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Размеры Тела Шерстистого Мамонта Mammuthus Primigenius (Blumenbach) Второй Половины Позднего Плейстоцена Севера Восточной Сибири Г.Г

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Размеры Тела Шерстистого Мамонта Mammuthus Primigenius (Blumenbach) Второй Половины Позднего Плейстоцена Севера Восточной Сибири Г.Г ПРИРОДНЫЕ РЕСУРСЫ АРКТИКИ И СУБАРКТИКИ, 2021, Т. 26, № 1 УДК562/569:566/569 DOI10.31242/2618-9712-2021-26-1-4 Размеры тела шерстистого мамонта Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach) второй половины позднего плейстоцена севера Восточной Сибири Г.Г.Боескоров Институт геологии алмаза и благородных металлов СО РАН, Якутск, Россия [email protected] Аннотация. Проанализированы сведения о размерах тела шерстистого мамонта Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach) второй половины позднего плейстоцена севера Восточной Сибири (Яку- тия, п-ов Таймыр, западная Чукотка). Статья основана на оригинальных данных автора, прини- мавшего участие в исследовании морфологических особенностей замороженных останков мумий и скелетов мамонтов, найденных на территории Якутии за последние 30 лет: Чурапчинский, Максу- нуохский, Юкагирский мамонты; часть скелета мамонта с р. Зимовье (остров Большой Ляховс- кий). Отдельно измерен скелет Тирехтяхского мамонта. Кроме того, проанализированы литера- турные данные по размерам тела шерстистого мамонта второй половины позднего плейстоцена Восточной Сибири и других регионов. Предыдущими исследователями отмечалось, что высота в холке взрослых самцов M. primigenius с территории Якутии и Таймыра близка таковой самцов ази- атского (индийского) слона Elephas maximus L. Отсюда был сделан вывод, что и общие размеры тела у шерстистого мамонта схожи с таковыми азиатского слона. В данной статье, основанной на более обширном материале, показано, что хотя шерстистый мамонт действительно был очень схож по высоте в холке с современным E. maximus, в то же время тело у него было в среднем длин- нее, голова больше, т. е. пропорции тела у этих видов были разными. По-видимому, особенности пропорций тела шерстистого мамонта способствовали его лучшему выживанию в условиях ледни- кового периода. Ключевые слова:шерстистыймамонт,Mammuthus primigenius,позднийплейстоцен,размеры тела,ВосточнаяСибирь.. Благодарности. Работа выполнена в рамках проекта № 0381-2019-0002 по госзаданию ИГАБМ СО РАН. Введение кимобразом,шерстистыймамонтбылвысокоспе- Запоследниедесятилетияврезультатеизуче- циализированнымвидоммамонтовогобиома. нияновыхнаходокиприменениясовременных ОпираясьнаэкогеографическоеправилоБерг- методовисследованияполученфактическийма- мана,можнопредположить,чтомамонты,оби- териал,позволяющийболееобоснованносудить тавшиевусловияххолодногоклиматасеверных оприспособленияхшерстистогомамонтакусло- широт, были крупнее современных слонов. Так виямсуществованияварктическойисубаркти- считалинекоторыеспециалистыпохоботным[7]. ческой «тундростепи» позднего плейстоцена. Этосправедливовотношениигигантскоготрогон- Mummuthus primigeniusобладалкомплексомспе- териевогомамонтаMammuthus trogontherii(Pohlig, цифическиханатомо-морфологических(густая 1889),жившеговраннемисреднемплейстоцене, длиннаятрехъяруснаяшерсть,маленькиеуши, высотавхолкеукоторогодостигала4[8]идаже короткий хвост, жировой «горб», «капюшон- 4,5м[9,10].