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Supplement of the Genesis of Yedoma Ice Complex Permafrost – Grain-Size Endmember Modeling Analysis from Siberia and Alaska

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Supplement of the Genesis of Yedoma Ice Complex Permafrost – Grain-Size Endmember Modeling Analysis from Siberia and Alaska Supplement of E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 69, 33–53, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-33-2020-supplement © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Supplement of The genesis of Yedoma Ice Complex permafrost – grain-size endmember modeling analysis from Siberia and Alaska Lutz Schirrmeister et al. Correspondence to: Lutz Schirrmeister ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 4.0 License. Supplementary material Table S1: Overview of current hypotheses about the formation of Yedoma deposits during the last ~120 years of research. Origin Reference (1) Fluvial, alluvial and proluvial Fluvial and alluvial sediments of meandering rivers Katasonov (1975) Floodplain sediments Popov (1953, 1969) Proluvial slope sediments Romanovsky (1958) Slagoda (1991, 1993, 2004) Vtyurin et al.( 1957) (2) Aeolian Cryogenic-aeolian (“loess ice”) loess and Murton et al. (2015, 2017) retransported loess Péwé (1955, 1975) Péwé and Journaux (1983) Tomirdiaro (1982, 1996) Tomirdiaro et al. (1984) Tomirdiaro and Chernen’kiy (1987) Walter et al. (2007) (3) Lacustrine and palustrine Sediments of river deltas and swamps dammed by a Nagaoka (1994) shelf ice sheet Nagaoka et al. (1995) (4) Glacial and proglacial Buried remnants of glaciers Grosswald (1983, 1998) Proglacial deposits in basins dammed by a shelf Toll (1895) glacier Vollosowitch (1914) (5) Marine-estuarine-lagoon Near-shore marine and lagoon deposits Bol’shiyanov et al. (2013) (6) Polygenetic Polygenetic deposits as products of fluvial, lacustrine, Konishchev (1987) palustrine, slope, aeolian transport Sher (1997) Schirrmeister et al. (2011, 2013) (7) Nival -polygenetic Nival-polygenetic deposits as products of aeolian, Galabala (1997) fluvial, solifluction transport from melting extensive Kunitsky (1989), Kunitsky et al. perennial snow patches in non-glaciated Siberia (2002) References Bol’shiyanov D.Yu. Makarov, A.S., Schneider, V., and Stof, G.: Formation and development of the Lena River Delta, St Petersburg: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 267 pp., 2013 (in Russian). Galabala, R.O.: Pereletki and the initiation of glaciation in Siberia, Quaternary International 41–42, 27-32, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(96)00033-X, 1997. Grosswald, M.G.: Glaciation of continental shelves, in: Itogi nauki i tekhniki. VINITI. Paleogeografiya. Vyp. 1. M., VINITI, 1-165, 1983 (in Russian). Grosswald, M.G.: Late-Weichselian ice sheets in Arctic and Pacific Siberia. Quaternary International, 45/46, 3-18, doi: 10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00002-5, 1998. 1 Katasonov, E.M.: Frozen ground and facial analysis of Pleistocene deposits and paleogeography of central Yakutia, Biuletyn peryglacjalny, 24, 33-41, 1975. Konishchev, V.N. Origin of loess-like silt in Northern Yakutia, USSR, Geo-Journal, 15 (2), 135-139, 1987 (in Russian). Kunitsky, V., Schirrmeister, L., Grosse, G., and Kienast, F.: Snow patches in nival landscapes and their role for the Ice Complex formation in the Laptev Sea coastal lowlands, Polarforschung, 70, 53-67, doi: 10.2312/polarforschung.70.53, 2002. Kunitsky, V.V.: Cryolithogenesis of the lower Lena. Permafrost Institute, Academy of Science USSR, Siberian Department, pp. 162, Yakutsk, 1989 (in Russian). Murton, J.B., Goslar, T., Edwards, M.E., Bateman, M.D., Danilov, P.P., Savvinov, G.N., and Gubin, S.V.: Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation of Yedoma Silt (Ice Complex) Deposition as Cold-Climate Loess, Duvanny Yar, Northeast Siberia, Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 26, 208-288, doi: 10.1002/ppp.1843, 2015. Murton, J.B., Edwards, M.E., Lozhkin, A.V., Anderson, P.M., Savvinov, G.N., Bakulina, N., Bondarenko, O.V., Cherepanova, M., Danilov, P.P., Boeskorov, V., Goslar, T., Grigoriev, S., Gubin, S.V., Korzun, J., Lupachev, A. V., Tikhonov, A., Tsygankova, V.I., and Zanina, O.G.: Preliminary paleoenvironmental analysis of permafrost deposits at Batagaika megaslump, Yana Uplands, northeast Siberia, Quaternary Research 87(2), 314-330, doi: 10.1017/qua.2016.15, 2017. Nagaoka, D.: Properties of Ice Complex deposits in Eastern Siberia, in: Proceedings of the Second Symposium on the Joint Siberian Permafrost Studies between Japan and Russia, Isebu Tsukuba-Japan, 1993, 14-18, 1994. Nagaoka, D., Saijo, K., and Fukuda, M.: Sedimental environment of the Edoma in high Arctic eastern Siberia, in: Takahashi, K., Osawa, A., and Kanazawa, Y. (eds.): Proceedings of the Third Symposium on the Joint Siberian Permafrost Studies between Japan and Russia, Tsukuba, Japan, 1994, 8-13, 1995. Péwé T.L.: Origin of the upland silt near Fairbanks, Alaska, Geological Society of America Bulletin 66: 699–724, 1955. Péwé T.L.: Quaternary geology of Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 835, p. 143, 1975. Péwé, T.L., and Journaux, A.: Origin and character of loess-like silt in unglaciated south-central Yakutia, Siberia, USSR. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1262, p. 46, 1983. Popov, A.I.: Features of lithogenesis of alluvial plains under the conditions of cold climate. Izvestiya AN SSSR, ser. geogr., 2, 29-41, 1953 (in Russian). Popov, A.I.: Underground ice in the Quaternary deposits of the Yana-lndigirka Lowland as a genetic and stratigraphic indicator, in: The Periglacial Environment, Past and Present, ed. T.L. Péwé (Montreal, McGill-Queen's Univ. Press), 55-64, 1969. Romanovsky, N.N.: Paleogeographic conditions of formation of the Quaternary deposits on Bol'shoy Lyakhovskiy Island (Novosibirsk Islands). Voprosy fizicheskoy geografii polyarnykh stran. Vyp. 1, M., MGU, Geografich. fakul'tet, 80-88, 1958 (in Russian). Schirrmeister, L., Kunitsky, V. V., Grosse, G., Wetterich, S., Meyer, H., Schwamborn, G., Babiy, O., Derevyagin, A. Y., Siegert, C.: Sedimentary characteristics and origin of the Late Pleistocene Ice Complex on North-East Siberian Arctic coastal lowlands and islands - a review, Quaternary International 241, 3-25, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.04.004, 2011. Schirrmeister, L., Froese, D., Tumskoy, V., Grosse,G., Wetterich, S.: Yedoma: Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of Beringia. In: Elias S.A. (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 2nd edition, vol. 3, pp. 542-552. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013. Sher, A.: Yedoma as a store of paleoenvironmental records in Beringida. Beringian Paleoenvironmental Workshop (abstracts and program), eds. Elias S. and Brigham-Grette, J. 92-94, 1997. 2 Slagoda, E.A.: Microstructure features of the deposits of Ice Complexes in Northern Yakutia (by the example of Bykovsky Peninsula; in: Kriologiya pochv. Pushchino, IPFS PNTs AN SSSR, ed. D.A. Gilichinskiy, 38-47, 1991 (in Russian). Slagoda, E.A.: Genesis and rnicrostructure of cryolithogenic deposits at the Bykovsky Peninsula and the Muostakh [unpubl. Diss., Yakutsk, RAS Siberian Section, Perrnafrost Institute, 218 p., 1993 (in Russian). Slagoda, E.A.: Cryolithogenic Deposits of the Laptev Sea Coastal Plain: Lithology and Micromorphology. Tyumen, Russia: Publishing and Printing Centre Express, 2004 (in Russian). Toll, E.V.: Die fossilen Eislager und ihre Beziehungen zu den Marnrnuthleichen. Wissenschaftliche Resultate des Yanalandes und der Neusibirischen Inseln. Mern. Acad. Irnper. Sci. Si.-Petersbourg, VII Serie, 17, 13, St.-Petersbourg, 1-86, 7 Taf., 1895. Tomirdiaro, S.V.: Evolution of lowland landscapes in northern Asia during Late Quaternary time, in: Paleoecology of Beringia, ed. D.V. Hopkins, J.V. Matthews, Jr., Ch.E. Schweger, and S.B. Young (New York, NY: Academic Press), 29-37, 1982. Tomirdiaro, S.V.: Palaeogeography of Beringia and Arctida, in: American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Beringia, ed. C.F. West (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press), 58-69, 1996. Tomirdiaro, S.V., and Chernen'kiy, O.: Cryogenic deposits of East Arctic and Sub Arctic.- AN SSSR Far-East-Science Centre, 196 pp., 1987 (in Russian). Tomirdiaro, S.V., Arslanov, Kh.A., Chernen'kiy, B.I., Tertychnaya, T.V., and Prokhorova, T.N.: New data on formation of loess-ice sequences in Northern Yakutia and ecological conditions of rnammoth fauna in the Arctic during the late Pleistocene. Doklady AN SSSR, 278, 6, 1446-1449, 1984 (in Russian). Vollossovitch, K.A.: Mammoth of the Bolshoy Lyakhov Island (Novosibirsk Islands). Geological essay, Zapiski Irnp. Mineral. o-va, ser.2, t. 50, Petrograd, Tipo-litografiya Birkenfel'da, 305-338, 1914 (in Russian). Vtyurin, B.I., Grigoryev, N.F., Katasonov, E.M., Kuznetsova, T.P., Shvetsov, P.F., and Shumskii, P.A.: Local stratigraphic scheme of Quaternary deposits at the Laptev Sea coast. Leningrad, Proceedings of the Interdepartmental Council for the Edition of a Unified Stratigraphical Scheme of Siberia. 564-572, 1957 in Russian). Walter, K.M., Edwards, M.E., Grosse, G., Zimov, S.A., and Chapin, F.S.: Thermokarst lakes as a source of atmospheric CH4 during the last deglaciation. Science 318, 633-636, doi: 10.1126/science.1142924, 2007. 3 Table S2: Study sites, coordinates, geological and geomorphological characteristics, and corresponding site-specific publications. Loc Location Elevati Age °N °E bedrock/ parent rock Distance to mountains, rivers, . on (kyr) past glacier border lines No. (m asl) (Kaufmann et al., 2004; Archipov et al., 1986, 1988; Ehlers et al., 2011) Alaska 1 Colville River 250 69.03 -155.44 Cretaceous sedimentary bedrock 80 km N of Brooks Range, at the (Grosse et al., 2015) 120 45 - 13 69.30 -152.32 in the rolling foothills of the Colville River, 78 km and 94 km Brooks Range N of the Laurentian Ice Sheet 2 Itkillik River 85 >47.5 - 14 69.57
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