Die Umwandlung Butrints Von Einem Koinonzentrum Zu Einer Romischen

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Die Umwandlung Butrints Von Einem Koinonzentrum Zu Einer Romischen Die Umwandlung Butrints von einem Koinonzentrum zu einer romischen Kolonie Neritan Ceka Ich muss Ihnen schon am Anfang erkla­ malerischten und best bewahrten Zentren ren, class noch keine unmittelbare Bezie­ der Antike Albaniens, eine Art kleines hung zwischen Nikopolis und Butrint be­ Pompei, welches der Zersti::irung durch die wiesen ist und class n1ein Vortrag als Ziel menschliche Hand, viel katastrophaler als die Darstellung eines "Parallellebens" hat, die der Vulkane, entkommen ist, aufgrund ein anderes Beispiel fUr die Veranderungs­ seiner isolierten Lage und der Entfernung prozesse, die in der stadtischen Struktur von den Stadtzentren des 20.Jahrhunderts. des Epirus in den Anfangen des Prinzipats Es ist diese besondere Lage gewesen, des Augustus in den letzten dreissig Jahren hauptsachlich verbunden mit dem Pelo­ Tal Plan /lOll Butrint und Urnge­ des 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.stattfanden. Bu­ des-See und mit dem relativ kleinen bungen (Ceka 1999). trint (Bouthroton, Butrintum) ist eins der vonVrina, ab er beiseite gelassen von den grossen Bewegungen, die von Korkyra ausgesaugt wurden, welche Butrint zu ei­ SERBIA nem sehr wenig bekannten Zentrum der antiken Zeit machte, falls wir hier den Briefwechsel zwischen Cicero und Pom­ ponius Attikus beziiglich des Einbaus ei­ ner Kolonie fUr Caesar-Veteran en auf dem Lande der Butroter als QueUe benutzen. Was Butrint darstellte bevor er die Auf­ merksamkeit der ri::imischen Kolonisten auf sich zog, ki::innen nur die archaologi­ schen Daten aufklaren, weil die vorri::imi­ sche Geschichte der Stadt sich in den Legenden iiber ihre troianische Herkunft zusammenfasst, erzahlt durch Dionysos von Halikarnassos und Virgil, als auch durch die Etwahnung des Namens in Hekataus "Europa", Stephan von Byzanz GREECE nach. Die durch eine italienische Expedition vor und wahrend des 2.Weltkriegs, als auch durch eine albanisch-griechische Ex­ pedition im letzten Jahrzehnt in der Akro­ polis von Butrint durchgefuhrten archao­ logischen Grabungen haben bewiesen, class die Legenden i.iber die troianische Her­ kunft Butrints keine Grundlagen haben. Das Butrint des mykenischen und geo­ metrischen Zeitraums zeigt sich als ein gewi::ihnliches Dorf einheirnischer Fischer, zu denen die Leistungen der damaligen I8I griechischen Welt noch nicht angekom­ bung gleichzeitig der Peireia von Kerkyra men waren. Erst in der zweiten Halfte des zugehorte. 7.Jh. v.Chr.bildete sich ein urbanisiertes Das Schaffen eines solchen Verteidi­ Zentrum, welches sich innerhalb einer gungssystems lasst sich erklaren durch den Befestigung ca.0,7 Hektar ausbreitete, ge­ Druck der Ereignisse in Zusammenhang baut nlit einer relativ prinlitiven Technik, nlit dem Peloponnesischen Krieg auf dem aber mit einem Plan in Einklang nlit den Festland gegeni.iber von Korkyra. Thuky­ poliorketischen Kenntnissen der Zeit. Das dides (I, 46 und 47; II, 68) erzahlt, class im Verschwinden der handgearbeiteten loka­ Jahre 431 v.Chr. wahrend deren Feldzug len Keramik und die Vielf:iltigkeit der gegen Korkyra die Korinther ihr Lager auf spatkorinthischen