Болеепозднийшерстистыймамонт, ное»расширениенахоботе,широкиеподошвы существовавший во второй половине среднего ног)[1–5]ифизиологических(пониженнаячув- плейстоценаивпозднемплейстоцене,неимел ствительностькхолоду,своеобразныйлипидный столькрупныхразмеров.Ранееужеотмечалось, обмен)[6]идиоадаптаций,обеспечивавшихши- чтовысотавхолкевзрослыхсамцовM. primige- рокоераспространениеданноговидавСеверной niusстерриторииЯкутиииТаймыраварьирует Голарктикевтечениедлительноговремени.Та- от250до308см[1,5]иприближаетсяктаковой 38 ©БоескоровГ.Г.,2021 РАЗМЕРЫТЕЛАШЕРСТИСТОГОМАМОНТАMAMMUTHUS PRIMIGENIUS(BLUMENBACH) самцов азиатского (индийского) слона Elephas Результаты и обсуждение maximusL.,1758:250–320см[11].Высотавхол- Совокупные данные по размерам скелетов кесамцовафриканскогосаванновогослонаLox- (или их частей) взрослых самцов шерстистого odonta africana (Blum., 1797) намного больше, мамонтастерриторииВосточнойСибири(Яку- 310–442см[7].АфриканскийлеснойслонLox- тия,п-овТаймыр,западнаяЧукотка)представ- odonta cyclotis(Matschie,1900)наименьшийпо лены в табл. 1 и 2. Взрослые (старше 30 лет) размерам–высотавхолкевзрослыхсамцовэто- самцы M. primigenius, измеренные с достаточ- говидасоставляет240–300см[12].Однакодан- нойточностью,имеливысотувхолке260–320см ныепоразмерамтеламамонтоввуказанныхвыше (М = 284,5 см; n = 8). Дополняют эти данные работахбылиоснованынавесьмаограниченном остаткискелетов,накоторыхреконструирована материале,измерениитрехскелетовмамонтов– высота в холке: примерно от 270 до 300 см Адамса,БерезовскогоиТаймырского. (n=7).Этизначениясоответствуютпределамиз- Кнастоящемувременинайденыиисследова- менчивостивысотывхолкеазиатскогослона, ныновыеостаткискелетовизамороженныхму- указаннымДж.ШошанииДж.Айзенбергом[11]– мий шерстистого мамонта, измерения которых 250–320 см и сходны с нашими измерениями позволяютболееобоснованноохарактеризовать E. maximus –261–314см(М=295,0см;n=7). общиеразмерытелашерстистогомамонтавто- Р.Лайдеккер[17]приводилсведенияобазиат- ройполовиныпозднегоплейстоценасевераВос- скихслонахвысотойвхолке335,343и366см, точнойСибири. однако,эторедкиеисключения,рекордныераз- мерыдлявида.Остатковскелетовичастейтру- Материал и методы исследования повсамокмамонтовнайденогораздоменьше, Нами(илипринашемучастии)изученымор- чем самцов. По имеющимся данным [18–21] фологическиеособенностиостанковмамонтов, можноконстатировать,чтовысотавхолкеуса- найденныхнатерриторииЯкутиизапоследние мокшерстистогомамонтастерриториисевера 30лет:Чурапчинский[13];Максунуохский[14, ВосточнойСибирисоставлялаот216до240см, 15], Юкагирский [16] мамонты; часть скелета всреднем226,0см(n=5).Этотакжеоченьсход- мамонтасмягкимитканями,найденнаяв1994г. носвысотойвхолкевзрослыхсамокE. maximus вустьер.Зимовье(о.Бол.Ляховский).Отдельно (всреднем224см)[11]. измерен скелет Тирехтяхского мамонта, кратко Шерстистыймамонтстерриториисовремен- описанный П.А. Лазаревым [15], представлен- нойЕвропывторойполовиныпозднегоплейсто- ныйвэкспозицииЯкутскогообъединенногому- цена(вюрм)былвышеростом.Высотавхолке зеяисторииикультурынародовСевераим.