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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10532-4 — Earth History and Palaeogeography Trond H. Torsvik , L. Robin M. Cocks Index More Information Index Aalenian Stage, Jurassic, 209 Andrarum Limestone, Sweden, 100 Austrazean brachiopod Province, 192 absolute plate motion, 36 Angara Massif, Siberia, 99, 135, 172 Avalonia Continent, 41, 51, 90, 112, 128, 141 Acadian Orogeny, 145 Angaran floral Province, 174, 191 Aves Ridge, 48 Acanthostega amphibian, 154 Angayucham Ocean, 146, 186 Axel Heiberg Island, Canada, 44, 203, 253 Acatlán Complex, Mexico, 141 Anisian Stage, Triassic, 196 Achala granite, Argentina, 164 Annamia Continent, 66, 92, 98, 115, 142, 164, Baffin Bay, Canada, 251 Achalian Orogeny, 141 186 Bajocian Stage, Jurassic, 209 acritarchs, 113 Annamia–South China continent, 129 Balkhash–Mongol–Okhotsk Region, 156 Admiralty Granite, Antarctica, 164 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 254 Baltic Shield, 99 Adria Terrane, 261 Antarctic ice sheet, 272 Baltica Continent, 15, 50, 109 Adriatic promontory, 245 Antarctic Peninsula, 72, 128, 189, 238 Banda Arc, 67 Ægir Ocean, 86, 139 Antarctic Plate, 226 Banda Embayment, 261 Ægir Ridge, 251 Antarctica, 69 Banggi–Sula, Indonesia, 67 Afar LIP, 249, 264, 273 Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco, 164 Barbados Prism, 48 Afghanistan, 63, 142 Anticosti Island, Canada, 122, 136 Barents Sea, 44, 52, 184, 201, 251 African Plate, 13 Antler Orogeny, 44, 146 Barguzin Terrane, Siberia, 56, 151 age of the Earth, 77 Anyui, Russian Arctic, 55 Barremian Stage, Cretaceous, 220 Agulhas–Falkland Fracture Zone, 212 Appalachians, 145, 184 Bartonian, Eocene, 241 Ala Shan Terrane, China and Mongolia, 56, Apparent Polar Wander (APW) paths, 15 Bashkirian Stage, Carboniferous, 160 145 Appohimchi brachiopod Subprovince, 157 Bathonian Stage, Jurassic, 209 Alabama, 145 Aptian Stage, Cretaceous, 220 bathyurid trilobite Province, 26, 112 Alazeya Volcanic Arc, 214 Apulia, Italy, 51 Bay of Biscay opening, 230 Albian Stage, Cretaceous, 220 Aquitaine Basin, France, 51 Beacon Group, Antarctica, 155 Alborz Mountains, Iran, 174 Arabian Peninsula, 177 Beaufort Series, South Africa, 206 Alborz Terrane, Iran, 62 Arabian Plate, 62, 199, 237 Beishan, China, 144 Aldan Shield, Siberia, 54 archaeocyathids, 98 belemnites, 217, 239 Alexander Terrane, 46, 131, 146, 184 Archaeopteryx bird, 218 Belt–Purcell terranes, 44 algal mats, 135 Arctic Alaska Terrane, 41, 203 Benambran Orogeny, Australia, 105 Algeria, 177, 259 Arctic Alaska–Chukotka Microcontinent, 41, benthic animals, 24 Alleghanian Orogeny, 41, 163, 176, 184 98, 109, 130, 146 Benthic Assemblages, 134 Alpha Ridge, Arctic Ocean, 201, 231 Arctic islands of Canada, 146 benthic foraminifera, 254 Alpine Fault, New Zealand, 72 Arctic Ocean, 41, 251 Bering Sea, 226, 245 Alpine Orogeny, 50, 54, 234, 241 Arenig Stage, Ordovician, 102 Bering Straits, 269 Alpine Tethys Ocean, 234, 259 Arequipa–Antofalla Block, 92 land bridge, 254 Altaid terranes, 94, 191 Argentina, 186, 199, 284 Berriasian Stage, Cretaceous, 220 Altai–Salair terranes, 55 Argo Margin LIP, 209 Bhimphelian Orogeny, 102 Altai–Sayan terranes, 94, 109, 136, 149 Armorican Massif, 51, 86 bigotinid trilobite Realm, 97 Altyn Tagh Fault, 56 Armorican Terrane Assemblage (ATA), 50, bioherms, 