Keranlik zeugen von ei­ dem Kap von Himera, zwischen den Fli.is­ ner hellenischen Griindung. Diese Annah­ sen Acheron und Thyanlis aufschlugen, me wird bestarkt durch die Tatigkeit eines also nicht so weit von Butrint entfernt. archaischen Heiligtums, welches im hoch­ Mit den Korinthern und deren Verbi.inde­ sten Teil des Hiigels durch den Fund von ten, den Ambrakern, waren auch die Cha­ fri.ihkorinthischen Fragmenten nlit Graffiti onen,und es gibt keinen Zweifel, class Bu­ lokalisiert wird. Es ist sehr moglich, class trint ein Angriffsziel im Theater der von diesem Heiligtum auch das archaische Kampfe ausmachte, die in den folgenden Relief nlit der Darstellung des einen Jahren andauerten. Thukydides infornliert Stierkopf fressenden Lowen seine Her­ uns auch dariiber, class anders als die Mo­ kunft hat, welches als Architrav in einem losen, die durch Konige beherrscht wur­ spaten Wiederaufbau eines der Tote der den,die Chaonen abasileutoi waren und antiken Stadt benutzt ist. durch zwei jahrlich a us den bedeutendsten Die Anwesenheit der Keramik aus Ker­ Fanlilien gewahlten Prostaten regiert wur­ kyra in betrachtlichern Masse in den ar­ den. Die Rolle dieser Familien durchlauft chaischen Schichten Butrints zeigen, class die ganze vorronlische Geschichte Chao­ die Bauer der Akropolis von Butrint von niens und es scheint, class deren fri.ihe der Insel gegeniiber gekommen sind und Form als politische Einheiten durch Pseu­ sonlit ein Emporion in der Gegend der do-Skylax nlit dem Begriff kata komas barbarischen Chaonen begri.indet haben. ausgedriickt worden ist. Von nun an wird In den folgenden zwei Jahrhunderten ver­ nicht von Dorfern gercdct, das bestatigt anderte Butrint weder seine Grosse noch eine ganze Kette von Stadten die Ende seinen Charakter. Erst in der 2.Halfte des des 5. und wahrend der 1.Halfte des 4.Jhs. S.Jh.v.Chr. wurde die Befestigungsmauer entstanden waren, eine Zeit, die in seinem der Akropolis nlit einer polygonalen Tech­ Periplus widerspiegelt wird. nik wiedergebaut. Das Butrint des Anfangs des 4.Jhs ver­ In derselben Zeit und nlit derselben tritt, insofern es die Befestigungen betrifft, Technik wurde auch eine Festung auf einen Bau ex novo . Die innerhalb der dem Kalivo-Hi.igel gebaut, welcher trotz Mauern erfasste Flache war verfunffacht, seiner betrachtlichen Oberflache von 18 und das alte Siedlung war in der Form ei­ ha. nie bewohnt wurde: ner 7.~h sie scheint flir Akrooolis gehliehen. l ~ ~ Dit> ~P-rmst> eine kurze Zeit als eine nlilitarische Sti.itze der Eingange, nlindestens funf, deutet auf fur Butrint gedient zu haben gegen eine eine dichte Bevolkerung. Drei davon wa­ Gefahr, die vom Lande kam. Dies wird ren auf die Seeseite des Sees gestellt,wo auch durch die Tatsache untersti.itzt, class der Haffen gewesen zu sein scheint. Das Kalivo nur von der Bodenseite befestigt interessanteste Auftreten war das Existenz war, wahrend die Seeseite offenblieb. Bu­ einer gesellschaftlichen Zone auf der siid­ trints Verteidigung wurde danach nlit dem westlichen Seite, wo sich eine heilige Bau der Dema-Mauer verstarkt, welche, Quelle befand, eine Tatsache, die fur einen indem sie von der Ki.iste quer zum Ufer stadtischen Charakter spricht. Diese Zone der See lief, die ganze Ksanlll-Halbinsel wurde durch ein diateichisma