON on July 1st it was an- his estate was valuable—he had been nounced that Fanning Island and I left a considerable fortune. Washington Island, in the Central The Suva man, who had secured a Pacific, are being offered for sale by a share in Fanning and Washington firm of city solicitors. Housing accom- Islands, got into financial troubles.—a modation, motor-boats and other con- law case with Messrs. Burns, Philp and veniences will go to the purchaser. A Co., Ltd. had gone against him. He sold company which has been working in the his share of the two islands to Father copra islands for 20 years is said to be Rougier. the vendor. Father Rougier and the Greig family This bare statement marks another were associated for a time in the owner- stage in one of the Central Pacific's ship of the two islands; and then the many romances. The strange story of missionary sold his interests to Fanning Fanning and Washington Islands can Island, Ltd. Subsequently, he acquired be only very briefly outlined here. a 99 years' lease of Christmas Island, Fanning Island was discovered by southeast of Fanning Island, where he Captain Fanning, of the whaler Betsey established large plantations. in 1798, and it was annexed by Britain Fanning and Washington Islands in 1888. Washington, near by, was simi- have been owned and operated, for a * From Pacific Islands Monthly, July 1935. score of years, by Fanning Island, Ltd. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 249

Canada, a Mediating Power in World Affairs*

By THE REV. THOMAS TAYLOR FAICHNEY, M.A., B.D.

N AUGUST, 1914, I stood on the ing the United States and England in a steps of the City Hall at Hamilton, common understanding tnd world pur- Ontario, and saw the first of Ca- pose. It is with the fruits of all that I nada's Expeditionary Forces leav- experience that she can look out on the ing for the war front, to the thrilling Pacific and feel she has a part to play martial strains of the Canadian national in joining the hands of the Orient and anthem, which I then heard for the first the Occident. time, and which, because of that asso- We know it is fallacious to say "East ciation, I suppose, still has that thrill is East and West is West and ne'er the twain shall meet"; rather we say "whom every time I hear it.— God has joined together, let not man -0 Canada, our home, our native Land. put asunder". True patriot love in all thy sons command. It was James Russell Lowell who pro- With glowing hearts we see thee rise claimed a truth of which I am fully per- The true North strong and free suaded; that a nation leas a destiny as And stand on guard, 0 Canada. much as an individual-- We stand on guard for thee. Once to every man and nation In the scene that day I now know Comes the moment to decide that I was witnessing more than could In the strife of truth and falsehood For the good or evil side. be seen by human eye; for there, in her Some great truth, God's new Messiah, response to world affairs, the process Offering each the bloom or blight, was begun which changed Canada from And the choice goes by forever a colony to a nation; a fact recognized 'Twixt that darkness and that Light. later in the Statute of Westminster, Two years ago, I stood on an historic when along with the other self-govern- spot, the Heights of Abraham—at Que- ing colonies, she became a member of bec, where in 1759 destiny decided that "The British Commonwealth of Na- Canada's life should merge with Eng- tions." land rather than with France. There to- Hence the watershed of Canadian day is a monument erected to the gen- history may well be the Great War. erals of the opposing armies, both of Before that a colony; after that a nation. whom fell in battle.—Montcalm and And we Canadians feel that her place Wolfe—and today they are honored as and her influence as a nation will be great soldiers and great gentlemen, by just as potent in world affairs as they both French and English. have been as a colony in mediating suc- Seventeen years later, in 1776, when cessfully the different elements that independence was declared, and the now go to make the nation; bringing to Union formed, Canada elected to one loyalty the French and English remain with England. In the light of people; peaceful dealings with the In- the intervening years we feel it was dian and the Eskimo; merging into one good that, along with the world's great- people the flood of immigration from est experiment in democratic govern- every nation in Europe, and the tre- ment, there should also be in the New mendous achievement of making into World a link holding together the old one national unit the East and the Empire and the new Nation. West. During the nineteenth century, the Still true to her destiny, as a me- pathway of the young colony was not diator, Canada is the link that is bind- an easy one. Looking at the map of .Address to the Pan-Pacific Union at the regular Canada, you will notice that while the Monday luncheon meeting, Honolulu, August 12, 1935. The speaker was en route from Calgary, Alberta, to political lines are east and west, the Tientsin, China, there to take charge of the Union geographical lines are north and south. Church for three years. 250 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

The Maritime Provinces easily find a culties of the far-flung colony—British contact with Maine. Boston is more of Columbia three thousand miles away a centre for them than Montreal. But from Ontario and, again, in the East when you tour Canada do not miss the the French very French, and the Eng- Maritimes. For beautiful scenery the lish very English. Forces were present land of Evangeline cannot be excelled, that might very easily have disrupted and the New Brunswick salmon has a the Colony. To meet these conditions flavor all its own. and other petty political disturbances, Quebec wal la solid block of French- the Colony was, in 1867, divided into speaking people, between New Bruns- self-governing provinces under a Fed- wick and Ontario. If today you wish to eral Government. see France of the seventeenth century, The idealism of the Fathers of Con- do not go to France but go instead to federation and their vision of a united Quebec with its pretty little quaint Canada is best seen in the name they French villages and its sturdy, ever de- selected for the confederation—the Do- lightful habitant. minion of Canada. The morning of the Ontario is the industrial center of day on which the selection was made, Canada. To mention the Niagara Penin- one of the members in his morning wor- sula is but to reveal how the lines go ship came on that passage in the Psalms, south. Today, with perfect roads on "He shall have dominion from sea to which to travel, Ontario is most surely sea". What better name than "His the garden of Ganada. Dominion". What better motto than A hundred years ago, New Ontario "From sea to sea". That same idealism presented a barrier of 1,000 miles of was shared by Jacques Cartier who dis- solid rock, a real hindrance to opening covered Canada in 1534. Landing on up the West. Today that same rock is the shores of the Baie de Chaleur, he set producing millions of dollars in rich up a cross and dedicated the land to minerals of nickel, silver and gold. God and to France. From Winnipeg to Calgary there is a But the passing of an Act, while it 1,000 mile stretch of prairies running gave the means, did not solve the prob- right down to Nebraska. Chicago would lem of how to hold these provinces to- be the geographic center for these gether. British Columbia had more in prairies. During the World War these common with the State of Washington same prairies were the wheat granaries of the world. than with the Province of Ontario. And on the prairies an uninvited guest from A hundred miles west of Calgary, Montana — the whiskey-trader — was you come into the Rocky Mountains. demoralizing the Indian. Three forces Rising ten to twelve thousand feet, they were, to my mind, operative in mediat- continue for six or seven hundred miles ing a peaceful settlement to these dif- almost to Vancouver. Surely an insur- ficulties: Twin silvery threads of steel mountable obstacle east and west! Yet from Montreal to Vancouver made Ca- who today, traveling across Canada, nada one. The epic of the Canadian would miss the magnificent Rockies! Pacific railway is the story of a great Whether it be the Bow Valley from the engineering feat, but it is even more the Banff Springs Hotel or the lovely Lake story of a great political achievement! Louise or the quiet serenity of Emerald Lake, the Rockies vie with the Alps in Not even second to that, however, was the creation in the 70's of that having the world's best mountain scenery. picturesque force, famous the world over, which has a tradition of which Vancouver and the west coast with every Canadian is proud—the Royal the natural seaways find contact with Northwest Mounted Police. Because of Seattle and San Francisco. Today the his impartial dispensing of justice, his mild climate of the west coast and the stand for law and order and his fair quiet beauty of Vancouver Island gives dealings with every one, he won and one a sample of England at its best. has held the respect of Indian, settler When you think of the inadequate and lawbreaker alike. means of transportation of a century Added to these was the influence of ago, you begin to understand the diffi- the Church. Father Lacombe of the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 251

Roman Catholic Church and the Rev. World -- with that unarmed boundary John MacDougal of the Methodist line a token of that friendship--will Church are representative of a great continue true to her destiny as a peace- company who worked to make it "His ful mediating force! Dominion from sea to sea". The march of civilization is west- What Canada has accomplished ward. There are those who claim that within her own borders as a mediator the Pacific will take the place of the for peace, she has in more recent years Atlantic as the world's center. Be that accomplished as between the United as it may, Canada, out dif her rich ex- States and Britain. Both peoples north perience of the past, stands ready with and south of the 49th parallel are justly you to interpret the Occident to the proud of our unarmed boundary line of Orient and the Orient to the Occident. 4,000 miles, due to the Rush-Pagot Two months hence a delegation of the treaty of a hundred years ago. Canadian Chambers of Commerce will The morning we left Vancouver my pass through your city on the way to host called me to the window of his the Orient on a mission of goodwill. study, overlooking the entrance to the We are slow in learning today that harbor. "Look", he said, "there goes the the world is one. The ultranationalism Canadian Navy!" Two old warships! of the nations at present is simply the The only offensive we put on with our instinctive fear of the larger unity which cousins to the south is the offensive of we recognize as inevitable. Science has goodwill! Backward and forward over made the world a neighborhood; it is that invisible line there moves an army our mission to make it a brotherhood! of tourists who find out how much alike Our weapons will not be those of force we are in our ways and in our thoughts. —these make for the destruction of civ- Some years ago I took a trip through ilization. The weapons of our warfare the States. Going through Iowa, I de- will be understanding, cooperation and cided to call on some cousins whom I goodwill. The time is fast approaching had never seen in the flesh. Leaving when we shall see it is to our advantage Cedar Rapids, I went up to Springville, to give as much thought to these con- and the thought came "How would I structive armaments of peace as we now know David Taylor?" But I need not give to the destructive armaments of have had a moment's anxiety, for there war! on the platform stood a young Iowan A hundred years ago the Rev. Mr. farmer, whose countenance was so Emerson, one of your [American] early much like my own that had I looked in missionaries, on a furlough, visited Que- the mirror I could not have seen a bec. There he deplored the fact that greater likeness! It is that similarity as much was spent on fortifying Que- the tourists are finding. Secondly, an bec as would pay for the evangelization army of settlers from the Middle West of Africa and the Islands of the Pacific! are located all over the Canadian Armaments are the phobia of nations prairies—men and women who today at present but, for my part, I see no are among Canada's finest citizens. reason why in the near future we should And, thirdly, within the last decade the not see the unarmed boundary line of service clubs with their conventions the United States and Canada dupli- have done much to foster understand- cated along the seaboard of the Pacific. ing, cooperation and goodwill. And I There is no logical reason for anything could go on to speak about Mary Pick- but amity between the nations border- ford, Marie Dressler, hockey players ing the Pacific. In this sociological and preachers, all of whom are part of laboratory here in Hawaii where I have the army whose only offensive is good- witnessed an amazing spirit of good will. fellowship, of understanding coopera- What I am seeking to emphasize is tion between the different races with no that the human or psychological element distinctions nor discriminations, you are is the dominant factor making for na- giving a lead that will be of infinite tional and international harmony. Can- value in days to come. "East is East ada in her relationship with the Old and West is West and here the twain Land and her friendships with the New do meet!" 252 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

Let there be an intelligent, directed longer a menace but a place to which I exchange between the nations of teach- saw men and youths coming, when the ers and students. Further I would ad- day's work was done, to walk with their vocate chartering our warships to carry wives and sweethearts. missions of goodwill between the peo- ples bordering the Pacific. That may Understanding, cooperation a n d sound idealistic, but it is the best form goodwill will lift us above the menace of realism in the saving of millions of of war, as we recognize a unity that lives and of dollars for constructive pur- transcends even the national, though poses of international cooperation in- leaving place for love of country. That stead of the wasteful purposes of mu- is a supra-national unity; a unity which, tual destruction. after all, goes back further in time than One evening, a year ago, I stood on does the national unity, for "He hath the walls of the old city of Chester in made of one blood all nations to dwell England. These walls, which the city on the face of the earth." has now outgrown, stand twenty feet high in places and ten feet thick. As I "Nation with nation, land with land stood there looking on a peaceful scene Unarmed shall live as comrades free. of English life, I mused thus: Years In every heart and brain shall throb ago these walls were built as armaments The pulse of one Fraternity." of defence against an enemy. Doubt- Each one of us here, representing dif- less other towns saw Chester building ferent nations, yet finding in the Pan- walls and the built walls, too. But the Pacific Union a unity of purpose, might day came when these fortified towns well take as our standing orders the found themselves in a common loyalty words of King George at the launching to England. They rose above their civic of the Cunard liner Queen Mary— unity, though still retaining their pride "May your mission be, as you sail the of town, into the larger unity—the na- seven seas, to bring friendship and tional. The walls are still standing, no peace to the nations of the world."