27, 194 Alum Shales, Sweden, 100 92, 139 birds, 269 Amazonia Craton, 46 Artinskian Stage, Permian, 179 bivalve molluscs, 217 Amerasian Basin, Arctic Ocean, 41, 220 Ashgill Stage, Ordovician, 102 Boda Event, 279 ammonites, 205, 238 Asselian Stage, Permian, 179 Boda Limestone, Sweden, 118 amphibia, 154, 175 Atashu–Zhamshi Terrane, Kazakhstan, 58, Bohemia, Czech Republic, 52, 139 Amuria Continent, 57, 149–50, 172, 189 106, 128, 145, 156, 168, 188 Bokkeveld Group, South Africa, 67 Anabar Massif, Siberia, 54, 99, 135, 172 Atlantic Ocean, 8, 41, 202 Bonaire, Caribbean, 48 Anatolian Plate, 62, 261 Atlas Mountains, Morocco, 69, 196 Bonaparte Basin, Australia, 156 Andes Mountains, 230, 264 atmospheric pCO2 , 273, 278 Boothia Uplift, 129 Andes Terranes, 48 Australia, 69, 92, 141 Boreal ammonite Realm, 200, 285 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10532-4 — Earth History and Palaeogeography Trond H. Torsvik , L. Robin M. Cocks Index More Information 312 INDEX Boreal Realm brachiopods, 192 Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), 54, 106 sea levels, 234 Borneo, 66 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) Cretaceous Normal Superchron, 8 Boshchekul Microcontinent, 62, 106, 128 LIP, 21, 47, 196, 273, 285 Crete, 52 Brabant Massif, Belgium, 145 Central Atlantic Ocean, 212, 222, 230 crocodiles, 217, 239 Brazil, 131, 228, 284 opening, 209 Cuba, 47 Brooks Range, Alaska, 237 Central Atlantic Ridge, 212 Cuyania Terrane, Argentina, 89, 115, 134 Browns Fork Orogeny, 186 Central Iberian Zone, Spain, 102 cyanobacteria, 83, 135 bryozoa, 113, 238 Central Mongolian Terrane Assemblage, 56, Cyprus, 62, 234 bryozoan reefs, 176 95, 99, 109, 133, 135, 151 Bullard fit, 18 Central North Sea Graben, 181, 235 Dampier Ridge, Pacific Ocean, 76 Bunbury LIP, 221 chalk, 235 Dapingian Stage, Ordovician, 102 Bunter Sandstone, 195, 206 Challenger Plateau, near New Zealand, 73 Darriwilian Stage, Ordovician, 102 Burgess Shale, Canada, 97 Chanthaburi Terrane, 186 Dashwoods Terrane, Newfoundland, 106 Burma, 241 Chatham Rise, 72 Deccan Traps LIP, 62, 220, 234, 273, 286 Buru, Indonesia, 67 Chazca Ocean Plate, 76 deciduous trees, 218 chemolithotrophs, 83 deep-sea vents, 83 Caborca Terrane, 46 Chengjiang Fauna, China, 97 Delamerian Orogeny, 92 Cache Creek Ocean, 76 Chersky Terrane, Russia, 55 Detroit Seamount, Pacific Ocean, 249 Cache Creek Plate, 196, 209–10 Chesterfield Plateau, Pacific, 73 development of modern reef systems, 205 Cadomian Orogeny, 86 Chile, 164, 184, 199, 238 Devon Island, Canada, 44 Calabria, Italy, 52 Chingiz–Tarbagatai Terrane, Kazakhstan, 58, Devonian, 138 calcareous nannoplankton, 254, 267 128, 145, 179 climates, 284 Caledonian Front, 132 chitinozoa, 113 Devonshire, England, 157 Caledonide Orogeny, 41, 126, 149, 291 Chicxulub meteorite, 241 Dian-Qiong Suture Zone, China, 179 calymenacean–dalmanitacean trilobite Chortis Terrane, Mexico, 47, 189 Dictyophyllum Flora, 218 Province, 26, 112 Chu–Ili Terrane, Kazakhstan, 58, 98, 156 dicynodont amphibians, 205 Cambrian climates, 278 Chukotka Terrane, 55 dikelokephalinid trilobite Province, 112 Cambrian Explosion, 97 Cimmerian Orogeny, 199, 214, 291 dinosaurs, 217, 237 Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils, 99 Cimmerian terranes, 22, 196, 209 eggs, 237 Campanian Stage, Cretaceous, 220 Cincinnati, Ohio, 