vom andern durchtrennte, weil Butrint und die Umge- Teil der Stadt getrennt und kommunizier- 182 te mit ihr durch einen Eingang, wahrend der Romer in Chaonien gefolgt wird. ein zweiter Eingang gegeni_iber der Quelle Dank der Entdeckung von zwei grossen ihn mit einem zweiten moglichen Hafen epigraphischen Komplexen, dem ersten in am Rande von Vivar verband. Die Bau­ dem Analemma des westlichen Parodos technik, mit dem trapeizodal-poygonalen des Theaters und dem anderen in einem Mauenverk und der haufigen Verwendung nut Spolien gebauten offentlichen Monu­ von eckigen Wanden und Bastionen an­ ment des 2 . bis 1.Jhs.v.Chr., erkennen wir statt der Turme, ist dieselbe wie diejenige in geni_igendem Masse den politischen der inneren chaonischen Zentren wie Status von Butrint in diesem Zeitraum. Phoinike und <;::uka Aitojt. Als Folge war Die zwei fri_ihesten Inschriften, datiert in das Butrint des 4.Jhs. von Kerkyra ge­ den letzten dreissig Jahren des 3.Jhs.v. trennt warden und gehorte zu Chaonien. Chr., zeigen noch die Abhangigkeitslage In der Abwesenheit der historischen Da­ Butrints durch das Epirotische Koinon nut ten helfen uns die archaeologischen Daten Phoinike als Zentrum, weil in denjenigen auch um eine Vorstellung davon zu bilden, der Prostat der Chaonen als Eponymos was das vorromische Butrint von der bewertet wird. Der andere Teil der In­ Halfte des 3.Jhs. v.Chr. an darstellte. schriften widerspiegelt eine statische Lage, Wahrend der 2.Halfte dieses Jahrhunderts die ca.40 Jahre dauerte, nach der Auflo­ wurde anfangs ein an Asklepios gewidme­ sung des Epirotischen Koinon im Jahre tes Prostil-Tempel in der Nahe der heili­ 170 v. Chr., oder genauer nach dem Jahr gen Quelle gebaut, sowie eine einstockige 157, auf welcher Zeit di e fri_iheste In­ Stoa, welche dem Beherbergen der Pilger schrift dieser Gruppe datiert w ird. Dies diente. Ein Teil dieser Stoa wird zerstort, war die Zeit, in der die Romer Epirus um an der Seite des Tempels ein Theater unterwarfen, indem sie Molosien und nut ea. 700 Platzen ZU bauen, ein Modelle, Atintanien zerstorten, also die ganzen Ge­ das demjenigen von Dodona nahekonm1t genden im Osten Chaoniens. Selbst Cha­ (die Cavea nut einem fast viereckigen onien, die seine proronusche Stellung ge­ Plan durch Stutzpfeiler verstarkte Seiten­ halten hatte, wurde zwar durch die romi­ mauern und Analemmata in einer fast ge­ sche Wut nicht beruhrt, bewahrte aber raden Linie). auch nicht ihre Selbstandigkeit. Dessen Zur selben architektonischen Formulie­ Zentralteil wurde als to koinon ton Epiroton rung der Agora gehorte auch ein vierecki­ ton peri Phoiniken erkannt, und hatte als ges Monument nut einem Peristyl-Hof, Ausdehnung die heutige Vurgu-Ebene eine Monumentalstrasse, so wie auch ein und naturlich den Hafen von Onkesmos H eiligtum neben einer zweiten Quelle (Saranda). Butrint wird als das Zentrum sudlich der Stoa gebaut. Architektonische einer anderen autonomen Einheit aner­ Elemente, die wahrend der Grabungen in kannt, und in den Inschriften als koinon den ronuschen Monumenten gefunden ton Prasaibon eingeschatzt. Seine politische wurden, bezeugen, class die Agora sich Struktur war fast eine treue Kopie des Richtung Suden durch eine in der zwei­ Epirotischen
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