School Teachers Experience Geography A Symposium

INE TEACHERS in the Pub- and, northbound, a day gained that lic Schools of Hawaii recount brought sleepy hours, an impulse to N respective impressions of coun- race up and down stairs and a frenzy tries visited, mainly around the to read and read about the countries I Pacific, during their 1934 summer holi- had glimpsed. An intensely interesting day. For the following excerpts THE history, The Colony of Fiji; Where the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE iS indebted to White Man Treads, a book of Maori the Department of Public Instruction of tales; Cobbers ( Australian slang for the Territory of Hawaii. mates or companions ) and We Find --THE EDITORS. Australia were books I purchased. We of the Never Never; Flynn of the In- Melbourne; Sydney; Suva land; A House Is Built; Lasseter's Last By BERNICE E. L. HUNDLEY Ride; Gold Dust and Ashes; were books loaned me by Australians, that I en- FOR THOSE who dislike cold, damp joyed especially. The top of my ward- weather and do not love the sea, a robe trunk, my dresser, the shelf in my trip to Melbourne in July and August clothes closet, were piled high with might prove very weary and uncomfort- maps, books, papers, pamphlets and all able. To me, the rough seas, the cold sorts of reading matter. Even a Sydney weather, the rain and the fog were won- driver brought me racing programs he derfully invigorating. Summer to win- thought I might find "a bit different." ter; across the equator; a day lost that The cruise which began so lazily, with took with it insomnia and a tired feeling a wish to be left alone, ended with a Home of the Australian crawl, fastest swimming stroke known, the bath- ing beaches of Sydney, N.S.W., encourage aquatic sports in which Aus- tralians excel, and in which tens of thousands revel ding the season. passionate desire to know more about dians, the curio vendors and wondering Australasia and the countries "down if there were any more colors the Fiji- under." ans might dye their " 'ayrick 'eads of Pago Pago! A tranquil harbor 'air.- guarded by hills smothered with tropical My dreams of Australia had never vegetation and an immaculately kept beckoned. I had envisaged a dreary, American naval outpost; curio sellers flat continent, a glamorless land, peo- with kava bowls, tapas, mats, baskets; pled by "ticket-of-leave" men, rough Talofa- from folk who look like Ha- miners, the bushmen of Dr. Porteus' waiians; lavalavas, Samoan dancers. It films, and kangaroos that either kicked would be so easy to let one's heart go you with their hind legs or knocked you down with the anchor, and linger too down with their tails—a sort of jump- long. ing-off place where expeditions stopped Suva has a beautiful approach past only for supplies. many islands. Its roofs of red-painted Stepping through the gateways of corrugated iron look like tile from a dis- Sydney and Melbourne opened up ro- tance. Mynah birds chattered a greet- mantic vistas of a continent as large as ing, and I was busy saying "hello" to our United States, peopled in part by old plant friends. I wanted so much to fine and sturdy descendants of "ticket- bring home a collection of their many of-leave" men who were sent out, in gorgeous crotons, which surpass ours. most cases, for minor offenses and re- Poinsettias were all abloom. Downward, mained to pioneer; miners, like their motoring along the Rewa river and Su- ores, rough only exteriorly, unobtrusive van environs of Vitilevu. Homeward, bushmen and kangaroos that may kick around the town, through the museum, when wild or provoked but which ate luncheon at the Grand Pacific Hotel; out of my hand, begged for food and lingering along Victoria Parade under scurried away when a peacock scolded its giant banyans; a "No, thank you!" them for being so greedy. Vistas that to the cane-carrying Fijian "prince" opened up wastes that wait to be de- when he offered a drink of the kava veloped, the Never Never monotony, that did strange things to the legs and queer pouched animals, a friendly bush tongues of some of the passengers and of red-blossomed gum, an infinite va- some of the crew; and a last loiter along riety of eucalypti and other trees, wat- the waterfront watching the Sikhs, In- tles heavy with yellow feathery plumes, 254 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 coral trees, opals, sapphires, orchids, kidnaped, but we soon found out that fragrant boronia and daphne, the lyre they were going to pack us on their bird, the laughing kookaburra, cocka- backs to the village. So, one by one, toos, parrots, delicious vegetables and the women folk climbed up on the backs fruit, good-looking friendly men and of the Fijians. The men folk told us that women, fleet horses, and handsome that was the best bareback riding they smiling policemen. had ever seen. There we were in our I touch my hat or give its feminine evening dresses and silver shoes riding equivalent to the police of Sydney and on their oily backs. Well, they packed Melbourne. 'Their courtesy, guidance us to their village, did their dances, and and protection brought homelike se- packed us back again to our cars with- curity. out stumbling once. Sydney has been described as "exotic There are no rates, local or other- —a lovely and petulant spendthrift— wise, levied for educational purposes in self - centered, yet open - hearted ab- New Zealand. The Government makes surdly vain, yet very likable,—every- annual grants to meet all expenditures. thing that money ( and borrowed mon- The Department transfers to Education ey) can buy." Four days of scenic Boards a considerable amount of this, drives, one rainy day trying out the including salaries for teachers, special lifts at David Jones', Anthony Hor- grants for conveyance of children, inci- den's, Farmer's, just to hear the "Thank dental allowances to School Commit- you's" at every stop and "Are you up- tees, manual instruction, buildings, and ping?" Past °bulk stores, meat-works, grants for general administration. With chemists, licensed publicans, licensed respect to the disbursement of these victualers, the G. P. 0. and its obliging sums, regulations are drawn up by the stamp "clarks," an omnibus ride, a Department. Similar grants are paid to lunch that began with "May I have a the governing bodies of secondary and glass of water, please?" "Oh, an Ameri- technical schools, to be disbursed ac- can! Are you on the Mariposa?" and, to cording to regulations. make up for that amused smile at an- A number of the secondary school other water-drinking American, "The boards have endowments consisting Mariposa and the Monterey are our chiefly of reserves set aside from the most luxurious boats." Crown Lands of the Dominion. In or- der to equalize the financial powers of Suva; New Zealand the different boards, the income re- ceived from endowments is taken into By CARRIE D. HOOD account in the payment of the grants and all the secondary schools are placed THAT NIGHT in Suva we heard on the same footing. the voices of the Fijians coming The Government provides about half nearer and nearer. In a few minutes the cost of conducting free kindergarten about twenty Fijians were around the schools in the larger centers for chil- three cars, all peering at us. Their dren from three to seven years of age. bodies, from the waists up, were shin- Nearly 40 per cent of the University ing with coconut oil. They had on students receive free tuition by the pro- white su/us, which were wrapped vision of the Government. In addition, towels, we thought, and tucked in at the some of these receive scholarship or waist. It was a most interesting sight, bursarial allowances. and the stillness of the night made it * very weird. One of them announced that the path was too muddy and slip- Samoa; New Zealand; Fiji pery, so they decided to do their danc- By ROSS BACHMAN ing and singing on the little store porch. But by the time we all got seated, there LL things looked and sounded aus- was no room for the dancing. A picious for a pleasant trip as the Soon they were all mumbling, so we Mariposa's gangplank was being hauled turned to our driver and asked what up the evening of last July second. We they were saying. One member of the had just been hustled to the rail to hear party thought we were going to be the Royal Hawaiian Band play a selec- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 255 tion from Mendelssohn. We waved the Fijian goes to more trouble in build- goodbye until friends on the dock were ing his bed. A lined-off space is heaped no longer distinguishable, then went about two feet high with fine branches, down to our stateroom to get the bi- upon which are placed 10 to 20 soft noculars. The room was easy enough hala [pandanus] mats bordered with to find, since jocose indicators to it were brightly dyed wool yarn. Each mat is posted in the corridors. The door was a little narrower and shorter than the explicitly labeled, and the room itself one below it so that the whole bed is plastered with signs offering encourage- trimmed with a wide fringje of brilliant ment and advice. colors. The Fijian protects his fancy The previous few days I had been hairdress while sleeping by cutting a practicing eating with my fork in my bamboo stalk for his pillow. left hand and turned bottom side up, in Schools are few and almost entirely fond hopes of being able to observe the without equipment. Elementary educa- old injunction regarding how to behave tion is free but not compulsory nor al- in "Rome." The added handicap of the ways available. Teachers are natives raised rail [fiddles] led to my early de- whose academic qualifications, until the cision that the adage should not apply last year or two, consisted of a sixth- to such intricacies as food-handling grade education. Now the Poyer school, styles. We felt vindicated in this directed by Mark Sutherland, offers abandonment when a New Zealand teacher-training courses for the forty friend remarked he was pleased to see present teachers and a few prospective we were not affecting the table tech- ones. This school is the only one in the nique of his countrymen. He said many islands having 12 grades. The maxi- visiting Americans were prone to make mum wage is $45.00 per month, which the attempt, appearing ridiculous to goes to swell the home village's com- themselves and making the English feel munal fund. This is an important item their table etiquette was being ridiculed of revenue for the village treasury and, by mimicry. more often, the prospect of getting it [ Samoa first port of call.] is the matai's incentive for requesting a Many of the Samoan men whitewash school for his village than a desire for their hair as a sun defense and as a education. germicide. The natives obtain the lime English language in the schools had locally by burning coral. It is also used been permissible but not required until to bring out carved designs by being set last year. But the general impression in the depression of the cutting. seems to be that Supt. McTaggart is The natives are Polynesian and establishing a real educational system closely resemble our Hawaiians in ap- designed to fit local needs. The staff of pearance and language. Many of their visiting teachers from Honolulu who words are identical with the Hawaiian assisted the Sutherlands at Poyer in meaning and pronunciation, except School returned to Hawaii on the Mon- words having an "h" in Hawaiian are terey when we did, and their accounts spelled with an "f" instead in Samoa. indicated not only a most interesting Examples are "alofa" and "fale." summer but also educational progress in The grass houses (fates) of Samoa Samoa. and also those of Fiji (whares) are New Zealand is more adequately pre- more authentic than the little grass pared for the heralded revival of tourist shacks of Kealakekua. In these islands, travel than any place I've ever visited. the natives live in grass homes almost Her scenic attractions are most worthy exclusively. The Samoan houses are of admiration. They approach those of generally round, with cone-shaped Yellowstone in type, greatness of va- roofs and no walls. Rolled-up mats at- riety, and concentration in a limited tached all around to the inside of the area. eaves can be let down to protect any A live, Government tourist bureau side. Windows and doors cut in the supervises the private and Government grass walls give the appearance of a agencies engaged in the business of hollowed-out haystack. The floors in tourist entertainment. This supervision both places are covered with mats but covers transportation facilities, hotel ac- 256 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

commodations, guide services, and scenic wonderland concessions. The Government, through this tourist bu- reau, sets fair rates for the various types of services offered by licensed concerns. The set rates are strictly ad- hered to by all operators—not only for the subsequent good of the trade as a whole but alsi out of a wholesome re- spect for the license-revoking power of the government over all these enter- prises. When business is not sufficient for all engaged, cutthroat competition is avoided by a system of alternating service. We often wondered why so few English people were stout after noticing how heartily men and women alike par- took of each of the three teas and one nightcap supper, in addition to the regular three meals. New Zealand is noted for its dopiry industry, which may account for the vast quantities of whipped cream and butter served each meal. After a steady diet of such high- Beauty of face and figure character- caloric foods, I became worried about izes the Maori girl who, besides, has the probable consequence to my figure. the charm of ready wit, poise and dig- nity of carriage and deportment. This But my concern was relieved when I girl wears the native cloak of flax. found someone to translate eleven- stone-six into my normal weight of 160 pounds. wrath than any of the others expressed Travelers who have been to both by that chronic critic during his recent countries assert that New Zealand is visit to the islands. more English than England is herself It was impressed upon me that the in that these colonists have clung more New Zealanders would have preferred tenaciously to the old English customs having their men permitted to preserve than the postwar generation in the an identity distinct from the Austra- British Isles. Expressions of affection lians. They are proud that New Zea- and loyalty for the Mother Country are land was never a penal colony and that continually in evidence. On our arrival they have kept it such a pure represen- in Auckland we met a gentleman and tation of good-class Englishmen. Out his wife who were commenting on how of a total population of 1,500,000, only widely Americans travel, but added about 15,000 (1 per cent) are of for- that they hoped to go "home" next year eign nationality. Four per cent are themselves. I didn't see the connection, members of the native Maori race for I thought the man meant visiting his ( Polynesian) while the remaining 95 birthplace, Christchurch, on the near- per cent are of British or Celtic origin. by South Island, but I was due for Imagine our surprise then to recognize further enlightenment when he added over the fireplace in the summer room that he had never been there. "Home" at Brent's Hotel in Rotorua a large meant not his parents' domicile, but framed picture of George Washington. England, over 11,000 miles away— a It was suggested that it might have land none of his ancestors for two gen- been placed there originally by some erations had even seen. The press was enterprising manager as a concession still indignant over G. B. Shaw's ridi- to American tourists. The portrait was cule of this colony-wide custom of call- not named. Probably there are as few ing England "home." This criticism English who would recognize the sub- seemed to have aroused more local ject as there are Americans who would MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 257

not, which fact spares the hotel man- bread that you can often lift a trout half agement some local criticism. out of the water before he lets go. The make-up of the newspapers is Karapiti Blowhole is near Wairakei. novel. No screaming headlines are on At night, parties are conducted to this the front pages. All the news is printed safety valve of the district. A mighty on the inside pages, and the front page blast of dry steam has been rushing is reserved for the classified advertising. forth into the air through a 9x13-inch Generally, a short index in small type opening for a known 400 years, and no may be found in a corner of the front one knows how long befire that. The page briefly outlining the reading mat- 400° Fahrenheit temperature of the ter to be found inside. steam makes it possible for ignited bur- The first evening in Auckland there lap to continue burning in it as bits are occurred our first faux pas. We arose carried 200 feet in the air by the steam. with the rest of the audience at the con- The constant 1 8 0-pound pressure clusion of the Wallace Beery feature, throws the empty five-gallon oil tins immediately left our aisle seats, and tossed in by the guide fifty feet into the air, where sometimes a can balances on started to walk out before we noticed the steam column for a few seconds, like our fellow members of the audience a ping-pong ball on a water fountain. were all standing quietly erect. Then We were not so certain, that night, that the orchestra started off on God Save the safety valve had not become the King while we quickly stepped back clogged up, for two earthquakes, last- into our places. Ever after, we took ing about twenty seconds each, shook care to stand at attention until that tune our hotel severely enough to knock ( America to us ) was rendered. down dishes, rattle window panes, and Whakarewarewa is a Maori village break a water main. located right among the geysers of the The educational system seems to be main thermal district. Native women well organized. The Maori and white serve as guides and have well-planned children attend the same public schools, itineraries. They speak English fluently. for there seems to be no racial intoler- Spouting geysers, steam vents ( in ance between these two peoples. which the native food is freely cooked An underground river flows through in kettles ), gurgling hot mud pools, and the caves, and we embark in inky dark- the shaking earth underfoot causes one ness in an oarless boat. It is propelled to wonder how secure they can feel by our guide pulling hand over hand on living over such a region. Sometimes wires strung just above our heads. Ev- a geyser breaks out under a house. We eryone is cautioned to maintain silence. saw a house with its roof blown off by We glide noiselessly over the stream's such an occurrence. A choice of two surface into the chief glow-worm grotto courses is then open. If the geyser is and tributary passages. The roof looks large enough to be valuable for tourist like the milky way spread over the en- attraction, the home owner ( if he still tire sky and it becomes light enough exists ) builds again elsewhere. If the for us to see the outlines of the fellow geyser is not much of an attraction, it passengers. Constellations appear that may be killed by running cold water require much less imagination to merit into it. However, should the cold stream form names than do many in the true be shut off, the geyser is likely to play sky. On the sides were stalactites cov- again. Winter ( June to August) is said ered with this living light. The boat to be the best season for viewing the blundered with a crash against a rock geysers, for then the higher lake levels and the lights dimmed but soon they provide the increased pressure that were bright again. Over the side of the forces the geysers to greater playing boat we could see in the water the re- heights. flection of the glowing spots. The trout at Fairy Springs are in- Before leaving, flashlights were turned teresting. Big fellows weighing up to on some near-by specimens. They are eight pounds will take a crust of bread one to one and a half inches long and from your hand. So firm is the trout's about the diameter of a knitting needle. grip and so durable is New Zealand Each worm lets down a single silken 258 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