116 divergent plate boundaries, 5 Canadian Arctic, 136, 193 Cisuralian Series, Permian, 179 Dniestr River, Ukraine, 127 Canning Basin, Australia, 156 Clarkeia brachiopod Fauna, 134 Dorset, England, 209 Cape Fold Belt, South Africa, 67 coal deposits, 28, 174, 206, 276 Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, 73, 142, Capitanian Stage, Permian, 179 Coal Forests, 285 228 Caradoc Stage, Ordovician, 102 Coal Measures, England, 159 Dunnage Zone, Newfoundland, 94 carbon isotope excursions, 274 Coastal Batholith, Chile, 164 Carboniferous, 160 coccolithophores, 235 Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, 275 brachiopod provinces, 175 Cocos Ocean Plate, 76, 258 Earth climates, 284 colonisation of the land, 152 axis of rotation, 272 coals, 174 Colorado, South America, 50 magnetic field, 13, 84, 273 Caribbean LIP, 220 Columbia River Basalt LIP, 256 orbit, 272 Caribbean Plate, 257 Coniacian Stage, Cretaceous, 220 East African LIP, 241 Caribbean region, 46 conifers, 206, 218, 238 East Antarctica, 10, 249 Carnian Stage, Triassic, 196 conodonts, 193, 217 Eastern Klamath Terrane, 46, 184 Carolina Slate Belt, 41 Cooksonia plant, 135 echinoids, 217, 255 Carolinia Terrane, 46 corals, 193, 205, 269 Edren Terrane, Mongolia, 57 Carpathian Mountains, 51, 234 Cordillera of North America, 226 Eifelian Stage, Devonian, 139 Caspian Sea, 54 core–mantle boundary, 23, 259 El Capitan Reef, Texas, 193 Cathaysian floral Province, 65, 166, 174, 191 Corsica–Sardinia block, 51, 261 Ellesmere Island, Canada, 44, 109, 251 Caucasus Mountains, 54 Cortez Terrane, Mexico, 47 Ellesmerian Orogeny, 131, 146, 168, 291 Caucasus–Mangyshlak Terrane, 53 Costa Rica, 48 Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica, 72, 155 Cayman Trough, 47, 259 Cow Head Group, Newfoundland, 98 Emeishan LIP, China, 23, 186 Cenomanian sea-level rise, 235 Cretaceous, 219 Emperor–Hawaii Bend, 247 Cenomanian Stage, Cretaceous, 220 climates, 234, 286 Emperor–Hawaii Chain, 11, 261 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10532-4 — Earth History and Palaeogeography Trond H. Torsvik , L. Robin M. Cocks Index More Information INDEX 313 Emsian Stage, Devonian, 139 Girvan, Scotland, 137 Heilonjiang Terrane, China, 193 End Cretaceous mass extinction, 272 Givetian Stage, Devonian, 139 Hengenshan Suture, China, 175 End Ordovician mass extinction, 122, 272 glacial deposits, 27, 278 Hettangian Stage, Jurassic, 209 End Permian mass extinction, 194, 272 glaciations High Arctic LIP, 220 End Triassic mass extinction, 206, 239, 272 Precambrian, 79 High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, 69 Enderby Basin, 228 Ordovician, 117, 279 Himalayan brachiopod Province, 192 Eocene, 241 Permian–Carboniferous, 175, 284 Himalayan Orogeny, 65, 241, 291 Estonia, 137 Plio-Pleistocene, 267, 287 Himalayas, 141, 228 Etendeka (Namibia) LIP, 20 Glass Mountains, Texas, 193 Hindu Kush, 65 Ethiopia, 69 global moving hotspot reference frame Hirnantia brachiopod Fauna, 122, 279 Eukaryotes, 84 (GMHRF), 10, 32 Hirnantian glaciation, 27, 122, 279 Euler poles, 8 global sea-level variations, 273 Hirnantian