Ем. скелетоввзрослыхсамцовизэтогорегионасо- Ярославского. ставляет: 290–295 см, Козлово, Пермская об- Крометого,намипроанализированыдоступ- ласть,Россия[22];340см,Климэуць,Молдо- ныелитературныеданныепоразмерамшерсти- ва[23];320см,Борна[24],Ален[25],Польх[26]. стогомамонтавторойполовиныпозднегоплей- 349см[27],Зигсдорф,все–Германия[27]. стоценаВосточнойСибири. Общаядлинатела(скелетов)взрослыхсам- Приисследованиитруповмамонтовисполь- цов шерстистого мамонта, измеренная по пря- зованыклассическиезоологическиеипалеонто- мой линии от рострума до основания хвоста, логические методы измерения крупных млеко- составляет 350–414 см (М = 381,0 см; n = 7). питающих. Аналогичныхизмеренийсовременныхслоновв Длясравнениянамиизученрядразмерныхосо- научной литературе нами не найдено, поэтому бенностейазиатскогослонанадомашнихособях мы использовали для сравнения оригинальные вТаиланде(2012и2013гг.;n=10)инамузей- измерения длины тела взрослых самцов азиат- ных чучелах, выставленных в Зоологическом скогослона,которыесоставилиот313до388см музее(г.Санкт-Петербург)ивМузееестествен- (М = 337,1 см; n = 7). Таким образом, хотя по нойисторииг.Пекин,Китай(n=2). высотевхолкешерстистыймамонтбылсходенс Исследованные скелеты и мумифицирован- азиатскимслоном,длинателаунегобылаболь- ныеостаткитруповмамонтовдатированырадио- ше. Для уточнения этих различий нами вычи- углеродным методом в различных геохроноло- слен индекс длины тела у мамонтов и слонов: гическихлабораторияхРоссиииЗарубежья. L(длинатела(скелета)попрямойлинииотро- 39 40 Таблица1 Размеры скелетов и бивней взрослых самцов шерстистого мамонта из Восточной Сибири каргинского интерстадиала позднего плейстоцена Table1 Sizes of skeletons and tusks in adult males of woolly mammoth from Eastern Siberia, Karginian interstadial, Late Pleistocene Длинаскелетапопрямой Названиескелетамамонта;место Высота Длинабивняпо Диаметрбивня линииотрострума находки;геологическийвозраст; вхолке,см большой(наружной) увыхода Радиоуглеродный Индивидуальный дооснованияхвоста,см источник Heightofthe кривизне,см изальвеолы,см возраст возраст Lengthoftheskeleton Thenameofthemammothskeleton; skeleton Thelengthofthetusk Thediameterofthe Radiocarbonage Individualage inastraightlinefrom placeofdiscovery;geologicalage; atwithers, alongthelarge(outer) tuskattheexitofthe therostrumtothebase asource incm curvature,incm alveoli,incm ofthetail,cm Хатангскиймамонт;р.Большая 45000±200, Старый, Неменее – По–видимому, 18–20 Рассоха,п-овТаймыр >53170лет 55–60лет 300 300–350 ПРИРОДНЫЕ KhatangaMammoth;Bolshaya назад Г.Г. RassokhaR.,TaimyrPeninsula[1] Березовскиймамонт; 31750±2500, Старый,около 265 385 Около160 12.2 БОЕСКОРОВ р.Березовка,притокр.Колыма, 44000±3500 50лет Якутия л.н. РЕСУРСЫ BerezovkaMammoth; BerezovkaR.,atributary oftheKolymaR.,Yakutia[1,5] АРКТИКИ Мамонтср.Зимовье, 42700±1300л.н. Взрослый Около300 – – – о.Бол.Ляховский,часть (ГИН-8813) скелета,1995г.Нашиданные MammothfromtheZimovyeR., И СУБАРКТИКИ, BolshoiLyakhovskyIsland, Yakutia,partoftheskeleton, 1995.Ourdata Шандринскиймамонт. 41170л.н. Старый,около Около300 Около400 – 18 Shandrinskymammoth[1,15] 60лет 2021, Тирехтяхскиймамонт;бассейн 32200; Взрослый 278 350 Около300 16 р.Индигирка 44540±1870л.н. Т. TirekhtyakhMammoth; 26, basinoftheIndigirkaR., № Yakutia[15,33] 1 МамонтКутоманова; 36950±4300; Взрослый, ~290 – – 19 р.Моховая,п-овТаймыр 35800±2700 40–50лет Kutomanov’sMammoth; MokhovayaR.,Taimyr Peninsula[22] Максунуохскиймамонт; >38500лет Вероятно, Около – – – р.Максунуоха,Якутия назад взрослый 270–280 MaksunuokhaMammoth; (ГИН-12720) MaksunuokhaR.,Yakutia[14] Энмынвеемскиймамонт; 32850±900л.н. Вероятно, Около300
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