thread from six inches to a foot in to get the natives to understand we length to ensnare insects attracted by wanted to learn where to search for it. the lights. The guide placed a small But as we were eating dinner the night fly on one of the sticky threads, where before we were to leave, the Bhuli (na- it fluttered helplessly while the worm tive chief ) came to our door with a above slowly pulled in his line. We en- good specimen of the shell we wanted. joyed visiting these caves very much. He would take no money for it, but ac- We were glad we had saved them until cepted our left-over stable groceries. the last of ouipstay as the grand climax Then he said, "Boy sing," several times, of a most enjoyable sixteen days. so we supposed he had a boy along to In Fiji the Indians cut hair, tailor sing for us. We said "Stop on porch.- clothes, cobble shoes ( this trade en- We finished eating and then went out gaged in by the lowest caste only, for on the porch to find fourteen skirted, the others would be defiled by handling bushy-headed Fijian men, completely the skin of the sacred cow ), operate covering the porch as they sat cross- taxis, retail tobacco cigars rolled in legged awaiting their audience. The banana leaf wrappers, in long twists 50 moment the door opened they started feet long coiled like a rope—the pur- singing and kept it up for nearly three chaser cuts off what. he wants ) or make, hours, interspersed now and then with as you watch, fantastic silver jewelry some mekes (native dances ). from coins. Formerly they made gold They had heard we were from Ha- jewelry alsi but the government waii. One fellow proudly announced stopped that when the international "Hawaiian song." They sang Aloha scramble for gold started. Although we Oe. Then he announced, "American saw very little gold jewelry on display song," and out soared Show Me the for sale, there is much of it in evidence Way to Go Home, with most of the on the Indian women. With gold or words intact and the tune recognizable. silver rings for their toes, fingers, and We wondered where they could have ears, bracelets for ankles and arms, col- learned these two songs, and found out lars and chains about their necks, and next day there had once been a cylinder rings with pendants, attached to their record phonograph in the village, with noses, the Indian woman can and does these two records only. The whole vil- advertise her husband's financial status. lage learned the songs by heart. Crews of visiting American steamers Finally we stood up to indicate it have great times with the local traffic was time for all good boys to be in bed. rules while out cycling. The story is That brought out Isa Lei—the Fijian told of one saucy American sailor being farewell song, and the only Fijian song stopped by Inspector Flower of the ever published. The band leader in Suva Police Department for riding on Suva, who arranged and published it, the wrong (right-hand ) side of the lived at our hotel, so he gave us an street. When Mr. Flower alighted autographed copy of it when we told from his Austin and told his name be- him the story of our native concert. fore starting the reprimand, the imper- * * * tinent seaman advised him loudly to get back into his vase and roll along. China; Philippines; Japan Since the Fijian men and women By HEDVIG RICE FINKENBINDER dress very much alike, the standard T HE FERRY brought us to the joke for a visiting sailor is to get his Shanghai Bund. What a conflict of picture taken embracing a couple of feelings one can have here! The city is stalwart men and send it home to the modern and still so very ancient; so wife. sad and yet so gay. Here I beheld wide A village of about 300 Fijians was streets and fine cars, but also the old located within a quarter mile of the cot- ricksha and its perspiring coolie runner, tage we rented near Singatoka ( 260 together with the old means of burden- miles by road from Suva ). We had carrying, a pole across one shoulder, been anxious to find a certain type of holding baskets, boxes, or bundles at seashell called the cat's eye, but had either end. decided we had failed in our attempts I found myself in a maelstrom of Rural Japan changes little and serene apprecia- tion of its beauty by mountain dwell- ers even less. Pa- tience is epitomized by the ubiquitous fisherman whose immobile expec- tancy is hard for the restless West- erner to under- stand. people, a rushing, pushing, pulling peo- so little music, too, is because the Chi- ple! Faces about me seemed mostly un- nese never use their music as a way of smiling, and I wondered if they could expressing beauty or feeling, but treat it have a song in their hearts. As time as we would a problem in arithmetic. went on, I found that some of them Music in Peiping seemed a little more did, but that the majority were too busy noticeable. I had the opportunity of ob- struggling, anxiously trying to provide serving several funeral Processions with bare necessities, to feel anything other their accompanying "bands.- The in- than their extremely discouraging con- struments consisted of occasional clang- ditions. What song they had was of a ing cymbals, flutes played within one melancholy and persistent strain. octave's range, and various types of The ricksha coolies in Shanghai im- drums. Altogether, this made weird, pressed me in a way that will not be woeful music to the soul of the dead. forgotten very soon. I could never feel One day, a modern car drove through very relaxed as I ricksha-ed along, for the few open and wider streets of Pei- the coolie's regular shuffle and patting ping carrying banners covered with of his bare or sandled feet on the pave- Chinese writing, and a group of four ment seemed to cut a rhythmic staccato or five Chinese, sitting within, making of derision on my mind. How unfair it a terrifying combination of sound with was for these young men to serve prac- their wild clanging of cymbals, scratch- tically the life of a beast. The tempera- ing of violins, and shrieking flutes. ture might be extreme, the pavement They were following our idea, evident- hot and especially uncomfortable for ly of advertising a new cinema. running feet, the traffic heavy and com- One evening when we were returning pletely ignoring the slowly moving coo- to the Language School, a group of lies, but the runner was obliged to perhaps fifteen or twenty Chinese men, "keep his face" and register some de- women and children were gathered gree of self-confidence and importance. about two old men who were playing In the Chinese theatres could be a Chinese flute and drums. They heard the typical, peculiar sounds of showed great evidence of interest, but their instruments, but the major part of they were a subdued, outwardly un- the music I heard was played by Fili- emotional group. pinos. Not once did I hear a spon- Here I saw also an example of the taneous bit of song from any Chinese King, which is made of sixteen dif- in the street or private home. Modern ferent-sized plates of stone, jade or Chinese music is very much like ancient agate, hung by cords from a frame of music. It can hardly be said to be culti- bamboo sticks and struck with a mallet. vated as an art in itself, and is used This instrument is said to date back to mostly in religious services and to ac- 2200 B. C. and was sacred to the gods, company plays. The principal songs being played each morning before the are those sung by sailors, mountaineers, emperor when he awoke. and by laborers, who chant as they Somehow I felt that songs of the work. Perhaps a big reason for hearing Peiping Chinese were in lighter vein 260 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

than those in Shanghai. Perhaps more In Gifu city we were introduced to of old Chinese customs still existing in an entirely different method of fishing Peiping had something to do with this. from those used in Hawaii. Cormorants In Shanghai, the rush of the Occidental with the aid of a large burning torch puts the Chinese in a sort of panic, per- were used to catch fishes at night by haps, trying to grasp all that is hap- fishermen of this district. A line is tied pening, and to "catch up." to the bird's neck to prevent him swal- In Manila, I heard more of spon- lowing the fishes completely. A single taneous song than anywhere in China. bird averages about thirty Ai (name of On a Sunday Afternoon, on side streets, the fish ) a night. Filipino boys played ukuleles and ban- Of all the places in Japan, Nikko im- jos, and sang in harmony as well. Fili- pressed me most. Beautiful temples, pino orchestras abound, and though cryptomeria ( some of them a thousand better Filipino groups perform in Hong years old ), lakes, and falls, are some of Kong or Shanghai, there were many the things seen here. With summer good groups in Manila. temperature of 70 degrees, one cannot One night in Tokyo we attended the help but admire and enjoy nature's Kabuki Theatre and it left a strong im- beauty of Japan's famous playground. pression upon me. Throughout the The masterpieces of Japanese art and play, an orchestra which was concealed craft are found here. Things that were in the wings played upon their drums, once tabu to commoners are today open flutes and cymbals whenever scenes to the public. Here are found also the are changed, of. an especially climactic tombs of Tokugawa Iyeyasu, the part of the acting is being performed. founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, If the play permits, they may be sitting and of his grandson Iyemitsu. The in sedate order on the stage, playing famous Yomeimon stands above the their Shakuhachis and drums in a mo- second court in the Mausoleum of Iye- notonous, noisy melody. yasu, and no other building at Nikko can surpass this gate with regard to Manchuria; Korea; Japan ornamentation. Only by visiting Nikko can one really appreciate the beauty By RICHARD KANEKO and the wonders of this historic spot of AIREN, the chief seaport of Man- Japan. * * D churia, is a large, modern city. The * * harbor is beautifully constructed and is Panama Canal claimed to be the finest in the Orient. By ESTHER POMEROY From Dairen a forty-five minutes' ride NLY a scientific mind can fully ap- on the bus took us to the famous battle- 0 preciate the remarkable passage of field of the Russian-Japanese War, a steamer the size of the Virginia-615 Port Arthur. As the guide pointed out feet long by 84 feet wide—through the the various memorials and the remains Panama Canal. This feat has been per- of the once well-fortified areas, one fected to such a fine point that it is ac- could not help but picture the terrific complished with no apparent effort, so struggle that occurred here some thirty smoothly is the steamer raised, or low- years ago. ered, and passed from one level to the In Heijo and Keijo, Korea, we next. The pilot boarded the ship, took were able to observe a little that re- his stand by the captain on the bridge, mained of the old Hermit Kingdom. and directed the drivers of the donkey Here and there we found ancient struc- engines on shore. tures like the palace and the city gates After passing through the Miraflores which were built when Korea was in locks from the Pacific, through the the height of her glory. The Kiisan great Culebra Cut, the beautiful arti- School in Heijo is a popular institution ficial lakes, the Gatun Locks and into for prospective geisha girls. There were the Caribbean Sea, we were ready lit- approximately 120 girls, whose ages erally to take our hats off to the great ranged around 12 to 20. Besides read- engineers who had made this water ing and writing, instruction in dancing route possible, and thus had saved and drawing is given. Uncle Sam 7,000 miles of navigation. Alaskan gold-rush days are recalled by this old photo of Miles Canyon showing "white wa- ter men" running the rapids in one of the scows jerry- built on the ground in feverish haste, hopefully launched, desperately navi- gated and, tragic- ally often, smashed to smithereens in the bat of an eye.

The canal has brought the East and school at nine, had an hour for lunch, West closer together and has made our and then continued on until three or Southern neighbors seem nearer and four in the afternoon. The hour was more friendly. allowed them at noon so ?hat they could go home for their lunches. I noticed, Alaska however, in my walks about the resi- By OLYMPIA SOARES dential district, that the boys and girls E boarded the train at Skagway. played baseball out in any vacant lot, WThe White Pass and Yukon Rail- just as our children do, and that tennis way is a piece of marvelous engineer- was much in vogue also. ing. We climbed up mountains, around Very early next morning we found mountains, and thru mountains. At ourselves almost abreast of the Taku times we were at dizzy heights looking Glacier [Alaska]. What a thrilling down into great canyons, gulches, and sight! This ice cliff, which makes up the rushing waterfalls. Again, we were front of the glacier, towers about two looking up at the mountains towering hundred feet above the water and high above us. We wound our way spreads out for over a mile. It was close to the famous trail of '98 and it tinged with different shades of blue, was with deep respect that we thought which glistened in the sunlight like of the undaunted spirit of the men who sapphires. Our boat whistled several traveled the trail in the days of the times trying to start an avalanche, but Gold Rush. nothing more than small bits of ice When we reached White Pass Sum- broke off. The cold air which came off mit, or the Great Divide, our hearts the glacier nipped our noses and missed a beat or two, for there was Old pinched our ears. It penetrated right Glory flying alongside of the Union through to one's backbone, but that Jack! was a small matter when viewing the glories of nature. British Columbia Next day we started [south through By MARIAN A. HORNER the United States]. We were held up were in session for the for inspection at the California-Oregon %)S first few days of our stay in Vic- boundary. This was the severest in- toria and it seemed so strange to see spection my baggage underwent on the children going to school when to me it entire trip. Curious, I asked the agent was vacation time. As they trudged by, what he was looking for. His answer clad in warm clothes, including shoes, was "seeds and fruits.- Boxes of let- stockings and hats, I couldn't help but tuce and fruit had been confiscated and draw a contrast to the dress of the were lying alongside the road. Califor- school children of Hawaii. Their hours nia is fighting hard to keep her crops were different also, as they started free from insect pests; well she should. Solomon Islanders are proud of their big, richly decorated canoes developed for sea- worthiness and speed long before the Euro- • peas knew there was a Pacific Ocean, much less visioned the Gardens of Eden therein.