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    Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 152, 1995, pp. 903-906, 5 figs. Printed in Northern Ireland compression in the Early Devonian led to the inversion of the Timan and Varandey-Adz'va rifts to form ridges, which Tectonic evolution of the northern Ural acted as the source for the Middle Devonian clastic rocks Orogen found in the Timan-Pechora Basin. However, by the mid-Frasnian, shallow marine conditions were re- established, with carbonates deposited on highs and S. C. OTTO 1 & R. J. BAILEY 2 'Domanik' facies organic-rich shales laid down in the lPetroconsultants (UK) Ltd, 266 Upper Richmond intervening lows. Road, London SW15 6TQ, UK Closure of the ocean began in the Tournaisian, and 2Victoria Villa, 5 Station Road, Southwell, eastward subduction under the Siberian craton is made Nottinghamshire NG25 OET, UK evident by basement of volcanic island arc affinity found only to the east of the Urals (Churkin et al. 1981). In the Timan-Pechora Basin, the transpressional reactivation of faults resulted in the complete inversion of the earlier rifts. Local highs were formed, such as the Usa and Vozey highs, The closure of the Uralian Ocean occurred in Early Permian-Early which were a source of clastics during the Late Triassic time. In the northern Ural fold belt, overthrusting to the Tournaisian-Early Visean. Throughout the remainder of west produced a major foreland basin to the west of the mountain chain. In contrast, in the northern extension of the Ural Orogen, the Carboniferous and into the earliest Permian, the basin the Taymyr fold belt, thrusting was directed to the SE.
  • 3D Seismic Velocity Structure Around Plate Boundaries and Active Fault Zones 47

    3D Seismic Velocity Structure Around Plate Boundaries and Active Fault Zones 47

    ProvisionalChapter chapter 3 3D Seismic Velocity Structure AroundAround PlatePlate BoundariesBoundaries and Active Fault Zones and Active Fault Zones Mohamed K. Salah Mohamed K. Salah Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/65512 Abstract Active continental margins, including most of those bordering continents facing the Pacific Ocean, have many earthquakes. These continental margins mark major plate boundaries and are usually flanked by high mountains and deep trenches, departing from the main elevations of continents and ocean basins, and they also contain active volcanoes and, sometimes, active fault zones. Thus, most earthquakes occur predomi‐ nantly at deep‐sea trenches, mid‐ocean spreading ridges, and active mountain belts on continents. These earthquakes generate seismic waves; strong vibrations that propagate away from the earthquake focus at different speeds, due to the release of stored stress. Along their travel path from earthquake hypocenters to the recording stations, the seismic waves can image the internal Earth structure through the application of seismic tomography techniques. In the last few decades, there have been many advances in the theory and application of the seismic tomography methods to image the 3D structure of the Earth's internal layers, especially along major plate boundaries. Applications of these new techniques to arrival time data enabled the detailed imaging of active fault zones, location of magma chambers beneath active volcanoes, and the forecasting of future major earthquakes in seismotectonically active regions all over the world. Keywords: 3D seismic structure, seismic tomography, Vp/Vs ratio, plate boundaries, crustal structure 1.