Solomon Islands Mislaid for Two Centuries

By ALBERT JEWELL in Bank Notes Magazine

HE VERY WORDS "South Sea today. One of the largest islands was Islands" are usually sufficiently fas- Ysabel, after Mendana's wife—Donna cinating to conjure up thoughts of Ysabel Barreto. On the return journey Tromance and adventure. My first Mendana eventually reached Peru in meeting with old Ned Richards, his June, 1569, after incredible sufferings. stories of trading, pearling, blackbird- Mendana was so impressed with the ing, and fights with Solomon Island beauty, fertility, and general possibili- savages so fired my imagination that I ties of those islands that he is said to at once became obsessed with the desire have given them the name of Solomon to go there, and a few weeks later I was Islands, in the hope that his country- at sea in the good ship Matunga, bound men—believing them to be the source for Bougainville — Solomon Islands —, from which King Solomon obtained the and my boyhood adventure had started. gold for his temple—might be induced The story of the discovery and sub- to colonize them; but at this period sequent loss of the Solomon Islands is Spain was too busy with wars with surely one of the most fascinating and England to consider the project of colo- romantic in history. In 1567 that great nizing this new territory, and it was not Spanish navigator. Alvaro De Men- until 1595—during which time the great dana, sailed from Peru on a voyage of Armada had come and gone — that discovery, and in the hope of locating a Mendana again sailed from Peru with a southern continent. In February, 1568, commission to colonize his former dis- he arrived at the group now known as covery. There were several ships under the Solomon Islands. The two ships the command of Mendana, with Fer- under Mendana's command remained nandez de Quiros as second in com- there until the following August, during mand, and a large number of colonists which time the navigator visited and with their wives, including Mendana's named most of the islands of the group, own wife and her three brothers. They most of these names still being accepted failed to find the Solomons, and even- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 263 tually decided to settle in the Santa Picture an island about 150 miles long Cruz group. But misfortune still dogged and about 25 miles wide, but with great them. One of the ships was lost with mountains rising to over 10,000 feet. I all hands in a squall, and the new settle- could never forget how I was thrilled at ment went through appalling hardships my first sight of it as we approached —conflicts with the natives, sickness, from New Guinea one clear June morn- desertion and insubordination amongst ing. It seemed to rise sheer out of the the members of the colony. Near the sparkling blue Pacific. The early morn- end of the year Mendana died. ing sun brought into foci the luxuriant De Quiros immediately left with the tropical jungle on the mountain slopes, survivors, and reached Manila in Feb- with Mt. Balbi, an active volcano, tow- ruary, 1596, where Donna Ysabel ering 10,260 feet above, and from solved her own particular problem by whose huge crater a column of smoke marrying the Governor of the Philip- and steam climbed still farther skyward. pines, and so the Solomon Islands were Approaching the outer fringing reefs, lost for 200 years. They were, in fact, with their marvelous coral gardens, the regarded as mythical, and the mere water is as clear as crystal, and an mention of them was received with de- amazing variety of marine fauna may rision and ridicule. easily be seen, from large dugongs to Often when leisurely cruising through tiny coral fish of vermilion and Prus- the Solomons have I reflected on that sian blue. We passed between dozens gallant band of Spartan heroes who of small islands, each onq,a perfect little braved those unknown seas centuries gem in itself, covered with bright green ago, despite uncharted and treacherous tropical growth, and ringed around with reefs, fever, dysentery, black-water, and a perfect little white sand beach. Each head-hunting cannibals. Imagine my new group seems to be more interesting astonishment a few years ago when, and picturesque than the last, and ever traveling through the jungle on the east revealing some new and delightful coast of Guadalcanar, I met a native feature. and said to him "What name you?" he As we neared the anchorage right at replied "Mendana"! It would, indeed, the foot of Bougainville's great moun- be interesting to know definitely whether tains, which seem so mighty and mys- these natives perpetuated the memory terious, fuzzy-headed natives came out of the great navigator by passing his to meet us in their outrigger canoes and name down the generations for nearly mons, and we were welcomed to the 400 years. "Summer Isles of Eden." One is quite In 1768 the French navigator De Bou- bewildered at this land of enchantment, gainville visited the Solomons, and where every vista might be a scene from passed through what is now known as a fairy pantomime, with dazzling black Bougainville Straits, which separates and opal sunsets, impenetrable bamboo the Islands of Choiseul and Bougain- forests, and vicious erupting volcanoes ville, the former being called after the spitting fire and venom. Duc de Choiseul, and the latter after We explored one of the beautiful the navigator himself. This was 200 rivers in a large mons. These great years after the group had been dis- canoes are sometimes 60 feet in length, covered by Mendana. built of softwood planks lashed together Therefore, Bougainville, which is with cane. The seams are then filled in probably the most beautiful of all the with the kernel of the ti-ti nut, which South Sea Islands, was really dis- sets firm and light like cork and makes covered by the Spaniards, re-discovered the craft thoroughly waterproof. As we 200 years later by the French, taken entered the mouth of the river, queer possession of by the British, conceded little creatures scurried out of our way to Germany by treaty in 1886, and is by hopping kangaroo-like across the now controlled by the Commonwealth mud-flats. These are commonly called of Australia under mandate from the mudskippers, or gobies, but science League of Nations. named them Periophthalmus argen- Beautiful Bougainville is a very fitt- tiliniatus. This is one of the most in- ing title to this gem of the South Seas. teresting examples of evolution in the 264 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 world today. Several million years ago of ivory nut and pandanus palm. On the ancestors of these little creatures either bank d'Albertis creeper covers were fish, and lived entirely in the water, the trees, making a riot of color. Thou- but now they have become almost com- sands of fallen blossoms float down pletely terrestrial in their habits and, in stream on their journey to the ocean, fact, are often seen climbing several feet where the tides will take them farther up the trunks of the mangrove trees. afield to start new colonies; flocks of Their gills are slowly disappearing, pigeons gorge themselves in the kanari whilst simultaitously a primitive lung is nut trees; gorgeous parrots are reflected developing. in the clear water as they pass over- In the river proper the jungle comes head, and only the ungainly hornbill thick and green right down to the wa- makes a discordant note. ter's edge. There are a hundred varieties Those interested in lepidoptera are of palms, the feathery betel nut pre- amazed at the color and variety of the dominating, and an occasional group butterflies, particularly Ornitho d'Vil-

Lack of metals through- out Polynesia and the South Sea Islands forced natives to develop the art of lashing with fiber cord for houses, imple- ments, and everything fabricated. In this Solo- mon village, left, nails have no place, as shown by the close-up, opposite page. Below, copra is brought from near-by Islands in the big canoes. Recent low prices have deprived these islands of much revenue, as the coconut is their one commercial crop. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 265 liana and Ornitho Victorea, these mag- kundus. A little farther on we came to nificent specimens of blue, lemon, and a heavily built stockade, which com- gold, nearly 10 inches across the wing pletely surrounded the village. span, leisurely flying about like birds. We moved about very warily, great Rounding a bend, we were just in caution being necessary, for large pits time to see a huge crocodile basking on have been dug and from the bottoms of a sandbank, but with a splash he dis- these short sharp spears point up- appeared into the river. A few miles wards. The top is covered with banana farther on the stream narrows, the trees leaves, and then lightly covered over begin to meet overhead, and from their with sand, and to step oil this is to go large branches magnificent orchids crashing to the bottom, to be impaled hang; but to our surprise we were con- on those terrible spears. fronted with a cave in the wall of moun- Through the stockade fence a num- tain ahead. Our river disappeared into ber of armed natives appeared. Our this. It looked dark and eerie in that friendly gestures and gifts of red calico cavern, and the gurgling sound of tum- and beads won their confidence, and bling waters warned us against explor- soon we were admitted to their primi- ing it further. So we left our mon and tive village. decided to penetrate the tangled mass Surely these are amongst the world's of jungle to explore the timber forests strangest people, the male population of the hinterland, passing en route the being without clothing, but with hair fascinating banyan and the breadfruit four to five feet long worn inside of a trees. Once into the forest proper, the queer bottle-shaped headdress made undergrowth disappeared, and we were from the leaves of the pandanus palm. amongst the forest giants---250 feet to Many of them had their noses pierced, the first branch, forming Nature's clois- through which they wore lengths of ters. It is damp and dark, for the sun bone as much as nine inches long. Sev- never penetrates the leafy canopy over- eral of them had hideous burn scars on head. It is strangely still and quiet, their chests and all were adorned with save for the distant murmur of the ocean shell ornament neck and armbands. to seaward and the occasional cooing Each tribesman carried a bundle of spears or bows and arrows, the barbs of the fruit pigeon in the tree tops, 350 on these being made from the wing feet above. The silence is uncanny. Deciding to seek one of the villages bones of the flying fox. It was getting dark by the time we of the wild mountain tribes, we pushed reached the river where we had left our onwards up the mountain slopes. After canoe. Thousands of flying foxes were an hour's climb, we reached a plateau, leaving the river cave; the sky was black but our approach had been discovered; with them, all flying north towards smoke signals were exchanged between Buka Island to feast on the kanari nuts the mountain villages, and soon there and return to the caves at dawn. was a loud beating of tom-toms and

Home, sweet home in the Solomons. Not lack of in- come due to a copra slump but, more likely, lack of need or desire accounts for the apparent retrench- ment in sartorial investments. 266 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

Tung Oil in Australia

He has Riches, Contentment and Peace who hath two hundred tung trees. —Chinese Proverb.

By CECIL W. SALIER The Millions Club of New South Wales

UNG OIL comes, at present, al- they are almost certain to increase. In most exclusively from China, where China it has been used for polishing, Tit has been used for centuries, and preserving and waterproofing wood ( for where the tree ( Bot. Aleurites For- dii) instance on junks); waterproofing grows for the most part unculti- cloth, paper and bamboo-netting; for vated. The tree is deciduous and low- making india ink; and medicinally for spreading, attains a height of about the treatment of boils, ulcers, swellings thirty feet, prefers a hillside situation and burns. The first commercial ship- with a clay subsoil, although found to ment from China was made to Europe grow on practically any soil which is in 1894, and to the United States about slightly acid, and comes into bearing in 1900. Today the U.S.A. imports about four or five years. 10,000,000 gallons annually, and the So far as is known no pest will attack consumption in Australia, though only it, owing to its oily and repellent quali- 140,000, is steadily increasing. When ties. The profusion of long white bell- we consider the virtue of the oil as a shaped, pink-tinted blossoms is suc- waterproofing material, that it is a "very ceeded by fruits bearing the oil seeds, important and essential raw material for which are allowed to ripen and harden the manufacture of paints and var- on the tree, and which are gathered nishes," that for special types of the when they have fallen on the ground. latter, where tough water-resistant films Each fruit is composed of five seg- of high gloss are required, it is indis- ments, each segment containing one pensable, that its waterproofing and seed, and from these, after cleaning, the rapid-drying and rust-resisting qualities oil is extracted. From actual tests of fit it eminently for use in electrical work Australian-grown tung nuts it has been and for motor cars and aeroplanes, it found that one tree would produce at needs no great exercise of the imagina- least one gallon of oil per year, after tion to realize that the future before coming into bearing, i.e., from the fourth tung oil is, in effect, unlimited. year, and the life of the tree is estimated It is a curious fact that though the at thirty or thirty-five years.* It must, tung oil tree is a native of the northern however, be pointed out that the life has hemisphere, the more equable conditions been estimated chiefly on Chinese ex- of the southern appear to suit it better. perience, that is, with wild trees, and Though the U.S.A. has been making there is high probability that with care- efforts to establish tung oil cultivation ful cultivation and use of appropriate on a profitable commercial basis, one fertilizer on suitable soils both the life American authority, Dr. H. A. Gardner, and the average yield of the tree will be head of the American Tung Oil Cor- increased. Both Australian and Ameri- poration, is responsible for the statement can tests point in this direction. that after twenty-five years' growing The uses of tung oil are many and and cultural experiment, the United * The Technological Museum authorities say: "Whilst States cannot hope to grow one-tenth this can be equalled if not surpassed from selected of their tung oil requirements, and af- trees, actual commercial production figures indicate that the average yield is one-half gallon from sixth to tenth firmed that "We must look to the Brit- year."--THE EDITORS. ish Dominions for our future supply." MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 267

Experiment and research have been tainly yield at least an average of one carried out for some years in this State gallon of oil a tree at from four years [New South Wales] and "the results of age, and taking for convenience 100 of the examination of fruit obtained trees to the acre, the net return would from treees growing in New South be at least 5/- a tree net, or £25 an acre, Wales have shown that tung oil of at or £2,500 per annum from only 100 least equivalent quality to that im- acres at four years of age." ported from China is obtained in good Mr. Whittell is an enthusiast, and percentage yields, and that the estab- perhaps inclined to ovtirestimate the lishment of the industry in this country possible return from his hobby; but is thoroughly warranted."-- ( Technol- while we admit that there is need for ogical Museum Bulletin, No. 12.) further research and experiment on tung Mr. H. Rawes Whittell, F.R.E.S., of oil we believe that on the facts, as they Pennant Hills, N.S.W., who has given stand today, a clear case has been made many years to the study of tung oil, re- out for the development of the industry marks that "after most careful consid- in Australia on a practical and com- eration, it can be said that returns from Australian-grown tung oil trees will cer- mercially profitable scale.

By Railway and Motor Through New .;ealand

From the New Zealand Department of Industries and Commerce

RAVELERS from the olden coun- give the traveler a run through a por- tries revisiting New Zealand now tion of the famous Waipoua Kauri For- after an interval of some years will est, with its huge and ancient trees. Tfind a very appreciable improve- The motoring road to Rotorua is now an easy day's journey, and a main route ment in the means of travel and its speed leads from there through the middle of and ease. The Government railways sys- the island and along the east shore of tem which forms the chief means of com- Lake Taupo, largest lake in New Zea- munication from end to end of the Do- land, through the great trout fishing minion--with the necessary sea-link of country and on to the fuming volcanoes a fast passenger express service be- ,has been and glistening icy and snowy heights tween the two main islands-- of the Tongariro Park. Taranaki, with overhauled and rendered more com- its incomparably lovely snow-peak, fortable, even luxurious, and, at the Egmont, towering more than eight thou- same time, the cost of transit has been sand feet above the plains, is equally reduced. Motor highways, smooth and accessible by rail and motor; so is fer- safe, have been laid down in both islands, with the result that journeys tile and beautiful Hawke's Bay. From Wellington City, there are the which used to occupy two or three days fast and short-distance passenger ex- are now covered in one. Rail and motor press services, across Cook Strait and have vastly expedited and simplified down to Lyttelton, the key port of the travel to such pleasure places as the South Island, gateway to the great Tongariro National Park and the alpine Canterbury Plains, the granary of New resort of the Hermitage, in the heart of Zealand, and the wonderful landscapes the Southern mountain regions. of the Alpine regions and the lakes. In the North Auckland country, a One of the grandest transalpine rail particularly attractive travel region, the runs that the world can show is the old difficulty of bad roads has been route by way of Arthur's Pass and the overcome by the making of a through Otira Gorge, across and through the railway to the Bay of Islands region on great divide to Westland, the land of the rim of the Hokianga Valley. There gold and greenstone and coal, the land is a system of motor roads which, of lakes and forests and of those two among other places of great interest, Here is an en- chanting bit of the cold lake country of New Zealand. "The class of scen- ery often described as romantic," puts it mildly. Scenic beauty of breath- taking quality is not enough for this land of unaccount- able wonders — it sets tropical vege- tation at the foot of a gleaming gla- cier, with apparent nonchalance.

famous glaciers, the Franz Josef and t here are two dairy factories run on the the Fox. Further south again, there are cooperative system under native man- the mountain-walled lakes, Kakatipu, a gement. The coast road from Opotiki Manapouri and Te Anau, each with its t ouches many Maori settlements and special quality of beauty, each easily m any European and Maori homesteads reached by railway and good motor- s road. et in surroundings as enticing as the eart of any country-lover could desire. Pioneering in motor-road construc- The landscape and human interest tion is still going on in the North Island, g rows as one goes on by hill and shore and new routes of great charm are still to the headquarters of that progressive being opened up. Lately a highway was tr ibe, the Ngati-Porou—a famous fight- completed from Rotorua to Lake Wai- in g clan in other days—round the East karemoana through the forests and Cape at Awanui. The class of scenery ranges of the wildly broken Urewera of country. ten described as romantic, glen and shing river and misty mountain, con- There is a particularly interesting ti nues for many a mile, but most of all scenic road now being completed round th ose tree-fringed bays, with their glis- the easternmost corner of the North to ning beaches rimming crescents of Island, to link up the Bay of Plenty w arm blue sea, and the scattered ham- towns and farm districts with the east- le ts with their carved meetinghouses, em side of the island. Motorists may th eir churches, the schools with the now drive the greater part of the route; ha ppy-looking Maori children, are the when it is completed it will make a run ch aracteristics of this tour. of some 220 miles from Opotiki to Gis- Whangaparaoa ( Bay of the Sperm borne. The road opens up much un- W hale ) is a typical place of beauty and spoiled forest scenery, but its great fea- his tory. Here some of the first sailing tures are the coastal landscapes, the ca noes from the far-off Polynesian many beautiful crags and the numerous isl ands landed, and tradition tells how Maori villages along its way. The coun- the pohutukawa try in this little-visited eastern buttress so trees in all their crim- n glory of midsummer blossoms ex- of the island is so ruggedly mountain- cit ed the admiration of those ancestors ous, so dissected with rivers and streams of the Maori. That was five or six and ravines, that settlement hugs the cen coast. turies ago, but some of those very tre es may still be standing there, for English and Maori life is seen here in the re are many specimens of this twisty- something of its pioneer aspects in the bra nched coast-loving breaking-in of the country for agricul- gre pohutukawa of at age and size in the groves along tural and pastoral purposes. All kinds the coast, all the way round from the of crops grow abundantly in those well- Ba y of Plenty. A Christmas-time jour- sunned, well-sheltered bay and river- ney along the coast gives the traveler side levels. The Maoris in several dis- me tricts have taken well to dairying and geomorable pictures of this most gor- us of New Zealand's trees. JOURNAL of the PAN-PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTION For July-September, 1935. Vol. X. Number 3

An open forum for discussion of problems concerning food pro- duction, distribution, conservation and consumption; public health; current habits and customs, or any subject relative to human welfare in countries bordering upon the Pacific Ocean. Address all communications to MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, 1067 Alakea St., Honolulu, Hawaii, for attention of THE EDITORS.

Arctic Sea Route and Northern Economics Notes from the Arctic Institute Bulletin, Leningrad

N THE COURSE of the past few and seas of the Arctic Ocean, and in years scientific knowledge of the the Asiatic part, the territory north of I extreme north of the USSR has the 62° parallel ( parallel of Yakutsk ). been greatly advanced and its eco- All economic concerns of Union sig- nomic exploitation set on a sound foun- nificance in the above-named territories dation. A net of Polar scientific and are, as a rule, to be exploited by the wireless stations spreads all over the GUSMP which is to create for this Arctic. Regular sea voyages to the purpose trusts and other economic in- mouth of the Ob and the Yenissey stitutions. All concerns afld enterprises rivers, as well as communication with of other departments already existing the Lena and the Kolyma rivers, have in these regions are to be transferred been established; first passages along to the GUSMP, including Arctic Ugol the Northern Sea Route, both from the ( Arctic coal ); the Norilsk coal and west and the east have been made; con- poly-metal beds (Norilskstroi ); the struction of harbors in the mouth of the fishery concerns and the coal beds in Lena River and others has been started Anadyr Land; reindeer and water and the Polar town Igarka created. transport of the N. K. S. ( People's Heroic and successful work in the Commissariat for Agriculture) of the north by mariners, pilots, scientists and RSFSR, Island Economy of the North- economists is being followed by fuller ern District ( Novaya Zemlya, Kolguev measures which will secure definite Island, Vaigach ) and the Sangar beds mastering of the Northern Sea Route on the Lena River. The GUSMP has and economic development of the ex- been entrusted with the development of treme north of the USSR. geological prospecting in the Soviet The Council of People's Commis- Arctic, especially for mineral fuel and sars, together with the Central Com- metals. mittee of the Communist Party, have In order to become as independent as issued a special decree calling for con- possible of the necessity of carrying siderable strengthening of the financial provisions to the North, this organiza- and technical basis of the GUSMP tion is to develop local productive re- ( Chief Administration of Northern Sea sources through stock-breeding and Route). It provides for the construc- vegetable-growing and the establish- tion of ice-breakers and cargo-steamers ment of special state farms. and of new harbors in the mouths of In the course of the next five years the Siberian rivers; for additional air- the GUSMP is to assure transport on planes, development of wireless com- the Lena River (below Yakutsk ), the munication, etc. Kolyma, Tas, Piassina, Khatanga, An- Functions of the GUSMP have been abasa, Yana, Indigirka and Anadyr, considerably enlarged. All research, also inland navigation. Besides that, prospecting and exploitation of natural there is to be started the construction productive forces in the Soviet Arctic of a dockyard in Archangel for the is entrusted to this department. Its building of wooden vessels; the dock- territories of activity in the European yard in Pridivnaya is to be enlarged, part of the USSR are to be the islands and the construction of the dockyard 270 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section in Paledu speeded up. All ice-breakers Development of the net of geophysi- and breaking cargo steamers are to be cal stations is by no means limited to included in the system of the People's an increase of numbers of points: Commissariat for Water Transport, measures will be taken, both by the transferring ten ice-breakers to them. GUSMP and the Arctic Institute, for The ice-breakers apportioned to the the reorganization of the Polar stations, ports of Leningrad, Vladivostok and in so as to enable scientific investigation the Black Sea and Asov Sea are to be work on a larger scale. leased to thee ports for exploitation. First and foremost in this respect The hunting of sea mammals in the comes the enlargement of the program neck of the White Sea enters also into of aerological observations at the Polar the functions of the GUSMP, for stations. Pilot-balloon observations are which purpose a transfer of six hunting being increased. Kite-balloon flying vessels is to be made. carried out in the past two years, on Hydrographical work is to be en- Great Liakhov Island only, will now larged, so that towards the close of form part of the work on Cape Uele, in 1937 the plotting of sailing charts of Tixi Bay, on Cape Cheliuskin, on Dick- the Northern Sea Route, as well as son Island, in Yugor Strait, on Cape charts of the principal approaches to Zhelaniya and in Calm Bay ( Franz the mouths of the Siberian rivers, may Joseph Land ). In five stations investi- be finished. gations of the upper layers of the at- In order to assure the accomplish- mosphere will be carried out by means ment of the work planned, a net of of airplane meteorographs. There will scientific institutes of the GUSMP is be additional stations in which the in- to be organized, in conformity with its vestigation of the upper layer of the enlarged tasks, the necessary special- atmosphere, by the method of Profes- ists—hydrographers, pilots, mechanics, sor Molchanov's radio-sounds, will be wireless operators, meterorologists, etc. carried out. Three floating weather —are to be prepared for work in the bureaus and two permanent ones—on Arctic. For this purpose the GUSMP Cape Schmidt ( formerly Cape Sev- is to open a hydrographical higher erny ) and on Dickson Island—were school, technical schools and classes of established in 1934 by the GUSMP various specialties. It will also organize conjointly with the Arctic Section of a special office for the publishing of all the Central Department of the Hydro- scientific papers, the most valuable meteorological Service. materials of former expeditions, maps, However, no service, for either sea charts, etc. or air navigation, can be assured with The Council of People's Commis- sufficient accuracy without knowledge saries and the Central Committee deem of the magnitude of magnetic elements it necessary to create political sections composing terrestrial magnetism, the and to introduce the institution of knowledge of conditions of wireless party organizers into the system of the communications in the Arctic, the study GUSMP. of atmospheric electricity and radio- Geophysical Work activity of the air in the districts of the Northern Sea Route, and thorough Meteorological stations of the study of the radiation regimen of the GUSMP in 1934 numbered 31, nearly Polar regions. In view of these tasks double that of 1933. New stations are the Arctic Institute has reorganized the being opened at Cape Leskin, Black Polar station on Cape Cheliuskin into River, Russian Island, Cape Olovianny a magnetic observatory with a vast ( Tin Cape ), Cape Shelagsky, Vanca- program of geophysical work, embrac- rem, Koliuchinsky Bay, Cape Serdze- ing terrestrial magnetism with the Kamen, Providence Bay, and Cape aurora borealis, atmospheric electricity Navarin. Besides, Polar stations on and radio-activity of the air and rocks. Cape Nordvik, Kotelny Island and Wrangel Island, all of which had been Permanent Congelation closed during the winter period of The Fourth Conference on perma- 1933-1934, are to be reopened. nent congelation was held in the Acad- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 271 Pon-Pacific Research Institution Section emy of Sciences in Leningrad in April, Biological Expedition 1934, with more than 30 papers on the The Arctic Institute has begun bio- plan of study. The principal problems logical investigation work in the hunt- included were the geographical study ing and fishing districts of the Northern of permanent congelation ( division into Ural Trust, dividing its work into three districts, determination of southern parts: fishery investigations, the study limits, etc.), its genesis, hydrology, and of the life history and whaling condi- geology, and its consideration as a geo- tions of the white whale, and hunting physical factor and as a factor affect- investigations. Fishery 'investigations ing construction work and agriculture. are being carried out in the Gydoyama Some of the interesting papers dis- Gulf ( the mouths of the rivers Uribey cussed the action of wind, frost, and and Gyda ), in the middle part of the humidity in alterations of the tundra Ob Bay (mouth of the Sa-Jagia River ), soils; physical properties of the tundra in the Malygin Strait, and in the mouth soils and their agricultural possibilities of the Jagoda-Jagia River. The study based on agrochemical laboratory in- of the white whale and of whaling con- vestigations at the fruit and vegetable- ditions is being conducted in the dis- growing stations in Obdorsk with re- trict of the Gyloyama Gulf with the lation to agricultural work in perma- factory of the North Ural Trust as the nently frozen ground depending on basis. proper cultivation, the use of organic In the Arctic regions where, most of ( dung ) and mineral fertilizers, and the the year, fierce winds prevail, the proc- thermal melioration of the soil. Other esses of deflation take an extremely papers discussed building experiences, vigorous course. The wind is the chief chiefly in Igarka, where permanent con- factor in the dispersion of weathering gelation attains a thickness of 57 meters products and it plays an important part and the mean annual temperature in forming of reliefs, especially of mi- equals -8.4° C., demonstrating the con- cro-reliefs, their forms being created struction of various foundations ( ferro- with the materials carried over by the concrete and others ) and various types wind. of buildings, which, in some cases have An especially intensive process of surface deflation may be observed in already stood the test for a period of 3 Novaya Zemlya where, owing to strong years; also the building of railways in winds attaining the force of hurricanes regions of permanent congelation, the and prevailing there the whole winter question of ice friction in zero tempera- long, the greatest part of the surface is tures, the firmness of ice in crystallog- usually devoid of any snow-cover. The raphy, the problem of determining the tops of the moraines, the gentle wind- turbidity and coloring of ice by the ward slopes and other exposed ele- photometrical method, and the problem ments of the relief are, all winter, sub- of reducing the freezing in open reser- jected to action of the wind. Not only voirs by means of passing a layer of are small particles of soil carried away air under the ice—thus preventing the by the wind and the snow, but also freezing of the reservoirs to a depth of rubble pebbles and stones. In places 30-40 cm., which is of extreme impor- where a snow-cover has formed may be tance for water supply and fisheries. observed accumulations of stones, while the snow itself is of a dirty color owing Quite apart stand the papers on to the presence of great quantities of thermotechnics applied to permanent minute particles of soil. congelation, including methods of dis- Through the erection of a repere on covering the most authentic congelation Novaya Zemlya in Russian Harbor of the soil, thermotechnical analysis of during April, the season of least strong the freezing and thawing of the soils winds, it is estimated that the deflation and the formation of permanent con- amounts to 0.1 mm. per 24 hours or gelation, and its relation to planning 36.5 mm. for the entire year. and building of edifices, also the diffu- An expedition in connection with the sion of heat in foundations laid on the agricultural use of marine products frozen soil. was sent in July, 1934, to Murmansk 272 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Pan-Pacific Researc h Institution Section by the Institute of Economics and So- ka. In connection with its intense activ- cialistic Organization of Agriculture of ity developed for the study and final the Lenin Academy. Particular atten- mastering of a northern sea route, Igar- tion was paid to algae and the refuse of ka holds every promise of a splendid fisheries, and to sea-mammal hunting. future as it is the key to the Siberian The study of the possible use of inver- Northern Tungussian coal, the Kureian tebrates of the sea, the mollusks and graphite, the immense forests of the crustaceans, was included. Yenissey basin, the supplies of fishes Filming saecial submarine work in and fur-bearing animals, etc. Arctic condiTions was undertaken by The northernmost hydroelectrical the Leningrad Studio of the Belgoskino works in the world, the first erected be- ( White Russian State Cinemato- yond the polar circle, are located on the graph ), who sent a special expedition Niva River, whose source is Lake Iman- to Novaya Zemlya including a number dra, about 150 miles north of the Arc- of divers. tic circle. A little more than 200 miles Industrial Center from its mouth at Kandalaksha Bay, the river falls some 400 feet. Three plants The Fifth Anniversary of Igarka, a are being built on the river, which will Polar town and harbor in East Si- differ from other works of this kind in beria, was celebrated on July 20, 1934. that their heads will be created by This town is situated on the lower part aqueducts rather than by high weirs. of the Yenissey River in lat. 67° N.; it is 450 miles from the Kara Sea and The raising of the water in Lake 1,240 miles from the nearest railway Imandra six or seven feet will create an station. Its population of 300 in 1929 immense reservoir, and practically com- has increased to 13,000, and it is one of plete water control, and as a result the the points of support in mastering the Niva II plant ( the middle one) will fur- Northern Sea Route. In addition to be- nish annually about 310,000,000 kilo- ing the terminal station for the Kara watt hours of electric energy. Expedition carrying imported goods A hundred years ago great numbers from foreign ports as well as Siberian of beaver lived in the rivers and lakes timber for export, it represents a big of the Kola Peninsula. The rapacious industrial center with three large saw- hunting there, as in many other dis- mills, two electrical establishments, a tricts, resulted in extermination of this fishyard with an output of a million and valuable animal in these regions. The a half tins of fish, and a graphite con- existing data show that the last beavers centrating plant. Its educational and on the Kola Peninsula were killed sixty other cultural institutions include two or seventy years ago. In July, 1934, schools, a crèche, two hospitals, a club, beavers were brought from the special a cinematograph and a newspaper—the reserve in Voronezh to Lapland, where Severnaya Stroika (Northern Con- they will be put into one of the reser- struction ). voirs in the central part of the Lapland A cattle-breeding and vegetable- reserve as an experiment in reacclima- growing state farm borders upon Igar- tization.

Fishes of Washington and Oregon

In the next issue ( Oct.-Dec. ) of MID- magazine, and run through a number of PACIFIC MAGAZINE Will appear the first issues. Do not miss the first installment, installment of a complete catalogue of as this catalogue, when completed, will the fishes of Washington and Oregon, form a most valuable addition to your with distributional records and a library. bibliography, authored jointly by Leon- All members of the Pan-Pacific Union ard P. Schultz and Allan DeLacy, of receive the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE as one of the privileges of membership. If the Department of Fisheries, Univer- you are not already a member, it is sity of Washington, Seattle. It will be hoped your application (see page 284 ) a feature of the Journal section of your comes in time to begin with this issue. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 193.5 273 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section

Who's Who Among the Cacti*

Aristocrats are coddled for their floral beauty; hoi polloi cursed for their pestiferous persistence; Aus- tralians view the whole tribe with jaundicedseye.

HAT decorative novelty, the cac- sitic South African species, cacti all tus plant, is as much a freak in the come from America. Arizona and floral world as the duck-billed Northern Mexico form the greatest nat- Tplatypus is in the faunal. Its march ural cactus garden of the world. Some around the earth makes a lively tale— sorts flourish 12,000 feet above sea level botanical gardens now treasure it in on the Andean slopes; others flaunt myriad forms, industry makes candy their flowers in Cuba and the West from its sap, and bulb-bowls from its Indies. A few types are found all the hide, while Australia proves itself an way from British Columbia to the ideal clime for cultivating its lovelier Straits of Magellan. species, writes R. F. K. Felstead in the It was the Spanish dons who first Melbourne Herald. took these floral curiosities to Europe. Cactus societies that flourish in many Later, Dutch ships, calling at republican countries have a stubborn prejudice to ports of South America, carried the overcome in Australia. For here the cacti to South Africa. British wind- very word cactus conjures up devastat- jammers, refitting in the West Indies, ing pictures of the prickly pear. brought tubs and pots of similar plants Since the first pot of that imported to Australia, often picking up extra plant was domestically treasured at specimens as they passed South Africa. Scone in New South Wales, 96 years So the cacti have gone marching, for ago, it has run amok over the warmer good or ill, around the world. stretches of this Continent, driving se- In 1848, Berlin's Botanic Gardens lectors from their holdings. By the year boasted 360 beautiful species. Antwerp, 1900, 10,000 acres were under its evil Darmstadt, and other European centers spell. When the Commonwealth Prickly have fine public and private collections. Pear Board was formed in 1920, the In Holland, the cult is a big business pest-possessed area had increased to proposition. Naturally, in its native 60,000,000 acres. America, the cactus gets special atten- But the cult of the cactus should not tion. New York and Washington culti- be condemned by the ruinous invasion vate it fashionably in window-boxes, of the prickly pear. Some species of this rockeries, and hothouses. pear, removed from their arid homeland California protests that some of the in American deserts, run riot when in- rarer species may be lost to America un- troduced into richer soil without natural less the export from there of plants and checks. But Cactus Societies, in Aus- seedlings is wisely checked. One of the tralia and elsewhere, can safely culti- world's best collections is in the grounds vate the decorative species that burst so of the Department of Agriculture at oddly into beautiful flowers. Some of Washington. these vivid blooms rival the glory of It is worth noting that the cactus tropical orchids. known as the Indian fig has been widely The cactus flower buds grow weirdly spread over the slopes of Sicily's Mount from the outer margin of the flattened Etna. It is cultivated for its fruits, branch that is popularly called the leaf, which, besides supplying the Italian or burst torch-like from the spiny markets, are also shipped to America. cones. With the exception of one para- This fruit traffic brings up other ways of using the cacti. Many of the little * Unsigned article in Fiji Times and Herald, March 27, 1935. oval and cylindrical kinds called Melo- Picturesque but pestiferous, this lusty member of the cacti fam- ily is cordially detested in Aus- tralia, as it is in many other lands where it has gained foothold as an ornamental plant. Vari- ously called prickly pear, tuna, panini in Hawaii, it gives a bad name to the entire cactus tribe.

• cacti are dried and scooped out to form The dormant vitality of the prickly bowls for tulips or for goldfish. Mexico pear is too well known in Australia. exploits also its large barrel cactus by Joints broken from detached joints left manufacturing the liquid content whole- on driest ground will throw out anchor sale into candy. roots and so start new clumps. Stems It was undoubtedly the beauty of the kept in glass cases in a museum have flowers that caused the world-wide dis- eight months later sprouted green shoots tribution of cacti. But an additional without being touched by earth or wa- charm is the odd and unexpected way in ter. But the best way to grow decora- which many of these plants reproduce tive types in Australia is to use pots half themselves. It is fascinating either for filled with broken stone, charcoal and the botanist or the amateur to watch leaf mould, with the cutting planted in the leaves of the Opuntias actually the sandy loam that fills the upper half growing out of the ripened fruit, and of the receptacle. so forming new plants or becoming Most of the torch types shoot up part of the parent growth anatomy, or cylindrical spiny ribbed poles, singly or to find tiny colonies of "babies" resem- clumped, with flowers on their sides. Of bling brussels sprouts suddenly born to this same tribe are the little hedgehog- a stem or leaf. shaped growths admirable for rockeries, A fallen leaf from a mauve Echeve- also the giant barrel cactus that thrives ria, merely by contact with the earth, only in its native desert. forms a little rosette at its base, and that This latter is a great purple-colored amazing rosette feeds off the mother circular mass like a hogshead bristling leaf until strong enough to send down with spines, and flattened at the top. It its own roots and become an individual holds so much water that a traveler, plant. cutting off the top with an axe, can Australia has an ideal climate for the pound from the spongy contents enough cultivation of these strange succulents, sap to quench the thirst of himself and which will thrive inside or outside the his horse. domestic window, need no human atten- Wild desert donkeys, according to tion and, like the camel, can go long Humboldt, have enough "horse sense" without water and can take full advan- to exploit this by kicking in the top for tage of such moisture as comes their themselves, but seldom sense enough to way. Their soft fleshy stems rapidly avoid laming themselves against the absorb water and ably store it. protective spines! MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 275 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section The root structure of most cacti is homes from thieving Indians. But sure- merely a thin cluster of stringy fibres. ly the strangest use in this line is the Sometimes these roots run along the triple row of Opuntia Tuna which was ground just under the surface; in other planted to mark the boundary between cases they strike down a foot or more the British and the French territory in into the sand. In yet another type, the the island of St. Christopher. plant has big swollen tubers like those It is no wonder cactus societies in of the dahlia. Australia and elsewhere are experiment- Cactus hedges were once fairly com- ing in the hobby of citivating, hy- mon around station homesteads in Aus- bridizing, and generally experimenting tralia, and the prickly pear is still used with the growths and seedlings of this in the West Indies to protect planters' fascinating exotic.

Some Empire Pests

By ERIC HARDY, F.Z.S. in United Empire

• T IS a remarkable fact that the ma- pair of English sparrows are capable jority of the serious agricultural pests of producing in ten years 275,716,983,- I with which the Empire has to con- 698 offspring. But of three or four tend are introductions from our broods of four to six young each, dur- English countryside. One would be cor- ing a season, not one young sparrow to rect in calling the English house-spar- a brood usually reaches maturity, and row the Empire's bird, because it is the an adult sparrow seldom lives longer bird commonest to the Empire, and this than four years in the wild, though because the ships and travellers from birds have been kept fourteen years in the home country have taken it every- a cage. Yet they increase faster than where. any other birds, and they have invaded It was introduced into North America farther than the Empire, even inhabit- from Liverpool about 1858 to kill insect ing the secluded Hawaii islands, and pests, but its grain-eating propensities portend to become the world's com- monest bird. I have frequently had soon brought the bird into the bad books proof of English sparrows crossing the of the farmers who had it on their list Atlantic on the liners to and from Liver- of vermin by the twentieth century, pool and Southampton, coming on to while one of the most respected of Can- the top decks when the vessel is in dock, adian naturalists recently told me that and picking up the scraps offered dur- the bird swarms everywhere in the in- ing the voyage, leaving as soon as land habited parts of the Dominion. The is neared once more. complaints made against the sparrow The second bird of the Empire is are that it destroys nests of other birds probably the starling, which is grad- and drives them away, and destroys ually spreading into Canada and New- grain. foundland, but it does not seem to have In Africa, Australia and New Zealand become a pest to agriculture, like the the house-sparrow from England has sparrow, and finds the severe cold of gained the upper hand in most inhabited the winter detrimental. It was first in- parts, and is a serious pest that is fast troduced into North America in 1890, spreading, despite the measures taken and has colonized most of the United against it. This great increase of the States. English sparrow overseas is only natural New Zealand farmers seem to have when one considers its wonderful suffered most from the destructive hab- adaptations and its very prolific breed- its of British birds introduced by early ing. It has been estimated that a single settlers, for, first liberated to remind the 276 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Pan-Pacific Research Institution Section colonists of the Homeland and add a yellow flowers soon "migrated" from touch of song, the aliens almost ex- the garden and covered the near-by terminated the native insectivorous racecourse. By 1900 the weed covered birds and there followed serious insect 8,000 acres, by 1905 10,000 acres, and plagues. Of the three hundred species by 1915 the infested area in Victoria of bird on the New Zealand list, no alone was estimated at 184,000 acres; fewer than 31 are well-known Euro- while today the infested area in Vic- pean birds introduced and more or less toria is estimated between 250,000 and established. such British birds as black- 400,000 acres, in addition to parts of birds, nightingales, and goldfinches, that New South Wales and South Aus- have been introduced into the southern tralia. It is hoped to combat them with hemisphere are not really serious pests the English St. John's wort beetle. like the sparrow. In Canada, the English plants that Of the plants of England that have have established themselves and spread become so troublesome abroad, Aus- as weeds include the viper's bugloss tralia, New Zealand and Canada show which inhabits Ontario and Nova Sco- the most conspicuous examples. The tia; the dandelion, which has been in story of the rampant growth of the fields and waste places in many parts since little later than the first colonists; English blackberry or bramble in New the horsetail, which has spread along Zealand, to the loss of many acres of the railways as far as Alaska; and the arable land to the farmers, is well orange-hawkweed, in Ontario; all these known, whileethe Rothamstead Experi- plants being familiar weeds in the mental Station in Hertfordshire and the Empire insect-breeding laboratory at United States too. In return, it might be supposed, Canada has given England a Farnham Royal, Buckinghamshire, have weed in the Canadian pondweed, Elo- spent much time in breeding and ex- dea, which, first thrown into the Grand porting insect pests to destroy the Union Canal at Market Harborough in blackberry, gorse, and ragwort that from some imported timber, soon swarm over the southern parts of the 1847 Empire. The blackberry is certainly the spread throughout the waterways of most serious of these plant pests and the whole of the British Isles. By 1851 the most difficult to tackle. It occupies it had reached the River Ely and soon after was discovered in a pond in Ber- hundreds of thousands of acres in New Zealand and one bush alone is esti- wickshire, but there is hardly a water now without it, though, as the first piece mated to be 250 miles long, but with was a female plant, they are all females. the cooperation of the Cawthron In- stitute at Nelson, the bramble plague Save for the brown rat taken from has been combated with the use of a home in English ships, and also import- little French insect, Coroebus rubi. The ed with foreign vessels to every part of ragwort is one of the three plants com- the empire, even to the lonely Tristan pulsory for the English farmer to des- da Cunha in the middle of the southern troy under the Corn Laws, but here we Atlantic, few British mammals have have the diurnal cinnabar moth to keep gone abroad to become pests. The case it in check, whereas taken to New Zea- of the rabbit in Australia is proverbial, land without its natural enemy, it soon while the English red deer sent out to spread far and wide. Now cinnabar New Zealand for sport increased to moth larvae are sent out, the first libera- such an extent that many farmers de- tion of 2,300,000 eggs being made in clared war on it as a pest, for its num- 1929. The gorse is being combated bers had caused them much loss, which with a weevil that bores through the is understandable when Scottish croft- pods to eat the seeds. One weed alone, ers in the deer forests complain of the the piri-piri, is said to cost the New loss from deer herds. Zealand wool trade £250,000 a year. Britain has received more insect pests The St. John's wort of Britain has from abroad than she has sent out, and run riot in Australia, where the plant many of our native insects are being was first introduced in 1880. But the used to fight the pests of the Empire. BULLETIN of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION For July-September, 1935. Number 175

All Pan-Pacific associations and clubs throughout Pacific countries are requested to send in reports of current activities for publication in this section. Address commu- nications to MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, 1067 Alakea Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, for attention of THE EDITORS.

Pan-Pacific Countries Observe Balboa Day

By ANN Y. SATTERTHWAITE Secretary, Pan-Pacific Union

OR TWENTY-TWO YEARS how he met his death when greater vic- Balboa Day has been observed by tory was at hand; it is a story in happy the Pan-Pacific Union and its af- contrast to the sometimes gloomy and F filiated associations throughout the uninspiring tales which have come Pacific area to commemorate the dis- down to us of the early days of the dis- covery of the Pacific Ocean by the first covery of America. European, Vasco Nunez de Balboa. Balboa was born in tree Province of This custom was established in Ha- Estremadura, Spain, about the year waii in 1913 on the 400th anniversary 1475. He came of a good family, and of Balboa's discovery, at which time the seems to have been better educated flags of all races in the Pacific were re- than most men of his time. In early life ceived by Hawaii's deposed (1893) he migrated to America and, after the Queen Liliuokalani, who returned to usual adventures of a young man in her one-time throne in Iolani Palace for that New World, he tried to settle the occasion. The flags were then sent down to the routine of a practical farm- to the President of the United States as er. That he was not designed for honorary head of the Pan-Pacific Union it subsequent developments rapidly and a request extended to all Pacific proved, for he fell into debt and was lands to join with Hawaii in observing considered rather an improvident fellow Balboa or Pan-Pacific Day as an occa- in the town. Finally he stowed away sion on which to celebrate the promo- on the ship of Enciso, one of the best tion of peaceful progress, goodwill and geographers of the day, sailing from economic security in the Pacific. Santo Domingo. Enciso recognized Balboa, patron saint of the Pacific, the young man's abilities, did not pun- was one of the admirable characters ish him but landed him among des- among the Spanish conquistadores. He perate colonists at a fort in the Carib- treated the natives humanely, he in- bean Gulf of Darien, there to work out fused a hopeful spirit into his own com- his salvation and, Enciso doubtless patriots, and he left behind him, at the hoped, that of his countrymen about end, a record of work well done. him. The story of Vasco Nunez de Balboa With his spirit of leadership Balboa is one that can never be too often told. at once took upon himself the labor of How he gave up a life to which he was restoring confidence. His influence was little fitted; how he reversed the policy magnetic and the people trusted him. of his predecessors, who had offended Even the natives who had been cruelly and even maltreated the natives on the treated and robbed by his predecessors Isthmus, so that the confidence and as- were won over and finally helped him sistance of these very natives were in his drive toward the West Coast in turned to Balboa's advantage and of search of gold, which ended on Sep- the Crown of Spain; how he discovered tember 25, 1513, when for the first time the south sea—the Pacific Ocean—and he caught sight of the Pacific Ocean. was rewarded by his sovereign; and Balboa was later accused by jealous 278 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section associates and farcically tried, con- included folk dances by artists from the demned and executed in his forty- Portuguese, Filipino and Puerto Rican second year, in Accla, the town he had groups in Hawaii, illustrating the in- helped to found. fluence of Latin culture, chiefly Spanish, What results to the world might in the New World and especially in the have come by discoveries in Peru and Pacific. elsewhere in South America if Vasco Annually, on Balboa Day, Pan-Paci- Nunez de Balboa had lived to continue fic Union Headquarters exchanges tele- his enlightened, just and gentle policy graphic greetings with its affiliated as- is a matter of Speculation. The fact that sociations throughout the Pacific; Pan- he discovered the Pacific Ocean, sur- Pacific groups in Canada, Australasia, mounting material obstacles and win- the Pacific Coast of America; Japan ning over, instead of killing, the natives ( Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Nara and shows the character of the man. He Kobe ); China ( The Pan-Pacific Asso- was a leader, an explorer, and a builder. ciation of China in Canton, Tientsin, Panama has perpetuated the dis- and Peiping, and the Pan-Pacific Asso- coverer's memory by naming its na- ciation of Shanghai ); and in Manila tional coin Balboa and by making a na- ( Pan-Pacific Association of The Philip- tional holiday of the date on which he pines ). discovered the Pacific, Generally all Members of the Pan-Pacific Union Pacific countries honor his memory. and their friends are cordially invited Balboa Day this year was celebrated to visit Pan-Pacific Union Headquar- by the Pan-Pacific Union, Honolulu, at ters, 1067 Alakea Street, Honolulu, and the regular Monday luncheon meeting to avail themselves of the wealth of in- September 23, two days in advance of formation on Pacific countries and peo- the actual anniversary. The program ples contained in the reference library.

Will Tour Pacific for Pan-Pacific Union

ELIZABETH B. PRICE, President ter.' The great Pacific is to be my jour- Canadian Women's Press Club and nalistic beat. a Delegate to the Third Pan-Pacific "Just a year ago since I had the Women's Conference ( see Driving the grand trip.* It will always be one of Last Spike, p. 198 ), writes from Van- the greatest experiences of my life. I couver, B.C., under date August 27: got from those round tables inspiration, "I have set as my objective next year information, and interest in life that I a trip to Australia, and maybe around have been able not only to enjoy myself the Pacific. I want to spend two weeks but to pass on to others. Whenever I anyway in Honolulu. I'll connect with am tired, I think of that wonderful view New Zealand and Australia, and maybe from the gardens of the Tantalus and I can be an active agent for the Pan- the Niagara swinging into the picture Pacific Union. I am tremendously and the Empress of Asia sailing away thrilled with the idea. in the moonlight. I'll just never get over "From now on you have me working the lure of it. And as Kipling says: with and for you. You must be sure If you've 'eard the East a-callid, and keep your Mr. Ford in Honolulu You won't never 'eed naught else. for me, because I am going to be one of his wandering disciples the rest of I see—from my home—these ships my life and I haven't even met my 'rims- sail up and down and I am filled with an obsession to sail away on them to *Third Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, Honolulu, work with and for the Pacific peoples. Aug., 1934, to which Mrs. Price was a delegate. First Pan-Pacific Women's Conference was held in Hono- Please speed me a few more copies [of lulu, August, 1928; Second, August, 1930. The Fourth (1936) has not yet chosen a meeting place, but Canada the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE] and any is making a strong bid for it.--THE EDITORS. spare copies of your China number." MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 279 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

Pan-Pacific Associations in China

Rapidly extending membership over wide territory Balboa Day Celebration regular annual feature • Dr. C. Kuangsong Young (left) , Executive Secretary, The Pan-Pa- cific Association of China and (below) Mrs. Marguerite C. Chen, Executive Secretary, The Pan- Pacific Association of Shanghai.

LI BLI C-SPI RITED citizens of China recognize in the Pan-Pacific Association of China, and those p of Shanghai in the Pan-Pacific Association of Shanghai, an opportun- ity "to bring about better understand- ing between peoples of the Pacific," ac- cording to reports and bulletins received by Pan-Pacific Union Headquarters in Photo by Oscar Bann's Studio. Honolulu from officers of the respective affiliates in China. many persons of note, including Dr. V. Celebration of Balboa Day, Septem- K. Wellington Koo; Mayor Wu Teh- ber 25, was a feature this year, as usual. chen, Sir Alexander Cadogan, Dr. Or- The Pan-Pacific Association of Shang- landini, Mr. Owen Lattimore, and The hai held a special meeting in the Cathay Hon. Cameron Forbes. Hotel. The principal speaker was Mr. The Pan-Pacific Association of China Lin Ty-tang, noted publicist. Greetings is gaining steadily in membership and on behalf of the Consular Body were extending its influence, according to ad- given by Mr. E. S. Cunningham, Doy- vices received from Dr. C. Kuangsong en; and Mayor Wu Teh-chen for the Young, Executive Secretary. He says: City Government. "This occasion is al- "Under the able leadership of His ways considered the event of the year," Excellency, Minister H. H. Kung, and writes Mrs. Marguerite C. Chen, Exe- the energetic cooperation of the other cutive Secretary, and adds, "last year's officers and directors of the National as well as the Shanghai Association, to- attendance was 220." During the past year the Association gether with the hearty support of the was privileged to hear addresses by members of the Shanghai Association, 280 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section it is expected that before long the Pan- better acquainted and to cultivate the Pacific Movement in this country will best of relations among them. be popularized and that prosperous "The mission of the Pan-Pacific Move- Pan-Pacific Associations will be estab- ment is the promotion of goodwill and lished in the various cities of China. Dr. understanding among the peoples of Sun Fo at Nanking, Dr. Chang Po-ling the world in general and is an effort on at Tientsin, and Drs. Hu Shih and Y. the part of leaders in the various Pacific T. Tsur at Peiping, have all formulated countries to bring about permanent plans for the prganization of Pan-Pa- peace and prosperity in the Pacific re- cific Associatins in their respective lo- gions and to supplement other peaceful ,calities to provide ample facilities for endeavors for the promotion of inter- Chinese and foreigners in China to get national goodwill and fellowship."

Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo in Membership Campaign

DEPORTING for the Pan-Pacific "Our Club does not impose heavy " Club of Tokyo, one of the five Pan- [financial] responsibility upon our Pacific Union affiliates in Japan, Execu- members. Our members pay an annual tive Director Tsujiyoshi Cho writes un- membership fee of Y5.00. The result is der date July 25: we have a large deficit annually which "May I semi you greetings from the has been met by some members of the Pan-Pacific Club of Tokyo? At present Club, and the Pan-Pacific Association we are planning to have a membership of Japan. campaign when the autumn season "I shall be pleased to entertain any comes. We are doing our utmost to of your friends coming here from the make our society grow in its influence. "When Mr. Ford [Executive Direc- United States. Please let us know of tor, Pan-Pacific Union] was here we their arrival in Japan. suggested to him that he go to the con- "Has Mr. Ford returned to Hono- tinental United States and have the lulu?-- We wanted to have a farewell American Government and the people meeting in his honor when he left To- interested in the Pan-Pacific Union and kyo, but he left quietly. We regretted thus strengthen the organization.* it very much. I hope you will kindly re- *The Pan-Pacific Union has now, as it has had for member us very dearly to Mr. Ford. many years past, official recognition and financial aid He is loved and admired by our peo- from the Government through the Territorial Legisla- ple." lature and the Governor of IIawaii, thus ipso facto from the United States Government. There are many active Pan-Pacific clubs on the mainland, especially the Pacific Coast, affiliated with the Pan-Pacific Union, Mr. Ford is now (September) in Norway re- and many individual members throughout the States. cuperating from a tour through the by-ways of the _T RE EDITORS. Near East, starting from China, finishing at London. —THE EDITORS.

Educational Value of Pan-Pacific Union Appreciated

DEAN W. W. KEMP, School of cooperation Education, University of California, among those young people. That event, together with my visit to Berkeley, Calif., a member (exchange)) of the Summer School faculty, Univer- the Young Americans, made me feel sity of Hawaii, Honolulu, writes: that your leaders are entirely correct in "Before leaving Honolulu I over- their theory that the neo-Hawaiian may looked writing you with reference to be depended upon for loyalty to his the interesting program which the Pan- American citizenship in spite of the Pacific Union gave us on that Sunday pulls of the older generation. This, I afternoon during the summer session of the University of Hawaii.* We were " Folk dances and music by Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Puerto Rican and Fili- delighted with the variety of the dances pino amateur and professional artists in the garden and with the atmosphere of congenial of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, Manoa Valley, Honolulu. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 281 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section think, is especially true of the young China and Chinese problems. I read it Japanese. with great interest and am sending it on "Both Mrs. Kemp and I were de- to our University High School in order lighted on receiving the China number that our young students there may have of the Mid-Pacific Magazine which access to this type of information on the deals in such an interesting way with Chinese."

Second Pan-Pacific Surgical Conference

REPARATIONS are being made by the Pan-Pacific Union ). It is planned for a second Pan-Pacific Surgical by the officers to have various medical P Conference in Honolulu, August colleges present papers on surgical re- 20-29, 1936, by officers of the Pan- search. Pacific Surgical Association, an organi- Transportation will be handled zation formed in 1929 at the close of through a committee in each country to the first conference which was held assure better accommodations and rates. under the auspices of the Pan-Pacific Requests for further information should Union. be sent to Forrest J. Pinkerton, M.D., It is hoped that the meeting will fully Secretary-Treasurer, H o n o 1 u 1 u. Dr. represent all branches of surgery as well as all countries bordering on the George W. Swift, Seattle, is the presi- Pacific. The conference will be again dent of the association, and there are divided into sections similar to the first other divisional officers appointed meeting ( proceedings published, 1929, throughout the Pacific.

Pan-Pacific Research Institution News

THE WINTER SEASON series of Svihla is assistant professor of zoology science dinner discussions, held at Pullman and curator of the Charles every Friday evening in the Pan-Pacific R. Conner Museum. While in Hawaii Research Institution clubhouse, Hono- he studied the life history of the Ha- lulu, opened September 27 with an waiian rat, assisted by Dr. Ruth Svihla, illustrated lecture on Sweden—Country who is a botanist as well as a zoologist, and Culture, by Dr. Wilhelm W. and was engaged part time at the Bish- Krauss, of the State Institute of Race op Museum, Honolulu, in the classifica- Biology (Staten Institute vor Rasbio- tion of mosses. logi), Uppsala, Sweden. Science dinner discussions scheduled Dr. Krauss was sent to Hawaii for for the Pan-Pacific Research Institution extended study of race biology in the in the near future are: Hawaiian Islands. He is making his October 4: Lecture on cancer control home at the Pan-Pacific Research In- by a member of the Hawaii Medical stitution. Society ( not yet named ) illustrated with Another scientist domiciled there is balopticon slides, sponsored by the Ha- George Marvin, formerly assistant api- waii Society for the Control of Cancer. culturist with the Bee Culture Labora- October 11: Lecture, with 130 balop- tory, U.S. Department of Agriculture ticon slides in natural color, on Palmyra of Washington, D.C. Island by Capt. Northrup H. Castle, During the summer there were also master of the auxiliary schooner Lani- in residence Dr. Arthur Svihla, of the kai, in which he has made many roman- Pullman State College of Washington, tic voyages among islands of the Ha- with his wife, Dr. Ruth Svihla. Dr. waiian group. 282 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

Noted Speakers at Pan-Pacific Union Luncheons

EGULAR weekly luncheon meet- Edward C. Carter, Secretary-Gen- ings of the Pan-Pacific Union are eral, Institute of Pacific Relations visit- R held in Honolulu on Mondays in ing Honolulu for the day while his ship Fuller Hall of the beautiful Y.W.C.A. was in port, en route to the Mainland building. No business is conducted, as after two months' visit to Australia and that is donein the Pan-Pacific Union New Zealand. Subject: An Australian headquarters near by, therefore speakers View of the Pacific. ( Joint luncheon have the better part of an hour for their with the Institute of Pacific Relations at addresses and, usually, subsequent Young Hotel, blue room.) questions and general discussion of the subjects presented. The Rev. Thomas Taylor Faichney, Recent speakers of world-wide note of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, en route have been: with his family to Tientsin, China, to Ferdinand Masnik, Czechoslovakian take charge of the Union Church for engineer and newspaper correspondent three years. Subject: Canada as a from Reunion Island, a French posses- Mediating Power in World Affairs. sion in the Indian Ocean, making a tour Judge and Mrs. Walter F. Frear. of Hawaii to study water conservation Subject: Their recent tour of the world, and distribution. Subject: Reunion Is- including Australasia, Africa, and South land, its people, resources and agri- America. culture. The Rev. C. B. Olds, 32 years a Dr. Albert W. Palmer, President, Christian missionary in Japan. Subject: Chicago Theological Seminary, and Non-Christian Agencies in Japan Mak- member, University of Hawaii Summer ing for a Better World. School faculty. Subject: When We Dr. Kalfred Dip Lum, professor and Build a Friendly World. head of the Department of Government Miss Fannie Hurst, American novel- and Public Administration, Chiaotung ist. Subject: Amalgamation of Race University, Shanghai; Commissioner of Chemistries. Overseas Affairs, National Govern- Dr. Reid L. McClung, Dean, College ment, Nanking; formerly of the Politi- of Commerce and Business Administra- cal Science Department, University of tion, University of Southern Califor- Hawaii, Honolulu. Subject: "Progress nia; member, University of Hawaii in China." Summer School faculty; formerly pro- E. Guy Talbott, Regional Director, fessor of economics at Cornell Univer- National Council for the Prevention of sity, and chief personnel statistician for War, California, who is returning from the general staff of the U. S. Army in a trip to Manchuria. Subject: "The 191 8-1 9. Subject: Economic Trends. 'Monroe Doctrine' of Japan."

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP To the PAN-PACIFIC UNION, 1067 Alakea St., HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A. Resident I hereby apply for -) Non-Resident membership in the PAN-PACIFIC UNION, and enclose ' Sustaining cheque for $ year in payment of fees for life s including subscription to the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE. (Fees: Resident, annual $7.00; Life, $200.00. Non-resident, annual $3.50; Life $100.00. Sustaining, annual $10.00; Life $300.00.

NAME

ADDRESS MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 283 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section

Notable Pan-Pacific Conferences 1920 to 1934 Inclusive

Hawaii, Crossroads of the Pacific, Natural Meeting Place

FIRST PAN-PACIFIC SCIENCE CONFERENCE-- ence dinner meetings have been held regularly AUGUST, 1920, HONOLULU. Second, third, since 1924, and many visitin% scientists from fourth in 1923-26-29, in Australia, Japan, and Pacific lands have been housed. The work of Java respectively under auspices of a science the Junior Science Council, including high school body organized at the first meeting in 1920. and university students interested in radio, The fifth was held in Canada from June 1-14, photography. agriculture, botany, zoology, etc., 1933. is another activity of the Research Institution. FIRST PAN-PACIFIC EDUCATION CONFERENCE FIRST PAN-PACIFIC FISHERIES CONFERENCE—. ,—AUGUST, 1921, HONOLULU. Second in San HONOLULU, JULY TO NOVEMBER, 1925. Dr. Ishi- Francisco, July, 1923, under auspices of the Na- kawa, one of the delegates from Japan, brought tional Education Association, with a section ar- eggs of the ayu fish and spats of oysters and ranged by the Pan-Pacific Union with delegates clams which were planted in Hawaiian waters from China, Japan, etc. At that time was or- with considerable success. ganized the World Federation of Education Associations whose sectional meeting was held FIRST PAN-PACIFIC WOMENgio CONFERENCE,— in Honolulu—July 25-30, 1932—Oren E. Long, HONOLULU, AUGUST, 1928. General Secretary, Hawaii Committee. FIRST PAN-PACIFIC SURGICAL CONFERENCE-- First official Pan-Pacific Educational Confer- HONOLULU, AUGUST, 1929. A second meeting ence, called by President Coolidge, Honolulu, will be held in Honolulu August 20 to 29, 1936, April, 1927. The Pan-Pacific Union was asked under the auspices of a Pan-Pacific Surgical to help in arranging the program and in inter- Association organized at the first meeting. esting delegates from Pacific countries. SECOND PAN-PACIFIC WOMEN'S CONFERENCE FIRST PAN-PACIFIC PRESS CONFERENCE,—HO- ,—HONOLULU, AUGUST, 1930. At this confer- NOLULU, OCTOBER, 1921. ence the Pan-Pacific Women's Association was FIRST PAN-PACIFIC COMMERCIAL CONFERENCE organized, first organization of women of Pa- .--HONOLULU, NOVEMBER, 1922. cific countries. The third conference was held FIRST PAN-PACIFIC FOOD CONSERVATION CON- in Honolulu in August, 1934, under the auspices FERENCE—HONOLULU, AUGUST, 1924. The In- of the Pan-Pacific Women's Association, as- ternational Sugar Technologists Association sisted by the Pan-Pacific Union. The fourth was one result of this meeting; also the Pan- conference is scheduled for the summer of 1937, Pacific Research Institution, where weekly sci- to be held in Japan or Canada.

Aims and Objects of the Pan-Pacific Union

HE PAN-PACIFIC UNION is a non- pointing them toward cooperative effort for the profit educational institution incorporated advancement of common interests. (1917) under the laws of the Territory 2. To bring together ethical leaders from T of Hawaii. Not officially affiliated with every Pacific land who will meet for the study any government, it enjoys the good will of all of problems of fair dealing and ways to advance in advancement of mutual understanding be- international justice in the Pacific area. tween peoples of the great nations bordering 3. upon the Pacific Ocean where dwell more than To bring together from time to time scien- half the world's population. tific and other leaders from Pacific lands who Aims and objects of the Pan-Pacific Union will present the great Pan-Pacific scientific are: problems, including those of race and popula- 1. To bring together from time to time, in tion. friendly conference, leaders in all lines of 4. To follow out recommendations of scien- thought and action in the Pacific area, that they tific and other leaders for encouragement of sci- may become better acquainted; to assist in entific research of value to Pacific peoples; to

284 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Pan-Pacific Bulletin Section aid in establishment of research institutions sion in every Pacific land those of all races resi- where need seems to exist. dent therein who desire better understanding 5. To secure and collate accurate information and cooperative effort among the peoples and concerning the material resources of Pacific races of the Pacific for their common advance- lands; to study the ideas and opinions that ment, material and spiritual. mould public opinion among the peoples of the 7. To bring all peoples of the Pacific into several Pacific races, and to bring together men closer friendly commercial contact and relation- and women who can discuss these in a spirit of ship. To aid and assist them better to under- fairness that they may point out a true course stand one another and, through them, spread of justice in dealing with them internationally. abroad a friendly spirit of interracial coopera- 6. To bring /Nether in round-table' discus- tion.

Membership in the Pan-Pacific Union

EMBERSHIP in the Pan-Pacific Union is available; lecture hall and equipment; library; open to men and women, not only of reading and work room; a forwarding address M Pacific countries, but to all who are inter- for all correspondence, and all available services ested in Pan-Pacific scientific research, informa- of the Pan-Pacific Union staff. tion on current and historical development of NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS: Identification by the Pacific area, and in the promotion of mutual official membership card which entitles the holder understanding and harmony among Pacific to the courtesies and facilities of Pan-Pacific peoples in relation to the interests of peoples Union headquarters in Honolulu and of all affil- throughout the world. iated Pan-Pacific associations through Pa- CLASSES O. MEMBERSHIP: Member- cific countries. ship comprises Resident Members (i.e., resident SUSTAINING MEMBERS: Whether resident or in the City and County of Honolulu), Non- non-resident, sustaining members are entitled to resident Members (i.e., outside the City and all privileges within the scope of the Pan-Pacific County of Honolulu), and Sustaining Members Union and to recognition by affiliated Pan-Pa- (i.e., resident anywhere in the world or in the cific associations and clubs throughout Pacific City and County of Honolulu). countries. MEMBERSHIP FEES: (There is no en- AFFILIATED ASSOCIATIONS AND CLUBS: Certain trance fee.) Pan-Pacific associations and clubs impose their RESIDENT MEMBERS, annual, $7.00. Life mem- local membership fees according to their indi- bership, $200.00. (Nom: Residents of the City vidual requirements. and County of Honolulu can, if they wish, take official publica- the status of non-resident members.) THE MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, tion of the Pan-Pacific Union, is published to NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS, annual, $3.50. Life further its purposes and for the satisfaction and membership, $100.00. entertainment of its members. Supported by SUSTAINING MEMBERS, annual, $10.00. Life memberships in the Pan-Pacific Union and by membership, $300.00. patrons of its advertising pages, all receipts are PRIVILEGES: (All memberships include invested in the magazine itself or in projects subscription to the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE.) directly affecting the work of the Pan-Pacific RESIDENT MEMBERS: Use of the Pan-Pacific Union. Membership in any classification includes Research Institution, Honolulu, which offers subscription to the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, pleasant and economical living quarters when mailed to any address in the world.

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

To the PAN-PACIFIC UNION, 1067 Alakea St., HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A.

Resident I hereby apply for Non-Residentmembership in the PAN-PACIFIC UNION, and enclose Sustaining ./

years cheque for $ in payment of fees for C, s including subscription to ( life (Fees: Resident, annual $7.00; Life, $200.00. Non-resident, annual $3.50; the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE. Life $100.00. Sustaining, annual $10.00; Life $300.00.)

NAME

ADDRESS MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Page A-1

Next Issue to Feature Hawaii

AWAII will be featured in the there will be articles on various Pacific next issue ( October-December ) countries, including: Japan by Night Of MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, Of- and Day, a travelogue by Charles R. H ficial publication of your Pan- Frazier, prominent in Hawaii's business Pacific Union. Among the many arti- life, who has toured expensively out- cles, profusely illustrated from photo- of-the-way corners of Japan. His hob- graphs, will be an account of the ex- by is amateur photography and some pedition successfully made this summer of his beautiful views of rural Japan to the summit (13,825 feet) of Mauna will adorn the tale. Kea (White Mountain) on the Island Featured in the Journal of the Pan- of Hawaii. The expedition was spon- Pacific Research Institution section of sored by the Hawaiian Academy of your magazine will appear the first in- Science and led by its president, Dr. stallment of a complete catalogue of the Chester K. Wentworth. fishes of Washington and Oregon, with Contents will include also authorita- distributional records and a bibliog- tive articles on race biology, education, raphy by Leonard P. Schultz and Allan horticulture, agriculture, geology, geog- C. DeLacy of the Department of Fish- raphy, volcanology, anthropology, eth- eries, University of Walhington. nology, natural history, ancient Hawai- All members of the Pan-Pacific Union ian sports and games, history of the receive the MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE as Bishop Museum—in fact, the number one of the privileges of membership. If will be a panorama in words and pic- you are not yet a member, it is hoped tures of the Hawaii of today and yes- your application (see opposite page) terday. may be received in time to begin with In addition to the Hawaii features, the next issue. 7,4 Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada The Leading International Life Insurance Company Assets exceed $660,000,000 Honolulu Branch Office, 201 McCandless Building 41eNeAc ,FeNce,N * MACDONALD HOTEL * In cool, beautiful Punahou District 1402 Punahou Street, Honolulu, Hawaii Cable Address: Naniward

American Plan Family Accommodations Excellent Cuisine Buses to Waikiki Beach and Town Moderate Rates Further information gladly given upon request Page A-2 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

Prominent Business Houses of Hawaii

Geology of Hawaii The Hawaiian Electric Co., Ltd., with a power station generating capacity of How Nature builds a volcanic island is 32,000 K.W., furnishes lighting and scientifically, dramatically, told in a book recently off the press. power service to Honolulu and to the entire island of Oahu. It also maintains AN ISLAND IS BORN—Norah D. its cold storage and ice-making plant, Stearns. 115 pages; 55 illustra- supplying the city with ice for home tions from photographs, diagrams, consumption. The firm acts as electrical graphs; deals with building of the contractors, cold storage, warehousemen basaltic island, Oahu, Hawaii, from and deals in all kinds of electrical sup- beneath the sea to full develop- plies, completely wiring and equipping ment. $1.25 a copy, postpaid to buildings and private residences. Its any address. splendid new offices facing the civic center are now completed and form one HONOLULU STAR-BULLETIN of the architectural ornaments to the city. Publishers HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A. The Honolulu Dairymen's Associa- • tion supplies the pure milk used for Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended children and adults in Honolulu. It to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and also supplies the city with ice cream Renny Co., Ltd, 20 South Queen Street. for desserts. Its main office is in the Men of almost every Pacific race are Purity Inn at Beretania and Keeaumoku employed by this firm, and the men of streets. The milk of the Honolulu each race seem fitted for some particular Dairymen's Association is pure, it is part of the work, so that quick and effi- rich, and it is pasteurized. The Asso- cient is the loading and unloading of ciation has had the experience of more vessels in Honolulu. than a generation, and it has called upon science in perfecting its plant and The Mutual Telephone Company its methods of handling milk and de- was incorporated July 25th, 1883, and at the present livering it in sealed bottles to its cus- time owns and operates 24,489 telephones in the Terri- tomers. tory of Hawaii distributed throughout the various islands as follows : Oahu 19,109 Ilawaii __ 2,486 Maui 1,728 The Haleakala Ranch Company, with Kauai 938 head offices at Makawao, on the Island Molokai 228 The islands are connected with an inter-island radio of Maui, is, as its name indicates, a telephone system; also, an inter-island and ship-to- shore radio telegraph service is furnished, this being cattle ranch on the slopes of the great the oldest commercial inter-island system in the world, established October 31, 1899. mountain of Haleakala, rising 10,000 The transpacific radio telephone system, by which feet above the sea. This ranch breeds telephone connection with the world can be made, was established December 23, 1931, and is operated jointly pure Hereford cattle and is looking to by the Mutual Telephone Company, the Radio Cor- a future when it will supply fine bred poration of America and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. cattle to the markets and breeders in The merchandise department of the company special- Hawaii. izes in radio equipment, and an electric time service is operated in the city of Honolulu.

The Matson - Lassco - Oceanic Steam- The City Transfer Company, at Pier 11, ship Company maintains a regular, fast, has its motor trucks meet all incoming reliable passenger and freight service steamers and it gathers baggage from between Honolulu and San Francisco, every part of the city for delivery to Los Angeles, South Seas, New Zealand the outgoing steamers. This company and Australia. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., are receives, and puts in storage until needed, local agents for the line, whose comfort, excess baggage of visitors to Honolulu service and cuisine are noted among and finds many ways to serve its patrons. world travelers. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935 Page A-3

Home of the American Factors, Limited Fort at Queen Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

Sugar Plantation Agents Wholesale General Merchandise Insurance

American Factors, Limited HONOLULU, HAWAII Page A-4 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1935

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd.

Anyone who has ever visited the Ha- Ltd.; Baldwin Packers, Ltd.; The Mat- waiian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd.; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 30 years by & Marine Insurance Co. ; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd.; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd.; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co.; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd.; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd.; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation ; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED. Company, Honolulu Plantation. Com- C . Honolulu, with a capital stock pany. Hawaiian AgricultAiral Company, of $8.000,000, was established in 1826. Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company. It represents the following Sugar Plan- Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company. tations: Hilo Sugar Company, Onomea Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company. Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Com- pany. Wailuku Sugar Company. Pe- as well as the Baldwin Locomotive peekeo Sugar Company, Waimanalo Works and Kapapala Ranch. All forms Sugar Company. Hakalan Plantation of insurance.

Hawaii is truly the Pacific's Paradise COME ANY TIME . . . . IT'S ALWAYS FINE

Worm in Winter .. Cool in Summer

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On Waikiki Beach

Reservations and rates may be obtained through any steamship line, railroad or travel bureau or by writing direct to

Operating ARTHUR BENAGL1A, Managing Director Royal Hawaiian Hotel HAWAIIAN HOTELS, LTD. Moana-Seaside Hotel e; Bungalows HONOLULU, HAWAII Cable Address: ROYALHOTEL VI7aialae Golf Club

Frequent Sailings to VICTORIA

VANCOUVER Canada on the great White Empresses of the Canadian Pacific Fleet

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TRANSCONTINENTAL SERVICE: Fast trains through 600 miles of snow-capped Canadian Rockies. Daily service to Chicago,'Foronto and Montreal. Con- venient connections for all points east.

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THE WORLD'S GREATEST TRAVEL SYSTEM